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  • OECD  (757)
  • Baygan, Günseli  (9)
  • Dechezleprêtre, Antoine  (7)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (772)
  • Barcelona : F-Iniciativas, Spain  (1)
  • Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press
  • Science and Technology  (773)
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  • 101
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    Online Resource
    Aprovechando el poder de la IA y las tecnologías emergentes : Documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial del CDEP (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Exploiter la puissance de l’IA et des technologies émergentes : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Harnessing the power of AI and emerging technologies: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: La IA y las tecnologías emergentes ofrecen enormes oportunidades para el bienestar, la productividad y el crecimiento, además de para resolver apremiantes desafíos sociales. Sin embargo, también suponen riesgos para los derechos humanos, la equidad y la agencia humana, entre otros. Muchos países reconocen la necesidad de desarrollar políticas orientadas al futuro y adaptar los marcos de gobernanza de modo que sea posible seguir el ritmo de estos avances y aprovechar las ventajas tecnológicas al tiempo que se mitigan los riesgos. Este documento se basa en el amplio trabajo de la OCDE en materia de IA, gobernanza de datos y conectividad orientado a apoyar a los responsables de la formulación de políticas en este proceso. En él se destaca la importancia de cooperar a nivel internacional para garantizar que las tecnologías emergentes sean fiables, y se insta a establecer una visión compartida de la IA y las tecnologías emergentes, llevar a cabo una puesta en común de las buenas prácticas y crear una base empírica sobre la que fundamentar el diseño, la implementación y la evaluación de las políticas públicas.
    DOI: 10.1787/6e76bc18-es
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 102
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Harnessing the power of AI and emerging technologies : Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.340
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: AI and emerging technologies offer tremendous opportunities for well-being, productivity, growth and solving pressing societal challenges. However, they also pose risks to human rights, fairness and human agency, among others. Many countries recognise the need to develop forward-looking policies and adapt governance frameworks to keep pace with these developments and to leverage technological benefits while mitigating risks. This paper builds on the OECD’s extensive work on AI, data governance and connectivity to support policy makers in this process. It highlights the importance of co-operating internationally to ensure that emerging technologies are trustworthy and calls for building a common understanding of AI and emerging technologies, sharing good practices and creating the evidence base to inform policy design, implementation and evaluation.
    DOI: 10.1787/f94df8ec-en
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  • 103
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Les leviers numériques de l’économie mondiale : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.337
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Digital enablers of the global economy: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Catalizadores digitales de la economía mundial : Documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial del CDEP
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Les technologies numériques ont transformé l’économie globale. Le présent document étudie trois leviers numériques qui sous-tendent l’économie ainsi que les défis et les possibilités qu’ils induisent pour les responsables de l’action publique : (1) les plateformes en ligne, qui abritent les interactions et les transactions mais suscitent également des inquiétudes en termes de concurrence et de protection des consommateurs ; (2) les flux transfrontières de données, qui facilitent les échange internationaux mais sont aussi synonymes de préoccupations accrues pour les pouvoirs publics, les poussant à prendre des mesures politiques pour les conditionner; et (3) la sécurité numérique, qui devrait être prioritisée pour intégrer la confiance dans l’économie numérique, mais qui est souvent au second plan en raison de l’asymétrie d’information sur le marché. Ces défis ont une portée internationale et nécessitent donc une réponse politique à l’échelle mondiale. L’OCDE est bien placée pour favoriser la coopération internationale pour ces leviers numériques et aider les pays à assouvir leur ambition pour des cadres d’action mondiaux en matière de numérique.
    DOI: 10.1787/97fbc441-fr
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  • 104
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The future of science in Ukraine : Actions now will affect post-war recovery (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Wissenschaft ; Forschung ; Brain Drain ; Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; Science and Technology ; Ukraine
    Abstract: This policy response reflects on how policy actions can shape the future of Ukraine’s science system and contribute to post-war recovery. It draws on several OECD indicators and highlights the challenge of “brain drain” as a structural problem that is aggravated by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine. It then makes the case for international co-ordination on talent circulation and exchange to prevent the irreversible loss of scientific expertise for key industries and the education of future generations in Ukraine. The policy response further argues that OECD countries can put in place new and strengthened scientific relationships with Ukraine, while also implementing temporary measures to assist both displaced scientists and those remaining in their posts under very challenging conditions.
    DOI: 10.1787/afbd05df-en
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  • 105
    Online Resource
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    Measuring the environmental impacts of artificial intelligence compute and applications : The AI footprint (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.341
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Umweltbelastung ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) systems can use massive computational resources, raising sustainability concerns. This report aims to improve understanding of the environmental impacts of AI, and help measure and decrease AI’s negative effects while enabling it to accelerate action for the good of the planet. It distinguishes between the direct environmental impacts of developing, using and disposing of AI systems and related equipment, and the indirect costs and benefits of using AI applications. It recommends the establishment of measurement standards, expanding data collection, identifying AI-specific impacts, looking beyond operational energy use and emissions, and improving transparency and equity to help policy makers make AI part of the solution to sustainability challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/7babf571-en
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  • 106
    Online Resource
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    Fostering Business Development and Digitalisation in Georgia (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264331525 , 9789264707146 , 9789264466579
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (105 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Georgien ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Georgia
    Abstract: Fostering SME development and digital transformation helps increase productivity, in turn fostering stronger, more diversified and dynamic economies. The Government of Georgia has made significant policy efforts in recent years to build an environment conducive to private-sector development and entrepreneurship, and to support small and medium-sized enterprises in particular. The OECD has supported this reform impetus, working closely with the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development to help identify gaps and develop relevant measures to create a conducive policy environment for Georgian SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/c6e27d8a-en
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  • 107
    Online Resource
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    OECD Framework for the Classification of AI systems (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.323
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Klassifikation ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: As artificial intelligence (AI) integrates all sectors at a rapid pace, different AI systems bring different benefits and risks. In comparing virtual assistants, self-driving vehicles and video recommendations for children, it is easy to see that the benefits and risks of each are very different. Their specificities will require different approaches to policy making and governance. To help policy makers, regulators, legislators and others characterise AI systems deployed in specific contexts, the OECD has developed a user-friendly tool to evaluate AI systems from a policy perspective. It can be applied to the widest range of AI systems across the following dimensions: People & Planet; Economic Context; Data & Input; AI model; and Task & Output. Each of the framework's dimensions has a subset of properties and attributes to define and assess policy implications and to guide an innovative and trustworthy approach to AI as outlined in the OECD AI Principles.
    DOI: 10.1787/cb6d9eca-en
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  • 108
    Online Resource
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    The Strategic and Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector of Latin America and the Caribbean (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264820920 , 9789264898691 , 9789264509412
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (189 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Lateinamerika ; Karibischer Raum ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Argentina ; Barbados ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Chile ; Colombia ; Costa Rica ; Dominican Republic ; Ecuador ; Jamaica ; Mexico ; Panama ; Paraguay ; Peru ; Trinidad and Tobago ; Uruguay ; Venezuela
    Abstract: Governments can use artificial intelligence (AI) to design better policies and make better and more targeted decisions, enhance communication and engagement with citizens, and improve the speed and quality of public services. The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region is seeking to leverage the immense potential of AI to promote the digital transformation of the public sector. The OECD, in collaboration with CAF, Development Bank of Latin America, prepared this report to help national governments in the LAC region understand the current regional baseline of activities and capacities for AI in the public sector; to identify specific approaches and actions they can take to enhance their ability to use this emerging technology for efficient, effective and responsive governments; and to collaborate across borders in pursuit of a regional vision for AI in the public sector. This report incorporates a stocktaking of each country’s strategies and commitments around AI in the public sector, including their alignment with the OECD AI Principles. It also includes an analysis of efforts to build key governance capacities and put in place critical enablers for AI in the public sector. It concludes with a series of recommendations for governments in the LAC region.
    DOI: 10.1787/1f334543-en
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  • 109
    Online Resource
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    Building on COVID-19's innovation momentum for digital, inclusive education (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264777033 , 9789264740594 , 9789264644908
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Series Statement: International Summit on the Teaching Profession
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Education systems can build on school-led micro-innovations during the pandemic to develop more equitable learning. Empowering teachers to be autonomous, actively engaged in designing learning environments, and knowledgeable and dynamic in using multi-modal technology can encourage more peer-to-peer collaboration in schools and enrich pedagogy. This will be crucial in addressing the learning needs of disadvantaged students and boosting science proficiency with the goal of societal equity.
    DOI: 10.1787/24202496-en
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  • 110
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    Gouvernance des données de santé à l’ère du numérique : Mise en œuvre de la Recommandation de l’OCDE sur la gouvernance des données de santé (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264933651 , 9789264550797 , 9789264349162
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (91 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Health Data Governance for the Digital Age: Implementing the OECD Recommendation on Health Data Governance
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Les données de santé sont essentielles pour des services de santé modernes, la gestion des systèmes de santé, la recherche et l’innovation, et il convient de les gérer avec discernement pour favoriser leur utilisation tout en protégeant la vie privée et la sécurité des données. La Recommandation de l’OCDE de 2016 sur la gouvernance des données de santé propose une feuille de route facilitant l’harmonisation des approches de la gouvernance des données de santé entre les pays. Elle préconise de mettre en place des cadres de gouvernance des données nationales de santé, en suivant les principes énoncés, et d’encourager la coopération internationale en matière de gouvernance et d’interopérabilité des données. Ce rapport donne un aperçu de la mise en œuvre de la Recommandation pour la période 2016-2021 et montre que, dans l’ensemble, malgré certaines avancées encourageantes, de nombreux pays Adhérents s’emploient toujours à sa mise en œuvre dans des domaines tels que le partage, l’accessibilité, la qualité, l’interopérabilité et la sécurité des données ainsi que la protection de la vie privée. Les efforts visant à soutenir la mise en œuvre et la diffusion de la Recommandation se poursuivront au cours du prochain cycle de suivi au Conseil (2022-27), en mettant l’accent sur la cybersécurité, l’harmonisation des mécanismes de gouvernance des données de santé à l’appui de projets internationaux et l’amélioration de l’interopérabilité des données de santé à l’échelle mondiale.
    DOI: 10.1787/37ef3797-fr
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  • 111
    Online Resource
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    Dark commercial patterns (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (96 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.336
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: There is mounting concern that dark commercial patterns may cause substantial consumer detriment. These practices are commonly found in online user interfaces and steer, deceive, coerce, or manipulate consumers into making choices that often are not in their best interests. This report proposes a working definition of dark commercial patterns, sets out evidence of their prevalence, effectiveness and harms, and identifies possible policy and enforcement responses to assist consumer policy makers and authorities in addressing them. It also documents possible approaches that consumers and businesses may take to mitigate dark commercial patterns.
    DOI: 10.1787/44f5e846-en
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  • 112
    Online Resource
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    Enhancing online disclosure effectiveness (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.335
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Online disclosures can play a key role in informing consumer decisions. However, cognitive limitations such as information overload, as well as technical ones such as small screen sizes on mobile devices, may limit their effectiveness. Additionally, businesses may sometimes focus on technical compliance with disclosure requirements rather than maximising their effectiveness in informing consumer decisions. This report supports consumer authorities in enhancing disclosure effectiveness by providing i) a systematic overview of key disclosure characteristics; ii) guidance on the effective design of disclosures based on a review of the empirical literature; iii) an overview of overarching challenges to disclosure effectiveness and iv) an overview of possible ways to address them, including possible policy alternatives when disclosures may not be sufficient on their own.
    DOI: 10.1787/6d7ea79c-en
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  • 113
    Online Resource
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    Developments in spectrum management for communication services (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.332
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Spectrum is a limited national resource that enables our digital world. Mobile broadband services rely on these invisible airwaves to function, making spectrum indispensable to bridge connectivity divides. It also supports the provision of wireless services across the economy, from education to healthcare to industry, and enables applications such as satellites, GPS and the Internet of Things. Spectrum must be efficiently managed to achieve broader social and economic goals. As such, the stakes of spectrum management decisions are high and the challenges complex. This report discusses the effective stewardship of this essential asset in the context of wireless communication services, presents trends in policy, and discusses future considerations for management. It finds that well-designed and transparent licensing regimes, including auctions, foster investment and innovation, and that flexible frameworks (e.g. sharing or unlicensed spectrum) can promote efficient use.
    DOI: 10.1787/175e7ce5-en
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  • 114
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    I potenziali impatti territoriali della guerra in Ucraina : Il caso di studio dell’Italia (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Italian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Potential spatial impacts of the war in Ukraine: A case study from Italy
    Keywords: Economics ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Italy
    Abstract: L’impatto della guerra in Ucraina è chiaramente avvertibile nei Paesi OCSE, soprattutto nelle regioni di confine in prima linea nella gestione della crisi umanitaria dei rifugiati. Anche gli effetti sull’economia, specie quelli legati all’aumento dei prezzi dell’energia, si dispiegano in modo differenziato a livello territoriale, interessando alcune regioni più di altre. L’Italia non fa eccezione: i settori produttivi a elevato consumo di gas naturale sono per lo più concentrati nelle regioni settentrionali, mentre le aziende agricole e della produzione alimentare a base di grano sono relativamente più diffuse nelle regioni meridionali e insulari. Sebbene nel complesso la Russia rappresenti una quota minoritaria delle esportazioni italiane, alcuni territori e settori sono più esposti di altri a una diminuzione degli scambi bilaterali, come nel caso delle destinazioni più popolari tra i turisti russi ad elevata spesa pro capite.
    DOI: 10.1787/36dcfd11-it
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  • 115
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    Cross-border Data Flows : Taking Stock of Key Policies and Initiatives (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade ; Science and Technology ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; Japan ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: As data become an important resource for the global economy, it is important to strengthen trust to facilitate data sharing domestically and across borders. Significant momentum for related policies in the G7, and G20, has gone hand in hand with a wide range of – often complementary – national and international initiatives and the development of technological and organisational measures. Advancing a common understanding and dialogue among G7 countries and beyond is crucial to support coordinated and coherent progress in policy and regulatory approaches that leverage the full potential of data for global economic and social prosperity. This report takes stock of key policies and initiatives on cross-border data flows to inform and support G7 countries’ engagement on this policy agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/5031dd97-en
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  • 116
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    Earth’s Orbits at Risk : The Economics of Space Sustainability (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264603936 , 9789264322394 , 9789264686793
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (160 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Weltraumtechnik ; Telekommunikationsnetz ; Risiko ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Environment
    Abstract: Society’s dependence on space infrastructure is at a critical juncture. Public and private actors worldwide are planning to launch tens of thousands of satellites into Earth’s orbit in the next five years. This will greatly expand and enrich the use of space resources, but it will also result in more crowded orbits and greater risk of damage from satellite collision and space debris. As satellite launches continue to multiply and concerns grow, the long-term sustainability of space-based infrastructure on orbit and beyond is set to emerge as an increasingly important space policy issue of the 21st century. This publication takes stock of the growing socio-economic dependence of our modern societies on space assets, and the general threats to space-based infrastructure from debris in particular. Notably, it provides fresh insights into the value of space-based infrastructure and the potential costs generated by space debris, drawing on new academic research developed especially for the OECD project on the economics of space sustainability.
    DOI: 10.1787/16543990-en
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  • 117
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    Digital Government Review of Luxembourg : Towards More Digital, Innovative and Inclusive Public Services (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264985421 , 9789264574069 , 9789264962699
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (164 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Government Studies
    Keywords: E-Government ; Digitalisierung ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Luxemburg ; Science and Technology ; Governance ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: Digital government has become a priority for Luxembourg as a means to enable its public sector to deliver more responsive and trusted services. The Digital Government Review of Luxembourg evaluates the efforts made by the government to transition towards a digital government approach. It provides in-depth analysis and policy recommendations to improve institutional governance, digital investments, digital talent and skills, government service delivery and the strategic use of data. Its findings can help Luxembourg achieve a more digitally mature and data-driven administration to better serve citizens and businesses.
    DOI: 10.1787/b623803d-en
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  • 118
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    Las personas primero en la transformación digital : Documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial del CDEP (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Putting people first in digital transformation: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Placer l’humain au cœur de la transformation numérique : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: La transformación digital afecta a todos los aspectos de nuestras vidas: proporciona nuevos espacios y herramientas para comunicar, trabajar, consumir y disfrutar de nuestros derechos. Ofrece numerosas oportunidades sociales y económicas, pero también comporta riesgos nuevos y complejos. Por lo tanto, un entorno en línea seguro y que dé mayor poder a los usuarios y dé prioridad a las personas es un objetivo fundamental de la era digital. A través de una familia ficticia que explora estas oportunidades y los riesgos, este documento analiza la forma en que la transformación digital nos afecta como individuos, ya sea en condición de ciudadanos, consumidores o trabajadores. Esboza el panorama de políticas públicas y describe los esfuerzos internacionales, de múltiples partes interesadas y repletos de matices que se necesitan para alcanzar un equilibrio entre los diferentes derechos, intereses y valores en juego. Como documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial de la Economía Digital de 2022, este documento sirve de apoyo a los responsables políticos para diseñar y lograr una transformación digital centrada en el ser humano.
    DOI: 10.1787/eee97842-es
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  • 119
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    Rights in the digital age : Challenges and ways forward (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.347
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: As our online and offline lives become increasingly interwoven, policy makers have to consider how to protect individual interests and rights. This paper considers the impact of digital transformation on internationally recognised human rights, legal and constitutional rights, and domestically protected interests. It sets out three case studies, freedom of expression, privacy and Internet access, and provides a brief overview of current international and domestic initiatives to protect "rights in the digital age". The paper sets the scene for further discussion on the issue and supports policy makers in designing and achieving a rights-oriented and human-centric digital transformation.
    DOI: 10.1787/deb707a8-en
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  • 120
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    Bâtir des sociétés meilleures grâce aux politiques du numérique : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.338
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Building better societies through digital policy: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Construyendo mejores sociedades a través de las políticas digitales : Documento de referencia para la conferencia ministerial del CDEP
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Construire des sociétés plus équitables, connectées, cohésives et durables figure en tête des priorités politiques, mais plusieurs défis se dressent sur la voie de la réalisation de cet objectif. Le rapport se concentre sur trois défis clés auxquels les décideurs sont confrontés dans la quête de sociétés meilleures : combler les fractures numériques, lutter contre les contenus préjudiciables diffusés en ligne et utiliser efficacement les technologies numériques pour lutter contre le changement climatique et d'autres problèmes environnementaux. Ce rapport donne un aperçu des tendances clés dans les pays de l'OCDE et les économies partenaires, et propose des actions politiques qui peuvent aider les décideurs à aborder ces trois défis critiques, ainsi qu'une meilleure mesure. Le rapport s'appuie sur des travaux antérieurs sur le sujet et vise à éclairer le débat et la discussion sur la manière de garantir que les fractures, biais et inégalités d'aujourd'hui ne se perpétueront pas à l'avenir.
    DOI: 10.1787/87374dde-fr
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    Building back a better innovation ecosystem in Ukraine (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia’s aggression against Ukraine is aggravating the long-term trend of R&D under-investment in Ukraine, as well as accelerating brain drain. In the reconstruction period, science, technology and innovation have the potential to contribute to the societal transformation of Ukraine, feeding into an innovation-centric industrial strategy, which also includes developing linkages with selected parts of the academic sector, which should themselves be strengthened to serve that purpose. It can also significantly contribute to Ukraine’s green transition, through stimulation of grassroots entrepreneurship in co-creation with academia, in particular on the basis of Ukraine’s small but excellent scientific production in the areas of environmental and planetary sciences. The brief provides specific policy recommendations which can help policy makers address the binding constraints towards the attainment of these goals.
    DOI: 10.1787/85a624f6-en
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  • 122
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    Constituciones en países de la OCDE: Un estudio comparado : Informe en el contexto del proceso constitucional en Chile (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264592551 , 9789264693265 , 9789264954007
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (234 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Constitutions in OECD Countries: A Comparative Study: Background Report in the Context of Chile’s Constitutional Process
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Governance ; Chile
    Abstract: Chile ha emprendido un ambicioso camino hacia una nueva constitución. Para cualquier país, la redacción de una nueva constitución o la enmienda de la existente es un reto estimulante, pero a su vez un proceso exigente tanto desde el punto de vista político como técnico. Este informe presenta los resultados de un ejercicio comparado realizado por la OCDE de posibles provisiones constitucionales que refleja experiencias de los países miembros de la OCDE. Los ámbitos tratados incluyen los derechos económicos y sociales, el sistema de gobierno, la gobernanza multinivel, la revisión constitucional, la gobernanza fiscal y el papel y funcionamiento de los bancos centrales.
    DOI: 10.1787/f88b3115-es
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  • 123
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    Constitutions in OECD Countries: A Comparative Study : Background Report in the Context of Chile’s Constitutional Process (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264454194 , 9789264622562 , 9789264640016
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (216 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Constituciones en países de la OCDE: Un estudio comparado : Informe en el contexto del proceso constitucional en Chile
    Keywords: Verfassung ; Chile ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Governance ; Chile
    Abstract: Chile has embarked on an ambitious path towards a new constitution. For all countries, drafting a new constitution or amending an existing one is a stimulating challenge, but also a demanding process from both a political and technical standpoint. This report presents the results of a benchmarking exercise conducted by the OECD of possible constitutional provisions, reflecting the experiences of OECD member countries. The components covered include economic and social rights, the system of government, multi-level governance, constitutional review, fiscal governance and the role and functioning of central banks.
    DOI: 10.1787/ccb3ca1b-en
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  • 124
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    Mejorar la transferencia de conocimiento y la colaboración entre ciencia y empresa en España (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (300 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Improving knowledge transfer and collaboration between science and business in Spain
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Spain
    Abstract: Este informe presenta un análisis en profundidad del sistema español de innovación y de su estado actual en relación con la transferencia de conocimiento y la colaboración entre ciencia y empresa en España. El estudio identifica cinco áreas prioritarias de reforma e inversión a largo plazo como base para una nueva Hoja de Ruta. Estas prioridades incluyen una mayor autonomía operativa para universidades y centros públicos de investigación acompañada por rendición de cuentas centrada en resultados, así como una inversión sostenida en capacidades que permitan la conexión entre ciencia y empresa. Para poner estas reformas en marcha y mantenerlas en el tiempo, resulta necesario un nuevo pacto entre la ciencia y la sociedad española. Esta nueva relación se debería basar en el entendimiento entre todos los actores en el sistema de ciencia e innovación y la sociedad en general mediante un acuerdo que comprometa a los primeros a perseguir impactos sociales como contraparte de un apoyo más estable y predecible por parte de ésta última.
    DOI: 10.1787/106beefc-es
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  • 125
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    Towards an Integrated Health Information System in Korea (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264828667 , 9789264936386 , 9789264627987
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (129 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Gesundheitswesen ; Informationssystem ; Südkorea ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Twenty-first-century health systems will be built around data and information. An integrated health information system enables the secure flow of data to where they can be used to create information and knowledge to advance policy and health system objectives. This report describes the requirements and the benefits of an integrated health information system; outlines the current situation in Korea in the context of progress across OECD countries; and recommends policy and operational changes to overcome barriers to the efficient exchange and sharing of health data and establish an integrated health information system that supports continuous learning, improvement and innovation.
    DOI: 10.1787/c4e6c88d-en
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  • 126
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    Potential spatial impacts of the war in Ukraine (Abridged version) : A case study from Italy (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Kriegsfolgen ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Italien ; Ukraine ; Economics ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Italy ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine
    Abstract: The impacts of the war in Ukraine will be felt severely within OECD economies, especially in border regions on the front-line of the humanitarian refugee crisis. The economic impacts, in particular those driven by rising energy prices, will also be spatially differentiated, affecting some regions more than others. Italy is no exception, with gas-intensive industries concentrated in northern regions, and wheat-based food and farming prevailing in southern regions and islands. While, overall, Russia accounted for a minor share of Italian exports, some regions and industries are more vulnerable than others to falls in bilateral trade, including destinations popular with high per-capita expenditure Russian tourists.
    DOI: 10.1787/76c873fd-en
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  • 127
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    Measuring financial consumer detriment in e-commerce (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (147 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.326
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Problems in e-commerce can lead to significant consumer harm (detriment), for example, when consumers have to pay more for a product than they reasonably expected (e.g. due to hidden costs); suffer from unfair contract terms; or receive products that do not conform to their reasonable expectations regarding quality or performance. In 2021, the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy implemented an online consumer survey in 13 countries to assess the magnitude of financial consumer harm arising from consumers’ most serious e-commerce problems. This paper summarises the survey results, highlighting, for example, that 50% of online consumers faced at least one problem in e-commerce in the year preceding the survey rollout and that the resulting harm is significant, reaching (after redress) up to 3.1% of the total e-commerce market size in some countries. The paper aims to enhance the evidence base for consumer policy and to help policy makers prioritise enforcement activities.
    DOI: 10.1787/4055c40e-en
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  • 128
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    Routing security : BGP incidents, mitigation techniques and policy actions (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.330
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The routing system plays a fundamental role in the operation of the Internet and its security is of critical importance to the digital security of communication networks. However, there are many examples of accidental and intentional routing disruptions and security breaches that disrupt the Internet and impact networks’ digital security. This report analyses available data to quantify the scope and scale of routing incidents occurring on the global Internet, presents some of the available security techniques to limit these incidents and considers their effectiveness. While the routing system transcends national borders, the report offers policy makers a series of concrete actions to improve routing security.
    DOI: 10.1787/40be69c8-en
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  • 129
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    Security of the Domain Name System (DNS) : An introduction for policy makers (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.331
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The Domain Name System (DNS) underpins the very functioning of the Internet and today’s global economy. As a result, the impact of unintentional incidents as well as cyberattacks on the DNS can be significant. This report focuses on DNS security, i.e. the area of cybersecurity that covers incidents disrupting the availability, integrity and confidentiality of parts of the DNS ecosystem. It analyses the roles and vulnerabilities of actors in the DNS ecosystem, highlights common misconceptions, and discusses the role of governments in enhancing DNS security. The report notably underlines that there is no panacea for DNS security and that promising technical solutions often come with trade-offs.
    DOI: 10.1787/285d7875-en
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  • 130
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    Impacts géographiques potentiels de la guerre en Ukraine (version abrégée) : Etude du cas de l'Italie (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face aux conséquences de la guerre en Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Potential spatial impacts of the war in Ukraine (Abridged version): A case study from Italy
    Keywords: Economics ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Italy ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Les conséquences de la guerre en Ukraine seront sévèrement ressenties au sein des économies de l'OCDE, en particulier dans les régions frontalières qui se trouvent en première ligne de la crise humanitaire des réfugiés. Les conséquences économiques, en particulier celles liées à la hausse des prix de l'énergie, seront également différenciées au niveau géographique, touchant certaines régions plus que d'autres. L'Italie ne fait pas exception, les industries les plus consommatrices de gaz étant concentrées dans les régions du nord, tandis que les productions alimentaires à base de blé et l'agriculture prédominent dans les régions du sud et les îles. Bien que, dans l'ensemble, la Russie ne représente qu'une part mineure des exportations italiennes, certaines régions et industries sont plus vulnérables que d'autres à la baisse des échanges bilatéraux, notamment les destinations prisées par les touristes russes, dont les dépenses par habitant sont élevées.
    DOI: 10.1787/79eb47d6-fr
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  • 131
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    Intégrité et sécurité dans l’écosystème mondial de la recherche (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Integrity and security in the global research ecosystem
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Les responsabilités en matière d’intégrité et de sécurité de la recherche sont réparties entre de multiples acteurs de l’écosystème scientifique international. Parmi eux figurent les administrations nationales, les organismes de financement de la recherche, les établissements de recherche, les universités, les associations académiques et les organisations intergouvernementales. Le présent rapport décrit les initiatives et mesures prises par ces différents acteurs pour préserver la sécurité nationale et économique tout en protégeant la liberté de questionnement, en favorisant la coopération scientifique internationale et en œuvrant en faveur de l’ouverture et de la non-discrimination. Il présente des exemples de mesures prises pour éviter l’ingérence étrangère, gérer les risques et favoriser la confiance dans la science à l’avenir, et il formule des recommandations afin d’aider les pays à se doter de politiques efficaces pour renforcer la sécurité et, plus largement, l’intégrité de la recherche.
    DOI: 10.1787/39ee9438-fr
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  • 132
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    Skills for the Digital Transition : Assessing Recent Trends Using Big Data (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264969995 , 9789264540491 , 9789264396067
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Big Data ; Qualifikation ; Digitalisierung ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report presents the most recent trends in the labour market demand for digital professionals and skills, highlighting where bottlenecks are emerging and policy action is – and will be – needed to support individuals who aim to thrive in the digital transition. The report analyses a wide range of digital occupations and the associated skill and technology demands using a unique set of data collected from millions of job postings published online in Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore and Spain. The evidence contained in this report is key for governments to design targeted retraining and upskilling policies, and for workers to fully benefit from the digital transition.
    DOI: 10.1787/38c36777-en
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    Financing Growth and Turning Data into Business : Helping SMEs Scale Up (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264935921 , 9789264443891 , 9789264856998
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (195 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
    Keywords: Mittelstandspolitik ; KMU ; Mittelstandsfinanzierung ; Unternehmenswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that scale up have long raised policy interest for their extraordinary potential in terms of job creation, innovation, competitiveness and economic growth. Yet, little is known about which firms could effectively become scalers, and what policies could effectively promote SME growth. This report is part of a series aiming to help policy makers unleash scalers’ potential. Building on new evidence from microdata work, it rethinks the nature and scope of scale up policies, suggesting the need for a broader and more cross cutting approach. The report then explores two thematic areas that are relevant for SME scaling up, i.e. SME data governance and their access to ‘scale up’ finance. Based on an international mapping of 369 institutions and 1174 policy initiatives across OECD countries, the analysis shows that SME and entrepreneurship policy is not among the core mandates of many implementing institutions, calling for sound coordination across the board and further mainstreaming of SME growth considerations in both policy areas. Moreover, national policy mixes vary significantly across countries, reflecting different approaches to promoting SME growth and to SME targeting, but also revealing possible policy blind spots.
    DOI: 10.1787/81c738f0-en
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    OECD-Berichte zur Innovationspolitik: Deutschland 2022 : Agile Ansätze für erfolgreiche Transformationen (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264383036 , 9789264884533 , 9789264986152
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (374 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Germany 2022: Building Agility for Successful Transitions
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Deutschland ; Industry and Services ; Science and Technology ; Germany
    Abstract: Die Coronapandemie und der Krieg in der Ukraine haben Schwachstellen in Deutschlands Wirtschaftsmodell aufgezeigt: zu wenig diversifizierte Energieversorgung, zu starke Abhängigkeit von fossilen Energieträgern, zu langsame Digitalisierung und störanfällige Lieferketten. Die digitalen Technologien können im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe, in dem Deutschland seit Jahrzehnten eine führende Stellung einnimmt, zu erheblichen disruptiven Veränderungen führen und die künftige Wettbewerbsfähigkeit gefährden. Darüber hinaus verlangt die ökologische Transformation der Industrie große Anpassungsmaßnahmen ab. Deutschland kann auf eines der fortschrittlichsten Innovationssysteme der Welt zurückgreifen, um diese Herausforderungen zu bewältigen, im Bereich der WTI-Politik ist jedoch ein agilerer Ansatz mit mehr Experimentierfreude erforderlich. Der OECD-Bericht zur Innovationspolitik: Deutschland 2022 beschreibt, wie ein solcher Ansatz entwickelt werden kann und worauf sich die WTI-Politik konzentrierten sollte: die Schaffung von Märkten für künftige Innovationen, umfangreichere und risikotolerantere Finanzierung für Innovationen, interdisziplinärer Wissensaustausch sowie bessere Dateninfrastruktur und -kapazitäten. Da die mit den Transformationen verbundenen Herausforderungen auch andere Länder betreffen, dürften die in diesem Bericht dargelegten Erkenntnisse nicht nur für politische Entscheidungsträger*innen, beteiligte Akteure und Politikberater*innen in Deutschland, sondern auch für andere OECD-Länder von großem Interesse sein.
    DOI: 10.1787/9d21d68b-de
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    OECD Guidelines for Citizen Participation Processes (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264662995 , 9789264770300 , 9789264944350
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (94 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Bürgerbeteiligung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: The OECD Guidelines for Citizen Participation Processes are intended for any public official or public institution interested in carrying out a citizen participation process. The guidelines describe ten steps for designing, planning, implementing and evaluating a citizen participation process, and discuss eight different methods for involving citizens: information and data, open meetings, public consultations, open innovation, citizen science, civic monitoring, participatory budgeting and representative deliberative processes. The guidelines are illustrated with examples as well as practical guidance built on evidence gathered by the OECD. Finally, nine guiding principles are presented to help ensure the quality of these processes.
    DOI: 10.1787/f765caf6-en
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    Data in an evolving technological landscape : The case of connected and automated vehicles (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.346
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Digital technologies underpin the creation, generation, collection, transfer and use of data, and digital technological development and deployment shape data governance policy debates. This report analyses how technological development can raise different issues for data governance through the example of connected and automated vehicles, which collect large volumes of data that are likely to be personal. Through the example of these vehicles, this report explores data governance in an evolving technological landscape, and offers recommendations to ensure policies remain resilient to technological change over time.
    DOI: 10.1787/ec7d2f6b-en
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  • 137
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    Perspectives de l'OCDE sur l'éducation numérique 2021 : Repousser les frontières avec l'IA, la blockchain et les robots (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264998643 , 9789264407640 , 9789264513143
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (279 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Digital Education Outlook 2021: Pushing the Frontiers with Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain and Robots
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: De quelle manière les technologies numériques, et en particulier les technologies intelligentes utilisant l’intelligence artificielle (IA), l'analyse des données de l'apprentissage, la robotique et autres, peuvent-elles transformer l'éducation ? Ce livre explore cette question. Il se concentre sur la manière dont les technologies intelligentes modifient actuellement l'enseignement en classe et la gestion des organisations et systèmes éducatifs. Cette publication plonge au cœur des usages bénéfiques des technologies intelligentes telles que la personnalisation de l’apprentissage, le soutien aux élèves ayant des besoins spécifiques et l’accréditation des diplômes en blockchain. Elle s’intéresse également aux défis et aux domaines de recherche futurs. Les résultats offrent des pistes aux enseignants, aux décideurs publics et aux institutions d’enseignement pour numériser l’éducation tout en optimisant l’équité et l’inclusion.
    DOI: 10.1787/d5fe6bd0-fr
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    Construyendo mejores sociedades a través de las políticas digitales : Documento de referencia para la conferencia ministerial del CDEP (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Bâtir des sociétés meilleures grâce aux politiques du numérique : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Building better societies through digital policy: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: La construcción de sociedades más equitativas, conectadas, cohesionadas y sostenibles ocupa un lugar destacado en las agendas políticas, pero hay varios obstáculos que se interponen en la consecución de este objetivo. El informe se centra en tres retos clave a los que se enfrentan los responsables políticos en la consecución de mejores sociedades: reducir las brechas digitales, combatir los contenidos nocivos en línea y aprovechar eficazmente las tecnologías digitales para luchar contra el cambio climático y otros problemas medioambientales. Este informe proporciona información sobre las tendencias clave en los países de la OCDE y las economías asociadas, y ofrece acciones políticas que pueden ayudar a los responsables de la toma de decisiones a abordar estos tres desafíos críticos, junto con una mejor evaluación. El informe se basa en trabajos anteriores sobre el tema y pretende informar futuros debates y discusiones sobre cómo garantizar que las divisiones, los prejuicios y las desigualdades actuales no se perpetúen en el futuro.
    DOI: 10.1787/34617e02-es
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    Data shaping firms and markets (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.344
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Firms are at the forefront of digital transformation and drive production, innovation and the greater deployment of digital technologies into economies and societies. As digital transformation progresses, how firms use data, and how that use affects markets and influences competitive dynamics, has risen to the top of policy agendas. This report highlights that too few firms use data, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, despite data’s potential to boost productivity, foster innovation and new business models. This report analyses how this uneven use of data affects productivity dispersion, industry concentration and shape competitive dynamics in markets. Finally, the report outlines key policy lessons to increase the ability of the full business population to thrive in the data-driven age and enhance long-term prosperity and welfare.
    DOI: 10.1787/7b1a2d70-en
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  • 140
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    Disinformation and Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine : Threats and governance responses (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Krieg ; Politische Kommunikation ; Manipulation ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Science and Technology ; Governance ; Ukraine
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of how the Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine illustrates immediate threats posed by disinformation, as well as governance responses to countering it. It focuses on disinformation in relation to the Russian armed aggression of Ukraine, including actors, tools and narratives used to justify the invasion and maintain support for the war. The paper also identifies government efforts to counter the spread of disinformation, including efforts to ensure the spread of accurate content, promote international co-operation, and support civil society and media actors to build resilience to the spread of false and misleading content.
    DOI: 10.1787/37186bde-en
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  • 141
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    Responding to societal challenges with data : Access, sharing, stewardship and control (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.342
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Data access, sharing and re-use (“data openness”) can generate significant social and economic benefits, including addressing public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. However, data openness also comes with risks to individuals and organisations – notably risks to privacy and data protection, intellectual property rights, digital and national security. It also raises ethical concerns where data access, sharing and re-use undermine ethical values and norms. This report demonstrates how approaches to data stewardship and control that are more balanced and differentiated can maximise the benefits of data, while protecting individuals’ and organisations’ rights and taking into account other legitimate interests and public policy objectives. It presents the mix of technical, organisational and legal approaches that characterises these more balanced and differentiated approaches, and how governments have implemented them.
    DOI: 10.1787/2182ce9f-en
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  • 142
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    Fostering cross-border data flows with trust (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.343
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Data flows are critical for our global economic and social interactions, but trust is necessary to facilitate data sharing, especially across borders. The challenge is to foster a global digital environment that enables the movement of data across international borders while ensuring that, upon crossing a border, data are granted the desired oversight and protection – a concept known as ‘data free flow with trust’ (DFFT). This report summarises how different countries and stakeholders are pursuing cross-border data flows with trust through direct and indirect approaches, across different levels, fora and policy communities. It then looks at related issues to promoting DFFT namely: interoperability of privacy and data protection frameworks; government access to personal data held by the private sector; and data localisation measures. The report shows that, although differences remain, there are commonalities, complementarities and elements of convergence that can help to build trust, foster future interoperability, and advance DFFT.
    DOI: 10.1787/139b32ad-en
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  • 143
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    OECD Policy Framework on Digital Security : Cybersecurity for Prosperity (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; IT-Kriminalität ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: The OECD Policy Framework on Digital Security charts the economic and social dimension of cybersecurity, highlights the OECD approach to digital security policy and equips policymakers to use OECD digital security Recommendations in developing better policies. The Framework also identifies linkages with other policy areas addressed through existing OECD standards and tools. The OECD has been at the forefront of international efforts on guiding policy makers in the area of digital security since 1990 and has become the primary international standard setter in this area. OECD Recommendations on digital security support stakeholders in developing digital security policies for economic and social prosperity, in line with the OECD’s mandate to help governments develop “better policies for better lives”.
    DOI: 10.1787/a69df866-en
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  • 144
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    Going Digital Guide to Data Governance Policy Making (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264849952 , 9789264369085 , 9789264644151
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The ubiquitous collection, use, and sharing of data that power today’s economies challenge existing governance frameworks and policy approaches. Drawing on the extensive research and analysis conducted at the OECD on data governance, on countries’ policies and practices, and the OECD legal instruments in this area, the Going Digital Guide to Data Governance Policy Making supports policy makers in navigating three fundamental policy tensions that characterise efforts to develop, revise, and implement policies for data governance across policy domains in the digital age: balancing data openness and control while maximising trust; managing overlapping and potentially conflicting interests and regulations related to data; incentivising investments in data and their effective re-use. The operative part of the guide consists of a checklist of questions to orient policy makers as they develop and revise effective policies for data governance, based on possible policy approaches and real-life examples.
    DOI: 10.1787/40d53904-en
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  • 145
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    Placer l’humain au cœur de la transformation numérique : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.339
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Putting people first in digital transformation: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Las personas primero en la transformación digital : Documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial del CDEP
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: La transformation numérique touche tous les aspects de notre vie, mettant à notre disposition de nouveaux espaces et de nouveaux outils pour communiquer, travailler, consommer et jouir de nos droits. Elle offre une multitude de possibilités, dans le champ économique et social, mais comporte également des risques nouveaux et complexes. Par conséquent, un environnement numérique émancipateur et sûr qui place l’humain au cœur de la transformation numérique est un objectif d’action crucial à l’ère actuelle. À travers une famille fictive qui se fraie un chemin entre ces opportunités et ces risques, ce document donne à voir comment la transformation numérique nous touche individuellement, que ce soit en tant que citoyens, consommateurs ou travailleurs. Nous y trouverons une présentation générale de l’environnement réglementaire ainsi qu’une description des efforts internationaux, multipartites et nuancés nécessaires pour parvenir à concilier des droits, intérêts et valeurs différents. Comme référence pour la Réunion ministérielle du Comité de la politique de l’économie numérique de 2022, ce document apporte des éléments d’information utiles pour aider les responsables politiques dans la conception et l’accomplissement d’une transformation numérique centrée sur l’humain.
    DOI: 10.1787/a4754259-fr
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  • 146
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    Open and Connected Government Review of Thailand (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264954540 , 9789264762794 , 9789264890190
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (222 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: Development ; Science and Technology ; Governance ; Thailand
    Abstract: This Open and Connected Government Review of Thailand, the first of its kind, assesses Thailand’s efforts to build a government that is closer and more responsive to its citizens by using digitalisation, data and stakeholder participation to drive national development. In line with OECD good practices, the Recommendations of the Council on Digital Government Strategies (2014) and on Open Government (2017), and the OECD Digital Government Policy Framework, the review looks at institutional and legal governance, digital talent and skills, public service provision and the strategic use of technologies and data in the Thai government. The review provides policy recommendations to help the government of Thailand fully benefit from openness and digitalisation to build an inclusive, responsive, citizen- and data-driven public administration.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1593a0c-en
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  • 147
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    Open Government Review of Brazil : Towards an Integrated Open Government Agenda (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264708884 , 9789264621374 , 9789264366398
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (497 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Reviews
    Keywords: E-Government ; Brasilien ; Science and Technology ; Governance ; Brazil
    Abstract: The Open Government Review of Brazil provides an evidence-based assessment of the country’s open government agenda against the ten provisions of the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Open Government. It is also the first OECD Open Government Review to integrate a civic space perspective. The review takes stock of past reform efforts, analyses the present situation and suggests key actions Brazil could take to strengthen its open government initiatives at the federal level, including in the areas of transparency and open data, citizen and stakeholder participation, social accountability and the protection of the civic space. The review provides a roadmap towards an integrated open government agenda in Brazil, including the design of Brazil's first Federal Open Government Strategy.
    DOI: 10.1787/3f9009d4-en
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  • 148
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    Health Data Governance for the Digital Age : Implementing the OECD Recommendation on Health Data Governance (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264756212 , 9789264534438 , 9789264660557
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Gouvernance des données de santé à l’ère du numérique : Mise en œuvre de la Recommandation de l’OCDE sur la gouvernance des données de santé
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Health data are essential to modern health care delivery, health system management and research and innovation, and must be well governed to foster their use while protecting privacy and data security. The 2016 OECD Recommendation on Health Data Governance provides a roadmap towards more harmonised approaches to health data governance across countries. It recommends implementing national health data governance frameworks and sets out the key principles to follow when doing so, while promoting trans-border co-operation in data governance and interoperability. This report provides an overview of the implementation of the Recommendation from 2016-2021 and finds that while there are examples of good progress, overall many Adherents are still working towards implementation in areas including data sharing, accessibility, quality, interoperability and security and privacy protections. Efforts to support the implementation and dissemination of the Recommendation will continue for the next reporting cycle (2022-27) with a focus on cybersecurity, harmonising health data governance to allow for multi-country projects and improving global health data interoperability.
    DOI: 10.1787/68b60796-en
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  • 149
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    Policy guidance on consumer product safety pledges (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.325
    Keywords: Produktsicherheit ; Verbraucherschutz ; Online-Handel ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: In recent years, a number of consumer product safety authorities have established product safety pledges with online marketplaces as a new way to better protect consumers from the risk of purchasing unsafe products that may be available on those platforms. Product safety pledges involve online marketplaces committing to actions to better protect consumers that go beyond their existing legal obligations (e.g. removing unsafe product listings within a specified timeframe upon notification). This policy guidance builds on a 2021 Communiqué from the OECD Working Party on Consumer Product Safety calling for the development of further such pledges globally and outlining key commitments for greater consistency. It provides practical examples on how each of the Communiqué’s four key commitments can be implemented and highlights strategies to ensure that pledges are successful in both the short and long term.
    DOI: 10.1787/055a8a15-en
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  • 150
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    L’établissement de rapports de transparence sur les contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents en ligne : Une mise à jour sur les 50 principaux services de partage de contenus (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (221 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.313
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Transparency reporting on terrorist and violent extremist content online: An update on the global top 50 content sharing services
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Ce rapport examine l’évolution des approches des 50 principaux services mondiaux de partage de contenus en ligne face aux contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents depuis la publication du premier rapport en 2020. Des progrès tangibles sont à noter : 11 services publient des rapports de transparence spécifiquement dédiés à ce type de contenus (soit 6 de plus qu’en 2020) ; et les 5 services qui en publiaient déjà fournissent désormais des informations supplémentaires. Pourtant, les rapports de transparence traitant expressément des contenus terroristes et extrémistes violents sont encore rares et les services restent hétérogènes dans leurs indicateurs, définitions et fréquences de publication. Il n’est pas encore possible de dégager une perspective claire, à l’échelle sectorielle, sur l’efficacité des mesures prises par les entreprises pour lutter contre ces contenus et leur impact sur les droits humains. Le manque de coordination dans les exigences de transparence entre juridictions pose un risque grandissant de divergence des normes et met en lumière le besoin urgent de publier des rapports de transparence plus complets et comparables.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1a12ade-fr
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  • 151
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    Transparency reporting on terrorist and violent extremist content online 2022 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (294 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.334
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This is the third benchmarking report tracking the evolution of online content-sharing services’ policies and procedures for terrorist and violent extremist content (TVEC). Fifteen of the top 50 most popular services now issue TVEC-specific transparency reports, increasing from five in 2020 and eleven in 2021. This edition also examines the 50 services that disseminate the most TVEC (“Intensive Services”). Only eleven services appear in both groups, reflecting that bad actors are shifting to smaller services as the larger ones strengthen TVEC moderation. Only eight Intensive Services currently issue TVEC-specific transparency reports, thirteen have no prohibition on TVEC and seventeen provide no information at all. The findings also suggest that services size and encryption are not insurmountable barriers to transparency reporting. It remains difficult to obtain an industry-wide perspective on the impact of companies’ measures against TVEC. Finally, regulatory fragmentation is worsening as more jurisdictions are implementing disparate transparency requirements. Previous benchmarking reports: “Transparency reporting on terrorist and violent extremist content online: An update on the global top 50 content sharing” (2021); “Current approaches to terrorist and violent extremist content among the global top 50 online content-sharing services” (2020).
    DOI: 10.1787/a1621fc3-en
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  • 152
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Germany 2022 : Building Agility for Successful Transitions (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264522749 , 9789264671560 , 9789264958876
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (346 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-Berichte zur Innovationspolitik: Deutschland 2022: Agile Ansätze für erfolgreiche Transformationen
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Deutschland ; Industry and Services ; Science and Technology ; Germany
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine war have revealed vulnerabilities in Germany’s economic model: undiversified energy supply, an over-reliance on fossil fuels, delayed digitalisation and disruptable supply chains. Digital technologies may significantly disrupt manufacturing industries Germany has dominated for decades, threatening future competitiveness. The green transition also requires significant industrial transformations. Germany can call upon one of the world’s most advanced innovation systems in dealing with these challenges, but a new more agile and experimental approach to STI policy is needed. This Review outlines how to develop such an approach and what STI policies need to focus on: create markets for future innovations, more significant and more risk-tolerant finance for innovation, inter-disciplinary knowledge exchange, improved data infrastructure and capabilities. Given the internationally shared challenges of dealing with transitions, the insights presented in the review will be of interest to policymakers, stakeholders and analysts from Germany and across the OECD.
    DOI: 10.1787/50b32331-en
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  • 153
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    Uso estratégico y responsable de la inteligencia artificial en el sector público de América Latina y el Caribe (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264955080 , 9789264468634 , 9789264321021
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (209 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Estudios de la OCDE sobre Gobernanza Pública
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The Strategic and Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector of Latin America and the Caribbean
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Governance ; Argentina ; Barbados ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Chile ; Colombia ; Costa Rica ; Dominican Republic ; Ecuador ; Jamaica ; Mexico ; Panama ; Paraguay ; Peru ; Trinidad and Tobago ; Uruguay ; Venezuela
    Abstract: Los gobiernos pueden utilizar la inteligencia artificial (IA) para diseñar mejores políticas, tomar decisiones más acertadas y específicas y mejorar la comunicación con los ciudadanos y la calidad de los servicios públicos. La región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) está tratando de aprovechar el potencial de la IA para promover la transformación digital del sector público. La OCDE, en colaboración con CAF, Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina, preparó este informe para entender la línea base de acciones estratégicas y capacidades para la IA en el sector público; identificar los enfoques y acciones específicas para usar esta tecnología en la construcción de gobiernos eficientes, eficaces y receptivos; e impulsar la colaboración en la búsqueda de una visión regional para la IA en el sector público. Este informe incorpora un balance de las estrategias y compromisos de cada país en torno a la IA en el sector público, incluyendo su alineación con los Principios de IA de la OCDE. También incluye un análisis de los esfuerzos realizados para crear capacidades clave de gobernanza y poner en marcha los facilitadores críticos de la IA en el sector público. Concluye con una serie de recomendaciones para los gobiernos de ALC.
    DOI: 10.1787/5b189cb4-es
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  • 154
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    Going Digital to Advance Data Governance for Growth and Well-being (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264915756 , 9789264899094 , 9789264649828
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Data are generated wherever digital technologies are deployed namely, in almost every part of modern life. Using these data can empower individuals, drive innovation, enable new digital products and improve policy making and public service delivery. But as data become more widely used across sectors and applications, the potential for misuse and harm also grows. To advance data governance for growth and well-being, this report advocates a holistic and coherent approach to data governance, domestically and across borders. It examines how data have emerged as a strategic asset, with the ability to transform lives and confer economic advantage. It explains how the unique characteristics of data can pose complex trade-offs and challenge policies that pre-date the data-driven era. This report provides new insights, evidence and analysis and outlines considerations for better data governance policies in the digital age.
    DOI: 10.1787/e3d783b0-en
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  • 155
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    Catalizadores digitales de la economía mundial : Documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial del CDEP (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Digital enablers of the global economy: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les leviers numériques de l’économie mondiale : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Las tecnologías digitales han transformado la economía mundial. Este documento analiza tres catalizadores digitales subyacentes de la economía así como los retos que estos plantean a los responsables de la formulación de políticas: (1) las plataformas en línea, que apoyan las transacciones e interacciones mundiales, pero que también están alterando los marcos existentes de la política del consumidor y de la competencia; (2) los flujos de datos transfronterizos, que facilitan el comercio y la cooperación mundiales, pero que también amplifican las preocupaciones políticas que han motivado a los países a imponer condiciones a estos flujos de datos; y (3) la seguridad digital, que debería ser prioritaria para incorporar la confianza en la economía digital, pero que a menudo ha quedado en segundo plano debido a las asimetrías de conocimiento en los mercados. Dado que todos estos retos son de naturaleza internacional, se necesita una respuesta global para abordarlos. La OCDE está bien posicionada para fomentar la cooperación internacional en torno a estos catalizadores digitales y apoyar las ambiciones de los países en materia de marcos globales para las políticas digitales.
    DOI: 10.1787/eaf5082e-es
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  • 156
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    Building better societies through digital policy : Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.338
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Building more equitable, connected, cohesive and sustainable societies is at the top of policy agendas, but several challenges stand in the way of achieving this goal. The report focuses on three key challenges policy makers face in the pursuit of better societies: bridging digital divides, combatting harmful content online, and effectively harnessing digital technologies to fight climate change and other environmental problems. This report provides insights into key trends across OECD countries and partner economies, and offers policy actions that can help decision makers tackle these three critical challenges, together with better measurement. The report builds on previous work on the topic and seeks to inform further debate and discussion on how to ensure that today’s divides, biases and inequalities are not perpetuated into the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/07c3eb90-en
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  • 157
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    Multi-dimensional Review of the Dominican Republic : Towards Greater Well-being for All (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264494510 , 9789264551916 , 9789264609785
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (290 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklung ; Dominikanische Republik ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Taxation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Finance and Investment ; Dominican Republic
    Abstract: The Dominican Republic has made strides on many socioeconomic fronts over the years. The country has been one of the leading economies in Latin America and the Caribbean in terms of GDP growth, reaching upper middle-income status in 2011. However, progress on the different dimensions of well-being has been insufficient. In particular, socioeconomic and territorial disparities are still important, and public institutions remain insufficiently solid. For the Dominican Republic to embark on a more prosperous development path, three critical dimensions must be tackled. First, providing quality jobs for all, with particular emphasis on boosting formalisation and productive transformation. Second, mobilising more public and private finance for development, with more progressive and effective taxation systems, more efficient public expenditure and deeper capital markets. Third, accelerating digital transformation to boost productivity, enhance inclusion and support job creation.
    DOI: 10.1787/560c12bf-en
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  • 158
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    Measuring the value of data and data flows (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.345
    Keywords: Daten ; Messung ; Bewertung ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Data have become a key input into the production of many goods and services. But just how important? What is the value of data – their contribution to economic growth and well-being? This report discusses different approaches to data valuation, their advantages and shortcomings and their applicability in different contexts. It argues that the value of data depends to a large extent on the data governance framework determining how they can be created, shared and used. In addition, the report provides estimates of the value of data and data flows. Its focus is on the monetary valuation of data produced by private economic actors and their recording in economic statistics. Finally, the report puts forward a draft measurement agenda for the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/923230a6-en
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  • 159
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    Putting people first in digital transformation : Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.339
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Menschen ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Digital transformation affects every aspect of our lives, providing new spaces and tools for us to connect, work, consume, and enjoy our rights. It offers a multitude of social and economic opportunities, but also brings new and complex risks. An empowering and safe digital environment that puts people first is therefore a core policy goal of the digital age. Through the lens of a fictional family navigating these opportunities and risks, this paper looks at how digital transformation impacts us as individuals, be it as citizens, consumers, or workers. It outlines the policy landscape, and describes the international, multi-stakeholder, and nuanced efforts needed to strike a balance between different rights, interests, and values. A background paper for the 2022 Digital Economy Ministerial meeting, this paper supports senior policy makers in designing and achieving a human-centric digital transformation.
    DOI: 10.1787/865f8426-en
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  • 160
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    How the war in Ukraine is affecting space activities : New challenges and opportunities (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Krieg ; Kriegsfolgen ; Raumfahrt ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine is demonstrating the new role of commercial space systems in crisis management. The improved availability of commercial satellite data and signals is contributing to the quality and resilience of government systems, with telecommunications and follow-ups of military actions and impacts on the ground for civilians. But the war has also revealed vulnerabilities of space infrastructure and in global supply chains. It also unleashed a series of new threats, notably unanticipated third-party uses of satellite data and disruptions of civilian telecommunications. Furthermore, the current geopolitical situation raises questions about the future of international co-operation in space activities, at a time when it is urgently needed to collectively manage the use of orbital resources. This policy note includes OECD recommendations for policy responses to improve the resilience of space infrastructure, manage access to and use of data and signals and ensure long-term sustainability of space activities.
    DOI: 10.1787/ab27ba94-en
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  • 161
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    Identifying the Main Drivers of Productivity Growth : A Literature Review (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264575561 , 9789264505896 , 9789264861558
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (128 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Produktivität ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Coronavirus ; Messung ; Bibliometrie ; OECD-Staaten ; Asien ; Education ; Economics ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: This report represents the second outcome of the collaboration between the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to improve the measurement and analysis of productivity developments across APO and OECD member economies. The report discusses the potential impact of COVID-19 on productivity and examines the role of Multifactor Productivity (MFP) as a major driver of economic growth and changes in living standards. It then identifies the most important factors influencing MFP growth and describes the most important challenges affecting the measurement of each of these factors as well as the estimation of their impact on MFP. The report provides key recommendations to improve the reliability and interpretation of the empirical evidence for economic analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/00435b80-en
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  • 162
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    Exploiter la puissance de l’IA et des technologies émergentes : Document de référence destiné à la Réunion ministérielle du CPEN (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.340
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Aprovechando el poder de la IA y las tecnologías emergentes : Documento de referencia para la Conferencia ministerial del CDEP
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Harnessing the power of AI and emerging technologies: Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: L’IA et les technologies émergentes sont formidablement porteuses de bien-être, de productivité, de croissance et de solutions aux impératifs sociétaux. Elles n’en soulèvent pas moins des risques pour les droits humains, l'équité et l'agentivité humaine, entre autres exemples. Nombre de pays admettent la nécessité de se doter de politiques tournées vers l’avenir et d'adapter les cadres de gouvernance de façon à ne pas être à la traîne et à profiter des avantages technologiques pour un risque minimum. Le présent rapport s’inscrit dans le prolongement des vastes travaux que l’OCDE consacre aux questions de l’IA, de la gouvernance des données et de la connectivité afin d’accompagner au mieux les responsables de l’élaboration des politiques. Soulignant l’importance de coopérer à l’échelle internationale pour garantir la fiabilité des technologies émergentes, ses auteurs prônent l’établissement d'une conception commune de l’intelligence artificielle et des technologies émergentes, la mutualisation des bonnes pratiques et la création d'un socle factuel afin que les politiques soient conçues, mises en œuvre et évaluées sur la base d’informations précises.
    DOI: 10.1787/7781a262-fr
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  • 163
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    Digital enablers of the global economy : Background paper for the CDEP Ministerial meeting (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.337
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Digitale Plattform ; Datensicherheit ; Daten ; Außenhandel ; Welt ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Digital technologies have transformed the global economy. This paper discusses three underlying digital enablers of the economy and the challenges they pose for policy makers: (1) Online platforms, which support global transactions and interactions but are also disrupting existing consumer and competition policy frameworks; (2) Cross-border data flows, which facilitate global trade and co-operation but also amplify policy concerns that have motivated countries to place conditions on these data flows; and (3) Digital security, which should be prioritised to embed trust into the digital economy, but has often remained an afterthought owing to knowledge asymmetries across the market. Given that these challenges are all international in nature, a global response is needed to address them. The OECD is well-suited to foster international co-operation on these digital enablers and support countries’ ambitions for global digital policy frameworks.
    DOI: 10.1787/f0a7baaf-en
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  • 164
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    Interagency Coordination in Economic Crime Investigations in Latvia (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264692732 , 9789264720893 , 9789264351639
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Wirtschaftskriminalität ; Kriminalitätsbekämpfung ; Kriminalpolitik ; Lettland ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Latvia
    Abstract: Economic and financial crimes are growing in numbers, complexity and reach, making them increasingly difficult to investigate and successfully prosecute. This report details efforts in Latvia to strengthen its criminal justice system against financial and economic crimes. It highlights the range of challenges common to numerous jurisdictions, and describes progress made in Latvia to address these challenges through interagency cooperation mechanisms. Finally, it provides recommendations for areas requiring further attention.
    DOI: 10.1787/79d844e6-en
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  • 165
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    OECD Handbook on Measuring the Space Economy, 2nd Edition (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264671157 , 9789264923485 , 9789264632097
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (150 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Much has changed in the space economy over the past decade, with an ever-growing number of countries and business enterprises involved in space activities. Despite progress made in the quality and availability of data, the international comparability of space economy statistics remains limited. A decade after its first publication, it is therefore time to provide an up-to-date revision of the OECD Handbook on Measuring the Space Economy to reflect the changing landscape of space activities, space technologies and subsequent evolving user needs. This new edition aims to encourage and facilitate data collection among both incumbents and new actors involved in space activities, respond to the needs of the public agencies that still fund the bulk of space programmes, and support industry and private decision-takers who will also benefit from improved statistics on the space economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/8bfef437-en
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  • 166
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    The digital transformation of SMEs (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264367609 , 9789264906433 , 9789264697300
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 275 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD studies on SMEs and entrepreneurship
    Keywords: KMU ; Digitalisierung ; Organisatorischer Wandel ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite potentially tremendous benefits, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) lag in the digital transformation. Emerging technologies, as diverse as they are, offer a range of applications for them to improve performance and overcome the size-related limitations they face in doing business. However, SMEs must be better prepared, and stakes are high. SMEs make the most of the industrial fabric in many countries and regions, they create jobs (most jobs sometimes) and are the cement of inclusive and sustainable societies. The SME digital gap has increased inequalities among people, places and firms, and there are concerns that the benefits of the digital transformation could accrue to early adopters, further broadening these inequalities. Enabling SME digitalisation has become a top policy priority in OECD countries and beyond. The report looks at recent trends in SME digital uptake, including in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. It focuses on issues related to digital security, online platforms, blockchain ecosystems, and artificial intelligence. The report identifies opportunities, risks of not going digital, and barriers to adoption. It looks to concrete policy action taken worldwide to speed the SME transformation and raises a series of considerations to advance the SME digital policy agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/bdb9256a-en
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  • 167
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    Inclusive growth review of Korea : creating opportunities for all (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264490031 , 9789264535565 , 9789264885837
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 179 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Keywords: Inklusives Wachstum ; Erfolgsfaktor ; Südkorea ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Korea, Republic of ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In recent years Korea has stepped up efforts to reduce inequalities in recognition that a fairer economic model is also the most sustainable one. In order to support this new policy direction, the OECD has carried out novel analysis of inclusive growth building on its Framework for Policy Action, developed by the OECD to improve the prospects of the groups left behind. The Inclusive Growth Review of Korea applies, for the first time, the Framework at the national level. Using a dashboard of indicators, the Framework presents policy recommendations to sustain and more equitably share the gains of economic growth by investing in people left behind, supporting business dynamism and inclusive labour markets, and building efficient and responsive governments. In addition, the Inclusive Growth Review of Korea finds that digitalisation risks to compound the disparities of Korean labour markets, and calls for renewed efforts to reduce the lack of opportunities for up- and re-skilling of the working-age population (Chapter 2). To improve the business environment, Korea should address the unbalanced growth across sectors and firm size and unequal distribution of productivity gains across population groups (Chapter 3).
    DOI: 10.1787/4f713390-en
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  • 168
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    Teachers and leaders in vocational education and training (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264545458 , 9789264390027 , 9789264367715
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 192 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Teachers and leaders in vocational education and training
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Lehrkräfte ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; United Kingdom ; United States ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Vocational education and training (VET) plays a central role in preparing young people for work, developing the skills of adults and responding to the labour-market needs of the economy. Teachers and leaders in VET can have an immediate and positive influence on learners’ skills, employability and career development. However, when compared to general academic programmes, there is limited evidence on the characteristics of teachers and institutional leaders in VET and the policies and practices of attracting and preparing them. VET teachers require a mix of pedagogical skills and occupational knowledge and experience, and need to keep these up to date to reflect changing skill needs in the labour market and evolving teaching and learning environments. This report fills the knowledge gap on teachers and leaders in VET, and produces new insights into what strategies and policies can help develop and maintain a well-prepared workforce. It zooms in on VET teacher shortages; strategies for attracting and retaining teachers; initial training and professional development opportunities for teachers; the use of innovative technologies and pedagogical strategies; and the important role of institutional leaders and strategies for better preparing and supporting them.
    DOI: 10.1787/59d4fbb1-en
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  • 169
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    Going digital in Latvia (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264806054 , 9789264838543 , 9789264606135
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 236 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of digital transformation
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Digitalizācija Latvijā
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Going digital in Latvia
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Digitalisierung ; Lettland ; Education ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Latvia ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Going Digital in Latvia analyses recent developments in Latvia’s digital economy, reviews policies related to digitalisation and make recommendations to increase policy coherence in this area, based on the OECD Going Digital Integrated Policy Framework. The review uses strategic foresight to explore three alternative future scenarios, which could result from the digital transformation of the global economy and society. It also examines the availability and quality of communication networks and services in Latvia as well as related policies and regulations. Further, it reviews trends in digital technology usage among individuals, businesses and the government, and examines policies to foster diffusion. Finally, the review analyses opportunities and challenges raised by digitalisation in key areas, from innovation and skills to digital security and data governance, and evaluates policy responses to these changes in Latvia.
    DOI: 10.1787/8eec1828-en
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  • 170
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    Encouraging vulnerability treatment : Overview for policy makers (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.307
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; IT-Kriminalität ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Most digital security incidents are caused by malicious actors (e.g. cybercriminals and state-sponsored groups) exploiting vulnerabilities in organisations’ digital ecosystems. Addressing vulnerabilities before attackers take advantage of them is an effective means of reducing the probability of cybersecurity incidents. This paper discusses vulnerabilities in products’ code such as software and firmware, and in how products are implemented in information systems. It shows that the technical community has progressed in developing good practice for treating vulnerabilities, including through co-ordinated vulnerability disclosure (CVD). However, significant economic and social challenges prevent stakeholders from adopting good practice, such as legal frameworks that do not sufficiently protect “ethical hackers” from legal proceedings. The paper stresses that public policies aimed at removing obstacles and encouraging vulnerability treatment could significantly reduce digital security risk for all. The findings from this paper will inform the development of a new OECD Recommendation in this area.
    DOI: 10.1787/0e2615ba-en
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  • 171
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    Children in the digital environment : Revised typology of risks (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.302
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The digital environment has become an integral part of children’s everyday lives and interactions. The benefits can be tremendous, but there also risks. In 2011, the OECD adopted a Typology of Risks in an effort to broadly categorise those risks. Since then the digital environment has changed significantly, as risks have evolved in nature and new ones have emerged. This report informs the OECD’s broader work on children in the digital environment by examining these trends and presenting an updated Typology of Risks. The Typology provides a high-level overview of the risk landscape, and outlines four risk categories and their manifestations. The Typology also identifies and analyses risks that cut across these four risk categories, and that can therefore have wide-ranging effects on children’s lives.
    DOI: 10.1787/9b8f222e-en
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  • 172
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    Digitalizācija Latvijā (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264752016 , 9789264912984 , 9789264574830
    Language: Latvian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (264 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Going Digital in Latvia
    Keywords: Education ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Latvia
    Abstract: Digitalizācija Latvijā analizē jaunākās attīstības tendences Latvijas digitālajā ekonomikā, pārskata ar digitalizāciju saistītās politikas un sniedz ieteikumus par politikas saskaņotības palielināšanu šajā jomā, pamatojoties uz ESAO Going Digital integrētās politikas struktūru. Pārskatā tiek izmantots stratēģiska perspektīva, lai izpētītu trīs alternatīvus nākotnes scenārijus, kas var izveidoties globālās ekonomikas un sabiedrības digitālās transformācijas rezultātā. Tajā tiek pētīta arī sakaru tīklu un pakalpojumu pieejamība Latvijā, kā arī saistītās politikas un regulējumi. Turklāt pārskatā tiek aplūkotas fi zisku personu, uzņēmumu un valdības tendences digitālās tehnoloģijas izmantošanas jomā, kā arī izpētītas politikas, lai sekmētu izplatīšanu. Visbeidzot pārskatā tiek analizētas digitalizācijas radītās iespējas un izaicinājumi galvenajās jomās, sākot ar inovācijām un prasmēm un beidzot ar digitālo drošību un datu pārvaldību, kā arī novērtētas politikas reakcijas uz šīm pārmaiņām Latvijā. Šī publikācija ir Going Digital in Latvia tulkojums, kas ir daļa no OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation sērijas, kas publicēts tikai angļu valodā.
    DOI: 10.1787/a58d1c1a-lv
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  • 173
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    Regional integration in the Union for the Mediterranean : progress report (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264504622
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (194 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Keywords: Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Integration ; EU-Staaten ; Mittelmeerraum ; Internationale Politik ; Mittelmeerpolitik ; Integration ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Fortschrittsbericht ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Trade ; Mittelmeerraum ; Naher Osten ; Mittlerer Osten ; Nordafrika
    Abstract: Regional Integration in the Union for the Mediterranean: Progress Report monitors major trends and evolutions of integration in the Euro-Mediterranean region. The Report examines five domains of regional integration, namely trade integration, financial integration, infrastructure integration, movement of people, as well as research and higher education. It presents an original analysis of the patterns and challenges of integration in the Euro-Mediterranean region, which highlights the interdependence of the areas examined – e.g. how to increase regional trade without affordable transport connectivity? The Report offers new insights, based on specific quantitative and qualitative performance indicators that are monitored over time. Almost 100 graphs and tables in the report cover data for the 42 member countries of the Union for the Mediterranean and, when relevant, for partners of the region. The Report includes key takeaways and policy recommendations on how to foster regional integration in each of the five domains.
    DOI: 10.1787/325884b3-en
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  • 174
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    How will COVID-19 reshape science, technology and innovation? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Innovation ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Technologiepolitik ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This policy brief discusses the effects that the COVID-19 crisis could have on the future of science, technology and innovation (STI) and its policies. Factors shaping the future of STI include the unequal effects of the crisis on research and development (R&D) across sectors, the accelerated adoption of digital tools and techniques, and changes in the openness, inclusiveness and agility of research and innovation ecosystems. STI policy could see fundamental changes as resilience, environmental sustainability and inclusiveness become more prominent objectives on policy agendas. The crisis could also spur experimentation with new tools, policy approaches and governance models.
    DOI: 10.1787/2332334d-en
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  • 175
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    Report on China’s shipbuilding industry and policies affecting it (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (107 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.105
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This report analyses the structural characteristics of China’s shipbuilding industry, notably through comparison of other major shipbuilding economies. Building upon previous reports drafted in 2008 and 2011, it aims to analyse China’s shipbuilding sector from a holistic and multidisciplinary perspective (e.g. the interconnection between trade, competition, monetary, financial, fiscal and industrial policies), with a particular emphasis on government support measures. Key findings from these analyses suggest that: 1) China’s shipbuilding industry has been labelled as a strategic industry, which may equally explain China’s intention to move up the shipbuilding value chain, 2) State-owned conglomerates hold a lot of influence in China’s shipbuilding industry, 3) Government support to the Chinese shipbuilding industry is alleged to have contributed to global excess capacity.
    DOI: 10.1787/bb222c73-en
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  • 176
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    ¿Cómo el COVID-19 transformará la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Medidas políticas clave de la OCDE ante el coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19で科学・技術・イノベーションはどのように変わるか
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Comment la pandémie de COVID-19 va-t-elle remodeler la science, la technologie et l'innovation ?
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How will COVID-19 reshape science, technology and innovation?
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Este informe de política aborda los efectos que la crisis de COVID-19 podría tener en el futuro de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación (CTI), y en sus políticas. Los factores que dan forma al futuro de la CTI incluyen los efectos desiguales de la crisis en la investigación y desarrollo (I+D) en los sectores, la adopción acelerada de herramientas y técnicas digitales, y cambios en la apertura, inclusión y agilidad de los ecosistemas de investigación e innovación. La política de CTI podría experimentar cambios fundamentales a medida que la resiliencia, la sostenibilidad ambiental y la inclusión se vuelvan objetivos más prominentes de las agendas políticas. La crisis también podría impulsar la experimentación con nuevas herramientas, enfoques de políticas y modelos de gobernanza.
    DOI: 10.1787/047e3689-es
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  • 177
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    Renforcer la résilience économique après la crise du COVID-19 (version abrégée) : Une analyse sous l’angle des entreprises et des secteurs (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264650428 , 9789264318113 , 9789264660403
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Strengthening Economic Resilience Following the COVID-19 Crisis: A Firm and Industry Perspective
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Cette version abrégée est la traduction partielle de la version anglaise de la publication Renforcer la résilience économique après la crise du COVID-19 de l’OCDE. Elle contient le résumé de la publication ainsi que le chapitre 1 du rapport, qui propose une synthèse des enseignements sur la résilience économique des travailleurs, des entreprises et des industries. Ce chapitre résume également les principales recommandations politiques qui découlent de l'analyse de chaque chapitre thématique, et discute brièvement certains des grands défis économiques à venir.
    DOI: 10.1787/8f708af6-fr
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  • 178
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    Understanding the digital security of products : An in-depth analysis (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.305
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; Produktsicherheit ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Economies and societies are increasingly reliant upon “smart products” that contain code and can connect to one another, e.g. through the Internet. Recent cyber-attacks such as Mirai, WannaCry, NotPetya and SolarWinds have underlined that the exploitation of vulnerabilities in smart products can have severe economic and social consequences. Such attacks increasingly threaten users’ safety and well-being, as well. This report shows that economic factors play an important role in the relative “insecurity” of smart products. It develops an analytical framework based on the value chain and lifecycle of smart products, and applies the framework to three case studies: computers and smartphones, consumer Internet of Things (IoT) devices and cloud services. It demonstrates that complex and opaque value chains lead to a misallocation of responsibility for digital security risk management, while significant information asymmetries and externalities often limit stakeholders’ ability to behave optimally.
    DOI: 10.1787/abea0b69-en
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  • 179
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    Promoting research and innovation in the Slovak Republic through an effective use of European funds (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Public Governance Policy Papers no.04
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; EU-Strukturfonds ; Slowakei ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: This policy paper analyses current practices related to the implementation of European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) in the Slovak Republic, in particular, the Operational Programme Research and Innovation (R&I). The Slovak Republic benefits from one of the largest shares of European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF). However, the country ranks amongst the EU member states with the lowest absorption of R&I ESIF. In 2017, administrative inefficiencies and irregularities resulted in further decommitments by the European Commission. This paper identifies bottlenecks in the ESIF projects’ implementation across the entire project life cycle, from the preparation of calls to the execution of selected projects. It offers the Slovak Republic tailored policy recommendations to support the effective implementation of European funds for research and innovation and avoid further decommissioning. To ensure lasting changes, this policy paper proposes an action plan where all relevant stakeholders would contribute to effectively implementing transformational reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/f0e9d786-en
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  • 180
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    Business advice for entrepreneurship and small firms (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.23
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This paper reviews issues and trends in business advice policies for business start-ups and existing SMEs, including public support for business consultancy and mentoring. Business advice policies aim to improve the growth, survival and productivity performance of new and small firms by strengthening their strategic management capabilities. The paper examines the rationale for government policies in this field, different policy delivery models, recent policy trends - such as increased use of third party delivery and performance management systems - and evidence on policy impacts. It focuses in particular on three key issues faced by policy makers - how to stimulate demand for business development services from firms and entrepreneurs who could benefit; how to target and segment support provided to different types of firms and entrepreneurs; and how to introduce digital business diagnostic tools into the advice system.
    DOI: 10.1787/299705ad-en
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  • 181
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    The effects of online disclosure about personalised pricing on consumers : Results from a lab experiment in Ireland and Chile (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.303
    Keywords: Preisdifferenzierung ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Unternehmenspublizität ; Online-Handel ; Experiment ; Irland ; Chile ; Science and Technology ; Chile ; Ireland
    Abstract: Online personalised pricing is a form of price discrimination that involves charging different prices to different consumers, often based on a consumer’s personal data. Policymakers are currently discussing ways to protect consumers from potential adverse effects of personalised pricing. One option involves displaying disclosures on the websites of retailers that use personalised pricing, in order for consumers to make informed purchase decisions. This paper summarizes findings from a laboratory experiment on the effects that online disclosures about personalised pricing have on consumers. Results from the experiment suggest that online disclosures have only limited effects on consumers’ ability to identify and comprehend online personalised pricing, and cannot confirm a significant effect on participants’ purchasing behaviour. Results from a questionnaire distributed to participants reveal that on average personalised pricing is considered an unfair practice that should be prohibited.
    DOI: 10.1787/1ce1de63-en
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  • 182
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    Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines for developing countries: An equal shot at recovery (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Impfung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: As the roll out of coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines begins, this policy brief asks how to ensure vaccines for all. In doing so, it examines the case for multilateral approaches to access and delivery, maps key challenges, and identifies priority actions for policy makers. The absence of a comprehensive approach to ensure vaccine access in developing countries threatens to prolong the pandemic, escalating inequalities and delaying the global economic recovery. While new collaborative efforts such as ACT Accelerator and its COVAX initiative are helping to bridge current gaps, these are not enough in circumstances where demand far outstrips supply. Based on the current trajectory, mass immunisation efforts for poorer countries could be delayed until 2024 or beyond, prolonging human and economic suffering for all countries. Policy actions to support equitable vaccine access in developing countries include: (i) supporting multilateral frameworks for equitable allocation of vaccines and for crisis response, resilience and prevention; (ii) highlighting the role of development finance; and, (iii) promoting context-driven solutions.
    DOI: 10.1787/6b0771e6-en
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  • 183
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    Administration fiscale : la résilience numérique dans le contexte du COVID-19 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.)
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face au coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Tax Administration: Digital Resilience in the COVID-19 Environment
    Keywords: Taxation ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Cette note a pour objet de faire un état des lieux des répercussions de la transformation numérique des administrations fiscales sur leur gestion de la crise du COVID-19, en mettant l'accent sur les services aux contribuables, la gestion des risques de conformité, le télétravail, les systèmes informatiques et le soutien aux autres administrations publiques. Elle a été rédigée par le Secrétariat du Forum de l’OCDE sur l’administration fiscale (FTA), en collaboration avec la communauté d’intérêt sur la gestion globale des risques (Enterprise Risk Management) du FTA, et tient compte des contributions fournies par plus d’une trentaine d'administrations fiscales qui ont répondu à l’enquête sur la résilience numérique. Les résultats sont présentés sur une base anonymisée. Ce document ne contient pas de recommandations invitant à adopter des mesures particulières car les circonstances et les considérations à prendre en compte varient énormément selon les pays. Toutefois, les informations qu’il contient peuvent aider les administrations fiscales à traverser la crise actuelle et stimuler la réflexion sur les changements à apporter aux stratégies existantes en matière de transformation numérique des processus des administrations fiscales en vue d'accroître la résilience face aux chocs futurs.
    DOI: 10.1787/addaac0c-fr
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  • 184
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    Policies for a climate-neutral industry : Lessons from the Netherlands (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.108
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the policy instruments adopted by the Netherlands to reach carbon neutrality in its manufacturing sector by 2050. The analysis illustrates the strength of combining a strong commitment to raising carbon prices with ambitious technology support, uncovers the pervasiveness of competitiveness provisions, and highlights the trade-off between short-term emissions cuts and longer-term technology shift. The Netherlands’ carbon levy sets an ambitious price trajectory to 2030, but is tempered by extensive preferential treatment to energy-intensive users, yielding a highly unequal carbon price across firms and sectors. The country’s technology support focuses on the cost-effective deployment of low-carbon options, which ensures least-cost decarbonisation in the short run but favours relatively mature technologies. The paper offers recommendations for policy adjustments to reach the country’s carbon neutrality objective, including the gradual removal of exemptions, enhanced support for emerging technologies and greater visibility over future infrastructure plans.
    DOI: 10.1787/a3a1f953-en
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  • 185
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    Un’indagine sulle startup innovative del Trentino : Per la “Start-up Valley” è tempo di cambiare marcia? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Italian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe An insight into the innovative start-up landscape of Trentino: Is it time for the “Start-up Valley” to scale up?
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Italy
    Abstract: Questo rapporto fornisce un’indagine approfondita sulle caratteristiche delle startup innovative in Trentino, area montuosa e ad alto reddito situata nel Nord-Est d’Italia. È parte di una serie di rapporti tematici elaborati dal Centro OCSE di Trento per lo Sviluppo Locale sul panorama delle startup nelle regioni italiane. Rappresenta un primo tentativo di analisi degli effetti della strategia italiana per le startup innovative a livello regionale, e segue la pubblicazione OCSE del 2018 “La Valutazione dello Startup Act Italiano”, che adottava una prospettiva nazionale. Il Trentino vanta la più alta densità di startup innovative sul totale delle nuove imprese presenti a livello locale rilevata tra le regioni italiane. Tuttavia, la propagazione delle startup a livello territoriale è avvenuta in modo disomogeneo, con una forte concentrazione nelle aree urbane. Inoltre, tra i fondatori delle startup trentine le donne e i giovani sono gruppi meno diffusi rispetto alla media nazionale. Il dinamismo delle startup, in particolare i tassi di crescita e di mortalità, l’adozione delle tecnologie emergenti e la propensione all’utilizzo degli incentivi nazionali sono altri aspetti al centro di questo studio, che si conclude con una serie di raccomandazioni a favore dei decisori politici basate sull’osservazione delle evidenze empiriche.
    DOI: 10.1787/ecde5b3a-it
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  • 186
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    التكامل الإقليمي في الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط : تقرير مرحلي (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264678040
    Language: Arabic
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (189 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Regional Integration in the Union for the Mediterranean: Progress Report
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Intégration régionale dans l’Union pour la Méditerranée : Rapport d'étape
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: التكامل الإقليمي في الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط: تقرير مرحلي يرصد الاتجاهات الرئيسية والتكامل في المنطقة الأورو - متوسطية. يحلل هذا التقرير خمسة مجالات للتكامل الإقليمي: التكامل التجاري، والتكامل المالي، وتكامل البنية التحتية، وحركة السكان، والبحث والتعليم العالي. يقدم التقرير تحليلا مبدعا لأنماط وتحديات التكامل في المنطقة الأورو - متوسطية، مما يسلط الضوء على الترابط بين المجالات التي تم بحثها - مثل كيفية تطوير المبادلات في ضل ظروف خصاص بنية تحتية ملائمة. ويقدم التقرير رؤى ثاقبة جديدة تستند إلى مؤشرات أداء كمية ونوعية محددة يجري رصدها بمرور الوقت. ويغطي ما يقرب من 100 رسم بياني وجداول بيانات عن 42 بلدا عضوا في الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط وعن شركاء المنطقة. ويتضمن التقرير مقترحات رئيسية وتوصيات تتعلق بالسياسات بشأن كيفية تعزيز التكامل الإقليمي في كل مجال من المجالات الخمسة.
    DOI: 10.1787/dc416437-ar
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  • 187
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    Intégration régionale dans l’Union pour la Méditerranée : Rapport d'étape (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264462229 , 9789264948679 , 9789264347151
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (211 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Regional Integration in the Union for the Mediterranean: Progress Report
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe التكامل الإقليمي في الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط: تقرير مرحلي
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: Intégration régionale dans l’Union pour la Méditerranée : Rapport d’étape analyse les grandes tendances et l’évolution de l’intégration dans la région euro-méditerranéenne. Le rapport examine cinq domaines d’intégration régionale, à savoir l’intégration commerciale, l’intégration financière, l’intégration des infrastructures, la mobilité des personnes, ainsi que la recherche et l’enseignement supérieur. Le rapport présente une analyse originale des modèles et des défis de l’intégration dans la région euro-méditerranéenne, qui met en évidence l’interdépendance des domaines examinés – par exemple, comment accroître le commerce régional sans une connectivité des transports abordable ? Le rapport apporte un nouvel éclairage basé sur l’analyse temporelle d’indicateurs de performances quantitatifs et qualitatifs spécifiques. Près de 100 graphiques et tableaux présentent les données de 42 pays membres de l’Union pour la Méditerranée et, le cas échéant, des pays partenaires de la région. Le rapport fournit des points clés à retenir et des recommandations stratégiques visant à favoriser l’intégration régionale dans chacun des cinq domaines.
    DOI: 10.1787/3a41651e-fr
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  • 188
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    Implementation and usage of the OECD Recommendation on Broadband Development (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.318
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Without connectivity, there can be no digital transformation of economies and societies. With this in mind, the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Broadband Development was adopted in 2004. Since then, broadband markets, underlying technologies, and the policies in place to spur the development of broadband networks have undergone significant changes. This document summarises the outcome of an extensive questionnaire sent to delegates of OECD countries and stakeholder groups. The questionnaire aimed to gather information on the experience of OECD countries concerning broadband development in general, and more particularly their experience in implementing the 2004 Recommendation. The responses to the questionnaire were used to inform the review and revision of the 2004 Recommendation, which resulted in the adoption of the 2021 OECD Council Recommendation on Broadband Connectivity.
    DOI: 10.1787/64eb0526-en
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  • 189
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    Digital Government Review of Slovenia : Leading the Digital Transformation of the Public Sector (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264370104 , 9789264708105 , 9789264948990
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (159 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Government Studies
    Keywords: E-Government ; Digitalisierung ; Slowenien ; Science and Technology ; Governance ; Slovenia
    Abstract: This Digital Government Review of Slovenia explores how the Government of Slovenia could enhance and harness digital government to achieve broader strategic goals. It evaluates the efforts made so far by the Slovenian government in shifting towards a digital government approach by looking at institutional governance, institutional digital talent, public service delivery and the strategic use of data. The review provides policy recommendations to allow Slovenia to make the most of digital technologies to foster a citizen and data-driven administration and to enable and sustain the digital transformation of the public sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/954b0e74-en
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  • 190
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    Misuse of E-Commerce for Trade in Counterfeits (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264821132 , 9789264588769 , 9789264527690
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Illegaler Handel ; Online-Handel ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: Networks of illicit trade in counterfeits use many modern solutions, including e-commerce, a tool that offers numerous advantages for consumers and businesses. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated both illicit trade and its misuse of the online environment. This report uses a tailored, statistical methodology to assess the misuse of e-commerce for trade in counterfeit goods. It also presents key government actions and industry initiatives to counter this risk.
    DOI: 10.1787/1c04a64e-en
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  • 191
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    Improving effectiveness of Lithuania’s innovation policy (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.123
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Innovation ; Litauen ; Science and Technology ; Lithuania
    Abstract: This paper concludes the project “Support to Improve Effectiveness of Lithuania’s Innovation Policy” which summarises the findings, policy options and recommended actions. It aimed at providing support to efforts of the Government of Lithuania to better deliver existing policies, and develop and implement appropriate new policies, instruments and institutions in selected areas of science, technology and innovation (STI) policy. The report takes stock of recent policy actions taken since the “OECD Review of Innovation Policy: Lithuania 2016”. Drawing on international good practices it explores the scope for improvement in selected areas of STI policy: a) consolidation of innovation agencies and enhancing Lithuania’s STI Council, b) public procurement of innovation , c) mission-oriented innovation policies, and d) industry 4.0 and artificial intelligence. The project has been aligned with ongoing Lithuanian reform processes, some of which are reflected in the ‘New Generation Lithuania’ plan related to the EU’s Recovery and Resilience Facility.
    DOI: 10.1787/a8fec2ee-en
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  • 192
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    Le télétravail pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 : tendances et perspectives (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face au coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Teleworking in the COVID-19 pandemic: Trends and prospects
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: La crise du COVID-19 a créé un besoin soudain pour les entreprises et leurs employés d’instaurer ou de renforcer le télétravail. En facilitant cette transition, les technologies de l’information et des communications ont joué un rôle essentiel en ce qu’elles ont permis aux activités économiques de se poursuivre et à une proportion importante d’individus de continuer à percevoir des revenus. La présente note expose des informations clés sur l’évolution du télétravail au cours de la première année de la pandémie de COVID-19 (2020), en se concentrant sur les données fréquemment actualisées publiées par les organismes statistiques nationaux, ainsi que des données probantes sur la façon dont il pourrait évoluer à l’avenir.
    DOI: 10.1787/e76db9dd-fr
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  • 193
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    Tax Administration: Digital Resilience in the COVID-19 Environment (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Administration fiscale : la résilience numérique dans le contexte du COVID-19
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Finanzverwaltung ; Digitalisierung ; Taxation ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: During the COVID-19 crisis, many tax administrations had to close offices and move to almost full or partial remote working. For many, this has also coincided with the peak filing season and an increase for some in the administration of benefits affected by COVID-19. This had impacts on normal operations, as some administrations have not been able to carry out business as usual in all areas, including difficulties in dealing with paper communications and forms, physical audits, taxpayer contacts and some aspects of systems maintenance. In addition, many administrations have been asked to undertake new roles providing assistance, including financial assistance, to taxpayers on behalf of the wider government. This note is intended to provide a status/pulse check on the impact of digitalisation of tax administration in dealing with the COVID-19 crisis, with a particular focus on taxpayer services, compliance risk management, remote working, IT systems and providing support for wider government. It has been produced by the OECD Forum on Tax Administration (FTA) Secretariat in collaboration with the FTA Enterprise Risk Management Community of Interest and takes account of input provided by more than thirty tax administrations that completed a digital resilience survey. The results are presented on an anonymised basis.
    DOI: 10.1787/2f3cf2fb-en
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  • 194
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    Guidance for a biorefining roadmap for Thailand (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.110
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Thailand
    Abstract: Biorefineries present an alternative to fossil-based production, and can create employment, wealth and the ecosystem needed to make them function. Thailand is establishing a bioeconomy with widespread biorefining as a strategy for future economic growth. There is political will to establish in Thailand, if feasible, small, decentralised biorefineries to which farmers can locally deliver biomass as feedstock, which can then be processed into bio-based products. This would help to relieve rural poverty, which is still a problem in some areas of Thailand despite progress. Developing a biorefining roadmap will help to assess the feasibility of such an initiative.
    DOI: 10.1787/60a2b229-en
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  • 195
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    Effective policies to foster high-risk/high-reward research (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.112
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report analyses policies and research funding mechanisms designed to foster high-risk high-reward (HRHR) research, and explores promising practices for fostering HRHR research in a variety of contexts. The underlying concern is that failure to encourage and support research on risky, ‘out-of-the-box’ ideas may jeopardise a country’s longer-term ability to compete economically, harness science for solving national and global challenges, and contribute to the progress of science as a whole. The analysis in this paper is primarily based on a survey of individual HRHR research funding schemes in different countries, complemented by targeted interviews. This survey was supplemented by an analysis of HRHR research-oriented programmes and by the feedback from an international workshop that included all relevant stakeholders.
    DOI: 10.1787/06913b3b-en
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  • 196
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    The Public Sector Pay System in Israel (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264459359 , 9789264806290 , 9789264633780
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Vergütungssystem im öffentlichen Dienst ; Israel ; Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Science and Technology ; Israel
    Abstract: This report analyses the pay system in Israel’s public sector, and provides recommendations to align it with the strategic priorities of the government. It recommends ways to simplify job classification and better match pay to market rates, particularly in areas where the public sector has trouble competing for talent. It also identifies opportunities to better reward performance, productivity and job responsibilities. In Israel, no pay reform is possible without the agreement and active collaboration of public sector unions, and so the second part of this report focuses on public sector labour relations and makes recommendations to improve the functioning of the collective bargaining process in Israel’s public sector. This report contributes to the ongoing work of the OECD’s Public Employment and Management working party, to support the implementation of the Recommendation of Council on Public Service Leadership and Capability.
    DOI: 10.1787/3b6ad37f-en
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  • 197
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    Perspectives de l’économie numérique de l’OCDE 2020 (Version abrégée) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264931480 , 9789264830233 , 9789264518681
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2020
    Keywords: Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Cette version abrégée est la traduction partielle de la version anglaise de l’édition 2020 des Perspectives de l’économie numérique de l’OCDE. Elle contient le résumé de l’ouvrage ainsi que le chapitre 2 où sont analysées les évolutions récentes des stratégies numériques nationales et les principales évolutions liées aux politiques centrées sur la connectivité, l’utilisation du numérique, la gouvernance des données, la sécurité, la protection de la vie privée, l’innovation, le travail et des technologies clés telles que l’intelligence artificielle (IA), la technologie du « blockchain » et l’informatique quantique.
    DOI: 10.1787/3b257711-fr
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 198
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    Emerging trends in communication market competition (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.316
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Wettbewerb ; Telekommunikationsmarkt ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Communication market structures and their effect on delivering efficient and inclusive connectivity is of key interest to policy makers and regulators. This report discusses emerging competition trends in OECD broadband markets that are shaping market structures, covering both fixed and mobile networks. The increasing complementarity of fixed and wireless networks and the convergence of previously separate markets have led to new forms of communication market competition. While convergence has been acting as a driver for market consolidation, there is also increased scrutiny in merger review. Some OECD countries are discussing options to keep mobile communication markets open to new entrants in the context of merger reviews, while others have experienced a recent wave of entry. The report explores the role of horizontal and vertical mergers in communication markets, presents examples of entry in mobile communication markets, and discusses some of effects of entry and consolidation in OECD markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/4ad9d924-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 199
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    Comment la pandémie de COVID-19 va-t-elle remodeler la science, la technologie et l’innovation ? (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face au coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe COVID-19で科学・技術・イノベーションはどのように変わるか
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How will COVID-19 reshape science, technology and innovation?
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Cette synthèse examine les effets que la crise du COVID-19 pourrait avoir sur l’avenir de la science, de la technologie et de l’innovation (STI) et sur les politiques y afférentes. Les effets disparates de la crise sur la recherche et le développement (R&D) dans les différents secteurs, l’accélération de l’adoption des outils numériques et des techniques connexes, et l’évolution du degré d’ouverture, de l’inclusivité et de l’agilité des écosystèmes de recherche et d’innovation sont autant de facteurs qui façonnent l’avenir de la STI. Les politiques STI pourraient connaître des changements profonds à mesure que la résilience, la durabilité environnementale et l’inclusivité deviennent des objectifs phares de l’action des pouvoirs publics. La crise pourrait en outre favoriser l’expérimentation d’outils, d’approches stratégiques et de modèles de gouvernance nouveaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/89d655e5-fr
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 200
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    Using Digital Technologies for Early Education during COVID-19 : OECD Report for the G20 2020 Education Working Group (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Frühkindliche Bildung ; Schule ; Unterricht ; Digitalisierung ; Digitale Medien ; Coronavirus ; Bildungspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Education ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Digital technologies are increasingly present in young children’s lives. How can early education systems get the best out of digitalisation while minimising its risks? This is especially urgent as the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated our reliance on digital tools – tools that enabled young children to continue learning when early education centres and primary schools closed down. It is in this context that the OECD conducted a policy survey covering 34 countries and jurisdictions. It investigates how digital technologies were used to provide distance education for young children in 2020, which challenges arose and what policy changes are in the pipeline for early education.
    DOI: 10.1787/fe8d68ad-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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