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  • Online Resource  (3,914)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (3,910)
  • Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Centre
  • Development  (1,915)
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  • Employment  (871)
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  • Online Resource  (3,914)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Collective action for responsible AI in health (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.10
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Gesundheitswesen ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: Artificial intelligence will have profound impacts across health systems, transforming health care, public health, and research. Responsible AI can accelerate efforts toward health systems being more resilient, sustainable, equitable, and person-centred. This paper provides an overview of the background and current state of artificial intelligence in health, perspectives on opportunities, risks, and barriers to success. The paper proposes several areas to be explored for policy makers to advance the future of responsible AI in health that is adaptable to change, respects individuals, champions equity, and achieves better health outcomes for all. The areas to be explored relate to trust, capacity building, evaluation, and collaboration. This recognises that the primary forces that are needed to unlock the value from artificial intelligence are people-based and not technical. The OECD is ready to support efforts for co-operative learning and collective action to advance the use of responsible AI in health.
    DOI: 10.1787/f2050177-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Building a Skilled Cyber Security Workforce in Europe : Insights from France, Germany and Poland (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264478763 , 9789264872738 , 9789264489943
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (117 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; IT-Kriminalität ; Frankreich ; Deutschland ; Polen ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; France ; Germany ; Poland
    Abstract: In an increasingly digital world, the significance of cyber security for individuals, businesses, and governments has never been greater. Rising cyber attacks are challenging current defence and operational capabilities, highlighting a critical shortage of skilled cyber security professionals. This report delves into the demand for cyber security expertise by analysing online job postings in France, Germany and Poland in between 2018 and 2023. It examines trends in the demand for cyber security professionals, the geographical distribution of job opportunities, and the changing skill requirements in this field. Focusing on France, the report also explores cyber security education and training programmes, the characteristics of the programmes, the demographics of enrolled learners, and their outcomes. Additionally, it reviews French policies and initiatives aimed at broadening the cyber security workforce and enhancing educational opportunities in this field. This comprehensive analysis is part of a larger effort to understand the evolving landscape of cyber security policies and professional experiences worldwide.
    DOI: 10.1787/3673cd60-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Examen des politiques de transformation économique : Gros plan sur l'internationalisation de la Guadeloupe (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264333956 , 9789264434745 , 9789264756182
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les voies de développement
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Production Transformation Policy Review: Spotlight on Guadeloupe's Internationalisation
    Keywords: Economics ; Energy ; Development ; France
    Abstract: Située dans la mer des Caraïbes, la Guadeloupe est un département français d'outre-mer et une région européenne ultrapériphérique. Dans la série des examens des politiques de transformation économique, ce rapport examine les opportunités et les défis de cette région qui cherche une voie de développement économique plus durable. Il identifie des actions prioritaires dans plusieurs domaines, notamment la bioéconomie et l'économie circulaire, les secteurs créatifs et les énergies renouvelables. Ce Gros plan enrichit notre compréhension de la diversité des voies de développement, y compris celles des petits États insulaires en développement (PEID). Il est le fruit d'un vaste processus d'examen par les pairs auquel ont participé des acteurs publics et privés de Colombie, des pays des Caraïbes et d'autres régions ultrapériphériques de l'UE.
    DOI: 10.1787/3ba34e4a-fr
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Breaking the Vicious Circles of Informal Employment and Low-Paying Work (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264700079 , 9789264352063 , 9789264592322
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (166 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Informelle Wirtschaft ; Niedriglohn ; Schwarzarbeit ; Qualifikation ; Soziale Mobilität ; Education ; Economics ; Development
    Abstract: This report adds two perspectives on informality. First, it disassembles the mechanics of the deleterious links between informal employment, low-paying work and low skills. It shows that informal employment is highly persistent, and that the vulnerability of informal workers is passed on to their children in the absence of adequate education, skills and social protection policy. Second, the report underscores the double burden of informality and low-paying work that a large share of workers in developing and emerging economies carry, and as such calls for policy solutions that go beyond the formalisation agenda and embrace the goal of social justice.
    DOI: 10.1787/f95c5a74-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    L’autonomisation économique des femmes au Maroc : De l’engagement à la mise en œuvre (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264532243 , 9789264582149 , 9789264910720
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Development ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Morocco
    Abstract: Le Rapport De l’engagement à la mise en œuvre : assurer l’autonomisation économique des femmes au Maroc analyse les politiques publiques marocaines en faveur de l’autonomisation économique des femmes dans le cadre de la Recommandation du Conseil de l’OCDE sur l’égalité femmes-hommes dans l’éducation, l’emploi et l’entrepreneuriat à laquelle le pays a adhéré en 2018. Il fournit un cadre stratégique global visant à déverrouiller le potentiel économique des femmes, afin qu’elles puissent pleinement contribuer au développement durable du Maroc et bénéficier de ses retombées économiques et sociales. Ce cadre stratégique global - développé dans le cadre de la seconde phase du programme pays Maroc de l’OCDE - vise à soutenir la mise en œuvre du troisième Plan Gouvernemental pour l’Égalité (PGE III). Il préconise une approche multi-cibles et multi-sectorielle, mettant l'accent sur des politiques de soin transformatrices pour créer des emplois décents, alléger les tâches domestiques et de soin, et remettre en cause les stéréotypes de genre, soulignant l'importance de l'évolution des normes socio-culturelles pour favoriser l'intégration des femmes sur le marché du travail.
    DOI: 10.1787/d4312bd3-fr
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Global Minimum Tax and the taxation of MNE profit (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.68
    Keywords: Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Globale Mindeststeuer ; Welt ; Taxation
    Abstract: The paper assesses the impact of the global minimum tax (GMT) on the taxation of multinational enterprises (MNEs), based on a comprehensive dataset capturing the global activities of large MNEs. It has four key findings. First, the GMT substantially reduces the incentives to shift profits. Second, the GMT is estimated to very substantially reduce low-taxed profit worldwide through lower profit shifting and top-up taxation. Third, the GMT is estimated to increase CIT revenues. Finally, the GMT is estimated to reduce tax rate differentials across jurisdictions with potential impacts on the allocation of investment and MNE activity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9a815d6b-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La conception des régimes d’imposition forfaitaire (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.59
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The design of presumptive tax regimes
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Les régimes d’imposition forfaitaire, aussi appelés régimes simplifiés d’imposition, simplifient le processus de mise en conformité fiscale pour les micro et petites entreprises. En réduisant les coûts de mise en conformité fiscale et en offrant des taux d’imposition inférieurs à ceux du régime réel d’imposition, ces régimes visent à encourager la formalisation et la conformité fiscale des entreprises. Ils sont particulièrement utiles dans les situations où le revenu imposable réel est difficile à quantifier et déterminent l'assiette fiscale à l'aide d'indicateurs alternatifs. Bien que ces régimes existent dans de nombreux systèmes fiscaux, leur conception varie considérablement. Ce document de travail de l'OCDE présente un cadre d’analyse qui permet de caractériser et comparer ces régimes. Il met également en lumière les principaux aspects de la conception qui méritent un examen plus approfondi et énumère une série de bonnes pratiques pour la conception et l’administration de ces régimes.
    DOI: 10.1787/acd81d56-fr
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Organisation of public employment services at the local level in Sweden (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/03
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Sweden
    Abstract: Sweden is undergoing a major reform of its public employment service (PES) Arbetsförmedlingen, shifting its main role from providing in-house services towards monitoring of providers and working with different stakeholders in guiding and implementing labour market policies. At the same time, the PES is undergoing a significant restructuring, resulting in a downscaling of physical presence across the country and an increased digitalisation of services. To support this reform and services to jobseekers across urban and rural settings, this report a describes the main features of the Swedish labour market and employment system and analyses the challenges of the reform from a local perspective. In light of international examples, it outlines policy options for contracting services to ensure coverage in all places and for all jobseekers, managing the balance between physical and digital services, and coordinating services at the local level.
    DOI: 10.1787/24edca19-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Environmental Tax Policy Review of Andalusia (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264532694
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (315 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Umweltabgabe ; Ökosteuer ; Andalusien ; Energy ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Transport ; Spain
    Abstract: The Environmental Tax Policy Review of Andalusia provides a detailed review of the environmentally related tax framework in the areas of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, water usage and pollution, and waste and circular economy in the Autonomous Region of Andalusia, Spain. For each thematic area, the study identifies the scope for action at the regional level, assesses how Andalusia’s existing environmentally related taxes align with environmental tax policy principles and provides strategic recommendations to support Andalusia to improve environmental outcomes and enhance national and global environmental performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/fe6d8b45-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Steuerliche Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung der Wirtschaft – GloBE-Mustervorschriften (Säule 2) : Inclusive Framework on BEPS (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264633513
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (83 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Projekt Gewinnverkürzung und Gewinnverlagerung
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Tax Challenges Arising from Digitalisation of the Economy – Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (Pillar Two): Inclusive Framework on BEPS
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les défis fiscaux soulevés par la numérisation de l'économie – Règles globales anti-érosion de la base d’imposition (Pilier Deux) : Cadre inclusif sur le BEPS
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Internationale Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation
    Abstract: Ein entscheidender Aspekt des BEPS-Projekts von OECD und G20 ist die Bewältigung der steuerlichen Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung der Wirtschaft. Im Oktober 2021 einigten sich über 135 Staaten und Gebiete auf ein bahnbrechendes Konzept zur Überarbeitung wesentlicher Elemente des internationalen Steuersystems, da dieses System den Anforderungen einer globalisierten und digitalisierten Wirtschaft nicht mehr gerecht wurde. Die Global Anti-Base Erosion Rules bzw. GloBE-Vorschriften spielen dabei eine zentrale Rolle. Sie gewährleisten eine Mindestbesteuerung der Gewinne großer multinationaler Unternehmen – ganz gleich, wo diese Unternehmen tätig sind und ihre Gewinne erwirtschaften. Die GloBE-Vorschriften ermöglichen konkret die Schaffung eines koordinierten Steuersystems, das die Erhebung einer Ergänzungssteuer vorsieht. Diese Ergänzungssteuer ist auf die in einem Steuerhoheitsgebiet erzielten Gewinne zu entrichten, wenn der (auf Gebietsebene ermittelte) effektive Steuersatz in diesem Steuerhoheitsgebiet unter dem Mindestsatz liegt. Dieser Bericht klärt den Anwendungsbereich und enthält die verfügenden Bestimmungen und Definitionen der GloBE-Vorschriften. Diese Vorschriften sollen im Rahmen eines gemeinsamen Ansatzes umgesetzt und ab 2022 in nationales Recht überführt werden.
    DOI: 10.1787/27dfde7e-de
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  • 11
    Online Resource
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    Policy Options for Labour Market Challenges in Amsterdam and Other Dutch Cities (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264818453 , 9789264640603 , 9789264375765
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (151 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews on Local Job Creation
    Keywords: Städtischer Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Amsterdam ; Niederlande ; Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Labour markets across the Netherlands recovered quickly from the COVID-19 shock and Dutch cities are now facing an unprecedented level of labour market tightness. The high demand for workers presents a unique opportunity for Dutch municipalities to find pathways into employment for those with the lowest labour market attachment and alleviate the pressure faced by local employers that struggle to find suitable workers. Supporting the diverse population in Dutch cities in finding their way into the labour market requires the efficient use of existing labour market instruments, advancing innovative methods of skills-based job matching and improving the cooperation between national, regional and local labour market institutions. This OECD report analyses current and future bottlenecks that could hamper the effective provision of local labour market services. It highlights policy options for strengthening the capacity of municipalities to support different population groups in making the transition from social welfare recipients to workers.
    DOI: 10.1787/181c0fff-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Prévention de l’utilisation abusive des conventions fiscales – Cinquième rapport d’examen par les pairs sur le chalandage fiscal : Cadre Inclusif sur le BEPS : Action 6 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264801721 , 9789264984745 , 9789264872721
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (328 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Projet OCDE/G20 sur l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Prevention of Tax Treaty Abuse – Fifth Peer Review Report on Treaty Shopping: Inclusive Framework on BEPS: Action 6
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Dans le cadre du standard minimum de l'Action 6 sur le chalandage fiscal du projet BEPS, les membres du Cadre inclusif OCDE/G20 sur le BEPS se sont engagés à renforcer leurs conventions fiscales en mettant en œuvre des mesures contre l’utilisation abusive de ces conventions. Ce rapport reflète les résultats du cinquième examen par les pairs relatif à la mise en œuvre du standard minimum de l'Action 6 sur le chalandage fiscal. Il comprend les résultats globaux de l'examen et des données sur les conventions fiscales conclues par les membres du Cadre inclusif OCDE/G20 sur le BEPS au 31 mai 2022, ainsi que les sections juridictionnelles qui contiennent l’information détaillée pour chaque juridiction membre.
    DOI: 10.1787/cf5d5f64-fr
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : Hongrie 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264793743 , 9789264525962 , 9789264748163
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Development Co‑operation Peer Reviews: Hungary 2023
    Keywords: Development ; Hungary
    Abstract: Le Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE mène tous les cinq à six ans un examen par les pairs qui passe en revue les efforts de coopération pour le développement de chacun de ses membres. Ces examens visent à améliorer la qualité et l’efficacité de leur coopération pour le développement, en mettant en évidence les bonnes pratiques et en recommandant des améliorations. Membre du CAD depuis 2016 seulement, la Hongrie affiche une croissance impressionnante de son aide publique au développement (APD). Sa coopération bilatérale, en particulier, a progressé ; elle s’appuie sur d’étroites consultations avec ses partenaires. La Hongrie se fait le défenseur de la gestion durable de l’eau, combinant à cet effet diplomatie, expertise nationale et coopération pour le développement. Dans les contextes fragiles, elle concentre son soutien sur les organisations de la société civile locales, et surtout sur les organismes confessionnels. Tandis qu’elle continue de progresser vers les normes et méthodes de travail établies du CAD, une réorganisation institutionnelle offre à la Hongrie des occasions non négligeables d’approfondir la réforme. Cet examen par les pairs délivre une série de recommandations visant à accroître les retombées de l’engagement de la Hongrie auprès des pays partenaires, à approfondir la collaboration entre les institutions et avec les parties prenantes, à renforcer les systèmes internes et à établir un bon équilibre entre ses objectifs nationaux et ses objectifs de développement international.
    DOI: 10.1787/f70ce0c0-fr
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  • 14
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    Online Resource
    Manual on the Handling of Multilateral Mutual Agreement Procedures and Advance Pricing Arrangements : Enhancing Tax Certainty (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Forum on Tax Administration
    Keywords: Doppelbesteuerung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Internationale Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Welt ; Taxation ; Handbuch
    Abstract: Multilateral Mutual Agreement Procedures (MAPs) and Advance Pricing Arrangements (APAs) offer greater tax certainty to both taxpayers and tax administrations where different parts of the same transaction or arrangement involving a multinational enterprise are covered by multiple bilateral tax treaties. However, most jurisdictions have limited experience in coordinating bilateral MAP and APA cases to offer multilateral certainty. In accordance with its commitment to advancing the tax certainty agenda, the FTA MAP Forum, in conjunction with the FTA Large Business International Programme, has developed the Manual on the handling of Multilateral MAPs and APAs (MoMA) which is intended as a guide to multilateral MAP and APA processes from both a legal and procedural perspective. The MoMA provides tax administrations and taxpayers with basic information on the operation of such procedures and suggests different approaches based on the existing practices of jurisdictions, without imposing a set of binding rules. The MoMA allows tax administrations to explore whether implementation of these procedures is appropriate considering the circumstances of their own MAP and APA programmes and to consider whether the guidance therein may be incorporated in their domestic guidance on MAP or APA processes to provide additional clarity.
    DOI: 10.1787/f0cad7f3-en
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  • 15
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    The impact of AI on the workplace: Evidence from OECD case studies of AI implementation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (114 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.289
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: How artificial intelligence (AI) will impact workplaces is a central question for the future of work, with potentially significant implications for jobs, productivity, and worker well-being. Yet, knowledge gaps remain in terms of how firms, workers, and worker representatives are adapting. This study addresses these gaps through a qualitative approach. It is based on nearly 100 case studies of the impacts of AI technologies on workplaces in the manufacturing and finance sectors of eight OECD countries. The study shows that, to date, job reorganisation appears more prevalent than job displacement, with automation prompting the reorientation of jobs towards tasks in which humans have a comparative advantage. Job quality improvements associated with AI – reductions in tedium, greater worker engagement, and improved physical safety – may be its strongest endorsement from a worker perspective. The study also highlights challenges – skill requirements and reports of increased work intensity – underscoring the need for policies to ensure that AI technologies benefit everyone.
    DOI: 10.1787/2247ce58-en
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  • 16
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    The impact of AI on the workplace: Main findings from the OECD AI surveys of employers and workers (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (156 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.288
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Austria ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Ireland ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: New OECD surveys of employers and workers in the manufacturing and finance sectors of seven countries shed new light on the impact that Artificial Intelligence has on the workplace —an under-researched area to date due to lack of data. The findings suggest that both workers and their employers are generally very positive about the impact of AI on performance and working conditions. However, there are also concerns, including about job loss—an issue that should be closely monitored. The surveys also indicate that, while many workers trust their employers when it comes to the implementation of AI in the workplace, more can be done to improve trust. In particular, the surveys show that both training and worker consultation are associated with better outcomes for workers.
    DOI: 10.1787/ea0a0fe1-en
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  • 17
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    OECD Development Co‑operation Peer Reviews: Hungary 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264880139 , 9789264492608 , 9789264695993
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : Hongrie 2023
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Ungarn ; Development ; Hungary
    Abstract: The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts peer reviews of individual members once every five to six years. Reviews seek to improve the quality and effectiveness of members’ development co-operation, highlighting good practices and recommending improvements. A DAC member since only 2016, Hungary has achieved impressive growth in its official development assistance (ODA). Bilateral co-operation has increased, in particular, and relies on close consultation with partners. Hungary champions sustainable water management, combining diplomacy, domestic expertise and development co-operation. In fragile contexts, it focuses its support to local civil society organisations, and in particular faith-based actors. As it continues to make progress towards established DAC standards and ways of working, an institutional reorganisation provides Hungary with significant opportunities for further reform. This peer review provides a set of recommendations to increase the impact of Hungary’s engagement in partner countries, deepen collaboration across institutions and with stakeholders, strengthen internal systems, and balance tensions between domestic and global objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/ec7d67f1-en
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  • 18
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    Defining and classifying AI in the workplace (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.290
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This document serves both as a conceptual and practical guide for defining and classifying AI, in order to help stakeholders analyse and understand its impact on the workplace. It first discusses how AI can be defined and provides a selection of AI use cases to help stakeholders identify AI and distinguish it from other advanced technologies. The document then provides a framework for classifying AI according to its impact on the workplace, consisting of a set of questions intended to help stakeholders evaluate any AI application from a workplace perspective (either a priori or ex post) and to promote informed discussion so that AI is implemented in a way that empowers and complements workers and improves job quality, and that no one is left behind.
    DOI: 10.1787/59e89d7f-en
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  • 19
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    Not lost in translation : The implications of machine translation technologies for language professionals and for broader society (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.291
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; New Zealand ; Singapore ; Sweden ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: The paper discusses the implications of recent advances in artificial intelligence for knowledge workers, focusing on possible complementarities and substitution between machine translation tools and language professionals. The emergence of machine translation tools could enhance social welfare through enhanced opportunities for inter-language communication but also create new threats because of persisting low levels of accuracy and quality in the translation output. The paper uses data on online job vacancies to map the evolution of the demand for language professionals between 2015 and 2019 in 10 countries and illustrates the set of skills that are considered important by employers seeking to hire language professionals through job vacancies posted on line.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1d1d170-en
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Saint Lucia 2023 (Second Round) : Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264365872
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (139 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; St. Lucia ; Taxation ; Saint Lucia
    Abstract: This publication presents the results of the Second Round Peer Review on the Exchange of Information on Request for Saint Lucia.
    DOI: 10.1787/b81e8db8-en
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  • 21
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    Framework for the Evaluation of SME and Entrepreneurship Policies and Programmes 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264385801 , 9789264710856 , 9789264851085
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (174 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
    Keywords: Mittelstandspolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; KMU ; Unternehmer ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Evaluation is the foundation of evidence-based policy. Yet there is a dearth of reliable impact evaluation in the area of SME and entrepreneurship policy. This publication issues OECD guidance on how governments can promote reliable SME and entrepreneurship policy evaluation. It emphasises practices including using control groups, setting clear policy objectives and targets and accounting for business survival and non-survival. It shows that reliable evaluation of SME and entrepreneurship policy is increasingly accessible given improvements in data and techniques in recent years and illustrates this with examples of 50 reliable evaluations across many SME and entrepreneurship policy areas and 28 OECD countries. Overall, the publication issues a call for more systematic and reliable evaluation of SME and entrepreneurship policies following the guidance offered. The publication also examines the findings of reliable evaluations internationally, including meta evaluations. The evidence is mixed but generally more robust and consistent for policies to improve access to finance than in the provision of training and advisory services. Some policies have positive impacts on key measures whereas others do not. The reasons are explored, including variations in the targeting of policies and in policy delivery approaches.
    DOI: 10.1787/a4c818d1-en
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  • 22
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    Building a Skilled Cyber Security Workforce in Five Countries : Insights from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and United States (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264338395 , 9789264475915 , 9789264854055
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (127 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: IT-Sicherheit ; IT-Berufe ; Bildungspolitik ; Technologiepolitik ; Australien ; Kanada ; Neuseeland ; Großbritannien ; USA ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Australia ; Canada ; New Zealand ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: As societies become increasingly digital, cyber security has become a priority for individuals, companies and nations. The number of cyber attacks is exceeding defence capabilities, and one reason for this is the lack of an adequately skilled cyber security workforce. This report analyses the demand for cyber security professionals in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States using information contained in online job postings. The analysis looks at recent trends in the demand for workers in different types of cyber security roles, the geographical distribution of cyber security job postings, and the changing skill requirements for professionals in this field. The report also looks at the supply side, zooming in on the landscape of cyber security education and training programmes in England (United Kingdom). It describes the different types of programmes provided in further and higher education, the profile of learners in these programmes and their outcomes. Finally, the report also looks at policies and initiatives adopted in England to make cyber security education and training programmes more accessible and relevant. This report is part of a larger initiative examining the evolution of policies and experiences in the cyber security profession around the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/5fd44e6c-en
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  • 23
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    Micro-credentials for lifelong learning and employability : Uses and possibilities (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.66
    Keywords: Bildungsabschluss ; Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Lebenslanges Lernen ; Education ; Employment
    Abstract: Micro-credentials are increasingly prominent in discussions around education, training and labour market policy. Policymakers, educators and trainers across the world envision micro-credentials to be an innovation with a multitude of potential uses and benefits – a sort of all-purpose solution for the problems confronting education, training and labour market systems – and some have begun to integrate them into existing practice and policy frameworks. However, evidence on the value and impact of micro-credentials remains scarce, limiting commitment on the part of stakeholders. This paper examines what is known about both the potential and limitations of micro-credentials with respect to enhancing learners’ labour market participation and outcomes, widening pathways from upper secondary to higher education, improving completion of higher education, and promoting social inclusion among disadvantaged learners.
    DOI: 10.1787/9c4b7b68-en
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    Six questions about the demand for artificial intelligence skills in labour markets (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.286
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Australia ; Canada ; New Zealand ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: This study responds to six key questions about the impact that the demand for Artificial Intelligence (AI) skills is having on labour markets. What are the occupations where AI skills are most relevant? How do different AI-relevant skills combine in job requirements? How quickly is the demand for AI-related skills diffusing across labour markets and what is the relationship between AI skill demands and the demand for cognitive skills across jobs? Finally, are AI skills leading to a wage premium and how different are the wage returns associated with AI and routine skills? To shed light on these aspects, this study leverages Natural Language Processing (NLP) algorithms to analyse the information contained in millions of job postings collected from the internet.
    DOI: 10.1787/ac1bebf0-en
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  • 25
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Costa Rica 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264704251 , 9789264988477 , 9789264732940
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (150 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Costa Rica 2023 (version abrégée)
    Keywords: Umweltschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Costa Rica ; Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; Costa Rica
    Abstract: A megadiverse county, Costa Rica is known globally for its success in reversing deforestation and pursuing a growth model based on the sustainable use of its environmental resources. However, energy use and related greenhouse gas emissions increased in the last decade. Private cars are a major and growing source of emissions affecting climate and air quality. Waste disposal still relies on landfills, and much wastewater is untreated. Costa Rica's extensive protected area network and pioneering programme of payments for ecosystem services have helped reduce biodiversity loss and extend forests' carbon sequestration capacity. However, more should be done to tackle pressures on biodiversity from development of infrastructure and settlements, tourism, farming and fishing. The sheer scale of investment needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals calls for improving the efficiency of public spending, mobilising private finance, strictly enforcing regulations and providing adequate incentives. This is the first OECD Environmental Performance Review of Costa Rica. It evaluates the country's progress towards sustainable development, with a special chapter focusing on biodiversity, and provides 52 recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/ec94fd4e-en
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    OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews: Netherlands 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264678989 , 9789264618060 , 9789264836501
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : Pays-Bas 2023
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Niederlande ; Development ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts peer reviews of individual members once every five to six years. Reviews seek to improve the quality and effectiveness of members' development co-operation, highlighting good practices and recommending improvements. The Netherlands continues to focus on its strengths and drives internal reforms to achieve sustainable impact. It stays engaged in fragile contexts, providing long-term and flexible financing. It is highly valued as a champion for gender equality, provides strong support to local civil society and takes action to tackle spillovers from its economic footprint. This peer review provides recommendations to enhance the Netherlands' engagement in partner countries by putting its ambition for locally led development into practice, ensuring its thematic approach is adapted to context, and clarifying its risk appetite. Reversing the trend of decreasing budgets was a significant achievement, but effects of in-donor refugee costs on the broader Dutch development programme need to be managed.
    DOI: 10.1787/67b0a326-en
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  • 27
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    Participation of the social economy in the provision of Sweden’s public employment services (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/04
    Keywords: Employment ; Sweden
    Abstract: Sweden is undergoing a major reform of its public employment service Arbetsförmedlingen towards contracting out employment services to independent providers. At the same time, Arbetsförmedlingen is also undergoing a significant restructuring, resulting in a downscaling of physical presence across the country and an increased digitalisation of services. As this report shows, the social economy and in particular work integration social enterprises can play an important role in the delivery of publicly-financed employment services. The report analyses the main features of the social economy in general as well as its current role in employment policies in Sweden. Moreover, it discusses challenges in engaging social economy organisations as providers in the market for contracted-out employment services in Sweden with respect to the legal framework, contracting rules, financial barriers, payment models, and co-operation structures. Lastly, it offers recommendations based on international practice to help design and implement the proposed policy recommendations in the Swedish context.
    DOI: 10.1787/4949e828-en
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    Forum mondial sur la transparence et l’échange de renseignements à des fins fiscales : Togo 2023 (Deuxième cycle, Phase 1) : Rapport d'examen par les pairs sur l'échange de renseignements sur demande (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264674578
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (114 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Forum mondial sur la transparence et l'échange de renseignements à des fins fiscales
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Togo 2023 (Second Round, Phase 1): Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request
    Keywords: Taxation ; Togo
    Abstract: Cette publication contient le rapport d'examen par les pairs 2023 sur l'échange de renseignements sur demande du Togo. Le rapport se réfère uniquement à la Phase 1 de l'évaluation (cadre juridique).
    DOI: 10.1787/97c44b82-fr
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  • 29
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    All hands on deck: Co-developing the first international survey of people living with chronic conditions : Stakeholder engagement in the design, development, and field trial implementation of the PaRIS survey (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.149
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: The OECD's Patient-Reported Indicator Surveys (PaRIS) initiative aims to measure outcomes and experiences of healthcare as part of an effort to improve the value of health system investments. The PaRIS survey, a survey of people living with chronic conditions, is currently being implemented in twenty countries. The PaRIS survey has been developed together with government officials, patients, providers, and researchers. However, the extent of stakeholder involvement varies between countries. This paper reports on the stakeholder engagement in design, development and implementation of the PaRIS survey Field Trial in seventeen countries. Engagement strategies were analysed by target group (patients, providers, or other stakeholders), and engagement level (co-designing, involving, consulting, and informing). The results provide valuable lessons for the implementation of the full PaRIS survey in 2023 and illustrate how stakeholders could be more actively engaged in health services research and policymaking.
    DOI: 10.1787/8b31022e-en
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    Evaluation of Active Labour Market Policies in Finland (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264424982 , 9789264458918 , 9789264745315
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (135 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Connecting People with Jobs
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Finnland ; Employment ; Finland
    Abstract: This report uses rich administrative data from different registers in Finland to evaluate the impact of two types of training available to jobseekers: labour market training; and self-motivated training. Training outcomes are examined that go beyond the probability of employment and how different population groups are affected. The report also assesses the framework for impact evaluation of active labour market policies (ALMPs) in Finland, covering the whole cycle of evidence-based policy making from strategy and planning of evaluations, resources, data collection and evaluation methodologies to dissemination of evidence and use in policy making. Finally, the report makes recommendations for improving the effectiveness of Finland’s ALMPs and strengthening the capacity of the Finnish authorities in conducting ALMP impact evaluations. This report is the eleventh in a series of country reports on policies to connect people with better jobs. It was produced as part of the OECD’s project with the European Commission which aims to raise the quality of the data collected and their use in the evaluation of the effectiveness of ALMPs.
    DOI: 10.1787/115b186e-en
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Togo 2023 (Second Round, Phase 1) : Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264434912
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (105 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Forum mondial sur la transparence et l’échange de renseignements à des fins fiscales : Togo 2023 (Deuxième cycle, Phase 1) : Rapport d'examen par les pairs sur l'échange de renseignements sur demande
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Togo ; Taxation ; Togo
    Abstract: This publication presents the results of the Second Round Peer Review on the Exchange of Information on Request for Togo. It refers to Phase 1 only (legal and regulatory framework).
    DOI: 10.1787/9e90f5f4-en
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    The intergovernmental fiscal outlook and the implications of Russia’s war against Ukraine, high energy prices and inflation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.42
    Keywords: Finanzpolitik ; Geldpolitik ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Gemeindefinanzen ; Länderfinanzen ; Kriegsfolgen ; Energiepreis ; Inflation ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Economics
    Abstract: Less than two years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s illegal, unprovoked and unjustifiable war of aggression against Ukraine has triggered the biggest military confrontation in Europe since World War II. Many OECD countries have reacted to Russia’s aggression by providing military and humanitarian aid to Ukraine and by imposing economic sanctions on Russia, which has accentuated supply chain disruptions, especially in the energy sector. A combination of these supply shocks with a demand shock caused by expansionary fiscal and monetary policies to tackle the pandemic has created inflationary pressures on a scale not seen in decades. Central banks around the world are acting to fulfil their price stability mandates by increasing interest rates and by engaging in quantitative tightening (primarily the selling of government bonds to reduce central bank balance sheets), all of which put pressure on borrowing costs at a time when governments are engaging in expansionary fiscal policy to alleviate the impact of inflation. The objective of this policy note is to examine the main consequences of this challenging environment for the fiscal stance of different levels of governments. These include the weakening outlook for government revenues in times of high expenditure pressures from a more rapid energy transition as well as high borrowing costs.
    DOI: 10.1787/3623ab61-en
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Portugal 2023 (version abrégée) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264878785 , 9789264918658 , 9789264946125
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Portugal 2023
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; Portugal
    Abstract: Le Portugal a réussi à découpler plusieurs pressions environnementales de la croissance économique entre 2013 et 2019. Il a joué un rôle de premier plan dans l'approbation de la loi européenne sur le climat et a adopté la Loi-cadre portugaise sur le climat en 2021. Celle-ci doit être rapidement mise en œuvre pour atteindre la neutralité carbone d'ici 2050, améliorer la résilience aux effets du changement climatique et protéger les écosystèmes. Le Portugal a intensifié ses efforts d'adaptation, mais doit en faire davantage pour faire face aux multiples menaces, notamment l'érosion côtière, les inondations, les sécheresses et les feux de forêt. Le pays est à la traîne en matière de gestion des déchets. Par ailleurs, l'augmentation des prélèvements d'eau douce dans les régions du sud, où l'eau est rare, est préoccupante. Il s'agit du quatrième examen des performances environnementales du Portugal. Il fournit une évaluation, fondée sur des faits, des progrès du pays vers ses objectifs environnementaux au cours de la dernière décennie. Les 26 recommandations visent à aider le Portugal à améliorer ses performances environnementales, en accordant une attention particulière à la neutralité carbone. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais sur le site web de l’OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/68938406-fr
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    The design of presumptive tax regimes (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.59
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La conception des régimes d’imposition forfaitaire
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Presumptive tax regimes, also known as simplified tax regimes, simplify the tax compliance process for micro and small businesses. By reducing tax compliance costs and levying lower tax rates compared to the standard tax system, these regimes aim at encouraging business formalisation and compliance. They are particularly useful in situations where actual taxable income is difficult to quantify as a taxpayer’s tax base is determined using alternative indicators. Although these regimes exist in many tax systems, they vary greatly in their design. This OECD working paper provides an analytical framework for characterising and comparing these regimes. It also highlights key design aspects that deserve further consideration and lists a series of best practices on the design and administration of these regimes.
    DOI: 10.1787/141239bb-en
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    Artificial intelligence and labour market matching (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.284
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Matching ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: While still in its infancy, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in labour market matching, whether by private recruiters, public and private employment services, or online jobs boards and platforms. Applications range from writing job descriptions, applicant sourcing, analysing CVs, chat bots, interview schedulers, shortlisting tools, all the way to facial and voice analysis during interviews. While many tools promise to bring efficiencies and cost savings, they could also improve the quality of matching and jobseeker experience, and even identify and mitigate human bias. There are nonetheless some barriers to a greater adoption of these tools. Some barriers relate to organisation and people readiness, while others reflect concerns about the technology and how it is used, including: robustness, bias, privacy, transparency and explainability. The present paper reviews the literature and some recent policy developments in this field, while bringing new evidence from interviews held with key stakeholders.
    DOI: 10.1787/2b440821-en
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    Assessing the Impact of Russia’s War against Ukraine on Eastern Partner Countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264525313 , 9789264592292 , 9789264995352
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; Armenien ; Aserbaidschan ; Georgien ; Moldawien ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Trade ; Armenia ; Azerbaijan ; Georgia ; Moldova, Republic of ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia’s war against Ukraine is causing a humanitarian, social and economic crisis for the Ukrainian people. The consequences of this full-scale military invasion are disrupting the global supply of commodities, sharply increasing food and energy prices, and threating the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Countries with established commercial and financial ties with the economies of Russia and Ukraine appear to be particularly vulnerable. Assessing the Impact of Russia’s War against Ukraine on Eastern Partner Countries investigates the exposure of Eastern Partner countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine) to the economic shocks caused by the war, and in particular through the impact that the conflict is having on inflation, migration, remittances, investment and trade. This report is published as part of the multi-country project “EU4Business: From Policies to Action – phase 2”, implemented in the Eastern Partnership with the financial support of the European Union within the EU4Business initiative.
    DOI: 10.1787/946a936c-en
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    Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : Nouvelle-Zélande 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264624443 , 9789264909892 , 9789264681828
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (89 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Development Co‑operation Peer Reviews: New Zealand 2023
    Keywords: Development ; New Zealand
    Abstract: Le Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE mène tous les cinq à six ans un examen par les pairs qui passe en revue les efforts de coopération pour le développement de chacun de ses membres. Ces examens visent à améliorer la qualité et l’efficacité de leur coopération pour le développement, en mettant en évidence les bonnes pratiques et en recommandant des améliorations. La Nouvelle-Zélande est un partenaire apprécié dans le Pacifique, principale région bénéficiaire de son aide publique au développement (APD). Sous la responsabilité du ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Commerce, l’attachement à l’appropriation nationale et régionale, les efforts déployés pour intégrer le savoir et les valeurs autochtones, ainsi que les engagements pris pour accroître les financements climatiques témoignent de l’engagement de la Nouvelle-Zélande et de la pertinence de son action. Cet examen par les pairs recommande à la Nouvelle-Zélande de tirer le meilleur parti de l’intégration plus étroite de la politique étrangère et de la politique de développement dans le Pacifique, de renforcer les ressources humaines, de créer les conditions nécessaires à une prise de décision efficace et efficiente, d’améliorer la transparence, de favoriser une meilleure compréhension de la problématique du développement au sein de la population, de promouvoir les liens entre les investissements liés au climat et d’autres priorités, et d’établir un plan pour accroître l’APD, de manière à concrétiser ses objectifs stratégiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/7f5c91cc-fr
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    Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : Islande 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264397316 , 9789264343580 , 9789264577442
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews: Iceland 2023
    Keywords: Development ; Iceland
    Abstract: Le Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE mène tous les cinq à six ans un examen par les pairs qui passe en revue les efforts de coopération pour le développement de chacun de ses membres. Ces examens visent à améliorer la qualité et l’efficacité de leur coopération pour le développement, en mettant en évidence les bonnes pratiques et en recommandant des améliorations. L’Islande adopte, vis-à-vis de ses trois pays partenaires, une approche de long terme pilotée par les partenaires et axée sur la pauvreté, et s’appuie sur ses partenaires multilatéraux pour compléter son portefeuille bilatéral. Elle parvient à faire progresser l’égalité des genres, et de nouveaux accords-cadres conclus avec la société civile ont consolidé ses partenariats. Cet examen par les pairs formule plusieurs recommandations pour aider l’Islande à concentrer sa politique de développement 2024-28 et sa stratégie environnementale et climatique à venir sur un nombre limité de domaines ; tirer parti des hausses récentes de ses volumes d’APD pour élaborer une feuille de route concrète en vue d’atteindre un ratio APD/RNB de 0.7 % ; et adopter une planification stratégique des effectifs pour remédier aux problèmes de ressources humaines. Le Centre GRÓ devrait donner la priorité, dans ses formations, au renforcement des capacités des institutions partenaires et le ministère des Affaires étrangères s’attacher à garantir l’additionnalité et la durabilité lorsqu’il collabore avec le secteur privé.
    DOI: 10.1787/7fe25e56-fr
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    Exploring Norway's Fertility, Work, and Family Policy Trends (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264591424 , 9789264431911 , 9789264648630
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (164 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Fertilität ; Familienpolitik ; Familie-Beruf ; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Norwegen ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Norway
    Abstract: Like other Nordic countries Norway has been investing heavily in family policy to enable combining work and family life. Nevertheless, between 2009 and 2022 the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Norway dropped from 2 children to 1.4 children per woman. What is happening, and why? Can Norwegian parents still reconcile work and family commitments? What role do demographic trends play for the future of the Norwegian society? Should we worry? These are some of the questions that this study addresses. It illustrates various aspects of fertility trends, as well as changes in the Norwegian labour market as well as in Norway’s comprehensive system of public family support. The study also looks at social attitudes and how these might be affecting family formation and fertility trends. The final chapter projects demographic, economic, fiscal and social outcomes under different fertility trend scenarios.
    DOI: 10.1787/f0c7bddf-en
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  • 40
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    International Standards for Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters : Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework and 2023 update to the Common Reporting Standard (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264893955
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (131 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Normes internationales d'échange automatique de renseignements en matière fiscale : Cadre de déclaration des Crypto-actifs et mise à jour 2023 de la Norme commune de déclaration
    Keywords: Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Standardisierung ; Steuer ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation
    Abstract: Since the approval of the Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters in 2014, it has been implemented by jurisdictions and financial institutions across the globe. Taking into account the experience gained and the growing digitalisation of financial markets, a comprehensive review of the Standard was undertaken. As a result, this publication includes the Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF) and amendments to the Common Reporting Standard (CRS), along with associated Commentaries and exchange of information frameworks, as approved by the Committee on Fiscal Affairs, which now collectively represent the International Standards for Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters. The CARF provides for the automatic exchange of tax relevant-information on crypto-assets and was developed to address the rapid growth of the crypto-asset market and to ensure that recent gains in global tax transparency are not gradually eroded. The CRS was amended to bring certain electronic money products and central bank digital currencies in scope. Changes have also been made to ensure that indirect investments in crypto-assets through derivatives and investment vehicles are now covered by the CRS. In addition, amendments have been made to strengthen the due diligence and reporting requirements and to provide a carve-out for genuine non-profit organisations. This publication also includes the OECD Recommendation on the International Standards for Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters, which covers both the CARF and amended CRS.
    DOI: 10.1787/896d79d1-en
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  • 41
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    Development co-operation and the provision of global public goods (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.111
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Öffentliche Güter ; Welt ; Development
    Abstract: This paper looks at the implications for development co-operation of increased spending on global public goods and “bads”. It explores shifts in the narratives and financing priorities of development co-operation providers over recent decades and puts forward key considerations for them on their future role.
    DOI: 10.1787/aff8cba9-en
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  • 42
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    Quels sont les problèmes d’intégration que rencontrent les femmes réfugiées ukrainiennes ? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face aux conséquences de la guerre en Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe What are the integration challenges of Ukrainian refugee women?
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Depuis le début de la guerre d’agression menée par la Russie contre l’Ukraine, la majorité des personnes réfugiées sont des femmes et des enfants. Cette situation pose des problèmes d’intégration d’une nature particulière. Dans la plupart des pays d’accueil, environ 70 % des réfugiés ukrainiens adultes sont des femmes et la plupart d’entre elles sont venues accompagnées de leurs enfants, dont environ 30 % sont mineurs. La plupart des pays de l’OCDE favorisent l’intégration socioéconomique des réfugiées ukrainiennes à l’aide de leurs systèmes existants d’intégration. Toutefois, les mesures d’intégration ont souvent été conçues en se basant sur des profils différents de compétences et une composition femmes/hommes différente des flux de réfugiés, et risquent donc d'affaiblir les résultats à long terme. Dans les pays de l’OCDE, certaines mesures ciblées prometteuses ont été mises en place pour favoriser l’intégration socioéconomique des réfugiées ukrainiennes. Ces mesures comprennent des services de conseil, des possibilités de travail en réseau, des formations et des stages, ainsi que des activités d'entraide à l'échelon local destinées aux femmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/bf7db5c3-fr
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  • 43
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    Applying a Human Rights and Gender Equality Lens to the OECD Evaluation Criteria (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Menschenrechte ; Gleichberechtigung ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Development
    Abstract: This publication responds to the need for practical guidance for evaluators, evaluation managers, and programme staff to incorporate a human rights and gender equality lens into the six OECD evaluation criteria: relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability. It aims to support evaluators and evaluation managers in the design, management and delivery of credible and useful evaluations that assess whether and how interventions contribute to realising human rights and gender equality – both, interventions with explicit human rights related objectives and those without. It also provides broader guidance to programme staff in applying the six criteria with a human rights and gender equality lens at the outset of an intervention and addresses the main considerations and challenges in doing so.
    DOI: 10.1787/9aaf2f98-en
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  • 44
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    Doing green things: skills, reallocation, and the green transition (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1763
    Keywords: Employment ; Economics
    Abstract: The need to rapidly decarbonise economies raises questions about whether countries’ workforces possess the requisite skills to achieve the net zero transition as well as the capacity to redeploy workers from “brown” to “green” jobs. This paper applies a task-based framework to granular data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) and country-specific employment sources to generate new indicators of the green skills structure of labour markets for a large number of OECD countries and non-OECD EU countries. Significant cross-country differences emerge in the underlying supply of green skill and the potential of economies to reallocate brown job workers to green jobs within their broad occupation categories. In a majority of detailed brown occupations, workers have in principle the necessary skills to transition to green jobs, with the exception of those in production occupations, who may require more extensive re-skilling. In contrast, workers from most highly automatable occupations are generally not found to have the sufficient skills to transition to green jobs, suggesting more limited scope for the net-zero transition to reinstate labour displaced by automation.
    DOI: 10.1787/286a5007-en
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  • 45
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    Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results-based Management for Sustainable Development (Second Edition) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264384033
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Glossary defines concepts and terms commonly used in evaluation and results-based management. It provides a shared understanding to support the design, management, monitoring and evaluation of interventions for sustainable development. As a reference document, it is helpful for those commissioning, managing, or conducting evaluations, as well as people involved in strategy or programme development, management and implementation. While originally developed for international development co-operation, the Glossary can be applied in any field of public policy and is also useful for civil society, academia, and other non-state actors. This second edition includes updated content, including new definitions for the widely used evaluation criteria – relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability – endorsed by the OECD Development Assistance Committee in 2019. It also provides minor updates to the original text to reflect current good practice. As concepts and language are constantly evolving, the document will be revisited and updated in due course. This publication also includes a Spanish translation "Glosario de términos clave en evaluación y gestión basada en resultados para el desarrollo durable (Segunda edición)".
    DOI: 10.1787/632da462-en-fr-es
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  • 46
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    Normes internationales d'échange automatique de renseignements en matière fiscale : Cadre de déclaration des Crypto-actifs et mise à jour 2023 de la Norme commune de déclaration (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264432659
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (146 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe International Standards for Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters: Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework and 2023 update to the Common Reporting Standard
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Depuis son approbation en 2014, la Norme d’échange automatique de renseignements relatifs aux comptes financiers en matière fiscale a été mise en œuvre par des juridictions et des institutions financières du monde entier. À la lumière de l’expérience acquise et compte tenu de l’accélération de la transformation numérique des marchés financiers, un examen complet de la Norme a été entrepris. De ce fait, cette publication comprend le Cadre de déclaration des Crypto-actifs (CDC) et les modifications apportées à la Norme commune de déclaration (NCD), ainsi que les Commentaires et les cadres d’échange de renseignements associés, tel qu'approuvé par le Comité des affaires fiscales, qui constituent désormais collectivement les Normes internationales d’échange automatique de renseignements en matière fiscale. Le CDC régit l’échange automatique de renseignements fiscaux sur les Crypto-actifs et a été élaboré en réponse à la croissance rapide du marché des Crypto-actifs et pour éviter que les avancées récemment réalisées en matière de transparence fiscale à l’échelle mondiale ne s’érodent progressivement. La NCD a été modifiée afin d’inclure certains produits de monnaie électronique et certaines monnaies numériques de banque centrale dans son champ d’application. Des modifications ont également été apportées pour faire en sorte que les investissements indirects dans des Crypto-actifs par l’intermédiaire de produits dérivés et de fonds de placement soient désormais couverts par la NCD. D’autres modifications ont en outre été introduites afin de renforcer les obligations de diligence raisonnable et de déclaration et de prévoir une exception pour les entités qui sont de véritables organisations à but non lucratif. Cette publication comprend également la Recommandation de l'OCDE sur les normes internationales d'échange automatique de renseignements en matière fiscale, qui couvre à la fois le CDC et la NCD modifiée.
    DOI: 10.1787/3fb77a0b-fr
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    The Midcareer Opportunity : Meeting the Challenges of an Ageing Workforce (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264377974
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Keywords: Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitskräfte ; Erwerbsverlauf ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Personalmanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment
    Abstract: The world of work is getting older in advanced and an increasing number of emerging economies. Two powerful and persistent trends, longer lifespans and lower birth rates, all but guarantee that midcareer and older workers will make up an even larger portion of the future workforce, with profound implications for our economies, businesses and workers. Are societies adapting quickly enough to cope with ageing at an unprecedented scale? What are some of the key structural barriers, the embedded attitudes and behaviours, that stand in the way of helping midcareer and older workers stay employed longer? What steps can we take to support them as we transition to a more digital and sustainable economy, and make sure that age is no longer a barrier to work? In search of answers, the OECD and Generation, a global employment nonprofit network, teamed up to develop new research based on a survey of thousands of employed and unemployed people, and hiring managers in eight countries: the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Romania, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The evidence presented in this report aims to foster a more inclusive and resilient labour market for workers at all stages of their careers.
    DOI: 10.1787/ed91b0c7-en
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  • 48
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    Innovative agro-food industries in the EU Outermost Regions (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.49
    Keywords: Economics ; Development ; Agriculture and Food ; France ; Portugal ; Spain
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of agro-food value chains in the EU Outermost Regions (EU ORs). It assesses emerging trends, discusses opportunities and challenges, reviews the policy frameworks and tools that can strengthen the beneficial participation of EU ORs in international agro-food value chains, and proposes priority actions. The paper is developed within the framework of the EU-OECD project on Global Outermost Regions.
    DOI: 10.1787/0d615c8d-en
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  • 49
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    Déclaration pays par pays – Recueil 2023 de rapports d'examen par les pairs (version abrégée) : Cadre inclusif sur le BEPS : Action 13 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264770669 , 9789264555068 , 9789264824218
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Projet OCDE/G20 sur l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Country-by-Country Reporting – Compilation of 2023 Peer Review Reports: Inclusive Framework on BEPS: Action 13
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Dans le cadre du standard minimum de l'action 13, les juridictions se sont engagées à favoriser la transparence fiscale en demandant aux plus grands groupes d'entreprises multinationales de fournir la répartition globale de leurs revenus, impôts et autres indicateurs du lieu de l'activité économique. Ces informations sans précédent sur les opérations de ces groupes à travers le monde renforceront les capacités d'évaluation des risques des autorités fiscales. Le standard minimum de l'action 13 a été traduit dans des termes de référence spécifiques et une méthodologie aux fins du processus d'examen par les pairs. L'examen par les pairs du standard minimum de l'action 13 se déroule annuellement, avec déjà cinq revues annuelles effectuées en 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 et 2022. Chaque examen annuel est consacré à différents aspects des trois éléments fondamentaux soumis à examen : le cadre juridique et administratif national, le cadre d'échange de renseignements, ainsi que la confidentialité et l'usage approprié des déclarations pays par pays. Ce rapport annuel d'examen par les pairs reflète les résultats du sixième examen qui a examiné tous les aspects de la mise en œuvre. Il contient l'examen de 136 juridictions qui ont fourni des législations ou des informations relatives à la mise en œuvre de la déclaration pays par pays. Le présent recueil inclut les versions en français des rapports d'examen des pays francophones suivants : la Belgique, le Bénin, le Burkina Faso le Cameroun, le Canada, le Congo, la Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, la France, le Gabon, Haïti, le Luxembourg, le Maroc, Maurice, la Mauritanie, la Principauté de Monaco, la République démocratique du Congo, le Sénégal, les Seychelles, la Suisse, le Togo et la Tunisie.
    DOI: 10.1787/afe7bc49-fr
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  • 50
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    Update to the economic impact assessment of pillar one : OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.66
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: This paper presents an update to the Economic Impact Assessment of Amount A of Pillar One of the Two Pillar Solution to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy. The revised assessment is based on Amount A as detailed in the text of the Multilateral Convention to Implement Amount A of Pillar One. With results extending from 2017 to 2021, the paper details the changes in the design of Amount A as well as updates to the data and methodology of the impact assessment. The paper outlines the impact of Amount A on the allocation of taxing rights and the resulting revenue impacts.
    DOI: 10.1787/7c35a55c-en
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  • 51
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    Transitions to and from formal employment and income dynamics : Evidence from developing economies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.349
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Development ; Indonesia ; Malawi ; Peru ; South Africa
    Abstract: Using panel data for Indonesia, Malawi, Peru and South Africa, this paper investigates the relationship between transitions to formal employment and workers' labour income. It shows that transiting from informal to formal employment increases the probability of improving workers' labour income in both absolute and relative terms. However, income gains from formalisation do not accrue to all workers equally. Switching to formal employment has the greatest potential to improve the labour income of the richest workers. The chances of improving the labour income of the poorest workers through formalisation are slim. Transitions between formal and informal employment affect income gains and losses differently for men and women, older and younger workers, and workers with different levels of schooling. The effects of labour market transitions on income changes are considerably greater in magnitude than other life events such as a births, separation, or death of a partner or spouse.
    DOI: 10.1787/bc186b3b-en
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  • 52
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    The G20 initiative for rural youth employment : A better future for rural youth (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.48
    Keywords: Development ; Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Between 2017 and 2022, G20 members invested over USD 20 billion in 671 projects related to rural youth employment in Africa. The G20 Initiative for Rural Youth Employment (RYE), launched in 2017, overachieved the targets set to provide employment-related skills to 5 million youth and create 1.1 million jobs by 2022. The most common types of interventions were those focused on agriculture value chain development, skills training, and the promotion of entrepreneurship and small and medium-sized businesses. The paper assesses the achievements of the G20 Initiative for RYE, analyses different RYE programmes and provides recommendations for future G20 initiatives and RYE programming. Despite great progress, much remains to be done to tackle rural youth employment challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/ac173afe-en
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  • 53
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    Labour and social policies for the green transition : A conceptual framework (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.295
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Environment
    Abstract: This study sets out a conceptual framework to analyse the impact of climate change and greenhouse gases mitigation efforts on the labour market, migration flows and people's health, as well as the most important policy levers that can cushion potential negative impacts and maximise opportunities from the climate transition.
    DOI: 10.1787/028ffbeb-en
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  • 54
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    The effects of the EU Fit for 55 package on labour markets and the demand for skills (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (86 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.297
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper quantifies changes in employment and the demand for skills in the European Union following the implementation of Fit for 55 policies. Between 2019 and 2030, the economy is projected to grow by 1.3% in the Fit for 55 scenario (3% in a Baseline scenario without the Fit for 55 policies). Employment growth is projected to be lower in the Fit for 55 than the Baseline scenario. Employment in the Fit for 55 scenario is projected to decrease by 3% for blue collar and farm workers (2% in the Baseline) and increase by 4 5% for other occupations (5-6% in the Baseline). The most demanded skills following the implementation of Fit for 55 will be those related to inter personal communication and the use of digital technologies, whereas the demand for skills related to the use of traditional tools and technologies is projected to decline. Anticipating changes in employment and the demand for skills as well as the socio-demographic profile of those most affected can facilitate the design of upskilling and reskilling efforts and promote the reallocation of workers across sectors and occupations.
    DOI: 10.1787/6c16baac-en
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  • 55
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    Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : République tchèque 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264564121 , 9789264882058 , 9789264901209
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews: Czech Republic 2023
    Keywords: Development ; Czechia
    Abstract: Le Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'OCDE mène tous les cinq à six ans un examen par les pairs qui passe en revue les efforts de coopération pour le développement de chacun de ses membres. Ces examens visent à améliorer la qualité et l'efficacité de leur coopération, en mettant en évidence les bonnes pratiques et en recommandant des améliorations. L'aide publique au développement de la République tchèque (Tchéquie), stable à 0,14 % du revenu national brut en moyenne depuis 2016, a bondi à 0,36 % en 2022, principalement en raison des coûts liés à l'accueil des réfugiés ukrainiens. La Tchéquie est reconnue pour son soutien aux droits de l'homme. Sa stratégie de long terme 2018-2030 garantit à la fois prévisibilité et flexibilité. Le rapport souligne son engagement auprès de l'Union européenne et de ses membres et identifie les moyens de renforcer l'apprentissage institutionnel. Alors que la coopération tchèque progresse vers les normes du CAD, cet examen fournit des recommandations pour renforcer sa structure institutionnelle, pour accélérer les progrès vers une action plus cohérente qui lutte explicitement contre pauvreté et/ou les inégalités, et pour construire de meilleurs partenariats.
    DOI: 10.1787/1b11a21e-fr
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  • 56
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    OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews: Czech Republic 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264922662 , 9789264739642 , 9789264480544
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : République tchèque 2023
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Tschechien ; Development ; Czechia
    Abstract: The OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts peer reviews of individual members once every five to six years. Reviews seek to improve the quality and effectiveness of members' development co-operation, highlighting good practices and recommending improvements. The Czech Republic's (Czechia) official development assistance remained stable on average at 0.14% of gross national income since 2016 and jumped to 0.36% in 2022 primarily due to the costs of hosting Ukrainian refugees. Czechia is recognised for its strong support to democratic transition and human rights. Its long-term 2018-2030 strategy ensures predictability and provides for flexibility. The report highlights efforts to engage with the European Union and its members, and identifies opportunities for building institutional learning processes. As the Czech development co-operation continues making progress towards established DAC standards, this peer review provides a set of recommendations to strengthen its institutional set-up to accelerate progress towards a more cohesive portfolio that explicitly addresses poverty and/or inequality, and to build better partnerships with local CSOs and the private sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/eba15a0b-en
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Costa Rica 2023 (version abrégée) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264387836 , 9789264585829 , 9789264486997
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Costa Rica 2023
    Keywords: Energy ; Development ; Environment ; Governance ; Costa Rica
    Abstract: En tant que pays mégadivers, le Costa Rica est connu dans le monde entier pour avoir réussi à inverser la déforestation et à poursuivre un modèle de croissance fondé sur l'utilisation durable de ses ressources environnementales. Cependant, la consommation d'énergie et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre qui en découlent ont augmenté au cours de la dernière décennie. Les voitures particulières sont une source majeure et croissante d'émissions affectant le climat et la qualité de l'air. L'élimination des déchets repose encore sur les décharges et une grande partie des eaux usées n'est pas traitée. Le vaste réseau de zones protégées du Costa Rica et son programme pionnier de paiement pour les services écosystémiques ont contribué à réduire la perte de biodiversité et à accroître la capacité de séquestration du carbone par les forêts. Toutefois, davantage doit être fait pour lutter contre les pressions exercées sur la biodiversité par le développement des infrastructures et des établissements humains, le tourisme, l'agriculture et la pêche. L'ampleur des investissements nécessaires pour atteindre les Objectifs de développement durable exige d'améliorer l'efficacité des dépenses publiques, de mobiliser les financements privés, d'appliquer strictement les réglementations et de fournir des incitations adéquates. Il s'agit du premier Examen des performances environnementales du Costa Rica par l'OCDE. Il évalue les progrès réalisés par le pays en matière de développement durable, avec un chapitre spécial consacré à la biodiversité, et fournit 52 recommandations. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l'évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport.
    DOI: 10.1787/4de36769-fr
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Greenland 2023 (Second Round) : Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264507906
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (135 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Grönland ; Taxation ; Greenland
    Abstract: This publication contains the 2023 Second Round Peer Review on the Exchange of Information on Request for Greenland.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1842f2b-en
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  • 59
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2023 (Second Round) : Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264421332
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (175 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; St. Vincent und die Grenadinen ; Taxation ; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    Abstract: This publication contains the 2023 Second Round Peer Review on the Exchange of Information on Request for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
    DOI: 10.1787/f6d0eaf4-en
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  • 60
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Antigua and Barbuda 2023 (Second Round) : Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264903586
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (231 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Antigua und Barbuda ; Taxation ; Antigua and Barbuda
    Abstract: This publication contains the 2023 Second Round Peer Review on the Exchange of Information on Request for Antigua and Barbuda.
    DOI: 10.1787/df906926-en
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  • 61
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    Minimum wages in a dual labour market : Evidence from the 2019 minimum-wage hike in Spain (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.298
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Spain
    Abstract: This paper provides an assessment of the 2019 minimum-wage hike in Spain, which increased the minimum wage by 22% and directly concerned 7% of dependent employees. The assessment is based on an individual-level analysis that follows the outcomes of workers that were employed in the year before the reform over time. Among directly affected workers, the hike in the minimum wage increased full-time equivalent monthly earnings by on average 5.8% and reduced employment by -0.6%. The wage effects are stronger for workers on open-ended contracts, while the employment effects are stronger for workers on fixed-term contracts.
    DOI: 10.1787/7ff44848-en
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  • 62
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    Bricks, Taxes and Spending : Solutions for Housing Equity across Levels of Government (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264464940 , 9789264449527 , 9789264980433
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (220 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Fiscal Federalism Studies
    Keywords: Wohneigentum ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Grundsteuer ; Einkommensverteilung ; Südkorea ; Norwegen ; USA ; Belgien ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Governance ; Belgium ; Korea, Republic of ; Norway ; United States
    Abstract: This report addresses housing inequities through a series of analytical chapters and case studies. The cross-country chapters examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on housing demand, develop a proposal for a green land value tax, evaluate the dynamics between fiscal autonomy and housing supply responsiveness, as well as explore the drivers of inter-regional migration. The case studies unravel the changes of Korea's progressive national property tax and a programme to address regional imbalances, assess the impact of the US property tax system on housing, dive into Norway's property taxation in relation to inequality, as well as survey Belgium's approaches to housing policy. With a blend of empirical data and critical analysis, the report underscores the pressing need for comprehensive strategies in addressing housing inequities. It also offers insights for policymakers and scholars, highlighting the complex balance between national and local housing policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/7a22f9a6-en
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    Boosting Social Inclusion in Spain : Improving Pathways and Co-ordination of Services (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264339149 , 9789264330764 , 9789264813779
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (176 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Soziale Integration ; Sozialpolitik ; Spanien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Spain
    Abstract: Spain has a high share of the working age population at risk of poverty or social exclusion and a high incidence of child poverty. While Spain has introduced a minimum income at the national level, social inclusion policies are the responsibility of the regions. At present, the coverage of the minimum income remains low and there are many differences in the design and implementation of social inclusion policies across regions, especially as a number of regions do not develop social inclusion strategies. There is also a lack of a multidimensional approach to social inclusion. This report develops options for new inclusion models that address current challenges and help formulate a coherent inclusion strategy. It also sets out a blueprint for developing a monitoring and evaluation framework. The recommendations aim to increase the effectiveness of minimum income policies and strengthen the co-ordination between social services, employment, health and housing.
    DOI: 10.1787/56b604a0-en
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    Rethinking Regional Attractiveness in the New Global Environment (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264959125 , 9789264577633 , 9789264470286
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (151 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Regionalentwicklung ; Standortwettbewerb ; Standortfaktor ; Globalisierung ; Welt ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Ireland ; Italy ; Portugal ; Spain ; Sweden
    Abstract: The Rethinking Regional Attractiveness in the New Global Environment report highlights lessons learned from multiple regional case studies from five EU countries (Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Sweden), additional work with Latin American and Caribbean regions, and a series of webinars and one-on-one dialogues on rethinking regional attractiveness. The OECD's innovative multidimensional approach to assessing regional attractiveness considers global engagement beyond international connections and economic factors alone. The methodology considers more than 50 indicators to develop regional attractiveness profiles covering six domains of attractiveness: economic attraction, connectedness, visitor appeal, natural environment, resident well-being, and land-use and housing. The report helps regional and national policy makers to understand how individual regions fare in a new global environment that continues to deal with the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, compounded by the consequences of Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine and existing megatrends – all of which produce asymmetric impacts within and between countries and regions – and identify the policy levers available to enhance their attractiveness to the international target groups of investors, talent, and visitors. It also considers the need to co-ordinate across levels of government, across policy fields, and with private stakeholders, and highlights good practices to implement regional attractiveness policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/a9448db4-en
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    Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : Pays-Bas 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264978881 , 9789264971202 , 9789264412392
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews: Netherlands 2023
    Keywords: Development ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Le Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'OCDE mène tous les cinq à six ans un examen par les pairs qui passe en revue les efforts de coopération pour le développement de chacun de ses membres. Ces examens visent à améliorer la qualité et l'efficacité de leur coopération, en mettant en évidence les bonnes pratiques et en recommandant des améliorations. Les Pays-Bas continuent de se concentrer sur leurs atouts et conduisent des réformes internes pour un impact durable. Ils maintiennent leur engagement dans les contextes fragiles, avec un financement à long terme et flexible. Le pays est grandement apprécié pour son rôle pionnier dans l'égalité des genres, il soutient fermement les sociétés civiles locales et s'attaque aux effets de son empreinte économique. Cet examen formule des recommandations pour renforcer l'engagement des Pays-Bas dans les pays partenaires par la concrétisation de leur ambition en faveur d'un développement mené au niveau local, leurs efforts pour adapter leur approche thématique à chaque contexte et la définition plus précise de leur appétence pour le risque. L'inversion de la baisse des budgets est une réalisation importante, mais il faudra gérer l'effet des dépenses consacrées aux réfugiés dans le pays sur le programme néerlandais de développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/f1487cdf-fr
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    Prevention of Tax Treaty Abuse – Fifth Peer Review Report on Treaty Shopping : Inclusive Framework on BEPS: Action 6 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264575349 , 9789264989726 , 9789264919990
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (319 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Prévention de l’utilisation abusive des conventions fiscales – Cinquième rapport d’examen par les pairs sur le chalandage fiscal : Cadre Inclusif sur le BEPS : Action 6
    Keywords: Doppelbesteuerung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; OECD-Staaten ; G20-Staaten ; Taxation
    Abstract: Under the BEPS Action 6 minimum standard on treaty shopping, members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS have committed to strengthen their tax treaties by implementing anti-abuse measures. This report reflects the outcome of the fifth peer review of the implementation of the BEPS Action 6 minimum standard on treaty shopping. It includes the aggregate results of the review and data on tax treaties concluded by the members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS as of 31 May 2022, as well as jurisdictional sections which contain detailed information for each member jurisdiction.
    DOI: 10.1787/9afac47c-en
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    Statistiques de l’impôt sur les sociétés, quatrième édition (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264920354
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Corporate Tax Statistics, Fourth Edition
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Statistiques de l'impôt sur les sociétés est une publication phare de l'OCDE sur l'impôt sur les sociétés, et comprend des informations sur l'impôt sur les sociétés, l'activité des entreprises multinationales, et les pratiques d'érosion de la base d'imposition et de transfert de bénéfices (BEPS). Cette publication comprend des données sur les taux d'imposition des sociétés, les recettes, les taux d'imposition effectifs et les incitations fiscales à la R&D et l'innovation, entre autres séries de données. Les Statistiques de l'impôt sur les sociétés comprennent également des données anonymes et agrégées pays par pays qui donnent un aperçu des activités fiscales et économiques de milliers de groupes d'entreprises multinationales opérant dans le monde entier. Statistiques de l'impôt sur les sociétés a été un résultat clé de l'Action 11 du projet BEPS de l'OCDE/G20, qui visait à améliorer la mesure et le suivi de l'évasion fiscale. Cette quatrième édition de la base de données contient une expansion des données anonymes et agrégées pays par pays ainsi que, pour la première fois, des informations sur les taux de retenue à la source standard pour les juridictions membres de l'OCDE et du Cadre inclusif.
    DOI: 10.1787/fbd6ce01-fr
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    Policy Guide on Legal Frameworks for the Social and Solidarity Economy (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264380394 , 9789264906037 , 9789264741188
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (131 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Keywords: Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: The Policy Guide on Legal Frameworks for the Social and Solidarity Economy aims to support countries, regions and cities wishing to use legal frameworks as an appropriate lever to develop conducive social and solidarity economy (SSE) ecosystems. Building on data and information as well as good practice examples from over 33 countries, it provides step-by-step guidance, success factors and "pitfalls to avoid" to help policy makers i) assess why and when legal frameworks for the SSE are needed; ii) select legal options and involve stakeholders; iii) evaluate the performance of laws, and, iv) foster international peer learning on this topic. The guide also capitalises on learnings from the scoping paper on Legal frameworks for the social and solidarity economy, prepared as part of the OECD Global Action “Promoting Social and Solidarity Economy Ecosystems”, funded by the European Union’s Foreign Partnership Instrument and Designing Legal Frameworks for Social Enterprises: Practical Guidance for Policy Makers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9c228f62-en
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Nicaragua 2023 (Second Round) : Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264613348
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (132 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Nicaragua ; Taxation ; Nicaragua
    Abstract: This publication presents the results of the Second Round Peer Review on the Exchange of Information on Request for Nicaragua.
    DOI: 10.1787/5caa2288-en
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  • 70
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    Les défis fiscaux soulevés par la numérisation de l'économie – Règles globales anti-érosion de la base d’imposition (Pilier Deux) : Cadre inclusif sur le BEPS (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264322714
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Projet OCDE/G20 sur l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Tax Challenges Arising from Digitalisation of the Economy – Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (Pillar Two): Inclusive Framework on BEPS
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Steuerliche Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung der Wirtschaft – GloBE-Mustervorschriften (Säule 2): Inclusive Framework on BEPS
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Une partie essentielle du projet OCDE/G20 sur l’érosion de la base d’imposition et le transfert de bénéfices (BEPS) consiste à relever les défis fiscaux soulevés par la numérisation de l'économie. En octobre 2021, plus de 135 juridictions ont adopté un plan novateur visant à mettre à jour les éléments clés du système fiscal international qui n'est plus adapté à l'économie mondialisée et numérisée. Les règles globales anti-érosion de la base d’imposition (règles GloBE) sont un élément clé de ce plan et garantissent que les grandes entreprises multinationales paient un niveau minimum d'impôt sur les revenus générés dans chacune des juridictions où elles opèrent. Plus précisément, les règles GloBE prévoient un système d'imposition coordonné qui prélève un impôt complémentaire sur les bénéfices réalisés dans une juridiction lorsque le taux d'imposition effectif, déterminé sur une base juridictionnelle, est inférieur au taux minimum. Le présent rapport délimite le champ d'application et présente les dispositions opérationnelles et les définitions des règles GloBE. Ces règles ont vocation à être mises en œuvre dans le cadre d'une approche commune et à être introduites dans la législation nationale à partir de 2022.
    DOI: 10.1787/9464d0c4-fr
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    Living wages in context : A comparative analysis for OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities no.13
    Keywords: Mindestlohn ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: At a time of rising cost of living, wide wage inequalities and widespread in-work poverty, the demand for a living wage has heightened. The concept of a “living wage” has some limitations, including that it is operationalised in a variety of ways. This variety may serve the purpose of making it a more relevant instrument, typically by providing information on the cost of living that firms and social partners may embed in their wage-setting processes; however, the variety can also increase a lack of transparency. The paper reviews some of the most common methodologies, by identifying points of convergence and divergence. Living wage estimates produced by the Fair Wage Network are then put into context by benchmarking them against internationally comparable wage metrics and poverty lines. Finally, the paper presents a number of critical steps to strengthen the concept of a living wage. This paper does not assess the economic cost or feasibility of living wages, not at the firm level or at the broader industry and economy level. This paper advises using the living wage as one of the pieces of information that – when properly contextualised – could inform wage negotiations and wage policies set in consultation with social partners.
    DOI: 10.1787/2e622174-en
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  • 72
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    Funding Civil Society in Partner Countries : Toolkit for Implementing the DAC Recommendation on Enabling Civil Society in Development Co-operation and Humanitarian Assistance (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Zivilgesellschaft ; Nichtregierungsorganisation ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Development
    Abstract: This toolkit offers practical guidance to adherents to the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Recommendation on Enabling Civil Society in Development Co-operation and Humanitarian Assistance. It helps them implement the Recommendation’s provisions pertaining to strengthening local ownership and partner-country civil society as independent development and humanitarian actors.
    DOI: 10.1787/9ea40a9c-en
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  • 73
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    Reform Options for Lithuanian Climate Neutrality by 2050 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264322356 , 9789264699427 , 9789264654907
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (213 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Klimaneutralität ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Litauen ; Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Lithuania
    Abstract: This report presents policy reform options to support Lithuania in meeting its climate neutrality target. It takes stock of Lithuania’s current and planned climate policies and assesses their potential for meeting the country’s climate ambitions. The report details the results of modelling carried out to assess the effectiveness of different policy scenarios, an analysis of carbon pricing and the role of innovation, an assessment of financial needs in the transition to net zero, and an analysis of the distributional implications of carbon pricing. Bringing together these findings the report offers recommendations for policy reform, highlighting the importance of setting price signals complemented by innovation support, as well as the potential of revenue recycling options in alleviating distributional concerns.
    DOI: 10.1787/0d570e99-en
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    Living wages in practice (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Insights on Well-being, Inclusion and Equal Opportunity no.8
    Keywords: Mindestlohn ; Niedriglohn ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: At a time of rising cost of living, wide wage inequalities and widespread in-work poverty, the demand for a living wage has heightened. This Policy Insights introduces and contextualises the concept of a living wage. It also highlights the key measurement assumptions and criteria that underlie the calculations of a living wage and calls for greater clarity and consistency in existing methodologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/699b3f9b-en
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  • 75
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    “Who does what” for active labour market policies : A zoom on the role of subnational governments (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/09
    Keywords: Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This paper maps “who does what” across levels of government in OECD countries in relation to active labour market policies (ALMPs), with a focus on the role of subnational governments. It highlights recent reforms in the multi-level governance of ALMPs in a number of countries, and shows that in about two out of five OECD countries, subnational governments have some type of formal competences for delivering ALMPs. It also shows other ways subnational governments are commonly involved in such policies. This includes delivering their own labour market programmes, often targeted to those farthest from the labour market or facing multiple barriers to employment. Finally, it considers some of the benefits and drawbacks of more decentralised approaches to ALMPs and offers some general principles for managing these trade-offs across different types of governance systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/d8d6868d-en
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  • 76
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    OECD Skills Strategy Bulgaria : Assessment and Recommendations (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264469273 , 9789264775930 , 9789264835030
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (241 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Qualifikation ; Bulgarien ; Education ; Employment ; Bulgaria
    Abstract: Skills are the key to shaping a better future and central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels and new sets of skills. OECD Skills Strategy projects provide a strategic and comprehensive approach to assess countries’ skills challenges and opportunities and help them build more effective skills systems. The OECD works collaboratively with countries to develop policy responses that are tailored to each country’s specific skills needs. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy Framework, which allows for an exploration of what countries can do better to: 1) develop relevant skills over the life course; 2) use skills effectively in work and in society; and 3) strengthen the governance of the skills system. This report, OECD Skills Strategy Bulgaria: Assessment and Recommendations, identifies opportunities and makes recommendations to improve youth skills, improve adult skills, use skills effectively in the labour market and at work, and improve the governance of the skills system in Bulgaria.
    DOI: 10.1787/c2eb2f34-en
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  • 77
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    Beyond Applause? Improving Working Conditions in Long-Term Care (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264646094 , 9789264658349 , 9789264445581
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (202 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Au-delà des applaudissements ? Améliorer les conditions de travail dans le secteur des soins de longue durée (version abrégée)
    Keywords: Häusliche Pflege ; Arbeitsbedingungen ; Pflegeberufe ; Pflegefinanzierung ; Pflegeversicherung ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report presents an in-depth cross-country analysis of how long-term care workers fare along the different dimensions of job quality. In the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, the applause for care workers was a clear expression of the strong recognition of their hard work and exposure to risks in their job. However, as the applause faded after the peak of the crisis, questions have re-emerged about how to improve the working conditions of long-term care workers in a sustainable way. Over the coming decades, the demand for these workers will increase substantially. Several countries are already facing shortages as the large baby-boom generation joins the older population. To go Beyond Applause, a comprehensive policy strategy is needed to tackle poor working conditions and insufficient social recognition of long-term care work, attract workers in the sector and avoid labour shortages reaching unacceptable levels. Such a strategy should cover several dimensions, with different priorities across countries depending on their specific context, including: direct interventions to raise wages and increase staff requirements; increasing public financing and fostering the leading role by governments; supporting collective bargaining and social dialogue; strengthening training; increasing use of new technologies; and, strengthening health prevention policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/27d33ab3-en
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  • 78
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: United States 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273498 , 9789264665484 , 9789264580060
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (169 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; USA ; Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Development ; United States ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The United States, the world’s largest economy, has made progress in reducing several environmental pressures while maintaining one of the highest Gross Domestic Products per capita in the world. It has decoupled emissions of greenhouse gases, air pollutants, water abstractions and domestic material consumption from economic and population growth. However, high consumption levels, intensive agricultural practices, climate change and urban sprawl continue to put pressure on the natural environment. Despite the recent acceleration of action to address climate change, further efforts are needed to achieve the goal of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The United States is also among the major contributors to marine litter with serious consequences for communities and the environment. The review provides 30 recommendations to help the United States improve its environmental performance, with a special focus on marine litter and a cross-cutting focus on environmental justice. This is the third Environmental Performance Review of the United States. It provides an independent, evidence-based evaluation of the country’s environmental performance over the past decade.
    DOI: 10.1787/47675117-en
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  • 79
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    Cost and uptake of income-based tax incentives for R&D and innovation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2023/03
    Keywords: Taxation ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Despite the increasing adoption of income-based tax incentives for R&D and innovation in the OECD area and beyond, evidence on the availability, design, generosity and actual cost of these incentives remains scarce. This report helps fill this gap by documenting government efforts to provide preferential tax treatment of economic outputs of innovation activities. Drawing on the responses of national contact points to the OECD KNOWINTAX surveys carried out in 2020 and 2021, it presents new evidence on the cost (foregone tax revenues) and uptake of income-based-tax incentives by businesses in 2019, and tracks their distribution by firm size and industry and their evolution over the 2000-2019 period.
    DOI: 10.1787/4f531faf-en
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  • 80
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    Adolescent Education and Pre-Employment Interventions in Australia : Keeping Young People in Education, Employment and Training (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264854642 , 9789264360174 , 9789264894907
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (130 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; Jugendliche ; Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Australien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia
    Abstract: About one in ten young people in Australia are neither in employment, education or training (NEET), a factor that may lower their long-term economic prospects and threaten their well-being. Individuals who did not graduate from upper secondary education, who have health limitations, or who are Indigenous are over-represented in this group. Preventative policies and interventions targeted at adolescents in their early- to mid-teens can reduce the share of young people out of employment, education and training. This report explores what is known about the potential preventative impact of educational and pre-employment interventions on later NEET status and presents a range of policies and initiatives from across the OECD that can reduce the NEET probability among key at-risk populations. The report covers interventions to prevent early school leaving and to promote student engagement and motivation; to strengthen career education, career guidance and employer engagement; and to improve the perception of the vocational education and training (VET) system and the learning of VET students. The report also provides recommendations on improving the monitoring and evaluation of youth policies in general and policies to keep young people in employment, education and training in particular.
    DOI: 10.1787/7bf19171-en
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  • 81
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    Design features of income-based tax incentives for R&D and innovation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.60
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Tax incentives that provide preferential tax treatment to the incomes arising from research and development (R&D) and innovation activities, such as intellectual property regimes, have become widespread in recent years. This paper describes the key design features of tax incentives available in 49 member countries of the Inclusive Framework on BEPS (IF), covering all OECD countries and EU countries. It outlines differences in the design of such incentives that may translate into differences in the tax benefits offered. The information collected and reported in this paper is a first step towards a more systematic comparison of tax support policies for R&D and Innovation.
    DOI: 10.1787/a5346119-en
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  • 82
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    OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews: Iceland 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264354050 , 9789264864047 , 9789264415751
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Examens de l'OCDE sur la coopération pour le développement : Islande 2023
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Island ; Development ; Iceland ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts peer reviews of individual members once every five to six years. Reviews seek to improve the quality and effectiveness of members’ development co-operation, highlighting good practices and recommending improvements. Iceland adopts a partner-led, poverty-focused and long-term approach with its three partner countries and relies on multilateral partners to complement its bilateral portfolio. Iceland successfully advances gender equality and new framework agreements with civil society have strengthened partnerships. This peer review provides a set of recommendations for Iceland to remain focused in its 2024-28 development co-operation policy and forthcoming environment and climate strategy, build on recent official development assistance (ODA) volume increases to develop a concrete roadmap towards 0.7% GNI as ODA, and adopt a strategic workforce plan to address human resource constraints. It recommends that GRÓ training programmes prioritise strengthening partner institutions’ capacity and that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs works to ensure additionality and sustainability when engaging with the private sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/a1552817-en
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  • 83
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    Global Perspectives on Triangular Co-operation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264419957 , 9789264741379 , 9789264650299
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Islamic Development Bank ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Islamische Staaten ; Development
    Abstract: The world is marked by multiple crises and challenges that transcend borders and require not only local but global solutions. Only by working together and bridging divides and differences can countries address these challenges and drive a sustainable development future for all. This report by the OECD and the Islamic Development Bank demonstrates triangular co-operation's relevance for delivering progress on sustainable development. In particular, it stresses its innovative approach to diplomacy, and its ability to bring together different stakeholders from across the global south and north in trusting partnerships that leverage the expertise, knowledge and resources of all partners. The report also examines the current global trends in the use of triangular co-operation, explores how to strengthen national ecosystems to support its effective delivery, and highlights how triangular co-operation can contribute to addressing climate change and biodiversity loss, with a specific focus on small island developing states.
    DOI: 10.1787/29e2cbc0-en
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  • 84
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    Rafforzare il partenariato e la cooperazione internazionale in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italia (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Italian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (77 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Enhancing international partnership and co-operation in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Governance ; France ; Italy ; Spain
    Abstract: La cooperazione internazionale allo sviluppo sta transitando da un modello tradizionale incentrato sullo scambio unilaterale tra donatore e beneficiario a un approccio fondato sul partenariato, che sempre più spesso coinvolge anche regioni e città. Il Friuli Venezia Giulia, una piccola regione dell'Italia nord-orientale che gode di un'ampia autonomia politica, è attivo da tempo nella cooperazione internazionale e ambisce a ottenere maggiori benefici dalle sue iniziative, sia per la comunità regionale che per i partner con cui coopera a livello internazionale. Questo studio analizza la sua strategia sul partenariato e la cooperazione internazionale e propone raccomandazioni per un suo rafforzamento. Tra queste spicca l'invito a concentrare le risorse su iniziative che sfruttino le aree di specializzazione regionale per ottenere un maggiore impatto nei paesi partner e a livello locale.
    DOI: 10.1787/4195c067-it
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  • 85
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    Refugees and internally displaced persons in development planning : No-one left behind? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.47
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: This paper provides a factual baseline of the extent to which refugees and internally displaced persons are included in development planning, specifically in the national development plans and sector plans of low- and middle-income countries; in the international development co-operation strategies of Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members and participants; and in the UN Sustainable Development Cooperation Frameworks of the UN development system at country level. It contributes to measuring progress towards commitments – under the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) and the UN Action Agenda on Internal Displacement – to treat forced displacement also as a development issue. Finally, it formulates policy recommendations to further improve the inclusion of the forcibly displaced in development planning.
    DOI: 10.1787/08c021b0-en
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  • 86
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    Production transformation policy review of Bangladesh : investing in the future of a trading nation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264776869 , 9789264706255 , 9789264479456
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 139 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD development pathways
    Keywords: Productive Capacities ; Structural Transformation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Bangladesh ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Half a century after independence, Bangladesh has achieved impressive progress. The country has transformed from one of the poorest nations into a global textile manufacturing hub capable of meeting its medical needs almost entirely through domestic pharmaceutical production. The country will graduate from the least developed country (LDC) category in 2026 and aspires to be a high-income nation through industrialisation by 2041. Meeting this challenge requires accelerating economic transformation through diversification and innovation. This Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR), implemented with the support and collaboration of the European Union (EU), and in partnership with the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), identifies concrete options for supporting Bangladesh's development. It calls for leveraging digitalisation to address persistent fragilities and it advocates for a new pact based on shared responsibilities between the national government, the private sector and international partners to shift to a new development phase and ensure sustainable, smooth and irreversible graduation.
    DOI: 10.1787/8b925b06-en
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  • 87
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    A time series perspective on income-based tax support for R&D and innovation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.62
    Keywords: Taxation ; Science and Technology ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The use of tax incentives that provide preferential tax treatment to the incomes arising from research and development (R&D) and innovation activities, such as intellectual property regimes, has accelerated over the last two decades. The globalisation of R&D together with the greater mobility of intangible income may have contributed to the rise in such incentives to attract and retain R&D and innovation activity while preventing the transfer of taxable base to other countries. This paper documents the changes to the availability and design of income-based tax incentives from 2000 onwards for 48 countries, including all OECD countries and EU countries. Building on this, the paper analyses trends in the generosity of income-based tax support over time by building indicators of effective tax rates that can provide insights into the impact of Action 5 of the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project.
    DOI: 10.1787/dae3cd5c-en
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  • 88
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    Making renewable energies drivers of competitiveness in the EU Outermost Regions (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.52
    Keywords: Development ; France ; Portugal ; Spain
    Abstract: This paper provides a snapshot of the development of renewable energies in the European Union Outermost Regions (EU ORs), focusing on their potential to contribute to the green transition while creating sustainable economic development opportunities. It reviews the policy frameworks and tools in place in EU ORs with respect to renewable energies, and provides specific policy recommendations. The paper is developed within the framework of the EU-OECD project on Global Outermost Regions.
    DOI: 10.1787/6169e85d-en
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  • 89
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    How does corporate taxation affect business investment? : Evidence from aggregate and firm-level data (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1765
    Keywords: Economics ; Taxation
    Abstract: Business investment in OECD countries has remained weak, in particular since the 2008 global financial crisis. At the same time, the cost of capital has significantly and steadily decreased over the last thirty years, reflecting a fall in both interest rates and corporate tax rates. This raises the question of whether business investment still responds to the cost of capital and thus whether corporate tax policy can support investment. This paper analyses trends in business investment and in the cost of capital in OECD countries over the past three decades. Then, it investigates empirically the sensitivity of business investment to corporate taxation, and how this sensitivity varies across firm, investment and tax-design characteristics. Panel regressions at the firm and industry levels confirm that business investment rates are negatively related to corporate taxation, measured by country-level forward-looking effective tax rates. However, the tax sensitivity of business investment has fallen significantly since the global financial crisis. It also differs significantly across firms, assets, and corporate tax design characteristics. Overall, the estimation results suggest that a nuanced and granular approach to corporate tax policy, accounting for heterogeneity in tax sensitivity, is needed to support investment effectively. The paper discusses possible policy options, including the reduction of non-profit taxes, the use of targeted corporate income tax instruments, and the use of more generous capital allowances where they may induce strong investment responses.
    DOI: 10.1787/04e682d7-en
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  • 90
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    Emerging trends in AI skill demand across 14 OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.2
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report analyses the demand for positions that require skills needed to develop or work with AI systems across 14 OECD countries between 2019 and 2022. It finds that, despite rapid growth in the demand for AI skills, AI-related online vacancies comprised less than 1% of all job postings and were predominantly found in sectors such as ICT and Professional Services. Skills related to Machine Learning were the most sought after. The US-focused part of the study reveals a consistent demand for socio-emotional, foundational, and technical skills across all AI employers. However, leading firms – those who posted the most AI jobs – exhibited a higher demand for AI professionals combining technical expertise with leadership, innovation, and problem-solving skills, underscoring the importance of these competencies in the AI field.
    DOI: 10.1787/7c691b9a-en
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  • 91
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    Production Transformation Policy Review : Spotlight on Guadeloupe's Internationalisation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264979000 , 9789264390928 , 9789264848375
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Globalisierung ; Kleine Inselentwicklungsländer ; Guadeloupe ; Economics ; Energy ; Development ; France
    Abstract: Located in the Caribbean Sea, Guadeloupe is a French Overseas Department and a European Outermost Region in search of a more sustainable economic development pathway. In support of that endeavour, this Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR) Spotlight looks at the region's opportunities and challenges, identifying priority actions in several areas, including the bio- and circular economy, creative sectors and renewable energies. The Spotlight enriches our understanding of the diversity of development pathways, including those of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). It is the result of an extensive peer-review process involving public and private stakeholders from Colombia, Caribbean countries and other EU outermost regions.
    DOI: 10.1787/ac8c5b0d-en
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  • 92
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Lesotho 2023 (Second Round, Phase 1) : Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264935662
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Lesotho ; Taxation ; Lesotho
    Abstract: This publication contains the 2023 Second Round Peer Review on the Exchange of Information on Request for Lesotho. It refers to Phase 1 only (Legal and Regulatory Framework).
    DOI: 10.1787/cd387436-en
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  • 93
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    Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Seychelles 2023 (Second Round, Supplementary Report) : Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264608498
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (123 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Seychellen ; Taxation ; Seychelles
    Abstract: This publication contains the 2023 Second Round Supplementary Peer Review on the Exchange of Information on Request for the Seychelles.
    DOI: 10.1787/ddc3d41d-en
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  • 94
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    Formes urbaines et changement climatique en Afrique (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Notes ouest-africaines no.40
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe City shapes and climate change in Africa
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development
    Abstract: L'Afrique connaît une transition urbaine et climatique sans précédent. Si certaines conditions sont réunies, une plus grande compacité urbaine pourrait contribuer à améliorer la qualité de vie, la résilience, et la durabilité au cours des prochaines décennies. S'appuyant sur des outils novateurs et de nouvelles données, cette analyse remédie à certaines lacunes en présentant des mesures de la compacité et d'autres variables des formes urbaines pour près de 5 625 agglomérations urbaines du continent. Même si l'urbanisation reste souvent un phénomène non planifié et non coordonné, une tendance prometteuse se dessine : les mégalopoles (plus de 4 millions d'habitants) sont en moyenne plus compactes que les grandes villes (1 million à 4 millions d'habitants) et celles de taille intermédiaire (50 000 à 1 million d'habitants) . Les agglomérations moins compactes présentent des bâtiments plus petits, une forme urbaine plate et basse, un centre moins dense (reflétant une utilisation peu optimale de l'espace) et une structure polycentrique (plusieurs centres, par opposition à une ville monocentrique). Cette note analyse les conséquences d'une moindre compacité urbaine en termes de durabilité et de qualité de vie, soulignant des besoins d'énergie plus élevés, une moindre accessibilité aux services et opportunités, des espaces urbains où il est moins facile de se déplacer à pied et où la dépendance à l'automobile est plus forte, ainsi qu'une plus grande pollution de l'air extérieur. Elle examine également les compromis potentiels en termes de résilience; une plus grande compacité peut résulter en la perte d'espaces verts et donc en plus grandes effets d'îlot de chaleur urbain. Elle identifie enfin les options susceptibles d'améliorer, dans les années à venir, la résilience incluant le suivi-évaluation des progrès.
    DOI: 10.1787/505381c7-fr
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  • 95
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    Enhancing international partnership and co-operation in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/17
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Rafforzare il partenariato e la cooperazione internazionale in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italia
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Governance ; France ; Italy ; Spain
    Abstract: In recent years, international development co-operation has undergone a transition from a conventional donor-recipient model to a partnership-centred approach, including with regions and cities. Friuli Venezia Giulia, a small region in north-eastern Italy with extensive policy autonomy, has been active in international co-operation and is seeking to get more out of its actions both for the region and with its co-operation partners around the world. This paper evaluates its strategy on international partnership and co-operation and proposes recommendations, including more targeted initiatives that leverage the expertise of the region for greater impact in partner countries and for local benefits.
    DOI: 10.1787/61e7fe2a-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 96
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    The taxation of labour vs. capital income : A focus on high earners (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Taxation Working Papers no.65
    Keywords: Employment ; Taxation
    Abstract: This working paper presents novel analysis comparing in a consistent way the tax treatment of labour and capital income across OECD countries, through stylised effective tax rates (ETRs). It shows that dividend income and capital gains are generally subject to lower ETRs than wage income at the personal level. In many countries, capital income is also tax-favoured even when considering taxes paid by both firms and individuals, although the gap between labour and capital income taxation tends to be smaller than when considering only personal-level taxes. The gap between ETRs on labour and capital income varies between countries and grows with income levels in some. The paper highlights that differential tax treatment of labour and capital income can affect the efficiency and equity of tax systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/04f8d936-en
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  • 97
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    Unemployment benefit reforms to support employment and inclusiveness in the United States : Impacts of the Pandemic Unemployment Assistance (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.296
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment
    Abstract: This paper analyses the impact of Pandemic Unemployment Assistance (PUA) extensions on jobseeker households in selected US states and examines how these extensions compare to the pre-pandemic policies. The analysis finds that PUA extensions increase benefit duration for all jobseekers, but due to interactions between other government benefits, this translates to significant increases in benefit generosity only for jobseekers without children. This has an impact on the financial incentives to take up employment, although incentives are still above the OECD average. PUA extensions have little impact for people who have been unemployed for a very long time, and jobseekers with no recent contribution history. PUA extensions also have minimal impact on jobless families with children who continue to receive less support compared to other OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/a2f9156d-en
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  • 98
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    Country-by-Country Reporting – Compilation of 2023 Peer Review Reports : Inclusive Framework on BEPS: Action 13 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264336490 , 9789264363779 , 9789264954922
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (248 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Déclaration pays par pays – Recueil 2023 de rapports d'examen par les pairs (version abrégée) : Cadre inclusif sur le BEPS : Action 13
    Keywords: Konfliktregelung ; Internationales Steuerrecht ; Steuervermeidung ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; G20-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation
    Abstract: Under the Action 13 Minimum Standard, jurisdictions have committed to foster tax transparency by requesting the largest multinational enterprise groups (MNE Groups) to provide the global allocation of their income, taxes and other indicators of the location of economic activity. This unprecedented information on MNE Groups' operations across the world has boosted tax authorities' risk-assessment capabilities. The Action 13 Minimum Standard was translated into specific terms of reference and a methodology for the peer review process. The peer review of the Action 13 Minimum Standard has completed five annual reviews in 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022. These cover the three key areas under review: the domestic legal and administrative framework, the exchange of information framework, and the confidentiality and appropriate use of Country-by-Country (CbC) reports. This sixth annual peer review report reflects the outcome of the sixth review which considered all aspects of implementation. It contains the review of 136 jurisdictions which provided legislation or information pertaining to the implementation of CbC Reporting.
    DOI: 10.1787/21bd1938-en
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  • 99
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    Building a Skilled Cyber Security Workforce in Latin America : Insights from Chile, Colombia and Mexico (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264392083 , 9789264433953 , 9789264946637
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (111 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: IT-Berufe ; Datensicherheit ; IT-Kriminalität ; Qualifikation ; Fachkräfte ; Lateinamerika ; Kolumbien ; Mexiko ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Chile ; Colombia ; Mexico
    Abstract: As societies become increasingly digital, the importance of cyber security has grown significantly for individuals, companies, and nations. The rising number of cyber attacks surpasses the existing defense capabilities, partly due to a shortage of skilled cyber security professionals. This report delves into the analysis of the demand for cyber security experts in Latin America, using information from online job postings in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. The analysis investigates recent trends in job demand for various cyber security roles, the geographical distribution of cyber security job postings, and the evolving skill requirements in this field. Additionally, the report focuses on the supply side by examining the landscape of cyber security education and training programmes in Colombia. It explores the different types of programmes offered in vocational and higher education, the characteristics of learners enrolled in these programmes, and their outcomes. Lastly, the report examines policies and initiatives implemented in Colombia to enhance the accessibility and relevance of cyber security education and training programmes. This report is part of a broader initiative that examines the evolution of policies and experiences in the cyber security profession around the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/9400ab5c-en
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  • 100
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    Estudio multidimensional de la República Dominicana : Hacia un mayor bienestar (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264626812 , 9789264592452 , 9789264457225
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (314 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Caminos de Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Multi-dimensional Review of the Dominican Republic: Towards Greater Well-being for All
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Taxation ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Dominican Republic
    Abstract: La República Dominicana ha experimentado importantes avances socioeconómicos en las últimas décadas. El país ha sido una de las principales economías de América Latina y el Caribe en términos de crecimiento económico, alcanzando el estatus de economía de ingreso medio-alto en 2011. Sin embargo, los avances en las diferentes dimensiones del bienestar han sido insuficientes. En particular, las disparidades socioeconómicas y territoriales siguen siendo importantes, y las instituciones públicas aún enfrentan desafíos relevantes. Para que la República Dominicana avance en una senda de desarrollo más inclusivo y sostenible, es necesario abordar tres dimensiones críticas. En primer lugar, proporcionar empleos de calidad para todos, con especial énfasis en impulsar la formalización y la transformación productiva. En segundo lugar, movilizar más financiamiento público y privado para el desarrollo, con sistemas fiscales más progresivos y eficaces, un gasto público más eficiente, y mercados de capitales más profundos. En tercer lugar, acelerar la transformación digital para impulsar la productividad, mejorar la inclusión y apoyar la creación de empleo.
    DOI: 10.1787/8044a9c9-es
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