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  • Online Resource  (166)
  • Paris : OECD  (140)
  • Cheltenham, U.K : Edward Elgar
  • Economics  (166)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    In-depth Analysis and Recommendations (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264302549
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (179 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Multi-Dimensional Review of Panama volume 2
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Series Statement: Multi-dimensional review of Panama
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Multi-dimensional review of Panama ; Volume 2: In-depth analysis and recommendations
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Multi-dimensional review of Panama ; Volume 2: In-depth analysis and recommendations
    Keywords: Panama Economic conditions ; Panama Economic policy ; Congresses ; Panama Social conditions ; Congresses ; Panama Economic policy ; Electronic books ; Education ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Development ; Economics ; Panama
    Abstract: Panama has achieved socio-economic improvements in recent decades thanks to strong economic growth and consequent poverty reduction. Its growth model is characterised by a dual economy in which a small number of activities, including those related to the Canal and Special Economic Zones, have exhibited high productivity growth but limited job creation. Panama should now embark on a new reform agenda to become a sustainable and inclusive high-income country. This report urges greater productivity in sectors that contribute to job formalisation to reduce disparities in income and among regions. As developing these policies requires further resources, taxation system and private sector involvement through public-private partnerships should also be reinforced. Focusing on skills and jobs, regional development and development financing, the volume provides analysis and recommendations on three areas which are key for Panama.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264302549-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Skills strategy implementation guidance for Portugal : strengthening the adult-learning System (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264298705
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (185 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD skills studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Skills strategy implementation guidance for Portugal
    Keywords: Erwachsenenbildung ; Portugal ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Portugal ; Portugal ; Erwachsenenbildung
    Abstract: Raising skills is critical to Portugal’s economic success and social well-being. As globalisation and digitalisation are transforming how people work, how societies function and how individuals interact, Portugal needs to equip its entire population with strong skills so that they can benefit from new opportunities. Portugal has put education and skills at the forefront of the political agenda for many years, but more than half of adults have not completed upper secondary education. With the population ageing rapidly and a growing skills divide between generations, Portugal needs to further strengthen its adult-learning system. To make change happen, Portugal will need a clear vision for the adult-learning system and a strong partnership between all stakeholders – all levels of government, education and training providers, employers, trade unions, the non-profit sector and learners. This report outlines areas where the accessibility, flexibility and quality of the adult-learning system can be improved, where governance and financing mechanisms can be strengthened, and provides examples of international and national good practice to help achieve these objectives. The report provides a series of concrete actions to help Portugal improve the adult-learning system and in turn enhance economic growth and social cohesion.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264298705-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cost-benefit analysis and the environment : further developments and policy use (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062382 , 9789264085169 , 9789264298804
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (454 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Atkinson, Giles, 1969 - Cost benefit analysis and the environment
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Umweltökonomik ; Environment ; Governance ; Economics ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Umweltökonomik ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Umweltökonomie
    Abstract: This book explores recent developments in environmental cost-benefit analysis (CBA). This is defined as the application of CBA to projects or policies that have the deliberate aim of environmental improvement or are actions that affect, in some way, the natural environment as an indirect consequence. It builds on the previous OECD book by David Pearce et al. (2006), which took as its starting point that a number of developments in CBA, taken together, altered the way in which many economists would argue CBA should be carried out and that this was particularly so in the context of policies and projects with significant environmental impacts. It is a primary objective of the current book not only to assess more recent advances in CBA theory but also to identify how specific developments illustrate key thematic narratives with implications for practical use of environmental CBA in policy formulation and appraisal of investment projects. Perhaps the most significant development is the contribution of climate economics in its response to the challenge of appraising policy actions to mitigate (or adapt to) climate change. Work in this area has increased the focus on how to value costs and benefits that occur far into the future, particularly by showing how conventional procedures for establishing the social discount rate become highly problematic in this intergenerational context and what new approaches might be needed. The contribution of climate economics has also entailed thinking further about uncertainty in CBA, especially where uncertain outcomes might be associated with large (and adverse) impacts.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264085169-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dare to share : Deutschlands Weg zur Partnerschaftlichkeit in Familie und Beruf (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263420
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (236 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Edition: Überarbeitete Ausgabe
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dare to share
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Germany ; Deutschland ; Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf
    Abstract: Was sind die Hintergründe und entscheidenden Fragen bei der Förderung einer partnerschaftlichen Aufgabenteilung in Familie und Beruf in Deutschland? Dieser Bericht soll die Politikverantwortlichen in Deutschland darin bestärken, die wichtigen seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre eingeleiteten Reformen weiterzuführen, um die Vereinbarkeit von beruflichen und familiären Pflichten für Väter und Mütter zu verbessern. Für die Familien heißt das: „Mehr Partnerschaftlichkeit wagen“. Die deutschen Erfahrungen werden dabei im internationalen Vergleich untersucht, u.a. mit Blick auf Frankreich und die nordischen Länder, die seit langem eine Politik zur Förderung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf sowie zur Stärkung der Geschlechtergleichstellung verfolgen. Der Bericht beginnt mit einem Übersichtskapitel, in dem erklärt wird, warum und wie sich Partnerschaftlichkeit für Familien, Kinder sowie Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft insgesamt auszahlt. Vorgestellt werden aktuelle Daten, Politiktrends sowie detaillierte Analysen der ausschlaggebenden Faktoren für die Aufteilung von bezahlter und unbezahlter Arbeit, einschließlich der Frage, wie mehr Partnerschaftlichkeit in Familie und Beruf zu höheren Geburtenraten führen kann. Außerdem werden Politikmaßnahmen zur Förderung der Partnerschaftlichkeit untersucht, wobei sich der Blick sowohl auf nach wie vor bestehende Unzulänglichkeiten als auch auf die Fortschritte richtet, die mit den seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre eingeleiteten Reformen erzielt wurden. Der Bericht enthält eine Reihe von Politikempfehlungen, deren Ziel es ist, Eltern eine ausgewogenere Aufteilung beruflicher und familiärer Pflichten zu ermöglichen.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263420-de
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Elgar companion to David Ricardo (2015)
    Cheltenham, U.K : Edward Elgar
    Details
    ISBN: 9781784715489
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xiv, 603 pages)
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The Elgar companion to David Ricardo
    DDC: 330.1/53/092
    RVK:
    QE 800
    Keywords: Ricardo, David ; Ricardo, David ; Wirtschaftstheorie ; Klassische Ökonomie ; Economics ; Economics History ; Classical school of economics ; Electronic books ; Ricardo, David 1772-1823 ; Wirtschaftstheorie
    Abstract: 1. Accumulation of capital / Enrico Bellino -- 2. Belsham, Thomas, and Ricardo / Sergio Cremaschi -- 3. Bentham Jeremy and Ricardo / Nathalie Sigot -- 4. Blaug, Mark, on Ricardo / Roger Backhouse -- 5. Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, on Ricardo / Heinz D Kurz -- 6. Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus von, on Ricardo / Heinz D Kurz -- 7. Bullionist controvercy / Ghislain Deleplace -- 8. Capital and profits / Giorgio Gilibert -- 9. Colonies / Davide Fiaschi and Rodolfo Signorino -- 11. Competition / Richard Arena and Stephanie Blankenburg -- 12. Corn laws / Andrea Maneschi -- 13. Corn model / Roberto Ciccone and Paolo Trabucchi -- 14. Demand and supply / Antonella Palumbo -- 15. Dmitriev, Vladimir Karpovich, on Ricardo / Christian Gehrke -- 16. Endogeneous growth / Heinz D Kurz and N. Salvadori -- 17. Essay on profits / Rodolfo Signorino -- 18. Exchange value and utility / Abu Rizvi -- 19. Exhaustible resources and mines / Heinz D Kurz and Neri Salvadori -- 20. Foreign trade / Sergio Parrinello -- 21. Funding system / Rodolfo Signorino -- 22. General glut / Harald Hagemann -- 23. Gold / Alberto Quadrio Curzio and Claudia Rotondi -- 24. Hayek, Friedrich von, on Ricardo / Hansjoerg Klausinger -- 25. Hicks on Ricardo / Carlo Casarosa -- 26. Historical schools on Ricardo / Riccardo Faucci -- 27. Hollander, Jacob Harry, on Ricardo / Christian Gehrke -- 28. Improvements in production / Christian Gehrke -- 29. Invariable measure of value / Heinz D Kurz and Neri Salvadori -- 30. Jevons, William Stanley, on Ricardo / David Haas -- 31. Jewish background / Arnold Heertje -- 32. Kaldor, Nicholas, on Ricardo / John Edward King -- 33. Keynes, John Maynard, on Ricardo / Ingo Barens -- 34. Labour and wages / Antonella Stirati -- 35. Labour theory of value / Gilbert Faccarello -- 36. Land and rent / Christian Bidard and Guido Erreygers -- 37. Life and activities / Arnold Heertje -- 38. Limiting and regulating principles / Heinz D Kurz -- 39. Malthus-Ricardo debate / Sergio Cremaschi -- 40. Marshall, Alfred, on Ricardo / Marco Dardi -- 41. Marx, Karl Heinrich, on Ricardo / Fred Moseley -- 42. Mathematical formulations / Giuseppe Freni -- 43. McCulloch, John Ramsay, and Ricardo / Katsuyoshi Watarai -- 44. Member of Parliament / Murray Milgate -- 45. Mill, James, and Ricardo / Sergio Cremaschi -- 46. Mill, John Stuart, on Ricardo / Michael S. Assländer -- 47. Monetary theory / Ghislain Deleplace -- 48. National debt / D.P. O'Brien -- 49. Natural and market prices / Rodolfo Signorino -- 50. Natural quantity of money / Maria Cristina Marcuzzo and Annalisa Rosselli -- 51. Non-English editions of Ricardo's works / Christian Gehrke -- 52. Notes on Malthus / Pier Luigi Porta -- 53. Papers on money and banking / Ghislain Deleplace -- 54. Pasinetti, Luigi Lodovico, on Ricardo / Enrico Bellino -- 55. Poor laws / Arrigo Opocher -- 56. Population / Arrigo Opocher -- 57. Porter, Sarah Ricardo / Sergio Cremaschi -- 58. Principles of political economy and taxation / Heinz D Kurz and N. Salvadori -- 59. Rate of interest / Massimo Pivetti -- 60. Recent interpretations / Gary Mongiovi -- 61. Revenue / Giorgio Gilibert -- 62. Ricardian dynamics / Christian Bidard and Guido Erreygers -- 63. Ricardian equivalence / Richard Sturn -- 64. Ricardian socialists / John King -- 65. Ricardo editions / Christian Gehrke -- 66. Ricardo on Adam Smith / Tony Aspromourgos -- 67. Ricardo's emancipation from Smith's theory of prices / Katsuyoshi Watarai -- 68. Ricardo's four magic numbers / Andrea Maneschi -- 69. Riches and value / Cosimo Perrotta -- 70. Samuelson on Ricardo / Heinz D Kurz and N. Salvadori -- 71. Say Jean-Baptiste and Ricardo / Christian Gehrke -- 72. Say's law / Ferdinando Meacci -- 73. Schumpeter, Joseph Alois, on Ricardo / Heinz D Kurz -- 74. Sraffa, Piero, on Ricardo / Heinz D Kurz and N. Salvadori -- 75. Surplus / Saverio Fratini -- 76. Taxation / Takuo Dome -- 77. Technical change / Heinz D Kurz -- 78. Tooke, Thomas, and Ricardo / Matthew Smith -- 79. Torrens, Robert, and Ricardo / Gary Mongiovi -- 80. Tozer, John Edward, on Ricardo / Paola Tubaro -- 81. Trower, Hutches, and Ricardo / Peter Groenewegen -- 82. Walras on Ricardo / Heinz D Kurz and N. Salvadori -- 83. Wealth / Ferdinando Meacci -- 84. Whewell William on Ricardo / Christian Gehrke -- 85. Wicksell on Ricardo / Hans-Michael Trautwein.
    Abstract: Arguably one of the most important economists who has lived, Ricardo's impact on the economics profession is immense. This unique and comprehensive Companion elucidates his significance and continuing legacy. Ricardo made major contributions to all fields of the subject, from monetary issues to value and income distribution, from capital accumulation, technical progress and economic growth to foreign trade and international specialisation, and from taxes to public debt. What he called the main problem of political economy, the distribution of income and wealth, is again back on the political and economic agenda with a vengeance. Leading experts in the field explore his influence and offer novel interpretations of received doctrines. The concise yet comprehensive entries are arranged alphabetically for ease of use with cross references and suggestions for further reading. The Companion will serve as the standard reference work for all those engaged in the field of classical economics. It will also be essential reading for scholars and researchers interested in the history of economic thought, macroeconomics and political economy
    DOI: 10.4337/9781784715489
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparing happiness across the world : does culture matter? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/04
    Keywords: Zufriedenheit ; Sozialer Indikator ; Vergleich ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The issue of cultural bias in subjective well-being data is often raised, but rarely well-documented. This paper reviews the main barriers to interpreting national differences in subjective well-being, noting the challenge of distinguishing between cultural bias (understood as measurement error) and cultural impact (where culture plays a more substantive role in shaping how people experience their lives). Several methods are then used to attempt to quantify the role of culture in subjective well-being, drawing on multiple waves of the Gallup World Poll, conducted in over 150 countries and territories. Regression analysis is used to identify country-specific fixed effects, which capture unexplained variance in subjective well-being at the country level, over and above a basic set of socio-economic and demographic controls. These country fixed effects then become the subject of three further investigations. The first examines whether survey measures of “cultural values” are able to explain the size and direction of country fixed effects; the second considers the evidence for international differences in “appraisal styles” (e.g. a more positive or negative outlook on life in general); and the third explores the “cultural transmission” of subjective well-being, focusing on the experiences of migrants to separate the effects of culture from those of broader life circumstances. The paper shows that, although life circumstances explain well the overall pattern of cross-country variation in subjective well-being, a gap is observed for some countries. Culture may account for some 20% of the country-specific unexplained variance. This combined effect of “cultural impact” and “cultural bias” is small when compared to the role of objective life circumstances in explaining subjective well-being outcomes.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppzd9bs2-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Finance and inclusive growth (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 14
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Lohnstruktur ; Einkommensverteilung ; Kapitalbeteiligung ; Gini-Koeffizient ; Finanzmarktregulierung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Bankinsolvenz ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Aktienmarkt ; G20-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finance is a vital ingredient for economic growth, but there can also be too much of it. This study investigates what fifty years of data for OECD countries have to say about the role of the financial sector for economic growth and income inequality and draws policy implications. Over the past fifty years, credit by banks and other intermediaries to households and businesses has grown three times as fast as economic activity. In most OECD countries, further expansion is likely to slow rather than boost growth. The composition of finance matters for growth. More credit to the private sector slows growth in most OECD countries, but more stock market financing boosts growth. Credit is a stronger drag on growth when it goes to households rather than businesses. Financial expansion fuels greater income inequality because higher income people can benefit more from the greater availability of credit and because the sector pays high wages. Higher income people can and do borrow more, so that they can gain more than others from the investment opportunities that they identify. The financial sector pays wages which are above what employees with similar profiles earn in the rest of the economy. This premium is particularly large for top income earners. There is no trade-off between financial reform, growth and income equality in the long term. In the short term, measures to avoid accumulating too much credit can, however, restrain growth temporarily. A healthy contribution of the financial sector to inclusive growth requires strong capital buffers, measures to reduce explicit and implicit subsidies to toobig- to-fail financial institutions and tax reforms to promote neutrality between debt and equity financing
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js06pbhf28s-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How should one measure economic insecurity? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/01
    Keywords: Wirtschaftliche Sicherheit ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: People feel economically insecure when they perceive a significant hazard or danger looming in the future, which they are unable to insure against, avoid or ignore. While all OECD countries devote significant resources to mitigate economic insecurity, no consensus exists on the best way to measure it. The paper reviews the pros and cons of the main approaches proposed by the literature and identifies a number of criteria than an ideal measure of economic insecurity should satisfy. It advocates the construction of household level sub-indices for the hazards identified in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (i.e. unemployment, illness, widowhood, disability and old age) and their aggregation to an over-all summary measure of economic insecurity, discussing what could be done with existing data and what additional information should be collected.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4t78q9lq7-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inclusive growth : the OECD measurement framework (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/06
    Keywords: 1995 - 2012 ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; OECD-Staaten ; China ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the Measurement Framework of the OECD Inclusive Growth Initiative, a horizontal project that the OECD launched in 2012 to develop a new vision of economic growth that can translate in higher living standards for all. This measurement framework builds on the equivalent income approach to develop an indicator of Multidimensional Living Standards (MDLS) that combines monetary (income) and non-monetary (health and jobs) benefits from economic growth and aggregates them across individuals with different characteristics. The paper discusses estimates of MDLS for 29 OECD countries and China in the period 1995-2012. It finds that between 1995 and 2007 living standards of the median household have increased in all countries under study and have gone up the most in countries where they were initially lower. The convergence in living standards has been driven by convergence in all underlying dimensions, namely income, unemployment and to a lesser extent, longevity. Between 2007 and 2012 living standards of median households hardly grew and several countries witnessed receding living standards. The bulk of the loss is explained by rising unemployment, while median household income growth has remained broadly stable.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring educational inequalities in mortality statistics (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/08
    Keywords: Bildungsniveau ; Sterblichkeit ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: All OECD countries are faced with substantial inequalities in health status between socioeconomic groups within their populations. One aspect of these inequalities for which data are routinely available in many countries is inequalities in mortality by level of education: people with a lower level of education typically have considerably higher death rates and lower life expectancy than people with a higher level of education. The OECD recently started a project to generate measures of the distributions of ages at death by educational level, gender and cause of death for as many countries as possible. This working paper aims to highlight the most important methodological issues to be faced when trying to create valid statistics on mortality by level of education, and to highlight how different methodologies may affect results and comparisons. Topics covered include study designs (e.g. use of cross-sectional census-unlinked versus longitudinal census-linked data), data harmonization issues (e.g. use of a common educational classification scheme), and data analysis issues (e.g. choice of a summary measure of inequalities in mortality). The paper ends with a number of recommendations for data analysts.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppx182zs-en
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  • 11
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    Prudent debt targets and fiscal frameworks (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 15
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.15
    Keywords: Öffentliche Schulden ; Finanzpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The sharp rise in debt experienced by most OECD countries raises questions about debt indicators and the prudent government debt level countries should target. It also raises questions about the fiscal frameworks needed to reach the prudent debt level and to accommodate cyclical fluctuations along the convergence path towards a prudent debt target. The objective of this paper is to define long-run prudent debt targets for OECD countries and country-specific fiscal rules. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of government liabilities and assets and formulates recommendations for debt indicators. It also reviews the different linkages between government debt and the economic activity. The lessons from these analyses are combined with an assessment of the uncertainties surrounding the development of macroeconomic variables to define a prudent debt target. Different fiscal rules are compared with regard their impact on fiscal discipline and the risk of recession for country-specific fiscal rules recommendations.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxtjmmt9f7-en
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  • 12
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    Beyond GDP : is there a law of one shadow price? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/05
    Keywords: Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Verfügbares Einkommen ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Sterblichkeit ; Opportunitätskosten ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper builds a welfare measure encompassing household disposable income, unemployment and longevity, while using two different sets of “shadow prices” for non-income variables. The valuations of vital and unemployment risks estimated from life satisfaction data (“subjective shadow prices”) and those derived from model-based approaches and calibrated utility functions (“model-based shadow prices”) are shown to be broadly consistent once a number of conditions are fulfilled. Subjective shadow prices appear to be inflated by the downward bias on the income variable in life satisfaction regressions conducted at the individual level, while the latter bias is largely removed when running regressions at the country level. On the other hand, model-based shadow prices are typically underestimated as: i) the valuation of the unemployment risk is assumed to take place under the veil of ignorance (i.e. for a representative agent that has no information on her current or future unemployment situation); ii) the standard model relies on a Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) utility function, which has no specific relative risk aversion parameter for unemployment and vital risks; iii) the Value of Statistical Life that is used in standard calibration pertains to the adult lifespan while life expectancy at birth covers the entire lifetime.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppxzss47-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
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    Towards a distribution-sensitive better life index : design, data and implementation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/07
    Keywords: Sozialer Indikator ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Better Life Index was introduced by the OECD as a tool to chart the multi-dimensional well-being of OECD member countries, Brazil and the Russian Federation. However, the Better Life Index relies only on aggregate country-level indicators, and hence is insensitive to how multi-dimensional well-being outcomes are distributed within countries. This paper discusses how a distribution-sensitive Better Life Index could be designed and implemented. Based on five concrete recommendations for the design of the index, a family of indices is suggested. These indices are shown to be decomposable in interpretable building blocks. While a rich and comprehensive micro-level data set is necessary to implement the distribution-sensitive Better Life Index, no such data set is currently available for all OECD member countries. The paper proposes a ‘synthetic’ data set that relies on information about macro-level indicators and micro-level data from the Gallup World Poll. The implementation of the distribution-sensitive Better Life Index is illustrated with this synthetic data set. While the small sample size and other survey features of the Gallup World Poll imply a number of potential biases, illustrative calculations based on this synthetic data set indicates that, when taking distribution into account, Nordic countries are top-ranked whereas Greece, the Russian Federation and Turkey occupy the bottom positions. The results indicate sizeable losses due to multi-dimensional inequality for OECD member countries. Moreover, there are large differences in the level and composition of multi-dimensional inequality.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppx9xh8q-en
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  • 14
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    Effects of pro-growth policies on the economic stability of firms, workers and households (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 12
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Stabilisierungspolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic policies shape how much people earn but also how stable their income and jobs are. The level of earnings and the degree of economic stability both matter for well-being. Micro-level data indicate that, across OECD countries, economic instability is much greater at the level of individuals than at the aggregate level. The present study investigates the effects on micro-level stability of policies that boost growth. Movement from less to more productive processes and firms is at the heart of economic growth, which suggests possible trade-offs between growth and micro-level stability. The analysis indeed finds policy changes that boost growth but increase micro-level instability: reducing the progressivity or size of social transfers (including unemployment benefits) as well as moving from very to moderately tight restrictions on the competition for goods and services and on the dismissal of regular workers. However, the analysis also uncovers that moving to highly competitive policies generally reduces micro-level instability.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js3777tdqjf-en
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  • 15
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    Structural reforms and income distribution (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 13
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.13
    Keywords: Strukturpolitik ; Einkommensverteilung ; Vergleich ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides new empirical evidence on the effects of structural policies on household disposable incomes at different income levels. More specifically, it investigates the extent to which structural policies have differential long-run impacts on GDP per capita and on household incomes at different points of the distribution. One aim is to verify whether policy decisions may face tradeoffs between objectives of economic efficiency and equity. Many growth enhancing structural reforms are found to deliver stronger income gains for households at the lower end of the distribution compared with the average household, an indication that they may reduce inequality in disposable incomes. Such is the case of reducing regulatory barriers to domestic competition as well as to trade and FDI; stepping-up job-search support and activation programmes. Conversely, other reforms involve trade-offs between the efficiency and equity objective. This is the case of the tightening of unemployment benefits for the long-term unemployed, which is found to lift GDP per capita and average household incomes, but also to reduce disposable incomes at the lower end of the distribution.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js3777lbxzn-en
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  • 16
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    Comparing profit shares in value-added in four OECD countries : towards more harmonised national accounts (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/03
    Keywords: profit share ; quasi-corporations ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Privatwirtschaft ; Selbstständige ; Rentabilität ; Vergleich ; Frankreich ; Deutschland ; Italien ; USA ; Economics ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This article gives methodological guidance on how best to compare the share of profits in value-added across countries using national accounts. Such comparisons are often based on accounts for institutional sectors such as non-financial corporations. It turns out that these are less internationally comparable than is usually assumed. The main issue is the allocation of certain types of self-employed workers to the corporations’ sector of some countries, most notably Germany and Italy. The consequence is that the measured gross operating surplus of corporations is overstated and has to be adjusted for international comparisons. If this is not feasible, it is preferable to rely on industry accounts, focus on a subset of industries and impute a labour compensation to self-employed workers for international comparisons. Profit shares in France, Germany, Italy and the United States are then much more similar than what the accounts for non-financial corporations suggest. The claim of a global increase in the profit share in the last decades is at best debatable for Germany and not backed with the evidence presented in this paper for France and Italy. It is only for the United States that we can confirm such an increase.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js0bsm2g0lt-en
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  • 17
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    A handbook of alternative theories of public economics (2014)
    Cheltenham, U.K : Edward Elgar
    Details
    ISBN: 9781781004715
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (X, 556 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Elgar original reference
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als A handbook of alternative theories of public economics
    DDC: 336
    RVK:
    QL 000
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Sektor ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Öffentliche Güter ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wissenschaftliche Methode ; Österreichische Schule ; Wohlfahrtsökonomik ; Neue politische Ökonomie ; Economics ; Finance, Public ; Electronic books ; Öffentliche Wirtschaft ; Finanzwirtschaft ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wissenschaft ; Methode
    Abstract: This comprehensive and thought-provoking Handbook reviews public sector economics from pluralist perspectives that either complement or reach beyond mainstream views. The book takes a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach, drawing on economic elements in the fields of philosophy, sociology, psychology, history and law. The expert contributors present new methodological approaches across these disciplines in five distinct sections: 'Revisiting the Theoretical Foundations' compares and contrasts Austrians, Marxists, public choice theorists and Keynesians, 'Revisiting the Values' is concerned with justice, welfare, religions and civil rights, 'Beyond Rationalistic Rational Choice' includes chapters devoted to memory, information and group motivation, The final sections on 'Optimal Government and Government Failure' and 'Public Economics of Public Bads' deal with competition among governments, their suboptimal size, regulation, corruption, the informal economy, cognitive dissonance, rent seeking, the UN and criminal cycles. Academics, researchers and students with an interest in economics --particularly public sector economics and Austrian economics - and public policy will find this Handbook to be an invaluable reference tool.
    DOI: 10.4337/9781781004715
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 18
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    Reframing economics : economic action as imperfect cooperation (2014)
    Cheltenham, U.K : Edward Elgar
    Details
    ISBN: 9781782546429
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (v, 237 pages)
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McCain, Roger A., 19XX - Reframing economics
    DDC: 330.01
    RVK:
    QC 000
    Keywords: Wirtschaftstheorie ; Kooperation ; Kooperatives Spiel ; Cooperation ; Macroeconomics ; Economics ; Electronic books ; Wirtschaftstheorie ; Kooperatives Verhalten ; Spieltheorie
    Abstract: 'For most of the 20th century economists focused on competition as the driving force of the modern capitalist economy. In his thoughtful and readable book, Roger A. McCain offers a different frame of reference for economists. Using game theory's distinction between cooperative and non-cooperative games, he defines economics as the study of the development of cooperative agreements in the economy and the failure to bring them about. Orthodox economists who think in terms of a competitive model and heterodox economists who adhere to a class conflict paradigm will both find their ideas challenged by McCain's new frame that sees mature capitalism as the result of class compromise based on an imperfectly cooperative game.' (Donald R. Stabile, St. Mary's College of Maryland, US). -- The objectives of this book are twofold. Firstly, it proposes that economics should be defined as a study of imperfect cooperation. Secondly, it elucidates the continuities that extend from classical political economy through the neoclassical, Keynesian, and modern economics of the twenty-first century. Roger McCain explores economics as the study of cooperative arrangements, or the ways in which people work together. He asserts that there is no 'new paradigm', but rather a more encompassing cognitive frame. In the same spirit, the book borrows freely, without doctrinairism, from Austrian and other heterodox traditions - including Marxism where it is helpful - and social philosophers in the social contract tradition. Game theory of both branches plays a key role throughout. -- Presenting an innovative new framework for the major topics that together make up economic theory, this highly accessible book will strongly appeal to economics scholars, researchers and students, especially those in the fields of heterodox economics and the history of economic thought.
    DOI: 10.4337/9781782546429
    URL: Volltext
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  • 19
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    Global trade and specialisation patterns over the next 50 years (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 10
    Keywords: Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; International ; Economics ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents descriptive evidence of specialisation trends and investigates empirically their causes and consequences, analysing the role of policies in this process. Then, based on the insights from the backward looking analysis, it draws global trade and specialisation scenarios up to 2060, taking into account international spillovers. The report highlights that comparative advantage in terms of factor endowments matters for trade specialisation, although framework and trade policies also play a role. For instance, tariffs on intermediate inputs are found to adversely affect trade with this adverse effect found to have increased over time, likely reflecting expanding global supply chains magnifying the impact of tariffs. The forward-looking analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions, reflecting faster growth in these countries. Multilateral global trade liberalisation could raise world trade by 15% by 2060 relative to the status quo, whereas regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries only would raise world trade by 4% due to trade diversion.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz18gpwfxq4-en
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  • 20
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    Can increasing inequality be a steady state? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2014/01
    Keywords: 1984 - 2032 ; Einkommensverteilung ; Gleichgewichtstheorie ; Vergleich ; USA ; Kanada ; Australien ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Historically, discussions of income inequality have emphasised cross-sectional comparisons of levels of inequality of income. These comparisons have been used to argue that countries with more inequality are less healthy, less democratic, more crime-infested, less happy, less mobile and less equal in economic opportunity, but such comparisons implicitly presume that current levels of inequality are steady state outcomes. However, the income distribution can only remain stable if the growth rate of income is equal at all percentiles of the distribution. This paper compares long-run levels of real income growth at the very top, and for the bottom 90% and bottom 99% in the United States, Canada and Australia to illustrate the uniqueness of the post-WWII period of balanced growth (and consequent stability in the income distribution). The ‘new normal’ of the United States, Canada and Australia is ‘unbalanced’ growth – specifically, over the last thirty years the incomes of the top 1% have grown significantly more rapidly than those of everyone else. The paper asks if auto-equilibrating market mechanisms will spontaneously equalise income growth rates and stabilise inequality. It concludes that the more likely scenario is continued unbalanced income growth. This, in turn, implies, on the economic side, consumption and savings flows which accumulate to changed stocks of indebtedness, financial fragility, and periodic macroeconomic crises; and, on the social side, to increasing inequality of opportunity and political influence. Greater economic and socio-political instabilities are therefore the most likely consequence of increasing income inequality over time.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxc80xq6-en
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  • 21
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    Policy challenges for the next 50 years (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (67 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 9
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Umweltbelastung ; Einwanderung ; Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Koordination ; Bildungschancen ; Hochschule ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Welt ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper identifies and analyses some key challenges that OECD and partner economies may face over the coming 50 years if underlying global trends relating to growth, trade, inequality and environmental pressures prevail. For example, global growth is likely to slow and become increasingly dependent on knowledge and technology, while the economic costs of environmental damages will mount. The rising economic importance of knowledge will tend to raise returns to skills, likely leading to further increases in earning inequalities within countries. While increases in pre-tax earnings do not automatically transform into rising income inequality, the ability of governments to cushion this impact may be limited, as rising trade integration and consequent rising mobility of tax bases combined with substantial fiscal pressures may hamper such efforts. The paper discusses to what extent national structural policies can address these and other interlinked challenges, but also points to the growing need for international coordination and cooperation to deal with these issues over the coming 50 years.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz18gs5fckf-en
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  • 22
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    Trends in top incomes and their taxation in OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 159
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Einkommensteuer ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The shares of top income recipients in total pre-tax income have increased in OECD countries in the past three decades, particularly in most of the English-speaking countries but also in some Nordic (from low levels) and Southern European countries. Today, the richest one percent receives between 7% of all pre-tax income in Denmark and the Netherlands up to almost 20% in the United States. This increase is the result of the top 1% capturing a disproportionate share of overall income growth over the past thirty years: around 20 – 25% in Australia and the United Kingdom, up to 37% in Canada and even 47% in the United States. At the same time, tax reforms in almost all OECD countries reduced top personal income tax rates as well as rates of other taxes affecting the highest income earners. Indeed, while top tax rates were equal to or above 70% in half of the countries in the mid-1970s, this rate has been halved in many countries by 2013.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz43jhlz87f-en
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  • 23
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    Growth policies and macroeconomic stability (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 8
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Konjunktur ; Volatilität ; Schock ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy reforms aimed at boosting long-run growth often have side effects – positive or negative – on an economy’s vulnerability to shocks and their propagation. Macroeconomic shocks as severe and protracted as those since 2007 warrant a reconsideration of the role growth-promoting policies play in shaping the vulnerability and resilience of an economy to macroeconomic shocks. Against this background, this paper looks at a vast array of policy recommendations by the OECD that promote longterm growth – contained in Going for Growth and the Economic Outlook – and attempts to establish whether they underpin macroeconomic stability or whether there is a trade-off.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8t849335d-en
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  • 24
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    Vulnerability of social institutions (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 11
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Altersvorsorge ; Indonesien ; BRICS-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Social institutions face many challenges. The recent economic crisis has provided a stress test as it has left a legacy of high unemployment and high government debt in many countries. It also lowered potential output and thus the revenue base for social protection schemes. At the same time, ageing and other secular trends raise long-term sustainability issues. The design of social institutions determines their capacity to deal with shocks and trend changes and the way risks are shared between the institutions and their stakeholders. They also circumscribe the scope for automatic or discretionary adjustments, when trade-offs between sustainability, adequacy and efficiency arise. This report examines the sustainability of social institutions and their ability to absorb and cope with short-term shocks and longer-term trends by providing risk sharing and expenditure smoothing, focusing on pension, health care and unemployment insurance schemes.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158r4q0zn-en
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  • 25
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    Measuring income inequality and poverty at the regional level in OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2014/03
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Messung ; Regionalwissenschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The extent to which income inequality and poverty vary within countries across different regions is very relevant for policy decisions and monitoring. However, sub-national measures are scarce, given the complexity of producing indicators at the regional level from the available data and the methodological issues related to cross-countries comparability. This paper presents a set of indicators of income inequality and poverty across and within regions for 28 OECD countries. These indicators were produced through a new household-level data collection based on internationally harmonized income definitions undertaken as part of the OECD project on “Measuring regional and local well-being for policymaking”. The data were collected at the OECD TL2 territorial level, corresponding to NUTS2 regions in Europe and to large administrative subdivisions (e.g. States in Mexico and Unites States) for non-European countries. These estimates confirm that there are significant variations in levels of income inequality within countries, and that regional breakdowns are useful for understanding sources and patterns of income disparities and poverty. For most of the countries relying on survey data for measuring income distribution, standard cross-sectional indicators of income inequality and relative poverty at this regional level are estimated with low precision in the smallest regions due to small samples. This has two main implications for data producers and analysts. First, systematic reporting of confidence intervals is needed to make meaningful comparisons of inequality levels across regions and with respect to the national averages. Second, averaged measures for multiple years or small area estimation methods should be considered as means for obtaining more robust measures. The issues related to the estimation of standard errors for three-year averages in rotational panel surveys and to the definition of the computational sampling structure for sub-national estimates are discussed in the paper.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en
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  • 26
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    Measuring well-being and progress in countries at different stages of development : towards a more universal conceptual framework (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 325
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.325
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Gesundheit ; Zufriedenheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A wide range of voices around the world have stressed the need to understand development as a multidimensional phenomenon that involves and affects many aspects of people’s lives. Increasingly, it is recognised that current well-being and its long-term sustainability are the ultimate goals of development and that these notions better capture the human experience of development. The objectives of this paper are to explain why well-being matters in countries at different levels of development and to address measurement challenges in the context of developing countries. These objectives are pursued in four main steps. First, the paper offers a conception of well-being and illustrates its relevance in different development contexts. Second, it describes briefly how the measurement of well-being is implemented under the OECD Better Life Initiative for OECD countries. Third, it proposes ways in which the OECD framework can be adapted to specific development contexts and thereby made more universal, by suggesting relevant well-being dimensions and indicators that could be used to measure well-being in developing countries. Finally, it discusses the possible implications of the adapted framework for OECD work in developing countries, in particular its possible use in the Multi-Dimensional Country Reviews conducted by the OECD Development Centre for a range of non OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxss4hv2d8n-en
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  • 27
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    Competition, diversity and economic performance : processes, complexities and ecological similarities (2013)
    Cheltenham, U.K : Edward Elgar
    Details
    ISBN: 9781781002391
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xiii, 317 pages) , diagrams
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tisdell, Clement A., 1939 - 2022 Competition, diversity and economic performance
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QC 131
    Keywords: Wettbewerb ; Diversifikation ; Marktmechanismus ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Theorie ; Economics ; Competition ; Electronic books ; Marktwirtschaft ; Effizienz ; Unternehmenstheorie ; Vielfalt ; Wettbewerb ; Kooperatives Verhalten ; Innovation ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: The role of competition and diversity in economic performance : an overview -- Concepts of economic competition and performance in context -- Diversity of consumers, product innovation and economic performance -- Schumpeter and the dynamics of capitalism : the driving force of business innovation -- Reasons for business diversity and their economic importance -- Diversity and the evolution of competitive economic systems -- Competition, diversity, evolution and sustainability : are there lessons from ecology? -- Market niches, competition and economic performance : more clues from ecology? -- Market impediments, restrained reactions and market dynamics -- Variations in the fitness of firms, dynamic economic performance, and vulnerability -- More on differences in the fitness of firms, market selection and product variety -- Using market mechanisms (for example, contracting out) for the efficient public provision of commodities -- Using markets and market-like mechanisms for allocating public funds for research : are they efficient? -- Using markets and market-like mechanisms to manage a multidivisional business efficiently -- Business partnerships, cooperation and the enhancement of economic performance.
    Abstract: This thought-provoking book explores the influences of market competition and diverse behaviours of economic agents on economic performance, particularly dynamic economic performance
    DOI: 10.4337/9781781002391
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  • 28
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    Mark Blaug : rebel with many causes (2013)
    Cheltenham, U.K : Edward Elgar
    Details
    ISBN: 9781783471232
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (ix, 302 pages)
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mark Blaug
    DDC: 330.092
    RVK:
    QE 800
    Keywords: Blaug, Mark ; Blaug, Mark Congresses ; Blaug, Mark ; Ökonomen ; Ökonomische Ideengeschichte ; Wissenschaftliche Methode ; Evolutionsökonomik ; Bildungsökonomik ; Quantitätstheorie ; Kulturökonomik ; Economics Congresses ; Economics Congresses Philosophy ; Economics ; Economics Philosophy ; Electronic books ; Festschrift ; Blaug, Mark 1927-2011 ; Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Abstract: 'This is a wonderful book to read that analyzes an idiosyncratic and polymath economist that hardly left his audiences or his readers indifferent. Those who knew Mark Blaug will recognize the man, the intellectual, the economist, and the historian of ideas in the chapters included in the volume. Those that never had the privilege to meet him will have the opportunity to understand why he became such a significant figure in economics over much of the second half of the twentieth century.' (Pedro Teixeira, University of Porto, Portugal). -- 'Mark Blaug was a nonpareil - a fine economist, an extraordinary scholar, an indefatigable editor, a generous colleague, a fierce debater. His passing was a sad loss for economics and for the history of economics. This volume, a kind of Mark Blaug in Retrospect, is a fitting memorial that, at once, captures his many parts and the wide range and depth of his thought.' (Kevin D. Hoover, Duke University, US and Editor of the History of Political Economy). -- 'Mark Blaug was a short man with a great soul: he was a thinking person's economist with an uncanny ability to capture the big picture(s) in a few precise words. His zest for living expressed itself, in part, in his love of argument and the lifelong intellectual (and sometimes personal) mentoring of his interlocutors. The chapters in this volume, written by many of his former students and intellectual peers, lovingly and critically recall the man's life and his ideas. Jointly they introduce his wide-ranging views and interests to new generations of readers. They have the capacity to startle those of us who think we know.' (Eric Schliesser, Ghent University, Belgium). -- 'Mark Blaug had an exceptional knowledge of the history of economics and a critical interest in the assumptions and judgements (often implicit) that underlie the work of economists past and present. The contributors to this volume illustrate the influence of Mark and his ideas, demonstrating their continuing relevance to all who recognise the powerful influence on the substantive content of economics of the methods by which it is developed and appraised.' (Brian Loasby, Stirling University, UK).
    DOI: 10.4337/9781783471232
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  • 29
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    Monetary economies of production : banking and financial circuits and the role of the state (2013)
    Cheltenham, U.K : Edward Elgar
    Details
    ISBN: 9781781003954
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxvi, 273 pages)
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Monetary economies of production
    DDC: 332.46
    RVK:
    QE 800
    Keywords: Parguez, Alain ; Postkeynesianische Geldtheorie ; Geldpolitik ; Schuldenkrise ; Finanzkrise ; Financial crises ; Money ; Banks and banking ; Economics ; Production (Economic theory) ; Finance, Public ; Monetary policy ; Electronic books ; Festschrift
    Abstract: pt. I. Money and theory of the monetary circuit -- pt. II. Money, banks and financial crisis -- pt. III. Money, public finances and role of the state.
    Abstract: The central focus of this book is the relationship between money, the sphere of production, and the State. It explores how best to adapt the fundamental ideas of the circulationist perspective to achieve a better understanding of the financialisation of the production processes within contemporary capitalist economies. Importantly, the expert contributors illustrate that the true challenge ahead is to address how these new emerging forms can be eventually tamed, a challenge that the recent financial crisis has forcefully proven essential. This book will prove an illuminating read for scholars and researchers in the heterodox economics domain
    DOI: 10.4337/9781781003954
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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  • 30
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    Enhancing the inclusiveness of the labour market in Belgium (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1009
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentation ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Belgien ; Employment ; Economics ; Belgium ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The global crisis led to a smaller increase in the unemployment rate than in most other OECD countries as employment has been sustained through intensive use of reduced working time schemes. These schemes have mostly benefited workers with permanent contracts while the higher unemployment mostly affected workers with weaker labour market attachment. A main challenge for policy makers is therefore to avoid that the increase in labour market segmentation between insiders and outsiders that would hurt the most vulnerable. Over the medium term, labour market policies need to respond to the ageing of the labour force, which implies that an increasing number of workers with permanent contracts will retire. Thus, policies must focus on enabling the current labour market outsiders to get a stronger foothold on the labour market as well as to mobilize under-utilised labour resources. The wage determination system has allowed wages to increase faster than the main competitors and faster than productivity, leading to a gradual loss of cost competitiveness. Minimum wages are high by international standards, hampering entry to the labour market for many low-skilled workers. Unemployment benefits are relatively generous, and particularly for long-term unemployed. A complicated tax-benefit system has created high effective marginal tax rates and numerous labour market traps. This Working Paper relates to the 2011 OECD Economic Survey of Belgium (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Belgium).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dl080l5d2-en
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  • 31
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    The US labour market recovery following the Great Recession (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1015
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; USA ; Employment ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Although job creation has improved, since the end of the 2007-08 recession, the effects of the recession on the labour market remain severe. Unemployment duration is still extremely high, and many have withdrawn from the labour market altogether. Because the weakness is largely cyclical in nature, policy makers should place a high priority on supporting aggregate demand in the short term. Even so, policies are needed to help individuals return to work, as there is a risk that high long-term unemployment and weak labour market participation could evolve into structural problems. Greater emphasis should be put on activation measures that help individuals search for jobs more effectively or find adequate training programmes. In the longer run, education and training are key to raising the skills and wages of the workforce. In this regard, educational reforms are needed to increase student achievement at all levels. High-quality vocational training can also be used to advance the skills of high-school graduates. College completion rates could be improved by reducing financial and other barriers to education, and enhancing the community college system would be a cost-effective way to provide more individuals with an affordable way to obtain tertiary education. Disability insurance reforms are needed to reduce dependency on these programmes and encourage participation in the workforce. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4ddxp3xlvf-en
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  • 32
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    The performance of road transport infrastructure and its links to policies (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1016
    Keywords: Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Verkehrspolitik ; Straßenverkehr ; OECD-Staaten ; Transport ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite the economic importance of the road transport sector, there is no systematic cross-country evidence on the sector’s efficiency. This paper develops a conceptual framework for analysing the social efficiency of the road transport sector, including non-market inputs – such as travel time – and negative outputs – such as accidents and emissions. This framework is then used to analyse efficiency in 32 OECD countries. Data issues in terms of availability, quality and comparability are significant, and the empirical results have to be interpreted with caution. Nevertheless, there is fairly robust evidence that social efficiency is low in a number of OECD countries. The low efficiency suggests that substantial room for input savings exists in these countries. A framework for analysing how road transport policies may impact performance is developed, but a scarcity of data on policy settings currently limits the scope for empirically connecting the two.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4ddxjvpfr5-en
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  • 33
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    More than the sum of their parts : valuing environmental quality by combining life satisfaction surveys and GIS data (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2013/01
    Keywords: Umweltbewertung ; Zufriedenheit ; Europa ; Environment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: While environmental economics studies using stated life satisfaction data have been gaining attention, much of this body of work remains exploratory. In this study we contribute to this emerging body of research by combining OECD survey data from four European countries on life satisfaction and perceptions of environmental quality with independent (i.e. mechanical) measurements of air quality and urbanity, from the European Environment Agency, to provide a broad picture of the environmental determinants of life satisfaction, and monetary valuation of air quality improvements. We also estimate that the value of a 1% reduction in air pollution (measured as mean annual PM10 concentrations) is worth the same on average as a 0.71% increase in per capita income. We find that environments which respondents perceive as noisy and lacking in access to green space have a significantly detrimental impact on life satisfaction. However, controlling for these negative factors (air, noise, and lack of green space), we also find a large positive residual impact of urban environments on life satisfaction. The use of independent, GIS-based measures of urbanity (proportion of urban surface area around households), as opposed to survey-based stated perceptions of urbanity, increases the precision of estimated air quality impacts on life satisfaction. Taken as a whole, our analysis highlights the need for conducting LS-based environmental assessment and valuation exercises using a broad array of independent data sources, in order both to obtain unbiased regression estimates and to facilitate interpretation of these estimates.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4840hfpwkb-en
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  • 34
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    The role of the labour market (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Income inequality and poverty in Colombia 1
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1036
    Series Statement: Income inequality and poverty in Colombia
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Kolumbien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Colombia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Income inequality in Colombia has declined since the early 2000s but remains very high by international standards. Income dispersion largely originates from the labour market, which is characterised by a still high unemployment rate, a pervasive informal sector and a wide wage dispersion reflecting a large education premium for those with higher education. Reducing income inequality is a key government objective and this requires improving the performance of the labour market. Raising educational outcomes for all and enhancing training programmes would help improve labour supply and productivity. Formal job creation however remains heavily constrained by restrictive labour market regulations, in particular very substantial non-wage labour costs and a minimum wage which is high compared to average incomes. The 2012 tax reform reduces non-wage labour costs but more decisive steps are needed to create the right conditions and incentives to boost formal employment.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k487n74s1f1-en
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  • 35
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    The redistributive impact of taxes and transfers (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Income inequality and poverty in Colombia 2
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1037
    Series Statement: Income inequality and poverty in Colombia
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Umverteilung ; Kolumbien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Economics ; Colombia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Income inequality in Colombia has declined since the early 2000s but remains very high by international standards. While most of the inequality originates from the labour market, wealth – and thus capital income – is also highly concentrated and the tax and transfer system has little redistributive impact. The tax-to-GDP ratio remains low. Consumption taxes, which tend to be regressive, account for the bulk. The progressivity of income taxes had been undermined by generous tax reliefs, which benefit the well-off most and increase tax avoidance opportunities. The tax system should be reformed to enhance progressivity and raise more revenue which could be used to expand social policies. Cash transfers to households are small and dominated by non-redistributive schemes such as contributory pensions. Education coverage has increased steadily but quality and equity in access at the tertiary level remain important issues. Though significant progress has been made towards universal health coverage, the financing and organisation of the health care system could be improved to raise the quality of care and reduce adverse incentives to remain in the informal sector.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k487n4r0t8s-en
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  • 36
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    Public spending on health and long-term care : a new set of projections ; a going for growth report (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 6
    Keywords: Alternde Bevölkerung ; Sterblichkeit ; Gesundheitskosten ; Häusliche Pflege ; Demographie ; Prognoseverfahren ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper proposes a new set of public health and long-term care expenditure projections till 2060, following up on the previous set of projections published in 2006. It disentangles health from longterm care expenditure as well as the demographic from the non-demographic drivers, and refines the previous methodology, in particular by better identifying the underlying determinants of health and long-term care spending and by extending the country coverage to include BRIICS countries. A costcontainment and a cost-pressure scenario are provided together with sensitivity analysis. On average across OECD countries, total health and long-term care expenditure is projected to increase by 3.3 and 7.7 percentage points of GDP between 2010 and 2060 in the cost-containment and the cost-pressure scenarios respectively. For the BRIICS over the same period, it is projected to increase by 2.8 and 7.3 percentage points of GDP in the cost-containment and the cost-pressure scenarios respectively.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k44t7jwwr9x-en
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  • 37
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    Choosing fiscal consolidation instruments compatible with growth and equity : a going for growth report (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 7
    Keywords: Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Strukturpolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite sustained efforts made in recent years to rein in budget deficits, a majority of OECD countries still face substantial public finance consolidation needs moving forward, owing to the legacy of debt accumulation before the crisis, and to the role played by fiscal policy in rescuing the banking system and supporting aggregate demand in the aftermath of the recession. Further budget consolidation is also needed over a much longer horizon to face long-term public spending pressures, in particular from pensions and health care. Fiscal consolidation complicates the task of achieving other policy goals. In most cases, it weighs on demand in the short term. And, if too little attention is paid to the mix of instruments used to achieve consolidation, it can slow the process of global rebalancing, undermine long-term growth and exacerbate income inequality. It is therefore important for governments to adopt consolidation strategies that minimise these adverse side-effects. The analysis assesses the near and long-term consolidation needs for OECD countries and proposes consolidation strategies that take into account other policy goals as well as country-specific circumstances and preferences. To do so, increases in particular taxes and cuts in specific spending areas are assessed for their effects on short- and longterm growth, income distribution and external accounts. The results of detailed simulations indicate that a significant number of OECD countries may have to raise harmful taxes or cut valuable spending areas to deliver sufficient consolidation, underscoring the need for structural reforms to counteract these side-effects.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43nxq6dzd4-en
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  • 38
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    Long-term growth scenarios (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1000
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the results from a new model for projecting growth of OECD and major non-OECD economies over the next 50 years as well as imbalances that arise. A baseline scenario assuming gradual structural reform and fiscal consolidation to stabilise government-debt-to GDP ratios is compared with variant scenarios assuming deeper policy reforms. One main finding is that growth of the non-OECD G20 countries will continue to outpace OECD countries, but the difference will narrow substantially over coming decades. In parallel, the next 50 years will see major changes in the composition of the world economy. In the absence of ambitious policy changes, global imbalances will emerge which could undermine growth. However, ambitious fiscal consolidation efforts and deep structural reforms can both raise long-run living standards and reduce the risks of major disruptions to growth by mitigating global imbalances.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4ddxpr2fmr-en
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  • 39
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    Health care reform and long-term care in the Netherlands (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1010
    Keywords: Gesundheitsreform ; Krankenversicherung ; Pflegereform ; Niederlande ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Netherlands, as other OECD countries, faces the challenge of providing high quality health and long-term care services to an ageing population in a cost-efficient manner. In the health care sector, reforms have aimed at introducing more competition. Despite major changes and some positive effects, the reforms run the risk of getting stuck in the middle between a centralised system of state-controlled supply and prices and a decentralised system based on regulated competition, providing insufficient incentives for provision of quality services and expenditure control. The main challenges are to complete the transition to regulated competition in health care provision, to strengthen the role of health insurers as purchasing agents and to secure cost containment in an increasingly demand-driven health care sector. In 2012, reforms expanded the role of the market in the hospital sector and reinforced budget controls. Both measures are not consistent and may jeopardize both objectives. More competitive markets require, at least, provision of good quality information, appropriate financing and better efficiency incentives. In view of population ageing, current policies mean that the cost of long-term care is set to more than double over the coming decades. Insufficient incentives for cost-efficient purchasing of long-term care should be addressed. However, the government?s plan to transfer long-term care purchasing to health insurers is unpromising unless additional measures ensure that insurers bear the associated financial risks. In addition, home care should be further encouraged at the expense of institutional care, while screening and targeting should be improved. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Netherlands.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dlw04vx0n-en
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  • 40
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    The equity implications of fiscal consolidation (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1013
    Keywords: Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Umverteilung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In several OECD countries, ongoing fiscal consolidation might have a negative impact on the static income distribution. However, this conclusion should be treated only as an approximate first step in the analysis. A full assessment of distributional effects of consolidation packages would need to consider dynamic measures, such as life-time income distribution and the equality of opportunity, along with behavioural responses and interactions with other policies. In any case, there is scope to balance current consolidation efforts in favour of more equity with only limited adverse impact on potential growth. In particular, relatively little weight has been given to reducing tax expenditures and raising taxes on immovable property. A number of consolidation instruments are consistent with equity goals while doing little or no harm to potential growth: increases in the effective retirement age, raising efficiency in the education and health care systems, cutting certain tax expenditures, hiking taxes on immovable property and broadly-based consumption taxes. Increases in capital income taxes would also be equitable but need to be well designed to avoid being distortive. Calculations based on simplifying assumptions indicate that increasing household direct taxes would reduce income inequality, while cutting transfers by the same amount would have a larger and opposite effect on inequality. However, raising progressive labour income taxes could have adverse effects on long-run growth. Cuts in government wages and employment can yield fast consolidation gains but need to be accompanied by increases in efficiency of service delivery to avoid that reductions in public services mainly hit the poor. Cuts in unemployment-related and disability benefits will likely hit poorer people in the first place but may have less adverse effects on inequality in the long run once employment increases in response to a better incentive structure.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dlvx2wjq0-en
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  • 41
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    OECD composite leading indicators for G7 countries : a comparison of the Hodrick-Prescott filter and the multivariate direct filter approach (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2012/05
    Keywords: Frühindikator ; G7-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: We estimate the business-cycles of G7 countries, as defined by an ideal 2-10 year bandpass filter applied to country-specific GDP target series (GDP-BP). Since this target series cannot be observed in real-time, due to the symmetry of the bandpass filter, we analyze and compare the leading performances of the well-known HP-filter, as currently implemented in the OECD CLI’s, as well as of the Multivariate Direct Filter Approach (MDFA) relying on explanatory time series, as selected for current CLIs. The paper shows that efficiency gains by MDFA over HP are substantial along the full revision-sequence and they are consistent across countries as well as over time, when referenced against GDP-BP.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dhnzw8xr3-en
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  • 42
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    Human capital, tangible wealth, and the intangible capital residual (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2013/02
    Keywords: Humankapital ; Immaterielle Werte ; Vermögen ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Since income is the return on wealth, the total wealth of any given country should be on the order of 20 times its GDP. Instead the average observed ratio from the balance sheet accounts of the System of National Accounts (SNA) is a factor of 2.6 to 6.6, depending on whether natural resource stocks are included in the balance sheet. The clear implication is that the SNA wealth accounts are incomplete, with the most obvious omission being human capital. Estimating the value of human capital using the lifetime income approach for a sample of thirteen (mostly high-income) countries yields a mean share of human capital in total wealth of 62% – four times the value of produced capital and 15 times the value of natural capital. But for selected high income countries in the sample there is still an average of 25% of total wealth which is unaccounted – it is neither produced, nor natural, nor human capital. This residual intangible wealth is arguably the ’stock equivalent’ of total factor productivity – the value of assets such as institutional quality and social capital which augment the capacity of produced, natural and human capital to support a stream of consumption into the future.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4840h633f7-en
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  • 43
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    Fiscal rules for sub-central governments, update of the institutional indicator (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Fiscal consolidation across government levels 2
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1071
    Series Statement: Fiscal consolidation across government levels
    Keywords: Finanzbeziehungen ; Finanzpolitik ; Regelbindung versus Diskretion ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Fiscal rules that constrain sub-central government (SCG) budgeting are very common across the OECD, but there are substantial cross-country differences in their implementation and impact. This paper presents the 2011 update of the fiscal rules database established in 2005. As in 2005, budget balance objectives are the most common form of rule along with borrowing constraints, while limits on SCG expenditure are rare. Because of trade-offs between objectives that fiscal rules must cater to, cross-country variation in the value of the composite indicator is low. There is, however, much more variation in country scores for the individual objectives of fiscal rules. Despite the increased focus on sustainability in public finances over recent years, indicator values have changed little since 2005 except for a few countries. This suggests that the sub-central fiscal rules framework was in place well before the recent crisis struck.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43nxqzhkr1-en
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  • 44
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    Knowledge-based capital, innovation and resource allocation : a going for growth report (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 4
    Keywords: Immaterielle Werte ; Investitionsentscheidung ; Innovation ; Allokation ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Investment in knowledge-based capital (KBC) – assets that have no physical embodiment, such as computerised information, innovative property and economic competencies – has been rising significantly. This has implications for innovation and productivity growth and requires new thinking on policy. The returns to investing in KBC differ significantly across countries and are partly shaped by structural policies, which influence the ability of national economies to reallocate scarce resources to firms that invest in KBC. In this regard, well-functioning product, labour and venture capital markets and bankruptcy laws that do not overly penalise failure can raise the expected returns to investing in KBC by improving the efficiency of resource allocation. While structural reforms offer the most cost-effective approach to raising investment in KBC, there is a role for innovation policies to raise private investment in KBC towards socially optimal levels. Indeed, R&D tax incentives and, as a finding that contrasts with previous research, direct support measures can be effective, but design features are crucial in order to minimise the fiscal cost and unintended consequences of such policies. Well-defined intellectual property rights (IPR) are also important to provide firms with the incentive to innovate and to promote knowledge diffusion via the public disclosure of ideas. However, such IPR regimes need to be coupled with pro-competition policies to ensure maximum effect while the rising costs of the patent system in emerging KBC sectors may have altered the trade-off inherent to IPR between the incentives to innovate and the broad diffusion of knowledge.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k46bh92lr35-en
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  • 45
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    The role of incentives in cooperation failures (2013)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2013/09
    Keywords: Spieltheorie ; Kooperation ; Anreiz ; Theorie ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: There are many situations where the best outcome is reached through co-operation and co-ordination of agents’ actions. Although this is the best collective outcome, economic agents may fail to implement such co-operative strategy. The reason for this failure may be lack of information about the gains from co-operation, or lack of capacity to implement the co-operative strategy. The present work focuses on two obstacles to co-operation that are linked with the incentives of the economic agents, and that are present even when the problems of information and capacity are taken care off. The two obstacles are the incentive to free ride and the strategic risk. The former stems from the possibility of obtaining gains without paying the associated costs (which are incurred by the agents that decide to co-operate); the latter is the risk of being the only one (or among the few) that acts co-operatively, so that the agent pays the costs but obtains less than what it would be feasible had other agents decided to co-operate. In this setting, using a game theoretical approach, we distinguish several cases of co-operation failures according to the relevance of those two obstacles. The analysis is then applied to contractual design and financial incentives. The overall message is the importance of identifying the source of co-operation failure in order to devise an effective policy to induce co-operation. It may not be enough to tell people (and institutions) that they should co-operate because it is in their interest, it is necessary to identify the incentives that shape agents’ decisions and are responsible for co-operation failures.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k46bj4t4nxs-en
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  • 46
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    How much, what policies? (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Fiscal consolidation across government levels 1
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1070
    Series Statement: Fiscal consolidation across government levels
    Keywords: Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of fiscal consolidation efforts at the central and sub-central government level, both during the current and past consolidation episodes. After experiencing a deficit and debt hike during the crisis, sub-central debt is mostly stabilising. So far, sub-central consolidation has been mainly achieved through spending cuts, while overall revenues remained largely stable. Sub-central tax revenues rose a bit, but intergovernmental transfers went down slightly. Sub-central governments in a few countries need to consolidate further, if they want to reach debt levels of 2007 or 2011 by the year 2026, as shown by fiscal gap calculations. During past consolidation episodes, sub-central consolidation increased the probability of debt stabilisation at the general government level. Reductions in intergovernmental grants improved the success rate. Central and sub-central deficits tended to move in parallel, although some subcentral governments experienced a “second trough” three or four years after consolidation had started. The paper suggests a number of instruments that could help sub-central governments consolidate their budgets, and argues in favour of amendments to sub-central fiscal rules.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43nxr99zd6-en
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  • 47
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    Intergovernmental grants, pro- or counter-cyclical? (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 S.)
    Series Statement: Fiscal consolidation across government levels 3
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1072
    Series Statement: Fiscal consolidation across government levels
    Keywords: Finanzausgleich ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Antizyklische Finanzpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides empirical analysis that measures the cyclical properties of intergovernmental transfers (or grants). Modelling a fiscal policy reaction function this paper tests whether the transfers systems in OECD countries are pro- or counter-cyclical, i.e. whether they offset cyclical fluctuations of sub-central economies or, on the contrary, exacerbate them. Regression results suggest that transfer systems tend to be pro-cyclical in general and in more than half of OECD countries they tend to destabilise sub-central budgets. Transfer pro-cyclicality may be the result of several factors: Transfer spending is often determined as a share of central government tax revenue, which itself tends to fluctuate with the cycle. Moreover, many grants are matching sub-central spending and hence tend to exacerbate fluctuations of that sub-central spending. Pro-cyclical grants could partly explain the often observed pro-cyclicality of subcentral government fiscal policy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43nxqrlmtf-en
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  • 48
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    Judicial performance and its determinants : a cross-country perspective ; a going for growth report (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 5
    Keywords: Gerichtsbarkeit ; Performance-Messung ; Institutionelle Infrastruktur ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Well functioning judiciaries are key to economic development. Combining existing information with a newly collected dataset, the paper provides cross-country comparisons of measures of judicial performance, and investigates how cross-country differences in trial length are related to the underlying characteristics of judicial systems. There is a large cross-country variation in trial length across all instances, which appears to be related to the share of the justice budget devoted to computerisation, the systematic production of statistics the active management of the progress of cases, the presence of specialised commercial courts and the managerial responsibilities assigned to the chief judge. Good quality regulation, is associated with lower litigation, which in turn can shorten trial length. Free negotiation of lawyers’ fees also appears to be associated with lower litigation.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k44x00md5g8-en
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  • 49
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    Distributional measures across household groups in a national accounts framework : results from an experimental crosscountry exercise on household income, consumption and saving (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2013/04
    Keywords: 2011 ; Privater Konsum ; Haushaltsstatistik ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Haushaltseinkommen ; Sparen ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Valuable information exists already on household economic resources. The national accounts provide aggregate measures and micro sources (surveys, administrative records, and censuses) can be used to derive measures of the distribution across households groups. Over the years, however, macro and micro statisticians have tended to work separately leading to sometimes divergent results which can cause problem to users. In 2011, the OECD and Eurostat launched a joint Expert Group to carry out a study on the feasibility of compiling measures of the distribution of income, consumption and wealth across household groups that are consistent with national accounts definitions and totals. As part of the Expert Group, national experts from 16 countries performed experimental calculations using all the detailed micro and macro information available at the national level and following the same framework and methodology. The experimental results obtained are presented in this paper. They show disparities in household income and consumption, including Social Transfers in Kind, and in household saving for different groups of households: by income quintile; by main source of income; and by household type. The main methodological issues related to this exercise are described. The paper also illustrates the number of assumptions that are required to produce estimates on distribution across households consistent with national accounts definitions and totals.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3wdjqr775f-en
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  • 50
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    Four interpretations of social capital : an agenda for measurement (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2013/06
    Keywords: Sozialkapital ; Messung ; Definition ; Theorie ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper looks beyond the broad notion of social capital – which has been applied to a number of different phenomena –in order to clarify (i) the range of different elements that are encompassed by the term; and (ii) what needs to be done to further statistical research and development in order to lay the groundwork for establishing guidelines for better comparative measures in the future. The paper starts by describing the origins of the concept of social capital and the evolution of different approaches in the literature on this subject: it argues that there is not one single interpretation of social capital but rather several different approaches, which need to be more clearly distinguished in order for research and measurement to advance. The paper identifies four main ways in which the concept of “social capital” has been conceptualised and measured -- i) personal relationships; ii) social network support; iii) civic engagement; and iv) trust and cooperative norms -- reflecting different views of what social capital ‘is’ and implying different research agendas. The paper then looks at each of these four area in turn, assessing their meaning, functionings, and areas of policy relevance. Finally, the paper looks at measurement issues, providing examples of the measures on each of the four areas from national and international surveys. Recommendations for further statistical work in the field of social capital measurement are supported by a database of the survey questions used in around 50 surveys worldwide, available at www.oecd.org/std/social-capital-project-and-question-databank.htm.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzbcx010wmt-en
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  • 51
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    Reforming policies for the business sector to harvest the benefits of globalisation in the Netherlands (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1011
    Keywords: Globalisierung ; Niederländer ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Netherlands has strongly benefited from globalisation, which boosted international trade, cross-border investment and economic growth over the latest decades. Looking ahead, the Netherlands needs to shift the trade and investment orientation from traditional slow-growing markets to faster growing emerging economies, in order to keep reaping the benefits from globalisation. In addition, the ongoing globalisation will push companies to become more innovative and search for new activities. Against this backdrop, the government is reforming its policies for the business sector. This includes a targeted approach, where the government is attempting to strengthen key sectors to become even stronger players on the international scene. This approach, however, carries some of the risks of more traditional industrial policy, making careful policy design and evaluation important elements for successful implementation. The other building block of the new policies is a strengthening of framework conditions, which promises a more market-based development of comparative advantages, and which could be further strengthened by broadening the approach to include other policies, such as competition policies. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/netherlands).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dlffl1kkk-en
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  • 52
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    The Dutch labour market : preparing for the future (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1012
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Niederlande ; Employment ; Economics ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The well performing labour market has delivered low unemployment and relatively stable wage developments. However, it is divided into a small flexible segment and a large more rigid segment, where the adjustment burden of external shocks falls disproportionally on the first group. At the same time, labour utilisation is relatively low, despite a relatively high overall participation rate, due to a high frequency of part-time employment, a low effective retirement age and a high use of disability benefits. Looking ahead, it is unlikely that the organisation of the labour market will allow the economy to continue reaping fully the benefits of globalisation. That would require a labour market that facilitates the allocation of increasingly scarce labour resources to their best use and mobilises underutilised labour resources to counter the ageing related contraction of the labour force.). This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/netherlands
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dlff4wcwl-en
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  • 53
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    Why do Russian firms use fixed-term and agency work contracts? (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1014
    Keywords: Arbeitsmobilität ; Arbeitsvertrag ; Befristete Beschäftigung ; Leiharbeit ; Russland ; Employment ; Economics ; Russian Federation ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study looks into the use of fixed term contracts and agency work in Russia during and shortly after the crisis 2009-10 with the help of an enterprise survey. The results of variance analysis show that the use of fixed-term or agency work contracts is not uniform across sectors, size and skill requirements. Probit analysis reveals that the use of fixed term contracts also in-creases the likelihood of using agency work, but not the other way around. The increase of tem-porary and agency work contracts increases the turnover on the labour market and contributes to an increase in dualisation, but may also help to prevent a larger increase in unemployment during crisis periods.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4dlf1ctsbv-en
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  • 54
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    A cross-country comparison of household income, consumption and wealth between micro sources and national accounts aggregates (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (78 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2013/03
    Keywords: Privater Konsum ; Haushaltsstatistik ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Haushaltseinkommen ; Sparen ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Much valuable information exists already on household economic resources (i.e. income, consumption and wealth). Indeed, the national accounts provide aggregate measures and micro sources (surveys, administrative records, and censuses) can be used to derive measures of the distribution across household groups. Over the years, however, macro and micro statisticians have tended to work separately leading to sometimes divergent results which can cause problem to users. In 2011, the OECD and Eurostat launched a joint Expert Group to carry out a study on the feasibility of compiling measures of the distribution of income, consumption and wealth across household groups that are consistent with national accounts definitions and totals. The first challenge of the Expert Group was to draw a detailed picture of the extent to which statistical information derived from micro sources can be aligned to three national accounts aggregates; 20 countries studied all (or part) of the components of adjusted disposable income, 21 all (or part) of the components of actual final consumption and 7 studied all (or part) of the components of household net worth. Results show that there are a number of identified reasons that can explain differences between micro and macro sources. Some of them were quantified and isolated showing finally that for most countries micro sources provide distributive information for most of the national accounts components but for some of them with quite significant gaps in total amounts. Overall, micro and macro totals are closer to each other for income components than for consumption and wealth components. The results also show that there is greater heterogeneity in results across countries for consumption components.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k3wdjrnh7mv-en
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  • 55
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    Financial education in Latin America and the Caribbean : rationale, overview and way forward (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (74 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions 33
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Macroeconomic stability and growth in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region have allowed governments to focus on public policies that build on the complementarities between financial education, inclusion and the development of social capital. Financial education programmes can support the needs of emerging middle classes in managing their finances and benefitting from access to more sophisticated financial markets. They can also be a valuable tool to ensure a more effective financial inclusion of the most vulnerable sectors of the population, and help fight poverty and inequality.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k41zq7hp6d0-en
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  • 56
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    Comparative institutional analysis : theory, corporations and East Asia : selected papers of Masahiko Aoki (2013)
    Cheltenham, U.K : Edward Elgar
    Details
    ISBN: 9781783476213
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxiii, 469 pages) , diagrams
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Aoki, Masahiko, 1938 - 2015 Comparative institutional analysis
    Keywords: Systemvergleich ; Corporate Governance ; Spieltheorie ; Institutionenökonomik ; Entwicklung ; Ostasien ; Economics ; Corporate governance ; Corporations ; Electronic books ; Makroökonomie ; Wirtschaftsmathematik
    Abstract: This volume collects 22 articles by Masahiko Aoki, selected from writings published over the course of his 45-year academic career. These fascinating essays cover a range of issues, including mechanism design, comparative governance, corporate governance, institutions and institutional change, but are tied together by a focus on East Asia and a comparative institutional framework. -- Specific topics include the early stages of mechanism design theory, comparative analysis of vertical, horizontal and modular industrial coordination and its applications, cooperative game-theoretic approaches to the diversity of corporate government structure, the endogenous nature of institutions, and comparative and historical analysis of institutions in Japan, China and Korea. -- Students, professors and scholars with an interest in comparative institutional studies and East Asian studies will find this book a useful and illuminating resource.
    DOI: 10.4337/9781783476213
    URL: Volltext
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  • 57
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    Home sweet home : the determinants of residential satisfaction and its relation with well-being (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2013/05
    Keywords: Nachbarschaft ; Wohnstandort ; Gesundheit ; Wohnsoziologie ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Housing is a core element of people’s material living standards. It is essential to meet basic needs, such as for shelter from weather conditions, and to offer a sense of personal security, privacy and personal space. Good housing conditions are also essential for people’s health and affect childhood development. Further, housing costs make up a large share of the household budget and constitute the main component of household wealth. Residential satisfaction is a broad concept, and is associated with multidimensional aspects including physical, social, and neighbourhood factors, as well as psychological and sociodemographic characteristics of the residents. By taking advantage of two household surveys (the EU-SILC ad hoc module on housing for European countries; and the Gallup World Poll for OECD countries and other major economies), this paper uses ordered probit analysis to explore the link between households’ residential satisfaction and a number of variables related to individuals, the households to which they belong, and the characteristics of the dwelling and neighbourhood where they live. The major findings of this analysis show a complex relationship between residential satisfaction and housing characteristics including neighbourhood’s features. Individual and household socio-demographic characteristics (e.g. age, gender, education) play a secondary role once dwelling and neighbourhood features are controlled for. Understanding the factors that lead to satisfaction with housing and residential environment is key for planning successful and effective housing policies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzbcx0czc0x-en
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  • 58
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    Defending the history of economic thought (2013)
    Cheltenham, U.K : Edward Elgar
    Details
    ISBN: 9781782547815
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (x, 140 pages) , 1 diagram
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kates, Steven, 1948 - Defending the history of economic thought
    DDC: 330.09
    RVK:
    QE 000
    RVK:
    QE 800
    Keywords: Ökonomische Ideengeschichte ; Wirtschaftsstudium ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Economics History ; Wirtschaftstheorie ; Electronic books ; Economics ; History ; Wirtschaftswissenschaften ; Geschichte
    Abstract: 1. Preliminary thoughts -- 2. Why study the history of economic thought -- 3. Debating the role of the history of economic thought -- 4. Teaching the history of economic thought -- 5. Defending the history of economic thought.
    Abstract: This book explains the importance of the history of economic thought in the curriculum of economists, whereas most discussions of this kind are devoted only to explaining why such study is of value simply to the individual economist. Steven Kates reaches out past the individual to explain the crucial importance of the history of economic thought in the study of economics itself; without its history at the core of the curriculum, he contends, economics is a lesser subject, less penetrating, less interesting and of much less social value. The author argues that it is the orientation that historians of economic thought give to economics in general that may be one of HETs greatest virtues, with the mainstream continuously challenged because historians of economics keep bringing other, perhaps wrongly neglected, economic traditions into the conversation. This book clarifies not just why anyone who wishes to understand economic theory must understand the history of economics but also, and much more importantly, why the history of economic thought must be preserved as a core component within the economics curriculum if economic theory is to progress. This fascinating and thought-provoking book will prove invaluable reading for academics, researchers, lecturers and students across the expansive economics field
    DOI: 10.4337/9781782547815
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  • 59
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    The Islamic debt market for sukuk securities : the theory and practice of profit sharing investment (2012)
    Cheltenham, U.K : Edward Elgar
    Details
    ISBN: 9780857936219
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xx, 222 pages) , diagrams
    Series Statement: Foundations of Islamic finance
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Islamic debt market for sukuk securities
    DDC: 332.632091767
    RVK:
    QK 620
    Keywords: Islamisches Finanzsystem ; Anleihe ; Rentenmarkt ; Regulierung ; Erfolgsbeteiligung ; Theorie ; Islamische Staaten ; Banks and banking Religious aspects ; Islam ; Bonds (Islamic law) ; Bonds Religious aspects ; Islam ; Bonds ; Capital market (Islamic law) ; Capital market Religious aspects ; Islam ; Capital market ; Economics Religious aspects ; Islam ; Economics ; Finance (Islamic law) ; Finance Religious aspects ; Islam ; Finance ; Financial instruments ; Investments (Islamic law) ; Investments Religious aspects ; Islam ; Investments ; Securities (Islamic law) ; Securities ; Debt ; Profit-sharing ; Securities Religious aspects ; Islam ; Islamische Bank ; Anleihe ; Rentenmarkt ; Regulierung ; Erfolgsbeteiligung ; Theorie ; Islamische Staaten ; Electronic books ; Islamische Staaten ; Islamische Bank ; Anleihe ; Rentenmarkt ; Regulierung ; Gewinnbeteiligung ; Theorie
    Abstract: The relatively new sukuk (or Islamic debt securities) markets have grown to more than US $800 billion over the past decade, and continue to grow at a rate of around 20-30 per cent per year. Arguably the first of its kind, this path-breaking book provides a unique reference tool relating to key issues surrounding sukuk markets, which are found in 12 major financial centres, including Kuala Lumpur, London and Zurich. The internationally renowned contributors present an in-depth study of sukuk securities, beginning with a comprehensive definition and history. They go on to discuss Islamic financial concepts and practices that govern how sukuk securities are issued, how markets are carefully regulated to protect investors, and how securities are designed to safeguard invested money. The prospects and challenges of developing sukuk Islamic debt markets across the world are also illustrated.
    DOI: 10.4337/9780857936219
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 60
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    Approaches to measuring the stock of human capital : a review of country practices (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2012/4
    Keywords: Humankapital ; Messung ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper reviews some national initiatives related to measuring the stock of human capital, indentifies some challenges to be addressed to improve the quality of existing monetary measures of human capital, and suggests developing experimental satellite accounts for education to better understand how human capital is produced and the linkages between education and its non-monetary outcomes.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zlm5bc3ns-en
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  • 61
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    The role of short-time working schemes during the global financial crisis and early recovery : a cross-country analysis (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 144
    Keywords: 2004-2010 ; Unterbeschäftigung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Beschäftigungseffekt ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: There has been a strong interest in short-time work (STW) schemes during the global financial crisis. Using data for 23 OECD countries for the period 2004 Q1 to 2010 Q4, this paper analyses the quantitative effects of STW programmes on labour market outcomes by exploiting the country and time variation in STW take-up rates. The analysis takes account of differences in institutional settings across countries that might affect the relationship between labour market outcomes and output and also addresses the endogeneity of STW take-up with respect to labour market conditions. Moreover, special attention is given to the dynamic aspects of the relationship between output and labour market outcomes. The results indicate the STW raises hours flexibility by increasing the output elasticity of working time and helps to preserve jobs in the context of a recession by making employment and unemployment less elastic with respect to output. A key finding is that the timing of STW is crucial. While STW helped preserving a significant number of jobs during the crisis, its continued use during the recovery may have slowed the job-content of the recovery. By the end of 2010, the net effect of STW on employment was negligible or may even have become negative. However, the gross impact of STW on the number of jobs saved per quarter remains large and positive in the majority of countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8x7gvx7247-en
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  • 62
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    Non-Keynesian effects of fiscal consolidation : an analysis with an estimated DSGE model for the Hungarian economy (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 945
    Keywords: Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Dynamisches Gleichgewicht ; Ungarn ; Economics ; Hungary ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Using an estimated DSGE model for Hungary, the paper identifies the possible non-Keynesian channels through which a fiscal consolidation may manifest as expansionary. Simulations show that fiscal consolidation policies are typically contractionary. Nevertheless, taking into account some specific features of the Hungarian economy, there is a possibility that expansionary effects arise. These effects may take the form of a drop in interest rate risk premium or favourable balance sheet effects through the appreciation of the currency. However, the credibility of fiscal consolidation is key in achieving positive output effects. A non-credible consolidation is unlikely to expand output, regardless of the assumptions regarding the specific features of the economy, and regardless of the composition of a consolidation package.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9d195t38mv-en
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  • 63
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    Tax reform in Norway : a focus on capital taxation (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 950
    Keywords: Steuerreform ; Duale Einkommensteuer ; Kapitalertragsteuer ; Norwegen ; Economics ; Norway ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Norway’s dual income tax system achieves high levels of revenue collection and income redistribution, without overly undermining economic performance and while paying attention to environmental externalities. It treats capital and labour income in different ways: capital income is taxed at a single low rate, while labour income is taxed at progressive rates. However, effective tax rates on savings vary widely across asset classes. The favourable treatment of owner-occupied housing relative to financial savings should be reduced, preferably by taxing imputed rents at the standard 28% statutory rate. The wealth tax implies very high effective tax rates on savings, indicating that it either gives rise to tax avoidance or significantly inhibits growth. The government should investigate the issue and, if the growth-equity trade-off is too unfavourable to growth, phase out or lower the wealth tax. To restrain tax avoidance by the wealthy, the base of the gift and inheritance tax should be broadened. Overall, the reform package recommended in this paper would improve the allocation of capital and increase work and investment incentives. It could be designed to be broadly neutral in regard to income redistribution and public revenue.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9bls0vpd5d-en
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  • 64
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    Climate change policies in Poland : minimising abatement costs (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 953
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; Polen ; Environment ; Economics ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poland is on track to meet its international greenhouse-gas emissions commitments. However, it will need to cut emissions significantly in the future, if the European Commission’s proposal on the Low Carbon Roadmap is adopted. Policies should ensure that the country’s substantial reduction potential, mainly linked to the energy sector’s high emissions intensity, and implying overall abatement costs above the EU-average, is realised in a least-cost fashion by imposing an economy-wide single carbon price. This stands in contrast with current explicit and implicit carbon prices, which vary widely across different sectors of the economy. Crucial to least-cost abatement is also a high responsiveness to the EU-ETS carbon price signal. While Poland has made good progress in complying with EU regulations related to the energy sector, the large share of public ownership and the lack of effective separation between electricity producers and distributors may blur the price signal for investment decisions in generation capacity. The isolation of the Polish electricity market implies a need for more investment in low-emission technologies in Poland to achieve a given emissions-reduction target, whereas a deeper integration with neighbouring electricity markets would spread the burden more efficiently across countries. The cost-efficiency advantage of uniform support to renewables via green certificates should be retained to minimise abatement costs. Government policies aimed at a higher share of nuclear power and natural gas from shale formations need to take fully into account tail risks and the short- and long-term environmental costs of the use of the former and fully consider environmental risks related to extraction of the latter. Energy efficiency policies can help to address market failure but should not be allowed to distort relative carbon prices. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Review of Poland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Poland).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9b7bz18m0x-en
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  • 65
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    Improving the health-care system in Poland (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 957
    Keywords: Gesundheitswesen ; Polen ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Since the transformation following the Communist era, Poland has matched improvements in health outcomes of the most developed OECD countries, although without catching up the ground lost during the 1970s and 1980s. The health status of the population remains relatively poor, although after controlling for per capita income health outcomes are only slightly below the OECD average. The Polish health-care system is characterised by low spending, a heavily regulated public system with a stringent budget constraint, restricted sub-national government autonomy and a thin private insurance market. Heavy out-of-pocket payments and long waiting lists generate inequalities in access to care. The most pressing issues to be addressed concern: easing the substantial limitations in access to care; reducing persistent inequalities; carefully designing new private health insurance; better coordinating among major public actors; improving hospital management; strengthening the gate-keeping function played by generalists; and developing a comprehensive long-term-care strategy. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Review of Poland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Poland).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9b7bn5qzvd-en
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  • 66
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    Improving health outcomes and system in Hungary (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 961
    Keywords: Gesundheitswesen ; Ungarn ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Hungary ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Based on the latest available data up to 2009, the health status of the Hungarian population is among the poorest in the OECD, including countries with a similar level of income per capita. While this outcome has been driven by the socioeconomic status of the population and lifestyle risks, it also reflects the relatively limited effectiveness of the health care system, for which relatively low levels of resources have been available: total health spending amounted to 7.4% of GDP in 2009, lower than in other OECD countries with similar levels of income per capita. Although the health care system is generating significant health care outputs, such as doctor’s consultations and hospital discharges, problems with the quality of health services and the need to reallocate resources where they would contribute most to health outcomes suggest a need for reforms. Reforms are needed to address immediate challenges to stem the outflow of health care workers, reorganise care capacities, align incentives faced by providers and patients, and improve access to health care services. The medium–term challenge for the health care system is to increase available resources to significantly enhance health outcomes. As there are relatively weak mechanisms to regulate quality and prevent unnecessary care, further improving efficiency is also of key importance. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of Hungary (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/hungary)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k98rwqj3zmp-en
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  • 67
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    Sustaining Korea's convergence to the highest-income countries (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 965
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Produktionspotenzial ; Wirtschaftliche Konvergenz ; Südkorea ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: While Korea remains one of the fastest-growing OECD economies, its potential growth rate per capita is projected to decelerate from around 4% during the current decade to around 2¼ per cent during the 2030s. Sustaining growth requires policies to mitigate the impact of rapid population ageing by increasing labour inputs from under-utilised segments of the population. In particular, female labour participation should be encouraged by better work-life balance and increasing the availability of high-quality, affordable childcare, in part by raising tuition fee subsidies and improving the quality of private childcare centres. More flexible employment and wage systems would increase the age at which older workers leave firms. For young people, improved vocational education at the secondary and tertiary levels would help overcome the labour mismatch problem and the overemphasis on tertiary education. Enhancing educational quality at all levels would promote productivity gains, including in services. Strengthened competition is also a key to narrow the large productivity gap between services and manufacturing.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k97gkd8jgzs-en
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  • 68
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    Are all forms of financial integration equally risky in times of financial turmoil? : asset price contagion during the global financial crisis (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: International capital mobility and financial fragility 6
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 969
    Series Statement: International capital mobility and financial fragility
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Using the 2008-09 global financial crisis, this paper examines the role of different forms of international financial integration for asset price contagion in crisis times. Defining contagion as the transmission of financial market movements beyond the co-movements that would occur in “tranquil” times, the paper looks into the presence of contagion in the period of turmoil prior to the fall of Lehman Brothers, in the main crisis period following the Lehman collapse, and in the ensuing late stages of the crisis. The analysis uses bilateral financial and trade linkages and daily data on equity and bond prices for a sample of 46 countries between 2002 and 2011. Bilateral debt integration and common bank lenders are found to have transmitted financial turmoil through equity and bond markets at the height of the crisis. During this period, real trade linkages also increased equity price co-movements. By contrast, no robust evidence is found that equity or FDI integration increased asset price co-movements during the crisis.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k97b0lbdq40-en
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  • 69
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    Towards green growth in Denmark : improving energy and climate change policies (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 974
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Denmark’s green growth strategy focuses on moving the energy system away from fossil fuels and investing in green technologies, while limiting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. On the whole, current policies should allow Denmark to reach near-term climate change targets, but may not be sufficient to achieve its most ambitious targets. The challenge is to achieve objectives in a cost-effective manner and to ensure that these ambitions contribute as much as possible to global GHG emissions mitigation and to stronger and greener growth in Denmark. Better exploiting interactions with EU and international policies, finding the appropriate way to support green technologies and reducing GHG emissions in sectors not covered by the EU emission trading scheme are key issues which need to be addressed to meet this challenge. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of Denmark (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/denmark).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k962hjpwwvj-en
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  • 70
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    Measuring GDP forecast uncertainty using quantile regressions (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 978
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Uncertainty is inherent to forecasting and assessing the uncertainty surrounding a point forecast is as important as the forecast itself. Following Cornec (2010), a method to assess the uncertainty around the indicator models used at OECD to forecast GDP growth of the six largest member countries is developed, using quantile regressions to construct a probability distribution of future GDP, as opposed to mean point forecasts. This approach allows uncertainty to be assessed conditionally on the current state of the economy and is totally model based and judgement free. The quality of the computed distributions is tested against other approaches to measuring forecast uncertainty and a set of uncertainty indicators is constructed in order to help exploiting the most helpful information.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k95xd76jvvg-en
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  • 71
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    Climate change policies in Germany : make ambition pay (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 982
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Deutschland ; Economics ; Germany ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Germany reduced greenhouse gas emissions substantially but remains an important emitter. Ambitious targets for climate change mitigation have been fixed and a broad range of environmental measures are being implemented. The efficiency of these measures, as well as their coordination, should be improved though, as reaching the targets risks being costly. In particular, the early phase-out of nuclear power and the development of renewable energy sources will require high levels of investment and public financial support. Establishing a clear carbon price in all sectors of the economy and phasing out environmentally harmful subsidies would contribute to reducing the CO2 abatement cost. The generosity of feed-in tariffs also needs to be carefully monitored and adjusted tightly in line with market developments to avoid deadweight losses and excessive increases in electricity prices. In addition, in order to maintain the German leadership in green sectors and preserve future sources of growth, competition in the energy sectors should be increased and eco-innovation further developed. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 Economic Survey of Germany, www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/germany.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92sn0f8dbt-en
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  • 72
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    Structural reforms to boost Turkey's long-term growth (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 987
    Keywords: Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Türkei ; Economics ; Turkey ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Turkey can achieve strong sustainable growth and job creation but further reforms in the labour market, education and product markets are required for such gains to materialise. In recent years, growth has been largely driven by the industrial catch-up of Anatolian regions, although the Marmara area in the West has also been very dynamic. In the process, labour force participation has started to rise anew, but around one third of new low-skilled jobs have been created in the informal sector. Sustaining vigorous growth over the longer run therefore requires pushing ahead with a number of structural reforms. First, Turkey’s rigid labour market regulation needs to evolve, so as to encourage job creation in the formal sector. Second, further progress with education reform, from pre-school all the way to the tertiary level and vocational training, is needed to boost growth and bring about employment gains in the formal sector. Third, implementing product market reforms, notably in network industries, would unleash productivity gains in those sectors and be a boost to the rest of the economy. A set of alternative growth scenarios through 2030 illustrates how progress on these various fronts can deliver lasting improvements in living standards. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of Turkey (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/turkey).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92smv7cnjl-en
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  • 73
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    Intangible assets, resource allocation and growth : a framework for analysis (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 989
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the growing importance of intangible assets as a potential source of innovation and productivity gains, and the contribution of efficient resource allocation to this process. Realising the growth opportunities implied by intangible assets depends on the ability to reallocate labour and capital to their most productive use, which is determined by the design of framework policies. The redeployment of tangible resources takes on heightened importance given the inherent difficulties in allocating intangibles efficiently. Indeed, the characteristics of intangible assets create market imperfections, which hinder the allocation of new ideas to where they can be developed most efficiently. While a number of policy instruments are typically deployed to address these market failures, the paper also explores how the growing importance of intangible assets is affecting the suitability of these policy tools. In turn, a number of policy issues are identified, spanning the financing of start-up firms, the treatment of intangibles in corporate valuation and accounting frameworks, competition policy in the digital economy and the role of intellectual property rights frameworks in rapidly growing domains such as information technology.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92s63w14wb-en
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  • 74
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    Promoting SME development in Indonesia (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 995
    Keywords: KMU ; Mittelstandspolitik ; Indonesien ; Economics ; Indonesia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Micro, small and medium-sized firms (MSMEs) are a key source of employment and economic growth in Indonesia. They contributed to the country’s economic resilience during the 2008-09 financial crisis. But many suffer from low productivity, curbing their role in boosting living standards. There are several ways to spur MSME productivity growth over the medium term. The first route would be to encourage the formalisation of small firms. Lessening red tape through simplification of the licensing process and lower tax compliance costs would help. Avoiding excessive rises in the minimum wage in provinces where it is already at a reasonable level would also be important. Looking forward, it would be useful to remove rigidities in the formal labour markets, while moving to some form of unemployment benefit system to insure workers against job-loss risks. The second route would be to boost investment. Clarifying property rights for real estate, and making the information collected by the credit bureau available to all financial institutions would ease access to finance. At the same time, the development of financing alternatives such as venture capital, leasing or micro-finance would enhance credit supply. The poor state of infrastructure, in particular in the transportation and electricity sectors, is also perceived as an important impediment to investment and could be remedied by increasing public infrastructure spending on cost-effective projects. The third route would be to enhance the quality of human resources. The country suffers from a lack of skilled workers, and policies should aim both at increasing the pool of workers and making education and training institutions more responsive to evolving labour-market demand. Indonesia has a long tradition of supporting MSMEs. But responsibilities between the different levels of government and within the central government need to be clarified to minimise overlap and inefficiencies. A rigorous assessment of existing programmes would allow schemes to be consolidated and scarce public funds to be directed to their most cost-effective uses.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k918xk464f7-en
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  • 75
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    Unleashing business innovation in Canada (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 997
    Keywords: Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper discusses how to improve Canada’s business innovation in order to boost labour productivity and output growth. Many general framework conditions are highly favourable to business risk-taking and innovation, including macro stability, openness, strong human capital, low corporate tax rates, low barriers to firm entry and flexible labour markets. However, they can be improved further by reduced external and interprovincial barriers in network and professional service sectors, more efficient capital markets, fewer capital tax distortions and improved patent protection. A second focus should be on ensuring that incentives arising from government subsidies are targeted on actual market failures. The very high level of support to business R&D via the federal Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) tax credit and provincial top-ups may affect the incentives of small firms to grow and should be redesigned. A plethora of small, fragmented granting programmes, mainly geared to SMEs, should be streamlined for better government-business collaboration. The large public share in venture capital should be wound down, as it may crowd out more productive private finance. A final focus should be on boosting manager and worker skills that are intrinsic to all forms of innovation, by filling gaps in training, mentoring and education. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Review of Canada (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Canada).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k912j63dn25-en
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  • 76
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    Improving the tax system in Indonesia (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 998
    Keywords: Steuerreform ; Indonesien ; Economics ; Indonesia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Indonesia has come a long way in improving its tax system over the last decade, both in terms of revenues raised and administrative efficiency. Nonetheless, the tax take is still low, given the need for more spending on infrastructure and social protection. With the exception of the natural resources sector, increasing tax revenues would be best achieved through broadening tax bases and improving tax administration, rather than changes in the tax schedule that seems broadly in line with international practice. Possible measures to broaden the tax base include bringing more of the self-employed into the tax system, subjecting employer-provided fringe benefits and allowances to personal income taxation and reducing the exemptions from value-added taxes. Similarly, broad-based investment credits would be a less distortive way to enhance investment incentives than selective tax holidays. Introducing a targeted, simplified tax regime for small and medium-sized enterprises, as currently planned by the government, could foster their integration into the tax system in the longer run, even if its short-run revenue potential is limited. Upgrading tax administration has made substantial progress in Indonesia since 2002, although there is still scope to improve the training of tax officers and the administration’s audit and litigation capacities, while strengthening internal control systems and enhancing the transparency of administrative decisions. The audit system could be further improved by allocating more tax audits on the basis of compliance risks. In the natural resources sector, particularly in mining, there is a case for increasing the government’s share of resource rents through higher tax rates imposed on these rents, as opposed to taxing revenues. This would imply a willingness of the government to bear a larger share of the exploration and development risk than heretofore, which Indonesia, with its improved access to international financial markets and a diversified resource portfolio, is now well placed to do. In the mining sector, a powerful rent tax regime with a large government take would serve the country better than export taxes and ownership restrictions that have been decided recently. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Review of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Indonesia).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k912j3r2qmr-en
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  • 77
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    Strengthening innovation in the United States (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1001
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; USA ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The US innovation system has many strengths, including world class research universities and firms that thrive in innovation-intensive sectors. However, fissures have begun to appear, notably in the areas of human capital development, the patent system and manufacturing activity, while public investments in R&D and research universities are at risk of being curtailed by budget cuts. Revitalizing the dynamism of innovation has become a priority for US policymakers. To this end, it is important that federal and state governments sustain financial support for knowledge creation. The US workforce’s skills will need to be upgraded, especially in STEM fields, and measures taken to provide more favourable framework conditions for developing advanced manufacturing in the United States. While the recent patent reform is a big step in the right direction, patent reform needs to be taken further by ensuring that the legal standards for granting injunctive relief and damages awards for patent infringement reflect realistic business practices and the relative contributions of patented components of complex technologies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zl62hxmf6-en
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  • 78
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    Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in a cost effective way in Switzerland (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1002
    Keywords: Immissionsschutz ; Emissionshandel ; Schweiz ; Environment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Switzerland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Switzerland has low greenhouse gas emissions per capita as compared to other countries, which reflects the strong reliance on energy sources emitting few greenhouse gas emissions, especially in electricity generation, and little heavy industry. Greenhouse gas emissions have remained almost the same since 1990, as emission reductions in the residential and industrial sector were offset by increases from the transport sector. It is estimated that, in aggregate, marginal abatement costs are relatively high in Switzerland and meeting the 2020 target of a 20% emission reduction below the 1990 level will necessitate more cost effective policies. In particular, more needs to be done in the road transport sector, the domestic sector with the largest potential for emission reductions at relatively low cost. The incentive for energy saving renovations in rented dwellings could be raised by a better design of existing policies. And the policies in the industrial sector could be made more effective with the transition towards linking the Swiss and the EU emission trading systems.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8xff3tgd32-en
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  • 79
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    Debt and macroeconomic stability : case studies (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1004
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Accumulating debt raises concerns about its implications for macroeconomic stability. This paper sheds light on the implications of high indebtedness for the macroeconomic volatility by identifying the main drivers of the evolution of debt in a set of countries. The country choice was based on large deleveraging episodes of total economy debt, identified by turning point dating. The analysis shows that GDP is more volatile in the phase of deleveraging. However, countries can be distinguished into two groups. In a first set of countries (Germany, Israel, Mexico and the United States) economic activity has often rebounded during the phase of deleveraging. On the contrary, in a second group of countries, the higher volatility during the deleveraging phase has been accompanied by sluggish economic activity. Countries in this second group (for instance, Japan and Sweden) share the common characteristic that higher indebtedness was driven by a boom in asset prices. When asset prices burst, the financial sector cuts credit supply, which weighs on economic activity. The results also suggest that many episodes of debt leveraging have been naturally driven by boom in asset price used as collateral or by financial liberalisation, which have facilitated excessive borrowing.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8xb76b34r7-en
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  • 80
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    Debt and macroeconomic stability : an overview of the literature and some empirics (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1006
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How does debt affect macroeconomic stability? The answer to this question has important implications, because both public and private debt levels have reached historic highs across the OECD. While accumulating debt can help smooth real activity, at high levels debt creates weaknesses in corporate, household and government balance sheets. High debt levels can create vulnerabilities, which amplify and transmit macroeconomic and asset price shocks across the economy and internationally. The empirical evidence shows that high debt levels impair the ability of households and enterprises to smooth consumption and investment and of governments to cushion adverse shocks. The empirical evidence also suggests that when private sector debt levels, particularly for households, rise above trend the likelihood of recession increases. Furthermore, when debt levels are high, recessions tend to be more severe.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8xb75txzf5-en
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  • 81
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    Reducing poverty in Estonia through activation and better targeting (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1008
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Estland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Estonia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The crisis revealed the need for a strategic review of the existing social protection system in Estonia. Extreme income fluctuations on one side and low social benefits on the other side exposed fragile groups in the population to a significant poverty risk. The government has recently commissioned several studies to prepare a systematic reform of the system. The spectrum of options is wide and includes increased generosity, further efficiency gains, strengthening incentives, better access to services and more ambitious activation. In particular, all support programmes should be designed to maximise the prospects of re-integrating beneficiaries into employment. Social benefit recipients should therefore become regular clients of the unemployment insurance offices, and they should benefit from job search assistance and active labour market policies. Scarce resources should be more targeted to those in greatest need. Addressing the large inflows into the disability system is a priority.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8xb72v68bx-en
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  • 82
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    Flexicurity and the economic crisis 2008 - 2009 : evidence from Denmark (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 139
    Keywords: Flexicurity ; Dänemark ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A key feature of the Danish labour market is its so-called flexicurity, the coexistence of flexibility (low adjustment costs for both employers and employees) and security (owing to a developed social safety net with high coverage and high replacement ratios). This is often believed to have contributed to the resilience of the Danish labour market and especially to its ability to maintain a low and stable unemployment rate. The aim of this paper is to examine the performance of the flexicurity system and changes therein during the previous three decades, including the first years of the Great Recession. We carry out two types of analyses: at the levels of establishments and employees, respectively. First, we use linked employer-employee data for the private sector to examine how labour demand responds to output shocks by a study of firms’ labour adjustment behaviour during economic upturns and downturns. Second, based on the same data set we examine how the flexicurity system protects workers from income losses associated with job losses due to plant closures or major lay-offs. In particular, we are interested in how the transformation of the flexicurity system since the mid-nineties to increasingly emphasise activation and to reduce maximum unemployment benefit durations has changed employees’ security in case of displacement. We document large worker flows that exhibit strong cyclical variation giving rise to volatile unemployment dynamics. External flexibility of firms has remained unchanged for almost three decades. While we find no clear traces of trend changes in employers’ labour adjustment behaviour, we do find that income losses of displaced workers have declined over time, mainly due to their faster re-employment. Although it is still early days to conclude with certainty, there are so far no strong indications of the reemergence of unemployment hysteresis to the same extent as in previous recessions.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k8x7gw8btq6-en
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  • 83
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    Reforming Education in England (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no.939
    Keywords: Education ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite significant increases in spending on child care and education during the last decade, PISA scores suggest that educational performance remains static, uneven and strongly related to parents’ income and background. Better educational performance could improve labour market outcomes, raise growth, lower the consequences of a disadvantaged background and increase social mobility. Given the austere fiscal outlook, improvements have to come from higher efficiency rather than further spending. More focused pre-school spending on disadvantaged children could improve skill formation. Better-targeted funding for disadvantaged children combined with strengthened incentives for schools to attract and support these students would help raising educational outcomes. The government is increasing user choice by expanding the academies programme and introducing Free Schools, but needs to closely follow effects on fair access for disadvantaged children. The impact of increasing user choice on educational outcomes is uncertain, but the government should experiment with proscribing the use of residence criteria in admission to local government maintained schools in some local authorities. Reforms to increase supply flexibility should be pursued. All government funded schools should enjoy the same freedom in hiring and wage setting to level the playing field across different school types. To better gauge progress and inform policy makers, schools and parents on educational outcomes, additional performance measures should be developed and steps taken to lessen the reliance on grades in performance management. Insufficient supply of high-quality vocational programmes and tertiary education study places hamper human capital formation and growth. Stabilising and simplifying vocational education by more focus on high quality apprenticeships would support participation. The government needs to find efficient measures to raise participation especially among children from low income families to replace the abolished educational maintenance allowance. Further reforms to funding of higher education could lower taxpayers’ costs and help finance a needed expansion in the sector. This Working Paper relates to the 2011 OECD Economic Survey of the United Kingdom (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/uk).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9gsh772h9q-en
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  • 84
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    Do house prices impact consumption and interest rate? : evidence from OECD countries using an agnostic identification procedure (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 947
    Keywords: Immobilienpreis ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Privater Konsum ; Zins ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the existence of significant spillovers from the housing sector onto the wider economy for the seven major OECD countries using Uhlig's (2005) agnostic identification procedure. This method allows a housing demand shock to be identified in a six-variable VAR model by imposing sign restrictions on the impulse responses of consumer prices, residential investment, real house prices and mortgage loans, while private consumption and nominal interest rate responses are left unrestricted. The results suggest that consumption responds positively and significantly to a house price shock in Canada, France, Japan and the UK. A significant positive delayed response of nominal interest rates follows a house price shock in Germany, Japan, the UK and the US, suggesting that while central banks do not seem to respond instantly and systematically to a housing demand shock, their repercussions on the economy tend to translate into higher policy rates after a few quarters.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9d192klphd-en
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  • 85
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    Short-term gain or pain? : a DSGE model-based analysis of the short-term effects of structural reforms in labour and product markets (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 948
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the short-term effects of labour and product market reforms through a dynamic general equilibrium model that features endogenous producer entry, equilibrium unemployment and costly job creation and destruction. Unlike in existing work, the link between labour and product market dynamics and the policy factors driving it are modelled explicitly. The analysis yields three main findings. First, it takes time for reforms to pay off, typically at least a couple of years. This is partly because their benefits materialise through firm entry and increased hiring, both of which are gradual processes, while any reform-driven layoffs are immediate. Second, all reforms appear to stimulate GDP already in the short run, but some of them -- such as job protection reforms -- are found to increase unemployment temporarily. Implementing a broad package of labour and product market reforms enables governments to minimise or even alleviate such transitional costs. Third, reforms are not found to have noticeable deflationary effects, suggesting that the inability of monetary policy to deliver large interest rate cuts in their aftermath -- either because of the zero bound on policy rates or because the country belongs to a large monetary union -- may not be a relevant obstacle to reform implementation. Alternative simple monetary policy rules have little impact on the transitional costs from reforms.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9csvkkr3xn-en
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  • 86
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    Bringing Belgian public finances to a sustainable path (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 954
    Keywords: Finanzpolitik ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Belgien ; Economics ; Belgium ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic growth is projected to be strengthening from mid-2011 onwards, but will be insufficient to restore the sustainability of public finances. The Belgian strategy to prefund ageing costs by generating fiscal surpluses to bring down public debt was derailed by the global crisis. Restoring the strategy is a priority, especially as spreads on Belgian debt have increased. This will require cuts in public spending, improving efficiency of policies, containing the growth of ageing-related costs and making the tax system more conducive to growth. While past experiences, such as in the 1990s, have shown that successful large consolidations are feasible, the task seems even more difficult this time as potential growth will be muted and interest rates are likely to increase. In this context, a credible fiscal consolidation plan requires the participation of all governments. Its effectiveness can be strengthened by improving the fiscal framework, in particular by introducing multi-year budgets, annual expenditure rules consistent with long-term targets and an enhanced role of an independent fiscal policy watchdog.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9b7bxqvgvh-en
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  • 87
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    Ensuring debt sustainability amid strong economic uncertainty in Hungary (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 958
    Keywords: Öffentliche Ausgaben ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Schuldenmanagement ; Ungarn ; Economics ; Hungary ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite a deep recession in 2009 and weak growth in subsequent years, Hungary’s fiscal position compares favourably with many other OECD countries. Nonetheless, the underlying fiscal balance started deteriorating in 2010 and 2011. Recognising this, Hungary’s government launched an ambitious set of fiscal consolidation measures in spring 2011, the Széll Kálmán plan, which is rightly focused on curbing public expenditure. This plan, together with subsequent significant revenue-increasing measures, should help restore fiscal adjustment in 2012 and 2013. However, ensuring the sustainability of Hungarian public debt remains challenging in the context of the persistence of the sovereign debt crisis in many European economies since shifts in market sentiment could lead to unsustainable debt servicing costs. In this context, increasing the credibility of fiscal consolidation requires using several policy levers. First, the cost/risk assessment of the debt management strategy should be reassessed by taking into account lessons from the current crisis: the share of government borrowing in foreign currency will likely need to be drastically reduced. Second, additional consolidation efforts should focus more strongly on the spending side and avoid raising distortive taxes. Third, the fiscal framework should be improved by making fiscal rules less pro-cyclical and by raising the profile and political acceptance of the fiscal council through better analytical support and an enlarged mandate, while removing its power to veto the budget. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of Hungary (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/hungary).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k98rwsm3vxp-en
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  • 88
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    Housing price and investment dynamics in Finland (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 962
    Keywords: Wohnungsmarkt ; Immobilienpreis ; Bauinvestition ; Immobilienfinanzierung ; Finnland ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Finnish housing market is volatile. After declining significantly as the global financial crisis unfolded, housing prices and investment recovered to reach new peaks. This paper uses a small econometric model to assess the role of fundamentals in housing price and investment developments. Current housing valuations and residential investment are broadly in line with the model estimates. Housing market volatility is exacerbated by fluctuations in the wider economy, which given its size and openness is vulnerable to external shocks. Structural features of the housing market also make it prone to volatility. The paper describes institutional characteristics of the Finnish housing market that bear on house price volatility and supply responsiveness. These relate to the structure of tenures, housing taxation and subsidies, social housing, financing, land-use planning, and competition in the construction industry.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k98rwldjr44-en
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  • 89
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    How do structural policies affect financial crisis risk? : evidence from past crises across OECD and emerging economies (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: International capital mobility and financial fragility 3
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 966
    Series Statement: International capital mobility and financial fragility
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines how structural policies can influence a country's risk of suffering financial turmoil. Using a panel of 184 developed and emerging economies from 1970 to 2009, the empirical analysis examines which structural policies can affect financial stability by either shaping the financial account structure, by reducing the risk of international financial contagion, or by directly reducing the risk of financial crises. Differentiated capital controls are found to affect financial stability via the structure of the financial account. Moreover, a number of structural policies including regulatory burdens on foreign direct investment, strict product market regulation, or tax systems which favour debt over equity finance are found to bias external financing towards debt, thereby increasing financial crisis risk. By contrast, more stringent domestic capital adequacy requirements for banks, greater reliance of a domestic banking system on deposits, controls on credit market inflows, and openness to foreign bank entry are found to reduce the vulnerability to financial contagion. Finally, vulnerability to international bank balance-sheet shocks is found to be lower in situations of abundant global liquidity, underlining the importance of adequate central bank reactions in situations of financial turmoil.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k97fmtj5vtk-en
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  • 90
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    Enhancing financial stability : country-specific evidence on financial account and structural policy positions (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: International capital mobility and financial fragility 7
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 970
    Series Statement: International capital mobility and financial fragility
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper brings together the results from new empirical analysis on how – under international capital mobility – financial account structure and structural policies can contribute to financial stability. More specifically, the analysis has identified features of financial accounts and structural policy settings that are associated with financial fragility, and this paper presents information on these features and policy settings across a wide set of countries. A first set of charts present stability-relevant dimensions of the financial account for OECD economies and the BRIICS. A second set of charts shows how countries' financial account structure evolved in the decade prior to the global financial crisis, highlighting substantial increases in financial vulnerability in countries that were subsequently strongly affected by the crisis. Finally, a third set of charts presents countries' stances on selected structural policies that are conducive to financial stability.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k97b0b1wz8x-en
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  • 91
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    An analysis of productivity performance in Spain before and during the crisis : exploring the role of institutions (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 973
    Keywords: 1996-2007 ; Produktivität ; Institutionenökonomik ; Spanien ; Economics ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Spanish economy experienced significantly weaker labour productivity growth than other OECD economies and failed to catch up with the most advanced economies in the period 1996-2007. In recent years labour productivity growth has accelerated, but this recovery is likely to be due to cyclical and temporary factors. The aim of this paper is to identify what factors weigh on weak trend productivity growth. The relatively weak performance largely reflects the low growth of total factor productivity within a wide range of sectors, with very limited impact of composition effects, while the capital stock and educational attainment of the workforce have grown relatively strongly. The paper investigates the role of some institutions in deterring innovation, competition and the growth of successful firms. It argues that Spain needs to have a more flexible labour market and collective bargaining system to improve productivity performance. Productivity performance would also benefit from a more flexible business environment in such a way that both entry and exit of firms in the economy are less costly, including a reform of bankruptcy legislation, steps to make civil judicial procedures more efficient and a greater reduction of barriers to entry into the retail trade sector.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k9777lqshs5-en
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  • 92
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    Sluggish productivity growth in Denmark : the usual suspects? (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 975
    Keywords: Economics ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite sound policies and institutions, Danish productivity has grown modestly over the past decade, both historically and in relation to other countries, contributing to weak economic growth and an erosion in competitiveness. An examination of the four potential drivers of this puzzle, namely competition, education, labour market flexibility and the size of the public sector, shows that there is room for improvement in all areas, calling for action on each of these fronts. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of Denmark (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/denmark).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k962hj88txt-en
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  • 93
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    Implications of output gap uncertainty in times of crisis (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 977
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the monetary and fiscal policy implications of output gap estimates in times of crisis. The widening of output gaps observed in major OECD economies in the wake of the recent crisis has been mainly due to total factor productivity gaps, except in the United States where it essentially resulted from a large increase in the unemployment gap. As indicated by “positive” Taylor rules, output gaps influence policy-controlled interest rates and are in principle important indicators to guide monetary policy decisions. However, these gaps are estimated with a large margin of uncertainty, especially when composed mainly of TFP gaps. Given the high uncertainty of output gap estimates at present, monetary policy should put more weight on alternative indicators of inflation pressure such as wage settlements, trends in unit labour costs and a wide range of indicators of inflation expectations. The recent fall in margins observed in some countries may, for instance, translate into a combination of wage moderation and upward price pressure as firms try to rebuild their margins. In the United States, the large unemployment gap could also keep wage inflation under pressure despite a flattening Phillips curve. These downward pressures should not, however, trigger a deflationary spiral as long as inflation expectations stay anchored. As regards fiscal policy, output gaps remain necessary inputs to assess the fiscal stance adjusted for the cycle, such measures of underlying fiscal balances being reasonably robust to output gap uncertainty.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k95xd7m3szw-en
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  • 94
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    Non-parametric stochastic simulations to investigate uncertainty around the OECD indicator model forecasts (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 979
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The forecasting uncertainty around point macroeconomic forecasts is usually measured by the historical performance of the forecasting model, using measures such as root mean squared forecasting errors (RMSE). This measure, however, has the major drawback that it is constant over time and hence does not convey any information on the specific source of uncertainty nor the magnitude and balance of risks in the immediate conjuncture. Moreover, specific parametric assumptions on the probability distribution of forecasting errors are needed in order to draw confidence bands around point forecasts. This paper proposes an alternative time-varying simulated RMSE, obtained by means of non-parametric stochastic simulations, which combines the uncertainty around the model’s parameters and the structural errors term to construct asymmetric confidence bands around point forecasts. The procedure is applied, by way of example, to the short-term real GDP growth forecasts generated by the OECD Indicator Model for Germany. The empirical probability distributions of the GDP growth forecasts, derived through the bootstrapping technique, allow the ex ante probability of, for example, a negative GDP growth forecast for the current quarter to be estimated. The results suggest the presence of peaks of higher uncertainty related to economic recession events, with a balance of risks which became negative in the immediate aftermath of the global financial crisis.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k94kq50b2jd-en
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  • 95
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    Import competition, domestic regulation and firm-level productivity growth in the OECD (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 980
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines how import penetration affects firms' productivity growth taking into account the heterogeneity in firms' distance to the efficiency frontier and country differences in product market regulation. Using firm-level data for a large number of OECD countries, the analysis reveals non-linear effects of both sectoral import penetration and de jure product market regulation measures depending on firms' positions along the global distribution of productivity levels. The heterogeneous effects of international competition and domestic product market regulation on firm-level productivity growth are consistent with a neo-Schumpeterian view of trade and regulation. Close to the technology frontier, import competition has a strongly positive effect on firm-level productivity growth, with stringent domestic regulation reducing this effect substantially. However, far from the frontier, neither import competition nor its interaction with domestic regulation has a statistically significant effect on firm-level productivity growth. The results suggest that insufficient attention has been made in the trade literature to within-firm productivity growth.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k92zp0wmm34-en
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  • 96
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    Portugal : solid foundations for a sustainable fiscal consolidation (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 985
    Keywords: Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Portugal ; Economics ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Owing to slow growth and a relatively weak fiscal position, Portugal’s public debt had been rising for almost a decade when the global crisis struck, sharply increasing the deficit. The loss of confidence in Portuguese and other euro area sovereign bonds required international financial support. Weak fiscal performance reflects a wide range of fiscal structural problems resulting in poor control of expenditure. At both the central and local levels, this was compounded by the non-transparent accumulation of payment arrears, future spending obligations via Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and off-balance sheet debt in state-owned enterprises (SOEs). In line with the EU-IMF programme, the government is steadfastly implementing an ambitious front-loaded consolidation plan underpinned by a wide range of structural reforms. In a context of weak private sector demand, the government’s ability to regain control over public debt dynamics depends crucially on avoiding spending overruns. This will require reinforcing the fiscal framework to improve expenditure control, tackling payment arrears and avoiding further negative surprises from loss-making SOEs, PPPs and local governments. The success of the programme will also require maintaining social consensus around it, notably through continuous attention to its implications for the poorest. If growth is far lower than projected in the programme, the automatic stabilisers could be allowed to operate at least partially to reduce the risks of a deeper recession and higher unemployment. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of Portugal (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/portugal).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k92smwbrfs1-en
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  • 97
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    Trade and product market policies in upstream sectors and productivity in downstream sectors : firm-level evidence from China (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 990
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the productivity impact of trade, product market and financial market policies over the last decade in China – a fast growing country where, despite significant reform action, regulatory stance remains still far from OECD standards. The paper makes a critical distinction between downstream and upstream industries, focusing on the indirect effects of regulation in upstream industries on firm performance in downstream manufacturing industries. This framework allows investigating the link between these policies and productivity growth depending on how far incumbents are relative to the technological frontier. The analysis is novel in several respects. Drawing on new OECD policy indicators of sector-level product market regulation and firm level data, econometric estimates deliver new evidence on the potential gains from product and financial market reforms in China, two policy areas that had not been studied in previous empirical literature. Firm-level microeconomic data further allow shedding light on the differential effects of policies within industries, while also highlighting the potential channels through which productivity is affected by reform. The key conclusion that can be derived from the empirical analysis is that further product, trade and financial market reforms would bring substantial gains in China and could therefore speed up the convergence process. Taken at face value, the empirical estimates would imply that aligning product, trade and financial market regulation to the average level observed in OECD countries would bring aggregate manufacturing productivity gains of respectively 9%, 4% and 6.5% after five years. Trade and product market reforms are found to deliver stronger gains for firms that are closer to the industry-level technological frontier, while the reverse holds for financial market reforms.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k92pgjgll7l-en
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  • 98
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    Public debt, economic growth and nonlinear effects : myth or reality? (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 993
    Keywords: 1790-2009 ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The economics profession seems to increasingly endorse the existence of a strongly negative nonlinear effect of public debt on economic growth. Reinhart and Rogoff (2010) were the first to point out that a public debt-to-GDP ratio higher than 90% of GDP is associated with considerably lower economic performance in advanced and emerging economies alike. A string of recent empirical papers broadly validates this threshold value. This paper seeks to contribute to this literature by putting a variant of the Reinhart-Rogoff dataset to a formal econometric testing. Using nonlinear threshold models, there is some evidence in favour of a negative nonlinear relationship between debt and growth. But these results are very sensitive to the time dimension and country coverage considered, data frequency (annual data vs. multi-year averages) and assumptions on the minimum number of observations required in each nonlinear regime. We show that when non-linearity is detected, the negative nonlinear effect kicks in at much lower levels of public debt (between 20% and 60% of GDP). These results, based on bivariate regressions on secular time series, are largely confirmed on a shorter dataset (1960-2010) when using a multivariate growth framework that accounts for traditional drivers of long-term economic growth and model uncertainty. Nonlinear effects might be more complex and difficult to model than previously thought. Instability might be a result of nonlinear effects changing over time, across countries and economic conditions. Further research is certainly needed to fully understand the link between public debt and growth.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k918xk8d4zn-en
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  • 99
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    Selected aspects of household savings in Germany : evidence from micro-data (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 999
    Keywords: 1981-2008 ; Sparquote ; Deutschland ; Economics ; Germany ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses household level data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) over the period 1991 to 2008 to analyse the driving factors of movements in the German household savings rate. Specifically, it analyses the impact of the precautionary savings motive and the impact of the 2002 private pension reform (the so-called Riester reform) on households’ savings rate as these factors are among the most discussed in the German context. There is evidence for both factors at work: First, households with a more volatile income stream tend to save more and the extent to which they do depends on their (subjectively assessed) risk aversion. Second, the introduction of the Riester pension scheme in 2002 was associated with a general increase in the household savings rate, both for households that signed up for private pension contracts and for those that did not. This effect is not found for low-income households, thus confirming the findings of other studies.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k8zpt6w2k7h-en
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  • 100
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    The response of German establishments to the 2008 - 2009 economic crisis (2012)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 137
    Keywords: 2008-2009 ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Kündigung ; Deutschland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Germany ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: We examine the response of a large panel of German establishments to the crisis in terms of their job flows (changes in employment) and consequent worker flows (hires, separations and layoffs). We analyse the extent to which job flows and worker flows at the establishment level are systematically related to institutional arrangements intended to promote flexibility such as Kurzarbeit (short-time work, STW) and Arbeitszeitkonten (working-time accounts, WTA). We find pronounced evidence of labour hoarding in the sense that labour productivity fell rapidly during the 2008-09 downturn, but we find no evidence that STW (or other policies) increased labour hoarding by reducing layoffs. This may well reflect the probable selection effects involved which are not accounted for by observable differences between STW and non- STW establishments.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k8x7gwmb3jc-en
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