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  • 2010-2014  (128)
  • International Finance Corporation  (56)
  • Kim, Jim Yong  (35)
  • Demirguc-Kunt, Asli  (20)
  • Timilsina, Govinda R.
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (128)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Corporate Governance and Bank Insolvency Risk : International Evidence (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anginer, Deniz Corporate Governance and Bank Insolvency Risk
    Abstract: This paper finds that shareholder-friendly corporate governance is positively associated with bank insolvency risk, as proxied by the Z-score and the Merton's distance to default measure, for an international sample of banks over the 2004-08 period. Banks are special in that "good" corporate governance increases bank insolvency risk relatively more for banks that are large and located in countries with sound public finances, as banks aim to exploit the financial safety net. Good corporate governance is specifically associated with higher asset volatility, more nonperforming loans, and a lower tangible capital ratio. Furthermore, good corporate governance is associated with more bank risk-taking at times of rapid economic expansion. Consistent with increased risk-taking, good corporate governance is associated with a higher valuation of the implicit insurance provided by the financial safety net, especially in the case of large banks. These results underline the importance of the financial safety net and too-big-to-fail policies in encouraging excessive risk-taking by banks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7017
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Why Has Energy Efficiency Not Scaled-up in the Industrial and Commercial Sectors in Ukraine? : An Empirical Analysis (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Hochman, Gal Why Has Energy Efficiency Not Scaled-up in the Industrial and Commercial Sectors in Ukraine?
    Abstract: Improvement of energy efficiency is one of the main options to reduce energy demand and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Ukraine. However, large-scale deployment of energy efficient technologies has been constrained by several financial, technical, information, behavioral, and institutional barriers. This study assesses these barriers through a survey of 500 industrial and commercial firms throughout Ukraine. The results from the survey were used in a cumulative multi-logit model to understand the importance of the barriers. The analysis shows that financial barriers caused by high upfront costs of energy efficient technologies, higher costs of finance, and higher opportunity costs of energy efficiency investment are key barriers to the adoption of energy efficiency measures in Ukraine. Institutional barriers particularly lack government policies, which also contributes to the slow adoption of energy efficient technologies in the country. The results suggest targeted policy and credit enhancements could help trigger adoption of energy efficient measures. The empirical analysis shows strong inter-linkages among the barriers and finds heterogeneity between industrial and commercial sectors on the realization of the barriers
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6920
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bank Capital and Systemic Stability (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anginer, Deniz Bank Capital and Systemic Stability
    Abstract: This paper distinguishes among various types of capital and examines their effect on system-wide fragility. The analysis finds that higher quality forms of capital reduce the systemic risk contribution of banks, whereas lower quality forms can have a destabilizing impact, particularly during crisis periods. The impact of capital on systemic risk is less pronounced for smaller banks, for banks located in countries with more generous safety nets, and in countries with institutions that allow for better public and private monitoring of financial institutions. The results show that regulatory capital is effective in reducing systemic risk and that regulatory risk weights are correlated with higher future asset volatility, but this relationship is significantly weaker for larger banks. The paper also finds that increased regulatory risk-weights not correlated with future asset volatility increase systemic fragility. Overall, the results are consistent with the theoretical literature that emphasizes capital as a potential buffer in absorbing liquidity, information, and economic shocks reducing contagious defaults
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6948
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economics of Transiting to Renewable Energy in Morocco : A General Equilibrium Analysis (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Economics of Transiting to Renewable Energy in Morocco
    Abstract: Morocco has set an ambitious target of supplying 42 percent of electricity through renewable sources, 14 percent each through hydro, wind, and solar, by 2020. To analyze the economic and environmental implications of implementing this target, this study uses a dynamic computable general equilibrium model with foresight that includes explicit representation of various electricity generation technologies. Two types of policy instruments, a production subsidy financed through fossil fuel taxation and a renewable energy mandate financed through increased electricity prices, have been considered to attract investment in renewable energy. The study shows that meeting the renewable target would achieve up to 15 percent reduction of national greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 compared with a situation in the absence of the target, or the baseline. However, meeting the target would decrease household consumption of goods and services, thereby worsening household welfare. The study also shows that the renewable production subsidy financed through fossil fuel taxation is superior to the mandate policy to meet the renewable energy target in Morocco, as the former would cause a lower loss in economic welfare and a larger reduction of greenhouse gas emissions than the latter
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6940
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The economic impact of the 2014 Ebola epidemic : short- and medium-term estimates for West Africa (2014)
    Washington, DC : World Bank Group | Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464804229
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (106 p)
    Edition: World Bank eLibrary
    RVK:
    QG 700
    Keywords: Westafrika ; Ebola-Virus ; Auswirkung ; Wirtschaft
    Abstract: Beyond its terrible toll in human lives and suffering, the Ebola epidemic has inflicted a measurable economic impact on West Africa in terms of forgone output, higher fiscal deficits, rising prices, lower real household incomes, and greater poverty. This impact results partly from the health-care costs and forgone productivity associated with being infected, but it is driven principally by the efforts of the uninfected population to avoid exposure ('aversion behavior'). The Economic Impact of the 2014 Ebola Epidemic: Short- and Medium-Term Estimates for West Africa provides a mixed methods analysis of the economic impact, combining theory on the channels of economic impact of the epidemic, economic indicators across sectors in the affected countries, and models of how these economies interact with each other and with the broader world. The result is a quantification of the potential overall magnitude of the economic impact for Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, as well as for West Africa as a whole. Ebola's short-term economic impact (2014) in the three core countries is on the order of US
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0438-0
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Does Local Financial Development Matter for Firm Lifecycle in India? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ayyagari, Meghana Does Local Financial Development Matter for Firm Lifecycle in India?
    Abstract: The differences in financial development across Indian states, while seeming substantial, have a minor effect on firm lifecycle and growth. These results hold controlling for differences in labor regulations across states, capital intensity, and for firms born before and after the major reforms. There is no evidence that firms in financially dependent industries have different lifecycle profiles or grow faster in financially developed states than underdeveloped states. Overall, firms in the formal manufacturing sector grow as they age whereas in the informal sector, firms have a declining lifecycle, but in both cases little evidence is found that financial institutions matter for firm lifecycle. The findings of this paper suggest that size and depth differences in financial development across Indian states are likely dwarfed by overall inefficiencies that characterize state-dominated financial systems, with important implications for the reforms of the Indian financial system going forward
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7008
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    IFC and Fransabank Supporting Job Creation in Lebanon (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, seeks to promote private sector led growth in order to support job creation and inclusive growth. In this context, an important priority of IFC in Lebanon is to support small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In Lebanon, SMEs represent 97 percent of the total formal enterprises, employ more than 51 percent of the working population, and are mostly family-owned. Supporting Lebanese SMEs is therefore an important mechanism for increasing employment opportunities, and improved access to finance for SMEs is an essential factor allowing SMEs to grow. As part of its activities in Lebanon, IFC partners with local banks and other financial institutions to (i) broaden their networks and facilitate greater outreach to SMEs; and (ii) offer innovative products that expand financing options for SMEs. Fransabank and IFC have had a long-standing relationship dating back to the 1990s. In 2007, IFC supported Fransabank under the Lebanon Rebuild Program with two facilities including a risk-sharing facility to support the bank's lending to SMEs. IFC's counter-cyclical support not only provided liquidity but also helped restore investor confidence in Lebanon and its private sector in a post-conflict situation. Measuring the impact of IFC's investment and advisory activities can be complex. With the idea of quantifying job creation through financial markets investments in Lebanon, IFC and Fransabank have undertaken this in-depth study. The key objectives of the study are: (i) to measure the job impact on SMEs from increased access to finance; and (ii) to understand the broader development outcomes facilitated by engagements in the financial sector. The results are based on a survey implemented in March 2013, which sampled 73 companies that received loans from Fransabank during 2008 and 2011. The enterprises ranged from very small to medium firms in the service, agribusiness, and manufacturing sectors across the five regions of Lebanon. While it is difficult to draw any definitive conclusions from these findings, the results validate that SMEs are vital and have the potential to contribute significantly to job creation. The findings should also encourage financial institutions like Fransabank to continue supporting SMEs through financing and other services to promote sustained job growth in Lebanon
    DOI: 10.1596/26442
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Alternative Delivery Channels and Technology : Handbook (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The ambition to reach full global financial inclusion requires that we address the challenge of delivering appropriate and affordable financial services to an estimated 2.5 billion unbanked individuals globally. One response to this challenge has involved the design of products such as microloans, low balance savings accounts, micro-insurance, and mobile money transfer that are specifically tailored to meet the needs of the often excluded low-income mass market. Delivering these products and services on a large scale, however, cannot be achieved without accessible channels that lower the cost of service and increase reach. Alternative delivery channels (ADC), defined as those channels that expand the reach of services beyond the traditional bank branch channel, have emerged as a result of innovations in information and communication technology and a shift in consumer expectations. This handbook serves as a tool for Financial Services Providers (FSPs) to increase the technical understanding of ADC platforms and to provide practical guidance on how to approach an ADC technology project. The handbook is structured as follows: 1) Chapter one provides an overview of ADCs and the technologies that underpin them; 2) Chapter two offers guidelines to develop a channel strategy, taking into account the internal and external factors that impact strategy decisions; 3) Chapter three outlines the different components of a technology platform, aiming to provide guidance on how the channel strategy can be mapped to a specific technology platform; 4) Chapter four highlights the importance of identifying requirements and outlines the steps involved in selecting the right provider and solution; and 5) Chapter five introduces a best-practice implementation methodology and key considerations for a successful implementation. In addition, the chapter discusses how a channel should be monitored, maintained and scaled up after going live
    DOI: 10.1596/25980
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Remarks at the 2014 Prince Mahidol Award Conference, Pattaya, Thailand, January 29, 2014 (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, said he was honored to share the Prince Mahidol award with a distinguished group of individuals who have spent many years fighting to end the HIV-AIDS epidemic. He said that Thailand was the first developing country to mount a successful HIV prevention response. Thailand's successes in AIDS prevention and treatment were not inevitable, neither was its quest for universal health coverage. He have learned that investing in people is not just the right moral choice, ambitious reforms require skillful balancing of competing demands and a handful of committed people with vision have the power to change the world. He concludes that lessons are universal and timeless that we can achieve great things, if we learn from history, and contribute to a lasting evidence-based wisdom
    DOI: 10.1596/24341
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Is to be Done, and What Will I Do? : Confronting the Biggest Challenges of Our Time (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, addressed the theme of what is to be done, and what will I do? He opened with stories from his life, which made him realize that activism could drive social change. World Bank Group has set goals to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to boost shared prosperity for the bottom 40 percent in every developing country. These goals will drive our work going forward. But three major challenges will determine whether we succeed: achieving inclusive economic growth; investing in people; and slowing the rising tide of climate change. Finally he concludes saying that, whatever you do, please remember that the time is now for all of us to work together to bend the arc of history toward justice
    DOI: 10.1596/24339
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Statement following the United Nations' Chief Executives Board Meeting on Ebola, Washington, D.C., November 21, 2014 (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group discusses efforts of the leaders of the United Nations system toward the Ebola epidemic, and their work toward a unified approach on the ground in West Africa. The goal is to get to zero cases. He talks about the need for community-based care facilities with well-trained health workers and strong triage, diagnostic, treatment and referral capabilities in the affected countries. He speaks about the need to accelerate and adapt the response to changing conditions on the ground and also prepare for the recovery. He assured continued support as development partners to the Ebola-affected countries
    DOI: 10.1596/24309
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Remarks at the International Corruption Hunters Alliance Meeting, Washington, D.C., December 8, 2014 (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses two goals: to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to boost shared prosperity for the bottom 40 percent of the Population. These efforts require us fight against corruption in its many forms. He talks about the need to be alert, respond immediately when things go wrong, learn from the experience, and assure it doesn't happen again. He cautions about the lack of governance, which is a necessary condition for corruption to thrive. The challenge is to get the knowledge and tools to the right people at the right time, and to fully leverage opportunities for reform. World Bank, with support from Australia, Denmark and Norway, created the International Corruption Hunters Alliance to engage in what is happening at a multilateral level, to provide access to the latest anti-corruption tools and information, and to create the dialogue that drives our collective effort to beat corruption. He concludes by saying that the intersection with corruption and dirty money are undeniable, and the implications for sustainable, inclusive development are clear
    DOI: 10.1596/24310
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quality Education for the World We Want (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, emphasized that children learned better when we level the playing field at an early stage. He stressed the need for stronger basic education with immediate investment, and a focus on recruitment, grooming, and motivation of teachers. He concluded that we must sustain this momentum and use all available resources and evidence to make sure that every child is in school and learning
    DOI: 10.1596/24327
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Environmental and Social Management System Implementation Handbook : Food and Beverage (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Environmental and social responsibility is becoming more and more important in today's global economy. There are thousands of environmental and social codes and standards in the world today. The codes and standards define the rules and the objectives. But the challenge is in the implementation. An environmental and social management system (ESMS) helps companies to integrate the rules and objectives into core business operations, through a set of clearly defined, repeatable processes. This handbook is intended to be a practical guide to help companies in the food and beverage industry develop and implement an environmental and social management system, which should help to improve overall operations. Sections I and II provide background on ESMS in the food and beverage industry. Section III provides step-by-step instructions on how to develop and implement an ESMS. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications
    DOI: 10.1596/25462
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Indonesia Market Study : Movable Assets-Based Financing to Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The report aims to assess the current market for movable assets based lending with respect to micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. The sections of the report highlight the addressable demand for MSMEs and the current supply provided by various formal sources of financing in Indonesia. Traditionally, financial institutions have preferred lending against fixed asset collateral only. Using that as a starting point, the report seeks to identify the current challenges in lending against movable assets. It further extends the need for a greater financial infrastructure that can facilitate the ability of lenders to evaluate risks in movable assets based lending. This report delves into the lending challenges faced by MSMEs as well as the challenges that restrict greater supply of credit by financial institutions. It draws on data and insights based on discussions with over 70 financial institutions in Indonesia, and an understanding of the credit requirements of MSMEs - based on over 850 sample cases for quantitative data. These findings were further examined through in-depth qualitative discussions with 34 MSMEs spread across multiple regions in Indonesia. As the Indonesian economy follows a traditional model of providing credit based on fixed collateral, such as land and buildings, the study focuses on: (i) understanding the current credit demand that can be potentially addressed by movable assets to complement the traditional model, and (ii) the challenges that need to be addressed to facilitate the ensuing movable assets based lending
    DOI: 10.1596/25415
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    IFC and HBL Supporting Job Creation in Pakistan (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, contributes to the World Bank mission of global poverty reduction by creating opportunities for people to improve their lives through private sector solutions. In Pakistan, IFC's strategy has focused on addressing the key challenges that affect private sector development, from investing in the infrastructure sector, including energy, to enhancing access to finance, with a view to improving the conditions for growth and employment generation. As part of its country program, IFC has focused on increasing access to finance for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which are the backbone of Pakistan's economy as they constitute more than 90 percent of total private enterprises in the formal industrial sectors and employ over 70 percent of the labor force. Often these SMEs struggle to obtain the financing needed to grow and create jobs. For this reason, IFC has partnered with financial institutions to improve service provision to SMEs and stimulate economic development across the country. Since 2007, IFC has been engaged with HBL, Pakistan's largest private sector commercial bank, and provided financing to strengthen the bank's capital following its privatization, as well as advised on how to scale up the bank's SMEs portfolio in a sustainable manner. The objective of this study is to develop an understanding of the relationship between access to finance for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and job creation. IFC has analyzed a sample of more than 100 SMEs that obtained loans from its client, Habib Bank Ltd (HBL), in 2009 in Pakistan, at a challenging time for the country
    DOI: 10.1596/26441
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Conflicts in the Boardroom Survey : Results and Analysis (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In the boardroom, disagreements are often unavoidable - especially when the board is composed of independent minded, skilled, and outspoken directors. A board that never argues or disagrees is most likely to be an inactive, passive, or inattentive board - in other words, an ineffective board that is neither fulfilling its oversight function nor carrying out its duty of care. If boardroom disagreements and or shareholder conflicts are not dealt with properly, they can devolve into acrimonious disputes that undermine a company's operation and performance. Left unchecked and unattended, these disputes escalate quickly into public matters that can have severe, long-term consequences for the company and its key stakeholders. These disputes can lead to poor performance, scare investors, produce waste, divert resources, cause share values to decline, and, in some cases, paralyze a company. In 2012, the center for effective dispute resolution (CEDR) and the corporate governance group of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) undertook a joint project to explore the causes, nature, and methods of resolving corporate governance disputes. As part of this ongoing project, CEDR and IFC carried out a global survey. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications
    DOI: 10.1596/26116
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 18
    Online Resource
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    Latin America and the Caribbean : Getting Fit for the Next Big Challenge (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses how to boost Latin America's growth. The region needs to increase productivity, spur innovation, and adapt its productive structure to changing circumstances which must become a national priority for all countries, independent of their political cycles and ideologies. Improving logistics and infrastructure, education, and the contractual environment are critical to advance development in the region. World Bank Group is working with the Haitian Government and the private sector to introduce best practices in public-private partnerships and to create opportunities for the Haitian people who have been waiting so long for them. He concludes by saying that providing disadvantaged children access to a quality education raises their productive capacity and enhances social inclusion through higher employability leading to higher growth and improved quality of life
    DOI: 10.1596/24330
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Speech at Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Summit, Toronto, Canada, May 30, 2014 (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, notes that we stand at a critical threshold for global health and development. Too many women and children are still dying because they lack access to quality health care, especially in the least developed countries. He talks about shifting focus from inputs to paying for results, an approach that has been proven to be extremely effective in getting high quality, essential health services to women and children. He remarks that empowering frontline health workers with the autonomy and resources to develop strategies to improve service delivery has resulted in transformational changes in access and quality. As countries move toward universal coverage, fewer mothers die in childbirth, and more babies are born healthy
    DOI: 10.1596/24329
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Indonesia Corporate Governance Manual (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group, creates opportunity for people to escape poverty and improve their lives. The Indonesia Corporate Governance Manual (CG Manual) was commissioned by IFC as part of the Indonesia Corporate Governance Program that IFC is implementing in Indonesia since 2012. As part of this Program, IFC has established a formal cooperation with Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). A key product of this cooperation between IFC and OJK is the development of this Indonesia Corporate Governance Manual, which serves as a learning instrument to benchmark existing standards and practices in Indonesia with internationally recognized best practices. In this respect, this Corporate Governance Manual should be considered as a major tool for Corporate Governance in Indonesia as it targets a wide spectrum of stakeholders, such as directors and commissioners, academics, policymakers, corporate governance experts and more generally, individuals and institutions interested to know about the corporate governance framework in Indonesia. IFC is happy to be part of this initiative with OJK and remains committed to helping raise governance standards across the market and contribute to a sustainable private sector in Indonesia. The Fifteen chapters of the Manual focus on the key corporate governance issues. All issues are closely examined through Indonesian law and regulations and when applicable, internationally recognized best practices. While it is recommended to read the entire Manual to gain a full understanding of the corporate governance framework in Indonesia, it is not necessary to read all the chapters in chronological order. The reader is encouraged to begin with a topic of interest and follow the links and references included in the text for guidance to other chapters. Examples, illustrations, and checklists are included to make the Manual clear and useful
    DOI: 10.1596/26115
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  • 21
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    Harnessing Energy from the Sun : Empowering Rooftop Owners (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This white paper aims to create awareness - among stakeholders including policy makers, utilities, and regulators of the opportunities and challenges of the rooftop solar market. It focuses on implementation options, including public-private partnerships, and discusses practical issues related to planning and implementing rooftop solar initiatives. It discusses policy and technical issues that can help stakeholders make informed decisions, especially in terms of meeting local objectives. It presents how to involve rooftop owners and the private sector in developing the rooftop solar market while drawing on current international rooftop solar experience through case studies and interviews. It offers an overview of the nascent market in India, and specifically the Gujarat rooftop solar program. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications
    DOI: 10.1596/25793
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 22
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    Development Committee Closing Press Conference (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Marek Belka, Chairman of the Development Committee, stated that there was a very broad, uniform support for the twin goals of the World Bank Group. He noted the resounding support for internal reforms at the World Bank Group. Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, spoke about the change process and the success in developing and bringing together Global Practices and cross-cutting solution areas throughout the world. He noted the IDA replenishment and new financial arrangements that will allow increased lending in the next few years. He concludes by noting the need for a carbon price and the need to reduce fossil fuel subsidies, the importance of energy efficiency and improved performance standards, and and also long-term finance for renewable energy. Christine Lagarde, IMF Managing Director, affirms that the IMF will continue to work on the issues of inequality, gender inclusion, growth, and the job market, and the fiscal aspect of climate change and how those matters of macroeconomic criticality can be addressed using fiscal tools. They fielded questions on IMF governance reform, the impact of technological change on employment, and the pace of the Global Infrastructure Facility
    DOI: 10.1596/24335
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 23
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    Preparing for Peace and Prosperity : Steps Ahead for the Arab World (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group discusses measured hope and optimism, to share a vision for a path forward, to a just and sustainable future in the Middle East and North Africa. He talks about a way forward to help not only Syria rebuild, but also to help Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, and Iraq recover from the massive spillover effects of the war is to be supported by the principles of co-existence, tolerance, compromise, transparency, good governance, and inclusive economic growth. He talks about the need for improvement in quality of education. He talks about development that requiring a commitment to transparency on the part of governments, and well-informed citizens to hold governments accountable. He speaks about helping women overcome the multiple legal and cultural constraints that have kept their labor force participation in the region at 29 percent, the lowest in the world. He talks about the young people here and throughout the Arab world deserve a chance to grow up in a region that is focused on creating jobs, not on conflict-a region focused on inclusive growth, not on growth for just the elite. The region needs to invest in its people with strong education and health systems
    DOI: 10.1596/24328
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 24
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    Remarks at the Development Committee Press Conference, IMF-World Bank Annual Meetings, Washington, D.C., October 11, 2014 (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses the problem of global inequality. He speaks about the commitment for building the platform which would bring the expertise of not only the World Bank, but the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other multilateral development banks, to prepare projects and bridge the gap in what is a market failure. He speaks about the companies that were represented, sovereign wealth funds, the countries that had signed on, including China, which has made very strong commitments to finding a price on carbon for the world. He highlights about the need for some source of funding that will disperse immediately on the occasion of the next epidemic, and the global community needs to come together to decide what the response will be. Christine Lagarde, IMF Managing Director, commended Kim on his efforts in the fight against Ebola. Lagarde noted that much of Africa is growing and creating jobs. The two fielded questions on Ebola, the role of China in these institutions, China's investment-led growth strategy, and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
    DOI: 10.1596/24321
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 25
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    Remarks at Opening Press Conference, IMF/World Bank Annual Meetings, Washington, D.C., October 9, 2014 (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses the need for more trained health workers in the countries most-affected by Ebola, the Global Infrastructure Facility, and fight against cholera in Haiti. The World Bank Group is pledging USD 50 million to help improve access to safe water and sanitation for all Haitians, aimed at preventing waterborne diseases
    DOI: 10.1596/24323
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 26
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    Tackling the Most Difficult Problems : Infrastructure, Ebola, and Climate Change (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group states that the infrastructure gap is enormous --an estimated USD 1 trillion to USD 1.5 trillion more is needed each year. To fill this gap, the Bank needs to tap into the trillions of dollars held by institutional investors, most of which are sitting on the sidelines, and direct those assets into projects that will have great benefit for a range of developing countries. The Bank announced the creation of the Global Infrastructure Facility, which is designed to attract financing for infrastructure needs. To combat Ebola, the Bank needed to move to an emergency footing. During all of the efforts on infrastructure, Ebola, and climate change, teams from across the institution worked collaboratively and displayed an inspiring commitment to innovation. The Bank will be aggressive and creative and apply large-scale solutions to help states manage, prepare for, recover from and conquer the risks, so they can grow and flourish. The Bank's strategy on climate change has five parts: carbon pricing, eliminating fuel subsidies, cleaner cities, smart agricultural policies, and renewable energy investment
    DOI: 10.1596/24322
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 27
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    Human Capital in the 21st Century (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses the Ebola epidemic as continuing as a serious threat, not only in terms of human lives, especially in the three most affected countries - Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra, but to the regional and global economies as well. He then addressed educational reform. To promote inclusive growth, the World Bank Group works to facilitate the diffusion of knowledge and support countries in investing in the productivity and skills of their people. Taking on new challenges, solving problems creatively, and working across different backgrounds and cultures, will be important tasks for the vast majority of human beings in the 21st century. He discussed shortcomings of Korea's educational system
    DOI: 10.1596/24314
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 28
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    Media Q and A at G20 Meeting, Brisbane, Australia, November 14, 2014 (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses setting a clear target for growth. He is pleased with the focus on infrastructure. The World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, and the Inter-American Development Bank plus others, together will supply about USD 100 billion in support for infrastructure. Kim fielded questions about the fight against Ebola, the proposal for a contingency fund to prevent future outbreaks, developing country expectations of the G20 summit, inequality, the Global Infrastructure Facility, and the China-US pact and climate change
    DOI: 10.1596/24313
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 29
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    Implementing a Framework for Managing Fiscal Commitments from Public Private Partnerships (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This note presents practical guidance on how to implement a framework for managing fiscal commitments from Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). It draws on specific regional operational experience and on World Bank Institute (WBI)'s wider thematic engagement with different partners worldwide. The note provides practical advice on how to: consistently identify and assess fiscal commitments arising from PPPs during project preparation and implementation; incorporate these into the project approval process, including budgeting for these appropriately; and strengthen the monitoring and reporting of fiscal commitments over the lifetime of the project. It explains the fiscal commitments that can arise from PPP projects; why governments may find it difficult to assess and manage these fiscal commitments and incorporate them into project selection; and the key components of an institutional framework to manage fiscal commitments at both the development and implementation stages of a project, including the roles, responsibilities, and processes for managing PPP fiscal commitments
    DOI: 10.1596/25032
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 30
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    Improving Animal Welfare in Livestock Operations (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In the past decade, animal welfare has been increasingly recognized in importance in commercial livestock operations. Governments, academic institutions, and animal welfare professionals are addressing animal welfare at different points in the agricultural supply chain, while consumers are demanding higher standards for food safety and animal welfare. Meanwhile, regional and global initiatives to provide guidance on acceptable animal welfare practices have emerged. IFC is committed to working with clients to reduce losses, increase productivity, and/or access new markets through the application of sustainability principles, including animal welfare standards. This Good Practice Note (GPN), which supersedes the 2006 edition, contributes to IFC s continued commitment to supporting clients in a responsible and forward-looking approach to traditional livestock production (dairy, beef, broiler chickens, layer chickens, pigs, and ducks) and aquaculture in intensive and extensive systems to, among other things, help producers access and maintain entry to high quality and value market segments. This GPN describes a range of animal welfare good practice and complements IFC s Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability (2012), in particular animal husbandry requirements for IFC clients as reflected in Performance Standard (PS): biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of living natural resources. The note also describes IFC s approach to animal welfare, including details on IFC s approach to due diligence. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications
    DOI: 10.1596/21505
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 31
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    Ending the Microfinance Crisis in Morocco : Acting Early, Acting Right (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In the fall of 2008, the Moroccan microfinance sector underwent what in economics is referred to as a Minsky moment, the sudden realization that the market has overshot and that the good times are coming to an end. In this particular case, the Minsky moment was a specific event - the private circulation of an IFC study that found extensive problems with the portfolios of the country's four largest Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), and one in particular - Zakoura. This study picks up from Morocco's Minsky moment. The MFIs at the time were beginning to see unequivocal signs that the market was shifting. The lead-up to this moment has been well documented: the reckless pursuit of growth, fed by an equally reckless influx of funding, both foreign and domestic, the high rate of multiple lending, poor lending standards and equally poor back-office and management information systems (MIS), and poor governance - all have been noted as causes of the crisis. While this study is meant to cover the full Moroccan microfinance sector, due to constraints of time and availability of data, its primary focus is on the three largest MFIs in Morocco. This report is organized into three key sections: 1) a review of the main drivers and factors evident during the course of the Moroccan microfinance crisis (2008-2011); 2) an examination of the key responses taken by the MFIs during the course of the crisis; and 3) a review of government actions and other market-level changes that affected the nature and trajectory of the crisis. The authors close with a look at the future prospects for microfinance in Morocco
    DOI: 10.1596/26054
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 32
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    E- and M-Commerce and Payment Sector Development in Vietnam (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This study investigates the state of the electronic (e) and mobile (m)-commerce sector in Vietnam and its impact on the development of cashless payments and online financial services. The e- and m-commerce sector in Vietnam is growing organically. Although still immature and small in volume, advances in the region suggest that the sector will continue to expand and that investment is increasing in startups involved in payments, FinTech, third party logistics, and software aiming to support development. Vietnam has one of the fastest growing economies globally and the World Bank estimates that its GDP per capital will double in the next decade. It is one of the most populous countries in South East Asia with a majority of its inhabitants under 30. The rest of this document is structured as follows: Section two provides a short overview of the research conducted with end users and clients of e- and m-commerce firms; Section three describes the company survey methodology and the survey population of e-and m-commerce and support service firms; Section four presents the results from the survey including findings about payment acceptance and usage by e-and m-commerce firms and their clients as well as the business of payments and related services and logistics providers supporting the industry in Vietnam; and Section five provides key conclusions. The Annex to this report contains information about the surveyed companies, questionnaires and a snap shot of the front running firms and investors that are active in this market segment
    DOI: 10.1596/26113
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 33
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    Count on Us (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses fundamental issues in global development and the World Bank Group's role in helping countries and the private sector meet the greatest challenges in development. He speaks about the twin goals, to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to boost shared prosperity. Due to television, everyone knows how everyone else lives. We must not remain voluntarily blind to the impact of economic choices on the poor and vulnerable. He added that we must ensure that our economic progress does not irreparably compromise our children's future due to climate change. World Bank's lending capacity - or the amount of loans we can carry on our balance sheet -- will increase by USD 100 billion dollars in the next decade, to roughly USD 300 billion dollars. He concludes by saying that all parts of our global society must unite to translate the vision of a more just, sustainable economy into the resolute action. That will be our legacy to the future. Dr. Kim fielded questions
    DOI: 10.1596/24338
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 34
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    A Conversation with Al Jazeera's Ali Velshi and World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses how the World Bank is focused on a prosperity that is shared by everyone, and to lift the billion or so people living in extreme poverty out of that condition so that they can have those things that everybody in the world seems to want. He speaks about the inequality in the economic growth of the countries around the world. He highlights the health care and education sectors as essential to improving lives in developing countries. He points to the fact that the time is now to think about positive ways of moving in a direction to grow economies and at the same time, increase the participation of everyone. He talks about how the World Bank Group is working very hard now to reduce bureaucratic processes so that people in the countries feel a difference. He speaks about climate change and the challenges involved in tackling it. He concludes by saying that they're looking at every possible way of investing in people, of spurring innovation
    DOI: 10.1596/24336
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 35
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    Remarks at CARE Conference on Gender Equality, Washington, D.C., March 5, 2014 (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, shares the good news that the governors of the World Bank Group have set ambitious goals to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to boost shared prosperity for the bottom 40 percent of the population in developing countries. He noted that increased economic activity among women has translated into a reduction in poverty by about 30 percent and has helped insulate their households from the recent financial shocks. We need to address our blind spots. We need to draw more attention to the major constraints for women and girls that are right in front of us. Discrimination and prejudice destroy economic opportunity. He reminds us that Malala Yousafzai started a social movement around education for girls first in Pakistan, and then around the world. If we can even begin to move together with that kind of resolve, the world will be more peaceful, more prosperous, more just and worthy of the mothers who gave birth to us
    DOI: 10.1596/24340
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Speech at Event on Delivering for Every Woman and Every Child within a Generation, United Nations, New York, September 25, 2014 (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses maternal and child deaths; developing finance; and transforming business in global health and development. He announced that the creation of the Global Financing Facility in support of Every Woman Every Child will enable countries to close the gaps in achieving the health millennium development goals, building on proven experience with results-based financing for health. The Facility will help countries mobilize additional domestic and international resources, including from domestic budgets, other bilateral and multilateral donors, the private sector, and innovative financing mechanisms
    DOI: 10.1596/24326
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 37
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    The Importance of Safety Nets : Mexico's Leadership (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group discusses the importance of safety nets and social protection that countries provide to their citizens. He announces supporting for Mexico's second-generation safety net program PROSPERA, which provides a financial cushion to poor people, allowing them to achieve a higher level of health and security and giving them the chance to learn skills and to find good jobs to become more productive workers, to raise their income levels, and to promote economic growth. He talks about Mexico that played a crucial role in sharing lessons learned from its leadership in the sector and responding to presentations on the experiences of other countries that have faced similar challenges
    DOI: 10.1596/24312
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    Sending a Signal from Paris : Transforming the Economy to Achieve Zero Net Emissions (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, focuses on economic policy as the key to mobilizing a coordinated global response to climate change. He talks about the need to confront climate change, without which there will be no hope of ending poverty or boosting shared prosperity. He adds that the longer the delay in tackling climate change, the higher the cost will be to do the right thing for our planet and our children. He affirms that from the Paris meeting we will make the rallying cry for effective management of local, national and global economies to fight climate change. The Paris agreement needs to speak as loudly of economic transformation as it does of pollution or carbon emissions targets. Carbon pricing that can raise revenues and can be used to generate more economic and social benefits. Specific efforts are needed to scale up renewable energy and develop carbon capture and sequestration technology, at a pace that will allow us to reach carbon neutrality by the end of the century. He concludes by saying that he will drive the World Bank Group and all its capabilities--financial, technical, and human--to support this development transition toward the goal of preserving our planet for all future generations
    DOI: 10.1596/24311
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    Boosting Shared Prosperity (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, spoke about how the Bank and other institutions can help boost shared prosperity and reduce inequality around the world. He talked about the importance of measuring income growth among the bottom 40 percent and compared that to the general population, but stressed that income alone cannot fully capture whether the bottom 40 percent are sharing in the prosperity of a country. Kim also spoke about the terrible consequences when institutions have too low aspirations for the poor, which the world is once again learning in its late response to the Ebola epidemic. He discussed that it's not only a moral imperative for countries to come to the aid of the three countries most affected by the epidemic, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, but also an economic imperative to respond as rapidly and effectively as possible now before the epidemic spreads much wider
    DOI: 10.1596/24325
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  • 40
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    Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination against Women : Evidence from Developing Countries (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Financial Inclusion and Legal Discrimination against Women
    Abstract: This paper documents and analyzes gender differences in the use of financial services using individual-level data from 98 developing countries. The data, drawn from the Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) database, highlight the existence of significant gender gaps in ownership of accounts and usage of savings and credit products. Even after controlling for a host of individual characteristics including income, education, employment status, rural residency and age, gender remains significantly related to usage of financial services. This study also finds that legal discrimination against women and gender norms may explain some of the cross-country variation in access to finance for women. The analysis finds that in countries where women face legal restrictions in their ability to work, head a household, choose where to live, and receive inheritance, women are less likely to own an account, relative to men, as well as to save and borrow. The results also confirm that manifestations of gender norms, such as the level of violence against women and the incidence of early marriage for women, contribute to explaining the variation in the use of financial services between men and women, after controlling for other individual and country characteristics
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6416
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  • 41
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    Transaction Costs of Low-Carbon Technologies and Policies : The Diverging Literature (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Mundaca, Luis Transaction Costs of Low-Carbon Technologies and Policies
    Abstract: Transaction costs are major challenge to moving forward toward low-carbon economic growth, as new technologies or policies tend to have higher transaction costs compared with those in the business as usual situation. However, neither a well-developed theoretical foundation nor a consensus interpretation is available for those transaction costs in the existing literature. The definitions and therefore the estimations of transaction costs vary across existing studies. The wide variations in the estimates could be attributed to several factors such as the very definitions and scope of transaction costs considered in the studies, the methodology for quantifying these costs, the type and size of low-carbon technologies, and complexities involved in the transactions. Nevertheless, the existing literature converges on addressing market failures, such as lack of information, in developing regulatory and institutional capacity to enhance private sector confidence in energy efficiency business as a key means to help reduce the transaction costs of low-carbon technologies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6565
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  • 42
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    How Does Corporate Governance Affect Bank Capitalization Strategies? (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anginer, Deniz How Does Corporate Governance Affect Bank Capitalization Strategies?
    Abstract: This paper examines how corporate governance and executive compensation affected bank capitalization strategies for an international sample of banks in 2003-2011. "Good" corporate governance, which favors shareholder interests, is found to give rise to lower bank capitalization. Boards of intermediate size, separation of the chief executive officer and chairman roles, and an absence of anti-takeover provisions, in particular, lead to low bank capitalization. However, executive options and stock wealth invested in the bank are associated with better capitalization except just before the crisis in 2006. In that year, stock options wealth was associated with lower capitalization, which suggests that potential gains from taking on more bank risk outweighed the prospect of additional loss. Banks' tendencies to continue payouts to shareholders after experiencing negative income shocks are shown to reflect executive risk-taking incentives
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6636
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    The Effect of Biodiesel Policies on World Oilseed Markets and Developing Countries (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: De Gorter, Harry The Effect of Biodiesel Policies on World Oilseed Markets and Developing Countries
    Abstract: Using an empirical model, this study provides some insights into the functioning of the oilseed-biodiesel-diesel market complex in a large country that determines the biodiesel price, reflecting market equilibrium changes resulting from volatility in the crude oil price. Oilseed crushing produces joint products-oil and meal-and this weakens the link between the biodiesel and oilseed feedstock prices. Higher crude oil prices increase biodiesel prices if biofuel benefits from a fuel tax exemption, but lower them with a blending mandate (minimum biofuel content requirement in marketed fuel). When both canola and soybeans are used to produce biodiesel, an increase in the crude oil price leads to higher canola prices, but the effect on soybean prices is ambiguous and depends on relative elasticities of meal demand and canola supply because canola produces more oil than soybeans. An oil price shock with a blending mandate results in a smaller change in oilseed prices compared with a fuel tax exemption. Jumps in world crude oil prices have differential impacts on commodity prices and welfare in developing countries, depending on which policy determines the biodiesel price in OECD countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6453
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    Islamic Finance and Financial Inclusion : Measuring Use of and Demand for Formal Financial Services among Muslim Adults (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Islamic Finance and Financial Inclusion
    Abstract: In recent years, the Islamic finance industry has attracted the attention of policy makers and international donors as a possible channel through which to expand financial inclusion, particularly among Muslim adults. Yet cross-country, demand-side data on actual usage and preference gaps in financial services between Muslims and non-Muslims have been scarce. This paper uses novel data to explore the use of and demand for formal financial services among self-identified Muslim adults. In a sample of more than 65,000 adults from 64 economies (excluding countries where less than 1 percent or more than 99 percent of the sample self-identified as Muslim), the analysis finds that Muslims are significantly less likely than non-Muslims to own a formal account or save at a formal financial institution after controlling for other individual- and country-level characteristics. But the analysis finds no evidence that Muslims are less likely than non-Muslims to report formal or informal borrowing. Finally, in an extended survey of adults in five North African and Middle Eastern countries with relatively nascent Islamic finance industries, the study finds little use of Sharia-compliant banking products, although it does find evidence of a hypothetical preference for Sharia-compliant products among a plurality of respondents despite higher costs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6642
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  • 45
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    Size and Age of Establishments : Evidence from Developing Countries (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (77 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ayyagari, Meghana Size and Age of Establishments
    Abstract: Survey data from 120 developing countries are used to examine the relation between establishment size and age in the formal sector. Existing research suggests that manufacturing establishments in developing countries do not grow over time, most likely because of market imperfections and regulations. To the contrary, this paper finds that the average plant in developing countries that is more than 40 years old employs almost five times as many workers as the average plant that is five years old or younger. The analysis finds consistent evidence when it looks within a large country, India, based on detailed manufacturing census data over 23 years. It also finds that differences in financial development across Indian states, while substantial, have a minor effect on firm growth, consistent with inefficiency of state-owned financial systems. These results hold controlling for differences in labor regulations across states, capital intensity, labor regulations, and firms born before and after the major reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6718
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  • 46
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    Russia's New Capacity-based Renewable Energy Support Scheme : An Analysis of Decree No. 449 (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: On 28 May, 2013, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted decree no. 449 on the mechanism for the promotion of renewable energy (RE) on the wholesale electricity and capacity market. Decree no. 449 integrates support for renewable energy sources for electricity (RES-E) into the capacity market. This is a very different approach to that applied in most of the existing support mechanisms in other countries, where RES-E is promoted on the basis of the electricity output (MWh) rather than the installed capacity (MW or MW per month) of RE installations. Promoting RES-E through the capacity market is a way for the Russian authorities to overcome some of the legal and technical challenges faced by previous support initiatives and, importantly, to control the costs of RE. This approach fits well with the specific regulatory architecture of the Russian wholesale electricity market, which comprises both an energy and capacity segment. This report introduces Russia's new capacity-based scheme and examines how the Russian authorities have integrated the variability of RE sources into the regulation of capacity supply. This analysis will highlight the risk of legal uncertainty affecting the business case for RE investors under the capacity-based scheme. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications
    DOI: 10.1596/25795
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  • 47
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    Remarks at Opening Press Conference, IMF/World Bank Spring Meetings, Washington, D.C., April 18, 2013 (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses the issues to end extreme poverty in the World, promoting shared prosperity, and taking bold action on climate change. He speaks about accelerating the high growth rate in the developing world, and to translate this into poverty reduction and job creation. It must be inclusive to curb inequality. He insists that we must avert or mitigate potential shocks such as climate disasters or new crises in food, fuel, and finances. Climate change is not just an environmental challenge, but also a fundamental threat to economic development. He also believes that the combined efforts of the United Nations and the World Bank Group on the political and security fronts can make a major difference in moving fragile states out of fragility. He fields questions about a BRICS development bank, Chinese growth and inequality, the World Bank Group's financial commitments on climate change, Peruvian poverty, loan conditionality, monetary policies of emerging countries, China's urbanization, Caribbean economies, the Arab Spring countries, and Mexican economic reform
    DOI: 10.1596/24350
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  • 48
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    Remarks at the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition Annual Conference, Washington, D.C., June 25, 2013 (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, talks about the goal to get the rates of poverty down below three percent by 2030. Economic growth is critical, especially in the private sector, in developing countries. He expresses the need for private sector investment and to do this in close cooperation with the Official Development Assistance that's going into these countries. He discusses battling climate change, and the need for social movements in developing countries to make it happen. He then fielded questions on business myopia, results-oriented approach, corruption, and education
    DOI: 10.1596/24347
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 49
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    Speech at World Bank/IMF Annual Meetings Plenary, Washington, D.C., October 11, 2013 (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses the state of the global economy, and lessons drawn to the future of the World Bank Group. He mentioned strengthening Group financial discipline to become more efficient and to grow revenues. He promises that the World Bank Group will openly share our knowledge and experience with all 188 member countries, the private sector, and civil society. He wants to create a culture that retains the most motivated and talented people and attracts the best and brightest to the World Bank Group. He believes to chart a path toward universal financial access by bringing together multiple approaches and technologies. He promises to reduce transaction times by a third from conception of a project to first disbursement of funds. He concludes by saying that, working together with governments and development partners, have helped lift hundreds of millions of people out of extreme poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/24346
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  • 50
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    Development Committee Closing Press Conference (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim (President of the World Bank Group), Christine Lagarde (Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund), and Marek Belka (Chairman of the Development Committee) made opening statements. Belka emphasized that the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity must be pursued in a sustainable manner. Over the past six months, we have witnessed intensive consultations and analysis designed to put the flesh on the bones--to work out a detailed strategy by which the Bank Group will set out to translate the goals into operational programs with its borrowing member countries. Kim highlighted one major shift in the strategy-leveraging IDA to increase investment in fragile states. Lagarde focused on growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, including increased technical assistance. Replenishment of the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust fund has passed the 90 percent threshold. Media raised questions on emerging markets, the Mexican economy, global growth, tapering, unconventional monetary policy, U.S. growth
    DOI: 10.1596/24345
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  • 51
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    Good Practices for Construction Regulation and Enforcement Reform : Guidelines for Reformers (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The report's main objective is to provide policy makers, regulators, and the private sector, primarily in emerging economies and developing countries, with a tool for enforcing international best practice and for developing strategies for successful reforms in the area of construction regulation. This paper is divided into the following eight chapters: 1) the importance of construction regulation reform. The first chapter defines three overarching goals of construction-regulation reform and addresses why and how these efforts can pay off; 2) reforms as good regulation not deregulation. This chapter points out that deregulating is not the answer; 3) the distribution and focus of construction regulation reform. Leveraging eight years of data from the doing business reports, this chapter provides an overview of reforms initiated within the doing business scenario and the key regional trends; 4) eight key policies affecting process efficiency, transparency, regulatory outcomes, and costs. This chapter provides a concise description of eight priority policy areas; 5) initiating reform and addressing typical challenges. Based on international experience, this chapter focuses on how to start reforms and covers issues including who should be involved in construction-regulation reform and how reform should be sequenced; 6) an overview of best practices. This chapter summarizes the best practices around four major issues, namely, building codes, procedures and transparency, payment of fees, and measures concerning stakeholder liability and accountability; 7) performance measures and evaluation of building regulatory systems. This chapter defines guiding principles for leading the reform effort and includes a meaningful set of indicators and a framework for monitoring outcomes; and 8) ten case studies. This chapters 10 in-depth case studies round out the discussion
    DOI: 10.1596/16612
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  • 52
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    Assessing and Managing Environmental and Social Risks in an Agro-Commodity Supply Chain : Good Practice Handbook (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Supply chain risk has become a major area of concern for companies in the agribusiness sector, as well as for their customers, financiers, and external stakeholders. The threats that environmental and social (E and S) risks pose to brand values and product quality are making those risks more material, often reaching thresholds of major importance to the core business of agriculture and food companies. This good practice handbook is intended for those agro-commodity companies that want to better manage supply chain E and S risks. Agro-commodity supply chains often stretch over multiple supplier companies and multiple countries. Through its eight performance standards on E and S sustainability, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) requires its clients to identify, avoid, mitigate, and manage E and S risks and impacts as a way of conducting sustainable business. IFC recognizes that there is a broader range of significant E and S risks in agro commodity supply chains beyond these four core areas, and the approach set out in this handbook can be applied beyond these areas. The handbook focuses on five major agro-commodity supply chains- palm oil, soy, sugarcane, cocoa, and coffee however, many of the tools, resources, and case studies can be used as guidance for other agro-commodities
    DOI: 10.1596/17841
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  • 53
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    Developing a Housing Microfinance Product : The First Microfinance Bank's Experience in Afghanistan (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The objective of this case study is to document an example of the successful design and implementation of housing micronance (HMF) products by analyzing the approach taken by the First Micronance Bank of Afghanistan (FMFB-A) from 2009 to 2013. This report aims to encourage other lenders to follow suit and offer housing-related loans to low-income earners. It is part of IFC's MENA Micronance Knowledge Management project, which aims to raise awareness among micronanceinstitutions (MFIs) about the importance of risk management, product development, and transformation. FMFB-A was established in 2003 with the mission to reduce poverty and promote nancial inclusion by providing its clients with access to nancial services. Shareholders of FMFB-A are the Aga Khan Agency for Micronance (AKAM), Aga Khan Foundation USA, the German Development Bank (KfW), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC). FMFB-A has a nation-widepresence in Afghanistan and serves over 53,000 clients with an outstanding portfolio of 64.5 million dollars. Housing nance accounts for about 17 percent of its total portfolio. FMFB-Ais currently the only MFI in Afghanistan that offers a housing micronance product. FMFB-A implemented a rigorous, albeit exible, approach to the roll-out of its HMF products in Afghanistan. The idea to develop an HMF product at FMFB-A started in 2007 as a response to client demand. Its aim has been to increase access to housing micronance for Afghanistan's low-income households in urban and rural areas. It also sought to improve the quality of housing for this segment by offering construction technical assistance (CTA) services
    DOI: 10.1596/26123
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  • 54
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    Mobilizing Public and Private Funds for Inclusive Green Growth Investment in Developing Countries : A Stocktaking Report Prepared for the G20 Development Working Group (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The G20 countries have increasingly recognized the importance of green growth in recent years, and many countries are demonstrating strong leadership through effective and progressive policies.The focus has so far been on creating new economic opportunities while solving environmental and resource scarcity challenges. However, governments do not act alone-the private sector is a natural partner, providing new technologies, business models and investment opportunities across a variety of sectors to help scale-up transformation. Since the 2008 Pittsburgh G20 Summit, inorder to foster these partnerships and leadership by the private sector there has beena surge in related intergovernmental, non-governmental and private sector platforms, to actively promote government policies and public-private partnerships to deliver greater investment in resource-efficient, low-carbon infrastructure and services. As the largest development finance institution dedicated to private sector development,with a strong emphasis on sustainability,International Finance Corporation (IFC) was commissioned to undertake an extensive literature review as a stocktaking exercise on existingmechanisms to mobilize private capital for inclusive green growth (IGG) investmentsin developing countries, as preparation for LosCabos. This overview starts with the high-level findings of the expanded literature review. In order to help readers navigate the vast amounts of information reviewed, a software tool has been developed that allows searches by theme, geography, sector, instrument, and nother interests. The overview then provides a mapping of financial flows relevant to IGG based on existing information and identifies gaps in our knowledge along sectoral and geographical lines
    DOI: 10.1596/26450
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  • 55
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    Climate Change Represents Real, Present Danger (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: The President of the World Bank, Jim Yong Kim, pointed to the serious consequences to global economic outlook of failing to tackle the challenges of climate change. He remarked that the risks associated with climate change could threaten international peace and security. The Bank is stepping up mitigation, adaptation, and disaster risk management work
    DOI: 10.1596/24352
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  • 56
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    Within Our Grasp : A World Free of Poverty (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group discusses the opportunity to create a world free from the stain of poverty and economic exclusion. He states that the environmental challenge is a fundamental threat to economic development and the fight against poverty in the world. He believes that assuring growth is inclusive is both a moral imperative and a crucial condition for sustained economic development for any country. The World Bank Group is now working on a revamped strategy to significantly strengthen our climate change interventions and help catalyze urgent action among global partners on the scale required. Progress is never inevitable. He concludes by saying that if we act today, if we work relentlessly toward these goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity, we have the opportunity to create a world for our children which is defined not by stark inequities but by soaring opportunities
    DOI: 10.1596/24351
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  • 57
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    Keynote Speech at the International Economic Forum of the Americas, Montreal, Canada, June 11, 2013 (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group discusses the role of private sector as being essential for ending poverty by 2030, and for building shared prosperity so that the bottom 40 percent of the population shares in economic growth. He stresses the need to create a favorable environment in which it's easier to start a formal business with improved regulation and technology. He mentions that many leaders in the developing world are actively looking for ways to work more closely with private sector. He speaks about the need of Canadians and other international firms to invest in the developing world. He expresses the keen interest of World Bank to partner in developing countries and asks the government of Canada to help bend the arc of history and banish extreme poverty from this earth
    DOI: 10.1596/24349
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  • 58
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    Remarks at Thomson Reuters Newsmaker Event, London, U.K., June 19, 2013 (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses climate change as being a fundamental threat to economic development and the fight against poverty. He releases the new climate change report "Climate Extremes: Regional Impacts and the Case for Resilience" which talks about the challenges we'd be facing if the global temperature rose by two degrees Celsius. He talks about developing tools that help countries better assess and adapt to climate change, including greenhouse gas emissions tracking, helping countries become more energy-efficient, and advising them on building more climate-resilient infrastructure. He speaks about working with partners on building low-carbon climate-resilient cities, transforming the way to maximize productivity and resilience and doubling global renewable energy and efficiency. In conclusion, he says that the world needs to find innovative ways to set an appropriate price on carbon and roll back fossil fuel subsidies. He fielded questions on the U.N. climate policy process, corruption in lending to Africa, the role of China in slowing emissions, the role of bilateral agreements, getting youth involved, energy efficiency in the United States, and barriers to investment in low carbon industries
    DOI: 10.1596/24348
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    Reforming Business Registration : A Toolkit for the Practitioners (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The private sector, through investment and job creation, plays a crucial role in a country's fight against poverty. Where an effective private sector is lacking, business registration reform has been shown to be one of the essential first steps toward fostering private-sector growth. The easier, faster, and cheaper the business registration process becomes, the higher the number of businesses in an economy. A number of recent studies have found that simpler registration processes translate into advantages for workers and employers, including greater employment opportunities, more productive jobs, and higher total factor productivity. In addition, society as a whole benefits from registration reform. Business registration reform also has the potential to reduce both informality and gender disparity in entrepreneurship. This toolkit provides a systematic analysis of various reform options and is meant to serve as a guide for policy makers and practitioners implementing business registration reform. The toolkit thus displays the fundamentals of international good practice that can be adapted to specific country contexts in a coherent, consistent, and sustainable way
    DOI: 10.1596/17634
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  • 60
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    Environmental and Social Management System Toolkit and Case Studies : Food and Beverage (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Environmental and social responsibility is becoming more and more important in today's global economy. There are thousands of environmental and social codes and standards in the world today. The codes and standards define the rules and the objectives. But the challenge is in the implementation. An environmental and social management system helps companies to integrate the rules and objectives into core business operations, through a set of clearly defined, repeatable processes. This handbook provides tools to build or enhance a company's environmental and social management system (ESMS). Section I is the Toolkit - sample documents, blank forms, flowcharts, checklists and templates. There are tools for each of the nine elements in the ESMS. Section II is the Case Studies - examples of how two different companies used the tools and developed and implemented an ESMS appropriate to the size and nature of their business
    DOI: 10.1596/20824
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    What's Next for Russia's Economic Future and Global Role? (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: President of the World Bank, Jim Yong Kim, discusses Russia's economy and it's global role. The collaboration between Russian experts and international partners brought the tuberculosis epidemic in Tomsk under control. Local successes like in Tomsk can be scaled up to become part of a global solution. Continuous learning is at the heart of these solutions. Russia is known worldwide for its educational system, for pushing the boundaries of science, and for applying what we call the "science of delivery" to many issues. What is next for Russia's Economic Future? What is the strategy for replacing oil and gas that currently account for two-thirds of the country's exports? Russia needs to diversify to an innovation-based economy. There are signs of success in Russia's regions. The Bank's 20-year collaboration with Russia's regions shows that our partnership has evolved over time into a strong engagement. The Bank needs Russia as a global development partner
    DOI: 10.1596/24353
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    Speech at the Official Launch of the Green Climate Fund Secretariat, Songdo, Korea, December 4, 2013 (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, called this an extremely important day. Man-made climate change is real and is having a significant impact-- an increasing impact. We are convinced that there is no way that we will be able to end poverty by 2030, without tackling climate change in the most serious manner. He praised the Green Climate Fund as a source of enormous optimism and hope in the fight against climate change, and said the Fund was an "historic opportunity" to protect future generations
    DOI: 10.1596/24342
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    Impacts of Large-Scale Expansion of Biofuels on Global Poverty and Income Distribution (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Cororaton, Caesar B Impacts of Large-Scale Expansion of Biofuels on Global Poverty and Income Distribution
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the impact of large-scale expansion of biofuels on the global income distribution and poverty. A global computable general equilibrium model is used to simulate the effects of the expansion of biofuels on resource allocation, commodity prices, factor prices and household income. A second model based on world-wide household surveys uses these results to calculate the impacts on poverty and global income inequality. The study finds that the large-scale expansion of biofuels leads to an increase in production and prices of agricultural commodities. The increased prices would cause higher food prices, especially in developing countries. Moreover, wages of unskilled rural labor would also increase, which slows down the rural to urban migration in many developing countries. The study also shows that the effects on poverty vary across regions; it increases in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, whereas it decreases in Latin America. At the global level, the expansion of biofuels increases poverty slightly
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6078
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    How Does Deposit Insurance Affect Bank Risk? : Evidence from the Recent Crisis (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anginer, Deniz How Does Deposit Insurance Affect Bank Risk?
    Abstract: Deposit insurance is widely offered in a number of countries as part of a financial system safety net to promote stability. An unintended consequence of deposit insurance is the reduction in the incentive of depositors to monitor banks, which leads to excessive risk-taking. This paper examines the relation between deposit insurance and bank risk and systemic fragility in the years leading to and during the recent financial crisis. It finds that generous financial safety nets increase bank risk and systemic fragility in the years leading up to the global financial crisis. However, during the crisis, bank risk is lower and systemic stability is greater in countries with deposit insurance coverage. The findings suggest that the "moral hazard effect" of deposit insurance dominates in good times while the "stabilization effect" of deposit insurance dominates in turbulent times. Nevertheless, the overall effect of deposit insurance over the full sample remains negative since the destabilizing effect during normal times is greater in magnitude compared with the stabilizing effect during global turbulence. In addition, the analysis finds that good bank supervision can alleviate the unintended consequences of deposit insurance on bank systemic risk during good times, suggesting that fostering the appropriate incentive framework is very important for ensuring systemic stability
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6289
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  • 65
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    Measuring Financial Inclusion : The Global Findex Database (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Asli Demirguc-Kunt Measuring Financial Inclusion
    Abstract: This paper provides the first analysis of the Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, a new set of indicators that measure how adults in 148 economies save, borrow, make payments, and manage risk. The data show that 50 percent of adults worldwide have an account at a formal financial institution, though account penetration varies widely across regions, income groups and individual characteristics. In addition, 22 percent of adults report having saved at a formal financial institution in the past 12 months, and 9 percent report having taken out a new loan from a bank, credit union or microfinance institution in the past year. Although half of adults around the world remain unbanked, at least 35 percent of them report barriers to account use that might be addressed by public policy. Among the most commonly reported barriers are high cost, physical distance, and lack of proper documentation, though there are significant differences across regions and individual characteristics
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6025
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  • 66
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    Financing of Firms in Developing Countries : Lessons from Research (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (99 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Meghana Ayyagari Financing of Firms in Developing Countries
    Abstract: This paper reviews and synthesizes theoretical and empirical research on the role of finance in developing countries. First, the paper presents the stylized facts about firms in developing nations as well as the legal, financial and broader institutional framework in which these firms operate. Next, the paper focuses on the financing choices available to small and medium firms in developing countries and highlights areas needing additional research
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6036
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  • 67
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    Economic Implications of Moving Toward Global Convergence on Emission Intensities (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Govinda R. Timilsina Economic Implications of Moving Toward Global Convergence on Emission Intensities
    Abstract: One key contentious issue in climate change negotiations is the huge difference in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita between more advanced industrialized countries and other nations. This paper analyzes the costs of reducing this gap. Simulations using a global computable general equilibrium model show that the average the carbon dioxide intensity of advanced industrialized countries would remain almost twice as high as the average for other countries in 2030, even if the former group adopted a heavy uniform carbon tax of
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6115
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  • 68
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    Economic Implications of Reducing Carbon Emissions from Energy use and Industrial Processes in Brazil (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Y.-H. Henry Chen Economic Implications of Reducing Carbon Emissions from Energy use and Industrial Processes in Brazil
    Abstract: The overall impacts on the Brazilian economy of reducing CO2 emissions from energy use and industrial processes can be assessed using a recursive dynamic general equilibrium model and a hypothetical carbon tax. The study projects that in 2040 under a business-as-usual scenario, CO2 emissions from energy use and industrial processes would be almost three times as high as in 2010 and would account for more than half of total national CO2 emissions. Current policy aims to reduce deforestation by 70 percent by 2017 and emissions intensity of the overall economy by 36-39 percent by 2020. If policy is implemented as planned and continued to 2040, CO2 emissions from energy use and industrial processes would not have to be cut until 2035 as reductions of emissions through controlling deforestation would be enough to meet emission targets. The study also finds evidence that supports the double dividend hypothesis: using revenue from a hypothetical carbon tax to finance a cut in labor income tax significantly lowers the gross domestic product impacts of the carbon tax. Using carbon tax revenue to subsidize wind power can effectively increase the output of wind power in the country, although the impact of the tax on gross domestic product would be somewhat increased
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6135
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  • 69
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    How Does Bank Competition Affect Systemic Stability? (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anginer, Deniz How Does Bank Competition Affect Systemic Stability?
    Abstract: Using bank level measures of competition and co-dependence, the authors show a robust positive relationship between bank competition and systemic stability. Whereas much of the extant literature has focused on the relationship between competition and the absolute level of risk of individual banks, they examine the correlation in the risk taking behavior of banks, hence systemic risk. They find that greater competition encourages banks to take on more diversified risks, making the banking system less fragile to shocks. Examining the impact of the institutional and regulatory environment on systemic stability shows that banking systems are more fragile in countries with weak supervision and private monitoring, with generous deposit insurance and greater government ownership of banks, and public policies that restrict competition. Furthermore, lack of competition has a greater adverse effect on systemic stability in countries with low levels of foreign ownership, weak investor protections, generous safety nets, and where the authorities provide limited guidance for bank asset diversification
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5981
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  • 70
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    Demand Side Instruments to Reduce Road Transportation Externalities in the Greater Cairo Metropolitan Area (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Parry, Ian W.H Demand Side Instruments to Reduce Road Transportation Externalities in the Greater Cairo Metropolitan Area
    Abstract: Economically efficient prices for the passenger transportation system in the Greater Cairo Metropolitan Area would account for broader societal costs of traffic congestion and accidents, and local and global pollution. A
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6083
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 71
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    Development of Biofuels in China : Technologies, Economics and Policies (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Shiyan, Chang Development of Biofuels in China
    Abstract: China promulgated the Medium and Long-Term Development Plan for Renewable Energy in 2007, which included targets of 2010 and 2020 for various renewable energy technologies including biofuels. The 2010 biofuel targets were met and even surpassed except for non-grain fuel ethanol; however, there is debate on whether and how the country will be able to meet the 2020 biofuels target. This paper provides a resource and technological assessment of biofuel feedstocks, compares biofuel production costs from various feddstocks and technologies, and evaluates policies introduced in the country for the development of biofuels. The paper also presents the projections on the production of biofuels under various policy scenarios. The study shows that China can potentially satisfy its non-grain fuel ethanol target by 2020 from the technology perspective. But it will probably fall far short of this target without additional fiscal incentives as production costs of non-grain feedstock based biofuels are expected to remain relatively high. By contrast, the 2020 target of biodiesel production has a high probability of being achieved because the target itself is relatively small. With additional support policies, it could develop even further
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6243
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  • 72
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    The Foundations of Financial Inclusion : Understanding Ownership and Use of Formal Accounts (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Allen, Franklin The Foundations of Financial Inclusion
    Abstract: Financial inclusion-defined here as the use of formal accounts-can bring many welfare benefits to individuals. Yet we know very little about the factors underpinning financial inclusion across individuals and countries. Using data for 123 countries and over 124,000 individuals, this paper tries to understand the individual and country characteristics associated with the use of formal accounts and what policies are effective among those most likely to be excluded: the poor and rural residents. The authors find that greater ownership and use of accounts is associated with a better enabling environment for accessing financial services, such as lower account costs and greater proximity to financial intermediaries. Policies targeted to promote inclusion-such as requiring banks to offer basic or low-fee accounts, exempting some depositors from onerous documentation requirements, allowing correspondent banking, and using bank accounts to make government payments-are especially effective among those most likely to be excluded. Finally, the authors study the factors associated with perceived barriers to account ownership among those who are financially excluded and find that these individuals report lower barriers in countries with lower costs of accounts and greater penetration of financial service providers. Overall, the results suggest that policies to reduce barriers to financial inclusion may expand the pool of eligible account users and encourage existing account holders to use their accounts to save and with greater frequency
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6290
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  • 73
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    Policy Note on the Business Environment for Inclusive Business Models (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This policy note has two ...
    DOI: 10.1596/27232
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  • 74
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    Remarks for the Every Woman, Every Child Event, United Nations General Assembly, New York, September 25, 2012 (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses children's and women's health as absolutely crucial to the core mission of expanding prosperity and ending poverty. He speaks about helping ensure a continuum of care from family planning to pregnancy and safe delivery, to post-natal care, newborn and child health. He discusses designing innovative programs that link financing to results, producing dramatic gains in both access and quality of health care for poor women and children and, most importantly, helping countries put in place strong health systems. He concludes by saying that donors and development partners have a special obligation to harmonize aid efforts and remove any bottlenecks to effective service delivery
    DOI: 10.1596/24354
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 75
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    Global Analysis of General Trade and Operational Licensing (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This paper examines the general purpose licensing imposed by central or local authorities, and the need to eliminate unnecessary licensing regulations imposed on businesses. This paper does not address the issue of reform of sector-specific or professional licensing regulation, but provides criteria and tools for identifying unnecessary licensing regulations, and their elimination or, in some instances, for changing licensing regulations to free notifications. Indeed, this paper argues that a simplified review of licensing regimes that identifies unnecessary licensing saves energy and resources for well-balanced reform of remaining licensing regulations, eventually providing better protection for the public at large and a more enabling business environment. This paper is primarily oriented towards reform practitioners from governments that intend to reform their business environments; development agencies; donor-funded projects; practitioners of licensing reforms; and others interested in improving state and local governance. This paper is divided into three parts: (1) overview of licensing practices that provides common definitions of licensing, analysis of justified licensing regimes with focus on criteria for their justification, and theoretical overview of unjustified and questionable licenses; (2) analysis of commonly declared functions of unjustified licenses that provides insight into the nature of these licenses and their typology; and (3) four case studies that examine how unjustified licenses can be reformed with examples of unsuccessful, partially successful, and successful reform efforts. The analytical conclusions of this paper summarize criteria for unjustified licenses; describe lessons learned from the reform efforts; and provide a practical set of recommendations to the interested parties
    DOI: 10.1596/27095
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  • 76
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    Why Banks in Emerging Markets Are Increasingly Providing Non-financial Services to Small and Medium Enterprises (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Banks in emerging markets are increasingly providing non-financial services to their SME clients, typically consisting of information sharing, training and consultancy. This study, published by IFC in partnership with the Austrian Government, is the first to explore reasons behind this trend, finding that banks' key motivations include attracting and retaining customers, and strengthening portfolio quality. The report consists of an overview followed by case studies of three banks, namely Tark Ekonomi Bankasa (TEB), Standard Chartered Bank (SCB), and ICICI Bank. It is estimated that there are 365 to 445 million formal and informal micro, small, and medium enterprises, with a subset of 25 to 35 million formal SMEs, in the developing world. Of these, 70 percent do not use external financing from financial institutions, although they are in need of it. Approximately 85 percent suffer from credit constraints
    DOI: 10.1596/27115
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  • 77
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    Global Development at a Pivotal Time (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim discussed the priorities for the World Bank under his new leadership, including the immediate priority to help developing countries maintain growth and progress against poverty in these volatile economic times. The lesson of the last decade is that progress is possible for everyone. A great deal remains to be done. He sees four major challenges. The first is protecting development gains against global economic risks. The second is broadening development to countries that are being left out, especially so-called fragile and conflict states. The third is ensuring that growth is sustainable. The fourth is demanding that growth be inclusive. To broaden its partnerships, the Bank is creating a Global Partnership for Social Accountability. The Bank will hold itself accountable to the people it serves so that it is judged by results, not just intentions. Kim fielded questions on the role of government in development, civil society, social safety nets in crises, environmental and social sustainability, new instruments for problems in the global commons, clean energy projects, knowledge management, and the role of China
    DOI: 10.1596/24356
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  • 78
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    Press Conference, Pretoria, South Africa, September 6, 2012 (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Pravin Gordhan, South African Finance Minister, summarized the nature of the meetings held with ministers and deputies. Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group, discusses that gender and equity is critical for sustainable economic development, as are good jobs for youth. He believes that along with the South African government, social inclusion and economic growth, especially in the private sector, are not mutually exclusive. The Bank is focused around this issue, and so the Bank needs to figure out a way to be the most effective organization in ending poverty and boosting prosperity. South Africa needed energy in order for the economy to grow and provide good jobs. The Bank is working with the government on many clean energy projects. Makhtar Diop, World Bank Vice President for Africa, joined Gordhan and Kim in answering questions. Issues included South Africa's infrastructure program, inclusive growth, new directions at the Bank, energy options, the euro crisis, mining, pension plans and other social infrastructure, the Bank's budget for Africa. Kim stated that Africa is one of his absolute top priorities
    DOI: 10.1596/24355
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  • 79
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    Innovative Solutions for Business Entry Reforms : A Global Analysis (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report shows how business registers employ information and communication technology (ICT) to perform their functions more efficiently while at the same time providing businesses with more user-friendly services. Particular attention is paid to achieving innovative solutions, that is, solutions using ICT as a catalyst for re-engineering the registration process to improve users experiences and to provide useful services and high-quality information for both the private and the public sectors. In addition, this analysis demonstrates that business registers play an increasingly important part in e-Government solutions. Aimed at integrating services, e-Government solutions build on information sharing. This underscores the importance of business registers as master data sources. This analysis is based on data from the following sources: a 2011 survey of 41 business registers conducted by the Bronnoysund register centre in cooperation with the World Bank Group; case studies undertaken in 2011 in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Italy, Vietnam, and Norway; the 2011 World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC) doing business report; the 2011 World Bank Group study of ICT solutions in 34 company registers; the 2011 European commerce registers forum report; and the International Council On Archives (CIA) factbook
    DOI: 10.1596/27096
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  • 80
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    Municipal Solid Waste Management : Opportunities for Russia (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Municipal solid waste (MSW) management system is one of the key components of a country's overall environmental and resource efficiency framework. Inefficient MSW treatment in Russia today is causing negative environmental impact, and results in suboptimal use of raw materials and energy. If Russia optimized its MSW management policy and implemented modern technologies, by 2025 it could fully shift towards environmentally friendly MSW management system and recover up to 45 percent of waste. As a result, by 2025 more than 200 metric tons of MSW would be recovered to raw materials and energy instead of landfilling. This would require investing up to 40 billion and would generate additional 2 billion in revenues from recoverable fractions
    DOI: 10.1596/27102
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  • 81
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    Estimating Employment Effects of Powerlinks Transmission Limited Project in India and Bhutan (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In 2003 International Finance Corporation (IFC) committed a loan of US
    DOI: 10.1596/26713
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  • 82
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    Biofuels and Climate Change Mitigation : A CGE Analysis Incorporating Land-use Change (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Biofuels and Climate Change Mitigation
    Abstract: The question of whether biofuels help mitigate climate change has attracted much debate in the literature. Using a global computable general equilibrium model that explicitly represents land-use change impacts due to the expansion of biofuels, this study attempts to shed some light on this question. The study shows that if biofuel mandates and targets currently announced by more than 40 countries around the world are implemented by 2020 using crop feedstocks, and if both forests and pasture lands are used to meet the new land demands for biofuel expansion, this would cause a net increase of greenhouse gas emissions released to the atmosphere until 2043, since the cumulative greenhouse gas emissions released through land-use change would exceed the reduction of emissions due to replacement of gasoline and diesel until then. However, if the use of forest lands is avoided by channeling only pasture lands to meet the demand for new lands, a net increase of cumulative greenhouse gas emissions would occur but would cease by 2021, only a year after the assumed full implementation of the mandates and targets. The study also shows, contrary to common perceptions, that the rate of deforestation does not increase with the rate of biofuel expansion; instead, the marginal rate of deforestation and corresponding land-use emissions decrease even if the production of biofuels increases
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5672
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  • 83
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    Under What Conditions Does a Carbon Tax on Fossil Fuels Stimulate Biofuels? (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Under What Conditions Does a Carbon Tax on Fossil Fuels Stimulate Biofuels?
    Abstract: A carbon tax is an efficient economic instrument to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide released from fossil fuel burning. Its impacts on production of renewable energy depend on how it is designed-particularly in the context of the penetration of biofuels into the energy supply mix for road transportation. Using a multi-sector, multi-country computable general equilibrium model, this study shows first that a carbon tax with the entire tax revenue recycled to households through a lump-sum transfer does not stimulate biofuel production significantly, even at relatively high tax rates. This reflects the high cost of carbon dioxide abatement through biofuels substitution, relative to other energy substitution alternatives; in addition, the carbon tax will have negative economy-wide consequences that reduce total demand for all fuels. A combined carbon tax and biofuel subsidy policy, where part of the carbon tax revenue is used to finance a biofuel subsidy, would significantly stimulate market penetration of biofuels. Although the carbon tax and biofuel subsidy policy would cause higher loss in global economic output compared with the carbon tax with lump sum revenue redistribution, the incremental output loss is relatively small
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5678
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  • 84
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    A Review of Solar Energy : Markets, Economics and Policies (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R A Review of Solar Energy
    Abstract: Solar energy has experienced phenomenal growth in recent years due to both technological improvements resulting in cost reductions and government policies supportive of renewable energy development and utilization. This study analyzes the technical, economic and policy aspects of solar energy development and deployment. While the cost of solar energy has declined rapidly in the recent past, it still remains much higher than the cost of conventional energy technologies. Like other renewable energy technologies, solar energy benefits from fiscal and regulatory incentives and mandates, including tax credits and exemptions, feed-in-tariff, preferential interest rates, renewable portfolio standards and voluntary green power programs in many countries. Potential expansion of carbon credit markets also would provide additional incentives to solar energy deployment; however, the scale of incentives provided by the existing carbon market instruments, such as the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, is limited. Despite the huge technical potential, development and large-scale, market-driven deployment of solar energy technologies world-wide still has to overcome a number of technical and financial barriers. Unless these barriers are overcome, maintaining and increasing electricity supplies from solar energy will require continuation of potentially costly policy supports
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5845
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  • 85
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    Small vs. Young Firms across the World : Contribution to Employment, Job Creation, and Growth (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ayyagari, Meghana Small vs. Young Firms across the World
    Abstract: This paper describes a unique cross-country database that presents consistent and comparable information on the contribution of the small and medium enterprises sector to total employment, job creation, and growth in 99 countries. The authors compare and contrast the importance of small and medium enterprises to that of young firms across different economies. They find that small firms (in particular, firms with less than 100 employees) and mature firms (in particular, firms older than 10 years) have the largest shares of total employment and job creation. Small firms and young firms have higher job creation rates than large and mature firms. However, large firms and young firms have higher productivity growth. This suggests that while small firms employ a large share of workers and create most jobs in developing economies their contribution to productivity growth is not as high as that of large firms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5631
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  • 86
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    The Evolving Importance of Banks and Securities Markets (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli The Evolving Importance of Banks and Securities Markets
    Abstract: This paper examines the evolving importance of banks and securities markets during the process of economic development. As economies develop, they increase their demand for the services provided by securities markets relative to those provided by banks, such that securities markets become increasingly important for future economic development. Some exploratory evidence further suggests that deviations of a country's actual financial structure-the mixture of banks and markets operating in an economy-from the estimated optimal structure are associated with lower levels of economic activity
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5805
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  • 87
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    World Oil Price and Biofuels : A General Equilibrium Analysis (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R World Oil Price and Biofuels
    Abstract: The price of oil could play a significant role in influencing the expansion of biofuels. However, this issue has not been fully investigated yet in the literature. Using a global computable general equilibrium model, this study analyzes the impact of oil price on biofuel expansion, and subsequently, on food supply. The study shows that a 65 percent increase in oil price in 2020 from the 2009 level would increase the global biofuel penetration to 5.4 percent in 2020 from 2.4 percent in 2009. A doubling of oil price in 2020 from its baseline level, or a 230 percent increase from the 2009 level, would increase the global biofuel penetration in 2020 to 12.6 percent. The penetration of biofuels is highly sensitive to the substitution possibility between biofuels and their fossil fuel counterparts. The study also shows that aggregate agricultural output drops due to an oil price increase, but the drop is small in major biofuel producing countries as the expansion of biofuels would partially offset the negative impacts of the oil price increase on agricultural outputs. An increase in oil price would reduce global food supply through direct impacts as well as through diversion of food commodities and cropland toward the production of biofuels
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5673
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  • 88
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    Has the Global Banking System Become More Fragile over Time? (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anginer, Deniz Has the Global Banking System Become More Fragile over Time?
    Abstract: This paper examines time-series and cross-country variations in default risk co-dependence in the global banking system. The authors construct a default risk measure for all publicly traded banks using the Merton contingent claim model, and examine the evolution of the correlation structure of default risk for more than 1,800 banks in more than 60 countries. They find that there has been a significant increase in default risk co-dependence over the three-year period leading to the financial crisis. They also find that countries that are more integrated, and that have liberalized financial systems and weak banking supervision, have higher co-dependence in their banking sector. The results support an increase in scope for intra-national supervisory co-operation, as well as capital charges for "too-connected-to-fail" institutions that can impose significant externalities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5849
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  • 89
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    Avoiding the Fiscal Pitfalls of Subnational Regulation : How to Optimize Local Regulatory Fees to Encourage Growth (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Since investment climate reforms in developing countries started gaining traction in the 1990s, most efforts have focused on issues at the national level, achieving varying degrees of success for reasons that are relatively well understood. This handbook provides an overview of efforts and achievements in subnational investment climate reforms. It is organized as follows. Chapter 2 reviews a number of countries experiences with subnational reforms, noting both success stories and disappointments and pointing toward lessons learned. Chapter 3 sets out the basic principles of subnational revenue, including business taxation. Chapter 4 describes sound licensing practices for subnational governments, including establishing licensing fees. Chapter 5 provides recommendations for subnational reform projects where both the regulatory authority and taxation require attention, which is the most common situation. Finally, the Appendix offers nine case studies covering subnational reform efforts in the following countries: Canada (British Columbia), The Russian Federation, China, Kenya, Tanzania, Peru (Lima), The Balkans (Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina), Tajikistan, and Zambia
    DOI: 10.1596/27217
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  • 90
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    Women, Business and the Law 2012 : Removing Barriers to Economic Inclusion (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Women, business and the law focuses on this critical piece of the puzzle, objectively highlighting differentiations on the basis of gender in 141 economies around the world, covering six areas: accessing institutions, using property, getting a job, providing incentives to work, building credit and going to court. Women, business and the law describes regional trends and shows how economies are changing across these six areas, tracking governments' actions to expand economic opportunities for women. For men and women throughout the developing world, the chance to start and run a business or get a good job is the surest hope for a way out of poverty. It also requires good business regulation, suited to the purpose, streamlined and accessible, so that the opportunity to build a business or have a good job is dependent not on connections, wealth or power, but on an individual's initiative and ability. The doing business report has led the way in providing data to countries about creating a sounder and more streamlined business environment. Women, Business, and the Law 2012 are the second in this series of reports. This edition retains the same basic structure of the 2010 pilot edition, while significantly expanding the depth of data covered. While the number of topics covered is the same, there has been a significant expansion of the data collected within these topics, thus addressing some of the initial shortcomings of the pilot edition. The number of economies covered has also been expanded from 128 to 141
    DOI: 10.1596/27444
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  • 91
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    Business Registration Reform Case Study : Norway (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Abstract: Sustainable economic growth and reduction of poverty require a suitable framework of good governance. A register solution that works efficiently and offers reliable business information is an essential part of such a framework. To ensure efficiency and simplification in business start-ups, a well-functioning register solution has several beneficial effects. It encourages entrepreneurship, improves access to loans, generates more jobs, makes it easier to comply with rules, and reduces administrative burdens, thus increasing productivity. In a broader perspective, this helps attract investors, boost the economy in general, and reduce poverty. Implementation of good governance has revealed a general need to enhance transparency and integrity standards in public administrations and private entities. Availability of official, high-quality business information is crucial in this context. By granting the legal identity of a business, most register solutions go a step further. In doing so, they increase the predictability of economic interaction and provide contractual partners with core protection against abuse. This also reduces the costs of resolving disputes and leads to greater judicial fairness because of faster contract enforcement. Moreover, improved transparency contributes to more effective tracing of financial crime and therefore constitutes a means to prevent and discourage financial crime in general. In the Norwegian register solution, the aim of enhancing transparency is strongly interlinked with the objective of using public business information efficiently and reducing reporting obligations for businesses. Information sharing is an important building block in this strategy. This case study describes how reforms aimed at simplifying and streamlining business registration were implemented in Norway. It is based on desk research and interviews
    DOI: 10.1596/31026
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 92
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    Rebuilding Business and Investment in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Sierra Leone's devastating 11-year civil war destroyed much of its infrastructure, and left its economy in tatters. In 2004, two years after the end of the war, Sierra Leone asked the investment climate (IC) advisory services of the World Bank Group to help create a better business and investment climate that will lay a foundation for the country's future economic growth. Answering the call, the World Bank Group's IC advisory services partnered with the United Kingdom's (UK's) Department for International Development (DFID) to design a program to help Sierra Leone improve its business climate, encourage job creation, and spur investment. The result of this partnership was the removing administrative barriers to investment (RABI) program, which ran from 2004 to 2010. RABI pioneered a collaborative approach by working closely with the government, local institutions, and the private sector to implement a comprehensive, integrated agenda that focused on reforms in the following four areas: reducing barriers to businesses operating in the formal sector by simplifying new business registration.; streamlining tax administration, reforming tax policy, and supporting the national revenue authority to simplify taxes; creating a platform for effective and constructive dialogue between the government and the private sector in focal areas such as financial sector reform, access to land, and overall improvements in the investment climate, and supporting reform in those areas; and building and developing an effective investment and trade facilitation structure and promoting Sierra Leone as a vibrant and desirable location for business, especially in the tourism and agribusiness sectors. The RABI program was innovative and responsive, conducting rapid diagnostics, proposing integrated solutions, and moving quickly into implementation with support staff on the ground. The program was also one of the first of its kind to operate in a conflict-affected country, which demand specialized and targeted support solutions
    DOI: 10.1596/28421
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  • 93
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    Sector Licensing Studies : Mining Sector (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mining, Oil and Gas
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report is intended to provide guidance on best practices in mining licensing, based on examples from low, middle and high income countries in Africa, Asia, North America, and South America. It is not a 'how-to guide' or a licensing implementation toolkit, but rather identifies certain common features of successful mining licensing regimes worldwide that other national or sub-national jurisdictions might usefully incorporate in new mining laws and regulations or revisions or existing ones. The case studies and other examples of good and bad practice are intended to provide a cross-section by geography and by income level, and they demonstrate that the prevalence of good and bad practices is not simply a function of income level. Tanzania, one of the poorest countries in the world, has in many respects a better licensing regime than either South Africa or the U.S. State of Wisconsin. In considering these complex issues, it has proven difficult to confine the discussion purely to questions of licensing. Discussion of licensing invariably invokes reference to overall policy and investment climate issues, environmental protection, labor law, taxation, national and sub-national jurisdiction, land tenure, and much more. This report makes no attempt to address all of these in detail but refers to them in reference to their interactions with and effect on, licensing itself. Far more detailed research on mineral policy, taxation, investment climate, and other issues has been carried out, some of it referred to in this report and cited in the footnotes and bibliography
    DOI: 10.1596/27787
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  • 94
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    Yemen Country Profile 2010 (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Enterprise Surveys
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The enterprise surveys focus on the many factors that shape the business environment. These factors can be accommodating or constraining for firms and play an important role in whether a country will prosper or not. An accommodating business environment is one that encourages firms to operate efficiently. The enterprise surveys are conducted by the World Bank and its partners across all geographic regions and cover small, medium, and large companies. The surveys are administered to a representative sample of firms in the non-agricultural formal private economy. The enterprise surveys collect a wide array of qualitative and quantitative information through face to face interviews with firm managers and owners regarding the business environment in their countries and the productivity of their firms. The enterprise survey is useful for both policymakers and researchers. The surveys are repeated over time to track changes and benchmark the effects of reforms on firm's performance
    DOI: 10.1596/27421
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  • 95
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    Fostering Women's Economic Empowerment through Special Economic Zones : Comparative Analysis of Eight Countries and Implications for Governments, Zone Authorities and Businesses (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This global report examines the opportunity for special economic zones to promote women's economic empowerment and boost zone and enterprise competitiveness in developing countries. The research covers Bangladesh, China, Costa Rica, Egypt, El Salvador, Jordan, Kenya, and the Philippines. The study focuses on women's economic empowerment in the context of zones at three levels: (i) fair employment and working conditions for female employees; (ii) equal access to opportunities for professional advancement; and (iii) investment opportunities for female entrepreneurs. The study also examines gender-friendly policies and practices that support these three main goals, which include a wide range of options around laws, regulations, labor policies, gender-sensitive professional development programs, family support mechanisms, women's health programs, and supplier diversity and capacity-building initiatives. This study establishes the business case for investments in women's economic empowerment in SEZs, and identifies good-practice examples of recommended enablers to address this investment opportunity. Enablers are defined as efforts to counteract the negative impact of the obstacles women face in economic participation, and can include policies and programs at the government, zone, and enterprise level. The study provides background, evidence of challenges and success stories, comprehensive recommendations, and a suite of tools and tips to implement the recommendations successfully
    DOI: 10.1596/27441
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  • 96
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    Regulatory Capacity Review : East African Community (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Institutional and Governance Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The regulatory capacity review of the East African Community (EAC) focuses on the capacities of the EAC institutional framework to develop, implement, and sustain the efficient, transparent, and market-based regulatory system that is needed to achieve the economic benefits of the EAC common market. This report argues that the EAC institutions will be successful in implementing the common market only if they safeguard the quality of regulatory practices. This is a highly pragmatic and operational agenda. Quality principles can be applied only if they are defined and institutionalized into the machinery of policy making. The idea is that, just as fiscal management can increase social welfare by better allocating resources, so can regulatory governance
    DOI: 10.1596/27791
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  • 97
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    Sustainable Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa : Investment Practitioner Views of Sustainable Investment in Private Equity and Asset Management in South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Sustainable investment (SI) has a strong niche foothold in Sub-Saharan Africa, anchored in the region's largest investment market, South Africa. Yet more work is needed, at policy and portfolio levels, to grow this investment theme. This report recommends measures to expand SI in Sub-Saharan Africa. It forecasts that over the next five years there will be considerable growth of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations applied to investment in South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria. While these three countries form the basis of the study, the lion's share of data and observations emerged from South Africa, which is home to the continent's most developed capital markets
    DOI: 10.1596/27446
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  • 98
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    Are Innovating Firms Victims Or Perpetrators? : Tax Evasion, Bribe Payments, and the Role of External Finance in Developing Countries (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Are Innovating Firms Victims Or Perpetrators?
    Abstract: This paper investigates corruption and tax evasion and their firm-level determinants across 25,000 firms in 57 countries, a large fraction of which are small and medium enterprises in developing countries. Firms that pay more bribes also evade more taxes. Corruption acts as a tax on innovation, particularly that of small and young firms. Innovating firms pay a larger percentage of their revenues in bribes to government officials than non-innovating firms. They do not, however, pay more protection money to private parties than other firms. Comparing the magnitudes of bribes and taxes evaded, innovating firms and firms that use formal finance are more likely to be net victims. The findings point to the challenges facing innovators in developing countries and the role of banks in curbing corruption and tax evasion
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5389
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  • 99
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    Advanced biofuel technologies : status and barriers (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Advanced biofuel technologies
    Abstract: Large-scale production of crop based (first generation) biofuels may not be feasible without adversely affecting global food supply or encroaching on other important land uses. Because alternatives to liquid fossil fuels are important to develop in order to address greenhouse gas mitigation and other energy policy objectives, the potential for increased use of advanced (non-crop, second generation) biofuel production technologies has significant policy relevance. This study reviews the current status of several advanced biofuel technologies. Technically, it would be possible to produce a large portion of transportation fuels using advanced biofuel technologies, specifically those that can be grown using a small portion of the world's land area (for example, microalgae), or those grown on arable lands without affecting food supply (for example, agricultural residues). However, serious technical barriers limit the near-term commercial application of advanced biofuels technologies. Key technical barriers include low conversion efficiency from biomass to fuel, limits on supply of key enzymes used in conversion, large energy requirements for operation, and dependence in many cases on commercially unproven technology. Despite a large future potential, large-scale expansion of advanced biofuels technologies is unlikely unless and until further research and development lead to lowering these barriers
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5411
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  • 100
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    Second-generation biofuels : economics and policies (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Second-generation biofuels
    Abstract: Recent increases in production of crop-based (or first-generation) biofuels have engendered increasing concerns over potential conflicts with food supplies and land protection, as well as disputes over greenhouse gas reductions. This has heightened a sense of urgency around the development of biofuels produced from non-food biomass (second-generation biofuels). This study reviews the economic potential and environmental implications of production of second-generation biofuels from a variety of various feedstocks. Although second-generation biofuels could significantly contribute to the future energy supply mix, cost is a major barrier to increasing commercial production in the near to medium term. Depending on various factors, the cost of second-generation (cellulosic) ethanol can be two to three times as high as the current price of gasoline on an energy equivalent basis. The cost of biodiesel produced from microalgae, a prospective feedstock, is many times higher than the current price of diesel. Policy instruments for increasing biofuels use, such as fiscal incentives, should be based on the relative merits of different types of biofuels
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5406
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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