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  • Online Resource  (431)
  • 1975-1979  (431)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (267)
  • Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands  (163)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 2076-5827 , 0303-7495 , 0303-7495
    Language: French , Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1972 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Institut Français d'Études Andines (Lima) Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 04.03.20
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401713689
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 online resource (187 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.3
    Keywords: Economics-Sociological aspects ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (325p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 38
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 38
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Truth and Its Illicit Surrogates -- II. Some Reminders concerning Truth, Satisfaction, and Reference -- III. On Disquotation and Intensionality -- IV. On Truth, Belief, and Modes of Description -- V. The Pragmatics of Self-Reference -- VI. On Suppositio and Denotation -- VII. Of Time and the Null Individual -- VIII. Existence and Logical Form -- IX. Tense, Aspect, and Modality -- X. Of ‘Of’ -- XI. Events and Actions: Brand and Kim -- XII. Why I Am Not a Montague Grammarian -- XIII. The Truth about Kripke’s “Truth” -- XIV. On Possibilia and Essentiality: Ruth Marcus -- XV. On the Language of Causal Talk: Scriven and Suppes -- XVI. A Reading of Frege on Sense and Designation -- XVII. ‘And’ -- XVIII. Some Protolinguistic Transformations -- XIX. Some Hi?ian Heresies -- XX. Mathematical Nominalism -- XXI. Of Logic, Learning, and Language -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Richard Martin's thoroughly philosophical as well as thoroughly tech­ nical investigations deserve continued and appreciative study. His sympathy and good cheer do not obscure his rigorous standard, nor do his contemporary sophistication and intellectual independence obscure his critical congeniality toward classical and medieval philosophers. So he deals with old and new; his papers, in his neat self-descriptions, consist of reminders, criticisms, and constructions. They might also be seen as studies in the understanding of truth, ramifying as widely in mathematics, logic, and epistemology as well as metaphysics, as such understanding has required. For us it is a pleasant occasion to welcome Richard Martin's new Boston Studies, and to note his continuously con­ collection to the structive and critical interventions at the Boston Colloquium for the of Science. Philosophy Boston University Center for the R. S. COHEN Philosophy and History of Science M. W. WARTOFSKY July 1979 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL PREFACE vii PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv I. Truth and Its Illicit Surrogates II. Some Reminders concerning Truth, Satisfaction, and Reference 17 III. On Disquotation and Intensionality 30 IV. On Truth, Belief, and Modes of Description 42 V. The Pragmatics of Self-Reference 55 VI. On Suppositio and Denotation 72 VII. Of Time and the Null Individual 82 VIII. Existence and Logical Form 95 IX. Tense, Aspect, and Modality 110 X. Of 'Of' 130 XI. Events and Actions: Brand and Kim 144 XII. Why I Am Not a Montague Grammarian 160 XIII.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994935
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (233p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 17
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: What is Justified Belief? -- Justification and the Basis of Belief -- Basing Relations -- The Gettier Problem and the Analysis of Knowledge -- Epistemic Presupposition -- A Plethora of Epistemological Theories -- The Directly Evident -- On Justifying NonBasic Statements by Basic Reports 129 -- The Need for Epistemology: Problematic Realism Defended -- More on Givenness and Explanatory Coherence -- Nancy Kelsik / Bibliography -- Notes on contributors -- Name index.
    Abstract: With one exception, all of the papers in this volume were originally presented at a conference held in April, 1978, at The Ohio State University. The excep­ tion is the paper by Wilfrid Sellars, which is a revised version of a paper he originally published in the Journal of Philosophy, 1973. However, the present version of Sellars' paper is so thoroughly changed from its original, that it is now virtually a new paper. None of the other nine papers has been published previously. The bibliography, prepared by Nancy Kelsik, is very extensive and it is tempting to think that it is complete. But I believe that virtual com­ pleteness is more likely to prove correct. The conference was made possible by grants from the College of Human­ ities and the Graduate School, Ohio State University, as well as by a grant from the Philosophy Department. On behalf of the contributors, I want to thank these institutions for their support. I also want to thank Marshall Swain and Robert Turnbu~l for early help and encouragement; Bette Hellinger for assistance in setting up the confer­ ence; and Mary Raines and Virginia Foster for considerable aid in the pre­ paration of papers and many other conference matters. The friendly advice of the late James Cornman was also importantly helpful. April,1979 GEORGE S. PAPPAS ix INTRODUCTION The papers in this volume deal in different ways with the related issues of epistemic justification or warrant, and the analysis of factual knowledge.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789400992757
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (239p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Contemporary History 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. The Genesis of Interest -- II. The Developing Crisis -- III. The Deepening of the Crisis -- IV. The Final Stage: Climax and Settlement -- Conclusion.
    Abstract: In the spring of the year 1898 the long rivalry of Britain and France in West Africa reached a dangerous climax. The West African crisis was but one aspect of an extensive Anglo-French contest for colonial possessions which characterized the final decade of the nineteenth century. Competi­ tion for dominion went on relentlessly in the Nile Valley, along the banks of the Mekong in Southeast Asia, and within the territories of the Niger River Bend. The Upper Nile dispute dwarfed all others; and ultimately the inability of Britain and France to settle this question through diplo­ matic negotations was to lead to the confrontation at Fashoda. Simulta­ neously, however, a more obscure struggle was in process, namely the contest for possession of the thousand mile stretch of the Middle Niger. Aside from an infrequent flurry of diplomatic activity occasioned by the foray of an English or French officer into the little known realms of the Niger Bend, the protracted struggle for control of the river artery received scant notice. The Foreign Offices in both France and Britain traditionally regarded the region as one of secondary interest and tended to subordinate it to more pressing concerns. Even the eruption of a dan­ gerous crisis in West Africa in the spring of 1898 was somewhat over­ shadowed by the subsequent incident at Fashoda so that the earlier cli­ max appeared mainly a curtain raiser.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789401716031
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 189 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A. Schelling’s Positive Philosophy -- B. The Work of Franz Rosenzweig before and after The Star of Redemption -- C. The Star of Redemption.
    Abstract: The Star of Redemption, * which presents Franz Rosenzweig's system of philosophy, begins with the sentence "from death, (vom Tode) , from the fear of death, originates all cognition of the All" and concludes with the words "into life. " This beginning and this conclusion of the book signify more than the first and last words of philosophical books usually do. Taken together - "from death into life" - they comprise the entire meaning of Rosenzweig's philosophy. The leitmotif of this philosophy is the life and death of the human being and not the I of philosophical idealism, where man ultimately signifies "for ethics" no more than" . . . a point to which it (ethics) relates its problems, as for science also he (man) is only a particular case of its general laws. "l Rosenzweig deals with the individual's actual existence, that which is termi­ nated by death; he speaks of the individual's hic et nunc, of his actions and decisions in the realm of concrete reality. This philosophy is not an exposition of theoretical principles. It is not concerned with man in general in abstract time, but rather with the individual human being, designated by a proper name, living in his particular time. ** Human existence in its finiteness and temporalness forms the focus in which Rosenzweig's motif can be gathered together.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789400993990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics.
    Abstract: Section I / Intuitions, Hunches, and Rules for Reasoning -- Clinical Judgment -- Human Factors in Clinical Judgment: Discussion of Scriven’s ‘Clinical Judgment’ -- The Art and Science of Clinical Judgment: An Informational Approach -- When Does a Diagnosis Become a Clinical Judgment? Verifiability, Reliability and Umbrella Effects in Diagnosis -- Section II / The Logic of Health Care -- Classification and Its Alternatives -- Comments on Murphy’s ‘Classification and Its Alternatives’ -- Simulating Clinical Judgment: An Essay in Technological Psychology -- A Clinician’s Quest for Certainty -- A Reply to Ernan McMullin -- The Logic of Clinical Judgment: Bayesian and Other Approaches -- Suppes on the Logic of Clinical Judgment -- Section III / Clinicians on Clinical Judgment -- The Anatomy of Clinical Judgments: Some Notes on Right Reason and Right Action -- Comments on Pellegrino’s ‘Anatomy of Clinical Judgment’ -- The Subjective in Clinical Judgment -- Subjectivity and the Scope of Clinical Judgment -- Section IV / Judgment and Methods in Clinical Judgment -- Round Table Discussion -- Round Table Discussion -- Round Table Discussion -- Round Table Discussion -- Round Table Discussion -- Closing Remarks -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: Over a period of a year, the symposium on clinical judgment has taken shape as a volume devoted to the analysis of how knowledge claims are framed in medicine and how choices of treatment are made. We hope it will afford the reader, whether layman, physician or philosopher, a useful perspective on the process of knowing what occurs in medicine; and that the results of the dis­ cussions at the Fifth Symposium on Philosophy and Medicine will lead to a better understanding of how philosophy and medicine can usefully challenge each other. As the interchange between physicians, philosophers, nurses and psychologists recorded in the major papers, the commentaries and the round table discussion shows, these issues are truly interdisciplinary. In particular, they have shown that members of the health care professions have much to learn about themselves from philosophers as well as much of interest to engage philosophers. By making the structure of medical reasoning more apparent to its users, philosophers can show health care practitioners how better to master clinical judgment and how better to focus it towards the goods and values medicine wishes to pursue. Becoming clearer about the process of knowing can in short teach us how to know better and how to learn more efficiently. The result can be more than (though it surely would be enough!) a powerful intellectual insight into a major cultural endeavor, medicine.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993532
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (273p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 29
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 29
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: The Marxist Social Theory and the Challenges of Our Time -- The Concept of Class Interest -- The Conception of Culture According to Karl Marx -- The Problem of Explanation in Karl Marx’s Capital -- The Methodological Foundations of Marx’s Theory of Class: A Reconstruction -- Structuralism as an Intellectual Current -- Marxism, Functionalism and Systems-Approach -- Methodological Dilemmas of Contemporary Sociology -- Strategy of Theory-Construction in Sociology -- On So-called Historicism in the Social Sciences -- Sociology and Models of Rational Behavior -- Adaptational Superstructure — The Problem of Negative Self-regulation -- Biographical Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Modern philosophy has benefited immensely from the intelligence, and sensitivity, the creative and critical energies, and the lucidity of Polish scholars. Their investigations into the logical and methodological foundations of mathematics, the physical and biological sciences, ethics and esthetics, psychology, linguistics, economics and jurisprudence, and the social science- all are marked by profound and imaginative work. To the centers of empiricist philosophy of science in Vienna, Berlin and Cambridge during the first half of this century, one always added the great school of analytic and methodol­ ogical studies in Warsaw and Lwow. To the world centers of Marxist theoretical practice in Berlin, Moscow, Paris, Rome and elsewhere, one must add the Poland of the same era, from Ludwik Krzywicki (1859-1941) onward. American socialists and economists will remember the careful work of Oscar Lange, working among us for many years and then after 1945 in Warsaw, always humane, logical, objective. In this volume, our friend and colleague, Jerzy J. Wiatr, has assembled a representative set of recent essays by Polish social scientists and philosophers. Each of these might lead the reader far beyond this book, to look into the Polish Sociological Bulletin which has been publishing Polish sociological studies in English for several decades, to study other translations of books and papers by these authors, and to reflect upon the interplay of logical, phenomenological, Marxist, empiricist and historical learning in modern Polish social understanding.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993471
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 341 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Algebra ; Logic ; Algebra, Homological. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I. Papers Introducing Logical Tolerance -- Logical Tolerance in the Vienna Circle -- 1 The New Logic (1933) -- 2 On Intuitionism (1930) -- II. Opuscula logica -- 3 Meaningfulness and Structure (1930) -- 4 A New Point of View on the Logical Connectives (1978) -- 5 An Intuitionistic-Formalistic Dictionary of Set Theory (1928) -- 6 Ultrasets and the Paradoxes of Set Theory (1928) -- 7 A Logic of the Doubtful. On Optative and Imperative Logic (1939) -- III. Fundamental Concepts in Pure and Applied Mathematics -- 8 A Counterpart of Occam’s Razor (1960, 1961) -- 9 A Theory of the Application of the Function Concept to Science (1970) -- 10 Variables, Constants, Fluents (1961) -- 11 Wittgenstein on Formulae and Variables (1978) -- IV. Didactics of Mathematics -- 12 A New Approach to Teaching Intermediate Mathematics (1958) -- 13 Why Johnny Hates Math (1956) -- 14 On the Formulation of Certain Questions in Arithmetic (1956) -- 15 On the Design of Grouping Problems and Related Intelligence Tests (1953) -- 16 The Geometry Relevant to Modern Education (1971) -- V. Philosophical Ramifications of some Geometric Ideas -- 17 On Definition, Especially of Dimension (1921–1923, 1928) -- 18 Square Circles (The Taxicab Geometry) (1952, 1978) -- 19 The Algebra of Geometry (1978) -- 20 Geometry and Positivism. A Probabilistic Microgeometry (1970) -- VI. -- 21 My Memories of L. E. J. Brouwer (1978) -- VII. Economics. Meta-Economics -- 22 The Role of Uncertainty in Economics (1934) -- 23 Remarks on the Law of Diminishing Returns. A Study in Meta-Economics (1936) -- VIII. Gulliver’s Interest in Mathematics -- 24 Gulliver in the Land without One, Two, Three (1959) -- 25 Gulliver’s Return to the Land without One, Two, Three (1960) -- 26 Gulliver in Applyland (1960) -- Bibliography of Works by Karl Menger -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This volume brings together those papers of mine which may be of interest not only to various specialists but also to philosophers. Many of my writings in mathematics were motivated by epistemological considerations; some papers originated in the critique of certain views that at one time dominated the discussions of the Vienna Cirele; others grew out of problems in teaching fundamental ideas of mathematics; sti II others were occasioned by personal relations with economists. Hence a wide range of subjects will be discussed: epistemology, logic, basic concepts of pure and applied mathematics, philosophical ideas resulting from geometric studies, mathematical didactics and, finally, economics. The papers also span a period of more than fifty years. What unifies the various parts of the book is the spirit of searching for the elarification of basic concepts and methods and of articulating hidden ideas and tacit procedures. Part 1 ineludes papers published about 1930 which expound an idea that Carnap, after a short period of opposition in the Cirele, fully adopted ; and, under the name "Princip/e of To/erance", he eloquently formulated it in great generality in his book, Logica/ Syntax of Language (1934), through which it was widely disseminated. "The New Logic" in Chapter 1 furthermore ineludes the first report (I932) to a larger public of Godel's epochal discovery presented among the great logic results of ali time. Chapter 2 is a translation of an often quoted 1930 paper presenting a detailed exposition and critique of intuitionism.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789400994218
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (310p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences a Yearbook 3
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; Science—History.
    Abstract: Science and its Critics: Reflections on Anti-Science -- Anti-Establishment Science in Some British Journals -- Knowledge and Opinions -- Can the Unity of Sciences be Considered as the the Norm of Sciences? -- Guardians at the Frontiers of Science -- Alternatives in Science — Alternatives to Science -- Counter-movements and the Sciences: Theses Supporting Counter-movements to the ‘Scientisation of the World’ -- Science and Ignorance -- It May Be That On Earth No-one Speaks the Truth -- Resistance to the Machine -- Is Anti-Science not-Science? The Case of Parapsychology -- Organic Farmers Celebrate Organic Research: A Sociology of Popular Science -- Hyper-reflexivity: A New Danger for the Counter-movements.
    Abstract: Heretical thoughts in an orthodox series on sociology of the sciences? Devils and science between the covers of one book? Games with ambivalence to mask collective uncertainty? We anticipate similar future reactions from readers or reviewers when assessing the way in which this volume has been assembled. But writings on counter-science, like the history of colonialism, are usually written by the winners, therefore unequivocally partial and only too often lacking in social imagination. In seeking to redress the balance, we admit to having been fully receptive to the latter, of having displayed an un­ measured degree of sympathy with heretics and outsiders, including practising scientists, and to letting science defend itself. The antithetical relationship implied in the volume's title - Counter-movements in the Sciences - stands for what we regard as an ongoing, open-ended process. In collecting material for this volume, we have brought together voices speaking from different quarters: there are those who, although modestly claiming to speak only for them­ selves, have set out to question sacred assumptions of scientific faith or to cast doubt on well-known claims scientific knowledge holds over other forms of knowledge; others have undertaken to demonstrate the fragility, ifnot untenability of attempts at demarcation between science and other systems of belief or practice or shown that demarcations between different forms of rationality rest on other than methodological grounds; finally, those who wish to re-arrange, by mapping out some meta-point of surveillance, familiar territory, showing the need for rearrangement and.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401744850
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Civil law
    Abstract: I. Role and Function of Company Lawyers -- II. Functions of the Company Law Department -- III. House Counsel versus Outside Counsel? -- IV. The Situation of Company Lawyers in Various Countries -- V. Internal Organization of the Legal Department -- VI. Administration -- VII. Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: This study attempts to describe the role of the company law department within the company, its relation to company management and the employees who use the services of the company lawyers. It, furthermore, tries to explain that the legal advice is only one part of the operation of a legal department in a business enterprise. Other important aspects are the legal costs, organiza­ tional questions and coordination problems within the department as well as the relationship of the company legal department with the other departments in the enterprise and, last but not least, the relationship between house counsel and outside counsel. The increasing volume of legislation and regulations in all industrialized -countries resulted in an increase in the number of company legal departments and company lawyers. All large companies now have their own company legal department. Therefore, it seems appropriate to attempt to describe some aspects relating to this part of the legal profession, which is relatively new, and which has developed differently from country to country. The position of the company counsel and his relationship with the company and its em­ ployees, his professional background and his relationship with the Bar are important subjects which require further study.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789401709583
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 1336 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Religion (General) ; Religion.
    Abstract: Band 2 -- Briefe und Tagebücher 1918–1929 -- Namenverzeichnis -- Glossar jüdischer und hebräischer Ausdrücke -- Lebensdaten -- Stammbäume.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789401728003
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 455 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 86
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology.
    Abstract: One: Basic Assumptions and Hypotheses -- Two: Socio-Political Organization in Minangkabau -- Three: The Pluralistic Situation -- Four: The Level of Meaning: Systems of Property Relationships in Minangkabau -- Five: The Level of Performance I: The Fulfilment of the Function -- Six: The Level of Performance II: The Production of Legal Conceptions in Historical Perspective -- Seven: Conclusions -- Notes.
    Abstract: Learn the laws of inheritance and teach them to the people; for they are one half of useful knowledge. t·1ohannned (Fyzee 1955: 329) When the prophet created this aphorism he had in mind the rules of in­ heritance law revealed to him by Allah. We could apply it to social an­ thropology as well sincethe inheritance of property and the succession to positions of socio-political authority are among the most important elements of social organization. They are the vehicles of continuity which maintain property and authority through time. In many societies, and particularly in those generally studied by anthropologists, inherit­ ance and succession are closely interconnected with kinship and descent and provide the economic and political substance for the existence and continuity of kinship- or descent-based social groups. They are, as it were, the flesh on the bare bones of kinship relations. The importance of inheritance has, of course, not escaped the notice of social and legal anthropologists, and in recent years several studies have ably demonstrated the point (Radcliffe-Brown 1952, Goodenough 1951, Leach 1961 b, Goody 1962, Lloyd 1962, Gray and Gulliver (eds. ) 1964, Derrett (ed. ) 1965, Gluckman 1972, Moore 1969, Burling 1974). Yet in general, property and inheritance have rather been treated as an appendix to economic and kinship studies.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400957480
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Third Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Faults which develop during storage -- 2 Difficulties arising during application -- 3 Difficulties mainly due to faults in the liquid paints -- 4 Faults related to drying and curing -- 5 Defects apparent shortly after application -- 6 Defects related mainly to poor adhesion -- 7 Defects of coatings developing in service -- 8 Hazards to the paint user -- Author Index.
    Abstract: Since publication of the first English edition this book has become the standard reference work on paint film defects throughout the world. The very considerable advances in coatings technology since the second English edition was published in 1965 have necessitated a revision of the book, a task which from the outset was recognized as formidable. The very wide field to be covered required specialist knowledge as well as wide experience, and we were fortunate in being able to enlist the services of a group of contributors who were well qualified for the task. Due to his advancing age Mr Manfred Hess, the originator of this work, felt unable to take an active part in the preparation of the new edition. He entrusted not only a large part of the necessarily extensive revision of the text, but also the editorial work, the planning and compilation of the index to us jointly. A variety of causes has prevented the main contributors to the second edition, Mr W.A. Edwards and Mr T .W. Wilkinson, from revising their sections. Nevertheless, much of what they and others have contributed to previous editions has enabled us to build on valuable foundations. Much new material has been added; the illustrations section has been expanded and enhanced by the addition of several colour plates. Mr S.T. Harris revised the sections concerned with industrial finishes and in particular powder coatings, and Dr T.A. Banfield contributed the sections on marine paints and compositions.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Faults which develop during storage2 Difficulties arising during application -- 3 Difficulties mainly due to faults in the liquid paints -- 4 Faults related to drying and curing -- 5 Defects apparent shortly after application -- 6 Defects related mainly to poor adhesion -- 7 Defects of coatings developing in service -- 8 Hazards to the paint user -- Author Index.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400957671
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introductory General Notes -- 1.1 Soldering components to interconnections when utilizing strip board -- 1.2 Resistor colour code -- 1.3 Symbols used in circuit diagrams -- 1.4 Symbols for quantities -- 1.5 Abbreviations -- 1.6 Notes on some aspects of electrical measuring instruments -- 2 Semiconductor Diodes: Characteristics; Use in D.C. Power Supplies -- 2.1 Semiconductor diodes -- 2.2 Zener diodes -- 2.3 D.C. power supplies: an introduction -- 3 Bipolar Junction Transistors: Characteristics and Simple Associated Circuits -- 3.1 Bipolar junction transistors -- 3.2 Characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in common-base (CB) connection -- 3.3 Characteristics of an n-p-n bipolar transistor in common-emitter (CE) connection -- 3.4 A bipolar transistor tester -- 3.5 Further investigation -- 3.6 Voltage stabilizing circuits: general information; the use of bipolar transistors -- 3.7 Constant current sources: introduction -- 3.8 Amplifiers: use of bipolar transistors -- 3.9 Sinusoidal waveform generators -- 3.10 Multivibrators -- 3.11 The Schmitt trigger circuit -- 3.12 Sweep generator: utilizing the bootstrap principle -- 3.13 An optically-coupled isolator -- 3.14 A typical application of an optically-coupled isolator -- 4 Field Effect Transistors: Characteristics and Simple Associated Circuits -- 4.1 Field-effect transistors (FETs or fets) -- 4.2 A simple common-source fet amplifier -- 4.3 Sinusoidal waveform generators based on field-effect transistors -- 4.4 Multivibrators utilizing fets -- 5 Unijunction Transistors; Silicon Controlled Rectifiers: Characteristics and Applications -- 5.1 Unijunction transistors (UJTs or ujts) -- 5.2 Relaxation oscillators -- 5.3 A staircase generator or frequency divider based on a unijunction transistor -- 5.4 Programmable unijunction transistors (PUTs or puts) -- 5.5 A relaxation oscillator based on a put -- 5.6 Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs or scrs) -- 5.7 Phase control by means of silicon controlled rectifiers -- 5.8 Phase control by means of an scr fired by pulses from a ujt circuit -- 5.9 Phase control by means of a put -- 5.10 A bistable circuit based on the use of silicon controlled rectifiers -- 6 More Complex Amplifiers and some Applications -- 6.1 Differential or difference amplifiers -- 6.2 Operational amplifiers -- 6.3 Applications of operational amplifiers -- 6.4 Voltage-to-frequency converters which make use of an operational amplifier -- 6.5 A high-quality pre-amplifier for audio frequency signals -- 7 Logic Gates -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The basic TTL 2-input NAND gate -- 7.3 Multivibrator circuits based on NAND gates of the TTL type -- 7.4 Further pulse generator circuits based on NAND gates -- 7.5 The OR and the exclusive-OR functions -- 7.6 Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic gates -- 7.7 Multivibrator circuits based on NAND gates of the CMOS type -- 8 Some integrated Circuits -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 A monolithic integrated circuit voltage stabilizer -- 8.3 Voltage-to-frequency converters -- 8.4 Monolithic integrated circuit waveform generators -- 8.5 Waveform generators of the multivibrator type based on NAND gates -- 8.6 A decade counter and a cold-cathode number display tube.
    Abstract: Electronics is essentially an experimental subject and enables a wealth of experimental work to be undertaken at relatively low cost. In any modestly equipped electrical engineering or physics laboratory. it is possible to plan interesting experiments to study active and passive com­ ponents, basic circuit functions, modular encapsulations and monolithic integrated circuits. The work may range from the formal investigation of a device new to the student to the design and construction of quite advanced, modern measurement and control systems. There are few books which guide experimental work in electronics. This text aims to rectify this by giving detailed descriptions of a series of experiments all of which have been thoroughly tested by students in physics, electronics, electrical engineering and instrumentation at The Polytechnic of Central London. Moreover, several of these experiments would seem to be appropriate for the current development of interest in courses in electronics in schools because several of them have been undertaken with considerable success by first-year sixth-form students who have come to Central London for special courses. They would also assist an introductory course in electronics for students from other disciplines and have been tried out in this way at The Polytechnic.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introductory General Notes1.1 Soldering components to interconnections when utilizing strip board -- 1.2 Resistor colour code -- 1.3 Symbols used in circuit diagrams -- 1.4 Symbols for quantities -- 1.5 Abbreviations -- 1.6 Notes on some aspects of electrical measuring instruments -- 2 Semiconductor Diodes: Characteristics; Use in D.C. Power Supplies -- 2.1 Semiconductor diodes -- 2.2 Zener diodes -- 2.3 D.C. power supplies: an introduction -- 3 Bipolar Junction Transistors: Characteristics and Simple Associated Circuits -- 3.1 Bipolar junction transistors -- 3.2 Characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in common-base (CB) connection -- 3.3 Characteristics of an n-p-n bipolar transistor in common-emitter (CE) connection -- 3.4 A bipolar transistor tester -- 3.5 Further investigation -- 3.6 Voltage stabilizing circuits: general information; the use of bipolar transistors -- 3.7 Constant current sources: introduction -- 3.8 Amplifiers: use of bipolar transistors -- 3.9 Sinusoidal waveform generators -- 3.10 Multivibrators -- 3.11 The Schmitt trigger circuit -- 3.12 Sweep generator: utilizing the bootstrap principle -- 3.13 An optically-coupled isolator -- 3.14 A typical application of an optically-coupled isolator -- 4 Field Effect Transistors: Characteristics and Simple Associated Circuits -- 4.1 Field-effect transistors (FETs or fets) -- 4.2 A simple common-source fet amplifier -- 4.3 Sinusoidal waveform generators based on field-effect transistors -- 4.4 Multivibrators utilizing fets -- 5 Unijunction Transistors; Silicon Controlled Rectifiers: Characteristics and Applications -- 5.1 Unijunction transistors (UJTs or ujts) -- 5.2 Relaxation oscillators -- 5.3 A staircase generator or frequency divider based on a unijunction transistor -- 5.4 Programmable unijunction transistors (PUTs or puts) -- 5.5 A relaxation oscillator based on a put -- 5.6 Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs or scrs) -- 5.7 Phase control by means of silicon controlled rectifiers -- 5.8 Phase control by means of an scr fired by pulses from a ujt circuit -- 5.9 Phase control by means of a put -- 5.10 A bistable circuit based on the use of silicon controlled rectifiers -- 6 More Complex Amplifiers and some Applications -- 6.1 Differential or difference amplifiers -- 6.2 Operational amplifiers -- 6.3 Applications of operational amplifiers -- 6.4 Voltage-to-frequency converters which make use of an operational amplifier -- 6.5 A high-quality pre-amplifier for audio frequency signals -- 7 Logic Gates -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The basic TTL 2-input NAND gate -- 7.3 Multivibrator circuits based on NAND gates of the TTL type -- 7.4 Further pulse generator circuits based on NAND gates -- 7.5 The OR and the exclusive-OR functions -- 7.6 Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic gates -- 7.7 Multivibrator circuits based on NAND gates of the CMOS type -- 8 Some integrated Circuits -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 A monolithic integrated circuit voltage stabilizer -- 8.3 Voltage-to-frequency converters -- 8.4 Monolithic integrated circuit waveform generators -- 8.5 Waveform generators of the multivibrator type based on NAND gates -- 8.6 A decade counter and a cold-cathode number display tube.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401744027
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (267 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Social legislation
    Abstract: This text was prepared as a monograph for the International Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations. It is based on a more detailed work which appeared in French in 1970 and in Spanish in 1977. The material was brought up to date and recast to correspond to the type of monographs con­ tained in the Encyclopaedia, which were aimed at providing concise, but reasonably detailed information and analysis of national laws and practice. Thus indications concerning the historical background, important as they may be in the present case, as well as the discussion of a number of theoretical questions, have had to be considerably reduced. However, detailed, up-to­ date information is provided on the system of international labour standards and on the substantive provisions of the most important of these international instruments. As part of the Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, the present study will most probably reach those engaged in research in the field of labour law, as well as many employers' organisations and a large section of the trade union movement. However, it has been considered useful to publish the study also in book form to facilitate its use in wider circles such as university teachers and students, diplomats, politicians, international lawyers, and those engaged in daily trade union activities. Table of Contents List of Abbreviations 15 Introduction 17 CHAPTER I. HISTORICAL AND GENERAL BACKGROUND 17 § 1. Definition 17 §2. Historical development 17 §3.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401743990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 212 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Commercial law
    Abstract: Introductory Chapters -- Belgium -- Denmark -- England -- France -- Federal Republic of Germany -- Italy -- Switzerland -- United States -- Analysis of Hypothetical Case -- Belgium -- Denmark -- England -- France -- Federal Republic of Germany -- Italy -- Switzerland -- United States -- Index to Major Topics.
    Abstract: More than a decade has passed since economist Richard N. Cooper reflected upon the trend toward increasing economic interdependence in the international community: During the past decade there has been a strong trend toward economic interdependence among the industrial countries. This growing interdependence makes the successful pursuit of national economic objectives much more difficult. Broadly speaking, increas­ ing interdependence complicates the pursuit of national objectives in three ways. First, it increases the number and magnitude of the disturbances to which each country's balance of payments is subjected, and this in turn diverts policy attention and instruments of policy to the restoration of external balance. Second, it slows down the process by which national authorities, each acting on its own, are able to reach their domestic objectives. Third, the response to greater integration can involve the community of nations in counter-acting motions which leave all countries worse off than they need be . . . J Nothing has occured in the 1970s to suggest that Cooper's assessment is inaccurate. Indeed, the process which he identified has accelerated. By the mid-1970s, if one is to mention but one example, exports accounted for twenty per cent of the combined gross national product of the Member States of the European Communities, and exports provided seven per cent of the 2 gross national product of the United States.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400992788
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (285p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: One. Introduction -- I. Logic as an Approach to Philosophy -- Two. Assumptions of Classical Logics -- II. Of Aristotle’s Logic: The Organon -- III. Of Frege’s Logic I: The Ideography -- IV. Of Frege’s Logic II: The Foundations of Arithmetic -- V. Frege’s Logic III: The Basic Laws of Arithmetic -- VI. Of Whitehead’s and Russell’s Principia Mathematica -- Summary -- Three. Assumptions of Modern Logics -- VII. Of Symbolic Logic -- VIII. Of Operational Logic -- IX. Of Modal Logics -- X. Professor Quine and Real Classes -- XI. Of the Nature of Reference -- XII. The Discovery Theory in Mathematics -- Summary -- Four. New Supplementary Logics -- XIII. Toward a Concrete Logic: Discreta -- XIV. Toward a Concrete Logic: Continua and Disorder -- XV. Varieties of Concrete Logic.
    Abstract: A system of philosophy of the sort presented in this and the following volumes begins with logic. Philosophy properly speaking is characterized by the kind oflogic it employs, for what it employs it assumes, however silently; and what it assumes it presupposes. The logic stands behind the ontology and is, so to speak, metaphysically prior. One word of caution. The philosophical aspects of logic have lagged behind the mathematical aspects in point of view of interest and develop­ ment. The work of N. Rescher and others have gone a long way to correct this. However, their work on philosophical logic has been more concerned with the logical than with the philosophical aspects. I have in mind another approach, one that would call attention to the ontological (systematic meta­ physics) or metaphysical (critical ontology) aspects, whichever term you prefer. It is this approach which I have pursued in the following chapters. Since together they stand at the head of a system of philosophy which has been developed in some seventeen books, a system which ranges over all of the topics of philosophy, the chosen approach can be seen as the necessary one. But I have not written any logic, I have merely indicated the sort of logic that has to be written.
    Description / Table of Contents: One. IntroductionI. Logic as an Approach to Philosophy -- Two. Assumptions of Classical Logics -- II. Of Aristotle’s Logic: The Organon -- III. Of Frege’s Logic I: The Ideography -- IV. Of Frege’s Logic II: The Foundations of Arithmetic -- V. Frege’s Logic III: The Basic Laws of Arithmetic -- VI. Of Whitehead’s and Russell’s Principia Mathematica -- Summary -- Three. Assumptions of Modern Logics -- VII. Of Symbolic Logic -- VIII. Of Operational Logic -- IX. Of Modal Logics -- X. Professor Quine and Real Classes -- XI. Of the Nature of Reference -- XII. The Discovery Theory in Mathematics -- Summary -- Four. New Supplementary Logics -- XIII. Toward a Concrete Logic: Discreta -- XIV. Toward a Concrete Logic: Continua and Disorder -- XV. Varieties of Concrete Logic.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401165112
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Section One: Deposits in Geological Environments at the Earth’s Surface -- The Bauxite Deposits of Jamaica -- The Onverdacht Bauxite Deposit — Surinam -- The Nickel Deposits of New Caledonia -- The Nsuta Manganese Deposit — Ghana -- The Tin Deposits of the Kinta Valley — Malaysia -- The Beach-Sand Deposits of North Stradbroke Island — Australia -- The Witwatersrand Gold-Uranium Deposits — South Africa -- The Uranium Deposits of the Blind River Area — Canada -- The Esterhazy Potash Deposits — Canada -- The Sulphur Salt Dome — U.S.A. -- The Iron Deposits of the Northampton District — U.K. -- The Mesabi Iron Range — U.S.A. -- The Iron Deposits of the Itabira District — Brazil -- Section Two: Mineral Deposits in Sedimentary Rocks -- The Luanshya Copper Deposit — Zambia -- The Ambrosia Lake Uranium Field — U.S.A. -- The Laisvall Lead-Zinc Deposit — Sweden -- The Picher Lead-Zinc Field — U.S.A. -- The Zinc, Lead and Barite Deposits of the Silvermines District — Ireland -- The Zinc-Lead Deposits of the Pine Point District — Canada -- The Sullivan Deposit — Canada -- The Broken Hill Deposit — Australia -- Section Three: Deposits Associated with Felsic Magmatic Environments -- The Helen Iron Deposit — Canada -- The Pyritic Deposits of the Tamasos Field — Cyprus -- The Skorovas Pyritic Deposit — Norway -- The Rio Tinto Deposits — Spain -- The Noranda Field — Canada -- The Deposits of the Kosaka District — Japan -- The Almaden Mercury Deposit — Spain -- The Deposits of the MacIntyre-Hollinger Field — Canada -- The Homestake Gold Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Bunker Hill Silver Deposit — U.S.A. -- The El Salvador Porphyry Copper Deposit — Chile -- The Chuquicamata Copper Deposit — Chile -- The Bingham Canyon Copper Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Climax Molybdenum Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Butte District — U.S.A. -- The Santa Eulaila Deposit — Mexico -- The South-West England District — U.K. -- The Pine Creek Tungsten Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Bikita Pegmatite — Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) -- Section Four: Mineral Deposits in Basic and Ultrabasic Magmatic Rocks -- The Plantinum Deposits of the Merensky Reef — South Africa -- The Chromite Deposits of the Great Dyke — Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) -- The Sudbury Nickel Deposits — Canada -- The Tellnes Illmenite Deposit — Norway -- The Chromite Deposits of Mugla District — Turkey -- The Asbestos Deposits of the Thetford District — Canada -- The Palabora Complex — South Africa -- The Mwadui Diamond Pipe — Tanzania -- Section Five: The World Distribution of Mineral Deposits -- Copper Deposits of the World -- Lead and Zinc Deposits of the World -- Iron and Ferro-alloy metal Deposits of the World -- Light Metal Deposits of the World -- Precious Metal Deposits of the World -- Glossary of Mineral Names -- Units of Measurement -- Key to Stratigraphic Names.
    Abstract: reader who wishes to study economic mineral deposits. I have in mind that it they do include references to the source material. Full bibliographies are in could be the basic descriptive part of a university course on the subject. many cases unnecessary because of the monumental work of Ridge (Ridge, Many teachers of economic and mining geology prefer to lecture on the 1972 and 1976). formative geological processes and origin of mineral deposits, and most of The Scope, Purpose and Layout of the Book Terminology. This is a persistent problem in geology. What I have tried to the existing textbooks do likewise. The Atlas is intended to be a compen­ Air, sea, surface water and soil support life, from which comes our food; the dium of descriptive material on which a more analytical series of lectures, or do is use a consistent, and internationally acceptable set of terms, making as much use as possible of the recent attempts by international organizations to fossil remains of life, that is: coal, oil and gas, together with solar and course of reading, could be based.
    Description / Table of Contents: Section One: Deposits in Geological Environments at the Earth’s SurfaceThe Bauxite Deposits of Jamaica -- The Onverdacht Bauxite Deposit - Surinam -- The Nickel Deposits of New Caledonia -- The Nsuta Manganese Deposit - Ghana -- The Tin Deposits of the Kinta Valley - Malaysia -- The Beach-Sand Deposits of North Stradbroke Island - Australia -- The Witwatersrand Gold-Uranium Deposits - South Africa -- The Uranium Deposits of the Blind River Area - Canada -- The Esterhazy Potash Deposits - Canada -- The Sulphur Salt Dome - U.S.A. -- The Iron Deposits of the Northampton District - U.K. -- The Mesabi Iron Range - U.S.A. -- The Iron Deposits of the Itabira District - Brazil -- Section Two: Mineral Deposits in Sedimentary Rocks -- The Luanshya Copper Deposit - Zambia -- The Ambrosia Lake Uranium Field - U.S.A. -- The Laisvall Lead-Zinc Deposit - Sweden -- The Picher Lead-Zinc Field - U.S.A. -- The Zinc, Lead and Barite Deposits of the Silvermines District - Ireland -- The Zinc-Lead Deposits of the Pine Point District - Canada -- The Sullivan Deposit - Canada -- The Broken Hill Deposit - Australia -- Section Three: Deposits Associated with Felsic Magmatic Environments -- The Helen Iron Deposit - Canada -- The Pyritic Deposits of the Tamasos Field - Cyprus -- The Skorovas Pyritic Deposit - Norway -- The Rio Tinto Deposits - Spain -- The Noranda Field - Canada -- The Deposits of the Kosaka District - Japan -- The Almaden Mercury Deposit - Spain -- The Deposits of the MacIntyre-Hollinger Field - Canada -- The Homestake Gold Deposit - U.S.A. -- The Bunker Hill Silver Deposit - U.S.A. -- The El Salvador Porphyry Copper Deposit - Chile -- The Chuquicamata Copper Deposit - Chile -- The Bingham Canyon Copper Deposit - U.S.A. -- The Climax Molybdenum Deposit - U.S.A. -- The Butte District - U.S.A. -- The Santa Eulaila Deposit - Mexico -- The South-West England District - U.K. -- The Pine Creek Tungsten Deposit - U.S.A. -- The Bikita Pegmatite - Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) -- Section Four: Mineral Deposits in Basic and Ultrabasic Magmatic Rocks -- The Plantinum Deposits of the Merensky Reef - South Africa -- The Chromite Deposits of the Great Dyke - Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) -- The Sudbury Nickel Deposits - Canada -- The Tellnes Illmenite Deposit - Norway -- The Chromite Deposits of Mugla District - Turkey -- The Asbestos Deposits of the Thetford District - Canada -- The Palabora Complex - South Africa -- The Mwadui Diamond Pipe - Tanzania -- Section Five: The World Distribution of Mineral Deposits -- Copper Deposits of the World -- Lead and Zinc Deposits of the World -- Iron and Ferro-alloy metal Deposits of the World -- Light Metal Deposits of the World -- Precious Metal Deposits of the World -- Glossary of Mineral Names -- Units of Measurement -- Key to Stratigraphic Names.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994072
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 15
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: The Method of Applied Logic: Some Philosophical Considerations -- Reply -- Rescher’s Hypothetical Reasoning: An Amendment -- Reply -- Hypothetical Reasoning and Conditionals -- Reply -- Rescher’s Theory of Plausible Reasoning -- Reply -- A Modal Logic of Place -- Reply -- Familiar Mental Phenomena -- Reply -- Toward a Theory of Attributes -- Reply -- Potentiality from Aristotle to Rescher and Back -- Reply -- Substances and Individual Notions -- Reply -- Utilitarianism and the Vicarious Affects -- Reply -- Rescher’s Epistemological System -- Reply -- How Is Knowledge of the World Possible? -- Reply -- Rescher and Kant: Some Common Themes in Philosophy of Science -- Reply -- Nicholas Rescher: A Biographical Précis -- List of Publications by Nicholas Rescher -- Nicholas Rescher’s Metabibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: When I entered the graduate program in philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh in 1961, Nicholas Rescher had just joined the department of philosophy' to begin, with Adolf Grunbaum, the building of what is now a philosophy center of worldwide renown. Very soon his exceptional energy and versatility were in evidence, as he founded the American Philosophical Quarterly, generated a constantly rising stack of preprints, pursued impor­ tant scholarly research in Arabic logic, taught a staggering diversity of histori­ cal and thematic courses, and obtained, in cooperation with Kurt Baier, a major grant for work in value theory. That is all part of the record. What may come as a surprise is that none of it was accomplished at the expense of his students. Papers were returned in a matter of days, often the next class meet­ ing. And so easily accessible was he for philosophical discussion that, since (inevitably) we shared many philosophical interests, I asked him to serve as my dissertation advisor. My work in connection with this project led to a couple of journal articles while his, characteristically, led to a book. Our dis­ cussions certainly helped me, and while they may also have had some small influence on him, in the end our views were quite distinct. I was not only allowed complete independence, but was positively encouraged to think of my own ideas and to develop them independently. The length and breadth of Rescher's bibliography defy belief.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789400993655
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (254p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 11
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy—History.
    Abstract: One: History, Interpretation and Action -- History and Hermeneutics -- Comments -- Historical Interpretation -- Comments -- Intending -- Comments -- Historical Actions or Historical Events -- Events -- Descriptions of Actions and their Place in History -- Two: The Philosophy of History from Kant to Sartre -- Kant and the History of Reason -- Hegel’s Sittlichkeit and the Crisis of Representative Institutions -- Comments -- Marx et les leçons de l’histoire -- Demokratie und die dialektische Theorie der Geschichte -- Transhistoricity and the Impossibility of Aufhebung: Remarks on J.-P. Sartre’s Philosophy of History -- Three: Fare Well to the Philosophy of History? -- Farewell to the Philosophy of History -- Is a Philosophy of History Possible?.
    Abstract: This volume contains the proceedings of the First Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter - started by the Hebrew University Institute of Philosophy (now the S. H. Bergman Centre for Philosophical Studies), which took place on December 28-31, 1974. In recent years the culture-gap that separates philosophers seems slowly - indeed much too slowly - to be narrowing. Although short­ circuits in communication still do happen and mutual disrespect has not vanished, it is becoming unfashionable to demonstrate ignorance of another philosophical tradition or to shrug it off with a supercilious smile. Perhaps dialectically, the insufficiency of any self-centred view that tries to immunize itself to challenges from without starts to disturb it from within. Moreover, as the culture- (and language-) bound nature of many philosophical divergencies is sinking more deeply into consciousness, the irony of an attitude of intolerance to them becomes more apparent. Our aim was to make a modest contribution to this development. We did not, however, mean to confuse genuine differences and problems in communication. Consequently, the more realistic term "encounter" was preferred to the idealizing "dialogue. " The Israeli hosts, themselves trained in a variety of philosophical traditions, felt that there is something in­ between real dialogue on the one hand and mutual estrangement on the other, and wished to provide a meeting place for it.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993426
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, social sciences and law
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff philosophy texts 1
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Martinus Nijhoff philosophy texts
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology
    Abstract: Preface -- Section I. The Same and the Other -- A. Metaphysics and Transcendence -- B. Separation and Discourse -- C. Truth and Justice -- D. Separation and the Absolute -- Section II. Interiority and Economy -- A. Separation as Life -- B. Enjoyment and Representation -- C. I and Dependence -- D. The Dwelling -- E. The World of Phenomena and Expression -- Section III. Exteriority and the Face -- A. Sensibility and the Face -- B. Ethics and the Face -- C. The Ethical Relation and Time -- Section IV. Beyond the Face -- A. The Ambiguity of Love -- B. Phenomenology of Eros -- C. Fecundity -- D. Subjectivity in Eros -- E. Transcendence and Fecundity -- F. Filiality and Fraternity -- G. The Infinity of Time -- Conclusions.
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  • 23
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401196994
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Lettuce -- 3 Celery -- 4 Cabbage -- 5 Endive and Chicory -- 6 Spinach -- 7 Lesser Salad Vegetables.
    Abstract: Leafy salad vegetables are among the most universally used vegetable crops grown today. Their prominence as important crops has been heightened through the last several decades due to an awareness on the part of consumers of the nutrient, and other obvious values they offer to the diet as "fresh greens" which, at least in the United States, have become a daily table staple. As a result, acreage planted to leafy salad vegetable crops has expanded to a remarkable degree over the past few decades, making these crops an important segment of the agricultural and marketing industries. Published information on leafy salad vegetables has been-and is­ widespread and scattered. This book brings together all up-to-date information and is amply referenced throughout for further study and information. Similarities and differences among the species are discussed and provide insight into the place these species hold in the world cropping system and in the human diet. This approach in text organiza­ tion was made in an effort to be helpful to the widest type of readership: professional researchers and teachers, graduate and undergraduate stu­ dents, extension workers, farmers and other members of the horticultural community, and, perhaps, even lay readers who are the ultimate consumers.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction2 Lettuce -- 3 Celery -- 4 Cabbage -- 5 Endive and Chicory -- 6 Spinach -- 7 Lesser Salad Vegetables.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789400994102
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (322p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 133
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics
    Abstract: I. The Structure and Function of Transcendental Arguments -- Transcendental Proofs in the Critique of Pure Reason -- Transcendental Arguments, Synthetic and Analytic. Comment on Baum -- A Note on Transcendental Propositions in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. Comment on Baum -- Analytic Transcendental Arguments -- On Bennett’s ‘Analytic Transcendental Arguments’ -- Comment on Bennett -- Transcendental Arguments, Self-Reference, and Pragmatism -- Comment on Rorty -- Challenger or Competitor? On Rorty’s Account of Transcendental Strategies -- II. The Conceptual Foundations of Science -- The Preconditions of Experience and the Unity of Physics -- Comment on von Weiszäcker -- Comment on von Weizsäcker -- The Concept of Science. Some Remarks on the Methodological Issue ‘Construction’ versus ‘Description’ in the Philosophy of Science -- Transcendentalism and Protoscience. Comment on Lorenz -- Sellarsian Realism and Conceptual Change in Science -- Some Remarks on Realism and Scientific Revolutions. Comment on Burian -- Realism and Underdetermination. Comment on Burian -- III. The Transcendental Approach and Alternative Positions -- Transcendental Arguments and Pragmatic Epistemology -- Conceptual Schemes, Justification and Consistency. Comment on Rosenberg -- Comment on Rosenberg -- The Significance of Scepticism -- Scepticism and How to Take It. Comment on Stroud -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The goal of the present volume is to discuss the notion of a 'conceptual framework' or 'conceptual scheme', which has been dominating much work in the analysis and justification of knowledge in recent years. More specifi­ cally, this volume is designed to clarify the contrast between two competing approaches in the area of problems indicated by this notion: On the one hand, we have the conviction, underlying much present-day work in the philosophy of science, that the best we can hope for in the justifi­ cation of empirical knowledge is to reconstruct the conceptual means actually employed by science, and to develop suitable models for analyzing conceptual change involved in the progress of science. This view involves the assumption that we should stop taking foundational questions of epistemology seriously and discard once and for all the quest for uncontrovertible truth. The result­ ing program of justifying epistemic claims by subsequently describing patterns of inferentially connected concepts as they are at work in actual science is closely connected with the idea of naturalizing epistemology, with concep­ tual relativism, and with a pragmatic interpretation of knowledge. On the other hand, recent epistemology tends to claim that no subsequent reconstruction of actually employed conceptual frameworks is sufficient for providing epistemic justification for our beliefs about the world. This second claim tries to resist the naturalistic and pragmatic approach to epistemology and insists on taking the epistemological sceptic seriously.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789400994379
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (516p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Lecture -- Man the Creator and his Triple Telos -- I: Problems of Teleology in the Sciences of Nature and in The Human Sciences -- Final Causality and Teleological System in Aristotle -- The Concept of Evolution and the Phenomenological Teleology -- The Epistemology of the Sciences of Nature in Relation to the Teleology of Research in the Thought of the Later Husserl -- The Teleology of “Theoresis” and “Praxis” in the Thought of Husserl -- The Crisis of Science as a Crisis of Teleological Reason -- “Erlebnis” and “Logos” in Husserl’s Crisis of the European Sciences -- II: The Telic Principles -- A. Telos and the Constitutive Consciousness -- Perception as a Teleological Process of Cognition -- Interpretation and Self-Evidence -- The Teleology of Consciousness: Husserl and Merleau-Ponty -- Phénoménologie et Téléologie (Reprise des Questions de Fond) -- B. Teleology of the Person and of Human Existence -- Moral Experience and Teleology -- The Person as the Accomplishment of Intentional Acts -- The Transcendence of the Person in Action and Man’s Self-Teleology -- Teleology and Inter subjectivity -- Teleology and Intersubjectivity in Husserl — Reflections -- Teleology and Inter-Subjectivity in Religious Knowledge -- The Phenomenological Horizon and the Metaphysics of the Person According to Giuseppe Zamboni -- The Melancholic Consciousness of Guilt as a Failure of Intersubjectivity -- C. Finiteness and the “Form of All Forms” -- Section I: Telos of History -- The Theory of the Object and the Teleology of History in Edmund Husserl -- The Destruction of Time by History -- Teleology and Philosophical Historiography: Husserl and Jaspers -- The End and Time -- History, Teleology, and God in the Philosophy of Husserl -- Section II: Eschatology and the “Form of All Forms” -- Teleology as “The Form of All Forms” and the Inexhaustibility of Research -- Teleology and the Constitution of Spiritual Forms -- Metaphysics of Beginning and Metaphysics of Foundation -- History as Teleology and Eschatology: Husserl and Heidegger -- Closure -- Conclusion Arezzo -- Complementary Section: Phenomenology in Italy -- A Historical Note on the Presence of Brentano in Sicily and on the First Links of Italian Culture with the Phenomenology of Husserl -- Antonio Banfi, the First Italian Interpreter of Phenomenology -- Bibliography of Husserlian Studies in Italy with an Introduction by Angela Ales Bello.
    Abstract: The following bibliography, arranged chronologically, permits the reader to follow the development of phenomenological studies in Italy in parallel with other, contemporary, cultural currents. From this list it can be seen that knowledge of Hussed's work begins in 1923 with the studies of A. Banfi. Phenomenology, however, did not immediately receive a warm welcome. It contrasted with the then dominant neo-idealism (as has been made clear by G. De Ruggiero), but for this very reason it also found adherents among the opponents of idealism. These were either distant heirs of positivism, who accepted Hussed on account of his scientific approach and rigor, or Christian­ oriented thinkers, who, following an initial period of diffidence toward the antimetaphysical attitude of phenomenological analysis, gradually began to use this method as an antiidealist instrument - even though the problem remained of Hussed's own transcendental idealism and the value to be attributed to it. Despite the difficulties encountered on the way, the numerous studies carried out in Italy prior to Wodd War II make it clear that the better known philosophers who have left a mark on Italian culture already had begun to take a discreet interest in phenomenology.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789400992306
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International series on the quality of working life 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Section One: Introduction -- 1. Project goals and approach: increasing actionable Q.W.L knowledge -- Section Two: Quality of working life improvements in Europe: National programmes and perspectives -- 2. The action programme of the German federal government: Research on the humanization of working life -- 3. Q.W.L. developments in Holland: an overview -- 4. Swedish industrial democracy, 1977: progress and new government initiatives -- 5. Historical background and action plans towards improving the quality of working life in the United Kingdom -- 6. A general overview of the current Q.W.L. scene in Italy: Notes on the situation in 1974, 1975 and 1977 -- 7. Problems of middle management in France: Their special position regarding work reorganization -- Section Three: Action research reports: Production and technical units -- 8. Warehouse workers reorganize their own work organization -- 9. The Volkswagenwerk AG project within the framework of the research programme ‘Humanization of Working Life’ of the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology: Comparison of work structures in machine production (engine assembly) -- 10. Breaking the deadlock: The search for new strategies for Q.W.L. -- 11. Democratizing work and social life on ships: A report from the experiment on board M.S. Balao -- 12. ‘Action learning’ among unskilled women workers -- 13. Developing new forms of work organization in a new chemical plant in France -- 14. The starting-up of a new plant organized in multi-skilled production groups -- 15. Introduction of a procedure of change: An example of operation -- 16. From training to job redesign in a chemical plant in Italy -- Section Four: Action research reports: Administrative and office units -- 17. Participative work design: A contribution to democracy in the office and on the shop floor -- 18. Clerical employees in X Y Z Company reorganize their department -- 19. Project: ‘Humanization and Participation’ in Centraal Beheer -- 20. Participatory research leads to employee-managed change: Some experience from a Norwegian bank -- Section Five: Action research reports: Public service -- 21. Experiment at Triemli Hospital: Environmental and physical changes in a hospital ward and their impacts on the behaviour and the social interactions of patients, visitors, and nurses -- 22. The implementation of team nursing: A change process and research project in a Dutch general hospital -- 23. Job satisfaction in the Civil Service in the United Kingdom -- Section Six: Trade union-oriented issues -- 24. The Demos project: Democratic control and planning in working life -- 25. The worker-union-management interface in workplace changes: A case study on problems of participation -- 26. Trade union involvement in retraining to develop new patterns of work organization -- Section Seven: Off-site training programmes -- 27. Participative redesign projects in Norway, summarizing the first five years of a strategy to democratize the design process in work organization -- 28. Participation in organization redesign: A five company Scottish workshop and later review meeting -- 29. Setting up a sociotechnical training programme at an engineering school in France: 1976/1977, a transitional year -- Section Eight: Concluding notes -- 30. Concluding notes -- Appendix: Addresses of contributors to the volume.
    Abstract: In November 1975, the German Marshall Fund of the United States agreed to support a proposal from the International Council for the Quality of Working Life for study of 'cross-cultural com­ munication' on developments associated with the quality of work­ ing life -a shared interest of the fund and the council. In early 1976 the council invited four action researchers, each from a major language area in Europe Andreas Alioth, Switzerland and Germany; Max Elden, Norway and Sweden; Oscar Ortsman, France; and Rene van der Vlist, the Netherlands, to consider pro­ duction of a joint publication which would make more generally available, at international levels, reports on innovative Q. W. L. ex­ periences within individual European countries. The main task of the four 'correspondents' was seen as facilitating the exchange of experiences across international boundaries -it was left to them to decide which experiences, how these should be communicated, and how the project itself should be organized. In early March 1976, the 'correspondents' decided at their first meeting to search informally, through their existing national con­ tacts, for suggestions as to what papers might be of value to a larger and more international Q. W. L. readership. Decisions on the char­ acter of the proposed book publication, and further definition of the project itself, were at this point deferred. At their second meeting, some sixty suggestions from six countries were reviewed.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400992849
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (297p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Contemporary History 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: Introduction: International Aspects of Reparations 1919–1922 -- I. The Formation of the Cuno Government -- II. German Industry and Reparations -- 1. The Rdl Program of 1922 -- 2. German Feelers in Paris -- 3. The London Conference -- 4. The Reparation Commission before the Occupation -- 5. Cuno and Industry -- 6. The Proposal for a Non-Aggression Pact -- 7. The German Offer and the Allied Meeting -- III. France before the Occupation -- 1. French Preparations for Occupation -- 2. The Ruhr Committee -- 3. French Strategies at the End of 1922 -- IV. Problems of Passive Resistance -- 1. Reactions to the Occupation -- 2. The Organization of Resistance -- 3. Preliminary “Stabilization” of the Currency -- 4. The Economic War 1923 -- 5. British and American Attitudes -- 6. French Reactions to Passive Resistance -- V. Diplomatic Interludes -- 1. German Feelers in Washington and London -- 2. The Loucheur Mission -- 3. Parliamentary Discussions in Germany -- 4. The Meeting of the International Chamber of Commerce in Rome -- 5. Private Initiatives of German Industry -- 6. Preparations for the German Note of May 2 -- 7. New Reparation Plans -- 8. John F. Dulles as Mediator -- VI. Financial Chaos and the Resignation of Cuno -- 1. Party Attitudes towards Taxation -- 2. Financial Alternatives in the Summer of 1923 -- 3. Stabilization Plans -- 4. The Resignation of the Cabinet -- VII. The Return of Coalition Diplomacy -- 1. British Preparations -- 2. The New Opponents: Stresemann and Poincaré -- 3. The Creation of the Dawes Committee -- 4. The End of Coercion -- Conclusions.
    Abstract: When the First World War ended, the political and economic system of prewar Europe lay in ruins. Though Allied politicians tried at various post­ war conferences to create a new and stable European order they failed because of conflicting and competing national interests. The peace settle­ ments neither established security from renewed attacks by the defeated nations nor did they lay the groundwork for a reconstruction of Europe's devastated economic system, because the members of the Allied war coali­ tion could not agree on the goals to be pursued by the treaties or on the means to enforce their settlement. In this context, reparations played a most signi­ ficant role. The conflict between the European protagonists France, Great Britain and Germany reached its peak at the beginning of 1923 when Franco­ Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr district in a last attempt to implement strategies developed in 1919 for a control ofthe German economic potential until reparations had been paid and to show to the Anglo-Saxon powers that any modification of Allied policy toward Germany could not be attained against French objections or without a simultaneous adjustment of French war debts. By focusing on the reparation issue during the period of the Cuno Cabinet, this book attempts to contribute both to the literature on Cuno and to the interrelationship of political and economic problems after W orId War I.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994041
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (812p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 132
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Philosophy of Hans Reichenbach -- Inference, Practice and Theory -- Relative Frequencies -- The Probabilities of Theories as Frequencies -- Reichenbach, Reference Classes, and Single Case ‘Probabilities’ -- Reichenbach’s Entanglements -- Reichenbach on Convention -- Hans Reichenbach’s Relativity of Geometry -- Elective Affinities: Weyl and Reichenbach -- Reichenbach and Conventionalism -- The Geometry of the Rotating Disk in the Special Theory of Relativity -- Two Lectures on the Direction of Time -- What Might Be Right about the Causal Theory of Time -- Concerning a Probabilistic Theory of Causation Adequate for the Causal Theory of Time -- Why Ask, ‘Why?’?—An Inquiry Concerning Scientific Explanation -- Hans Reichenbach on the Logic of Quantum Mechanics -- Reichenbach and the Logic of Quantum Mechanics -- Reichenbach and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics -- Causal Anomalies and the Completeness of Quantum Theory -- Metaphysical Implications of the Quantum Theory -- Consistency Proofs for Applied Mathematics -- A Generative Model for Translating from Ordinary Language into Symbolic Notation -- Laws, Modalities and Counterfactuals -- Reichenbach’s Theory of Nomological Statements -- Appreciation and Criticism of Reichenbach’s Meta-ethics: Achilles’ Heel of the System? -- Index of Names -- Analytical Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Logical empiricism - not to be confused with logical positivism (see pp. 40-44) - is a movement which has left an indelible mark on twentieth­ century philosophy; Hans Reichenbach (1891-1953) was one of its found­ ers and one of its most productive advocates. His sudden and untimely death in 1953 halted his work when he was at the height of his intellectual powers; nevertheless, he bequeathed to us a handsome philosophical inheritance. At the present time, twenty-five years later, we can survey our heritage and see to what extent we have been enriched. The present collection of essays constitutes an effort to do just that - to exhibit the scope and unity of Reichenbach's philosophy, and its relevance to current philosophical issues. There is no Nobel Prize in philosophy - the closest analogue is a volume in The Library of Living Philosophers, an honor which, like the Nobel Prize, cannot be awarded posthumously. Among 'scientific philosophers,' Rudolf Carnap, Albert Einstein, Karl Popper, and Bertrand Russell have been so honored. Had Reichenbach lived longer, he would have shared the honor with Carnap, for at the time of his death a volume on Logical Empiricism, treating the works of Carnap and Reichenbach, was in its early stages of preparation. In the volume which emerged, Carnap wrote, "In 1953, when Reichenbach's creative activity was suddenly ended by his premature death, our movement lost one of its most active leaders.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993921
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: of Ontology II -- 1. System -- 1. Basic Concepts -- 2. System Representations -- 3. Basic Assumptions -- 4. Systemicity -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- 2. Chemism -- 1. Chemical System -- 2. Biochemical System -- 3. Life -- 1. From Chemism to Life -- 2. Biofunction -- 3. Evolution -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- 4. Mind -- 1. Central Nervous System -- 2. Brain States -- 3. Sensation to Valuation -- 4. Recall to Knowledge -- 5. Self to Society -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- 5. Society -- 1. Human Society -- 2. Social Subsystems and Supersystems -- 3. Economy, Culture, and Polity -- 4. Social Structure -- 5. Social Change -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- 6. A Systemic World View -- 6.1. A World of Systems -- 6.2. System Genera -- 6.3. Novelty Sources -- 6.4. Emergence -- 6.5. Systemism Supersedes Atomism and Holism -- 6.6. Synopsis -- Appendix A. System models -- 1. Input-Output Models -- 1.1. The Black Box -- 1.2. Connecting Black Boxes -- 1.3. Control System -- 1.4. Stability and Breakdown -- 2. Grey Box Models -- 2.1. Generalities -- 2.2. Deterministic Automata -- 2.3. Probabilistic Automata -- 2.4. Information Systems -- Appendix B. Change models -- 1 Kinematical Models -- 1.1. Global Kinematics -- 1.2. Analytical Kinematics -- 1.3. Balance Equations -- 1.4. Lagrangian Framework -- 1.5. Kinematical Analogy -- 2. Dynamical Models -- 2.1. Generalities -- 2.2. Formalities -- 2.3. The Pervasiveness of Cooperation and Competition -- 2.4. The Dynamics of Competitive-Cooperative Processes -- 3. Qualitative Change Models -- 3.1. Kinematical: Birth and Death Operators -- 3.2. Dynamical: Random Hits -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400957985
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Ecology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Preface -- 1 The nature of vegetation -- 1.1 Ubiquity of changes in time -- 1.2 Variation in space -- 1.3 The nature of vegetation in time -- 2 Processes of vegetation change -- 2.1 Initiation of successions and fluctuations -- 2.2 Immigration of species -- 2.3 Establishment -- 2.4 Competition -- 2.5 Site modification -- 2.6 Stabilization -- 3 Fluctuations -- 3.1 Definitions of vegetation change -- 3.2 Phenological changes -- 3.3 Changes with fluctuations in environment -- 4 Regeneration and cyclic changes -- 5 Primary successions -- 5.1 Successions on submerged and waterlogged soils -- 5.2 Succession behind retreating glaciers -- 6 Secondary successions -- 6.1 The course of secondary succession -- 6.2 Factors determining the course of secondary succession -- 6.3 Predictability of secondary succession -- 7 Changes caused by grazing animals -- 8 Concluding remarks -- References.
    Abstract: Vegetation dynamics is an important subject. A knowledge and under­ standing of it is central to the science of vegetation management-in grassland, range and nature reserve management, and in aspects of wildlife management, forestry and agricultural crop production. It is also a large and diffuse subject. In a small book such as this I had to be highly selective, and could not do equal justice to all aspects. I have had therefore to condense many examples, and more regrettably, many arguments. While I have tried to present a broad selection of topics and examples, the content inevitably reflects my own special interests and experience. The study of vegetation and its dynamics does not lend itselfto neat and tidy divisions, and the way of allotting material into different chapters here is arbitrary. I have used Chapter I to introduce a number of ideas, beginning with the nature of vegetation in space, then passing to an introduction to the nature of changes in vegetation with time, in particular those generally known as successions. The book also contains a number of asides to the text's central arguments; I hope the reader finds these interesting rather than disconcerting.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789400993860
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 201 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 18
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Behavioral Decision Theory -- 1.2. Introduction to Detection of Change -- 1.3. Plan of the Book -- 2. The Optimal Policy -- 2.1. Problems TDC and DC -- 2.2. Sufficient Statistics -- 2.3. The Probability of Change -- 2.4. The Optimal Policy -- 2.5. The Nature of the Optimal Policy -- 2.6. Examples -- 3. A Response Model with a Fixed Probability Boundary -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Problem TDC -- 3.3. Problem DC -- 3.4. Relationships between Problems DC and TDC -- 3.5. Recursive Equations for Mean Values -- 3.6. Relation of Model FPB to the Optimal Policy -- 4. A Response Model with a Fixed Number of Observations -- 4.1. Model FNOB -- 4.2. The Case of No Information -- 4.3. Problem TDC -- 4.4. Problem DC -- 4.5. Parameter Estimation -- 5. A Response Model with a Fixed Number of Successive Observations -- 5.1. Model FNSOB -- 5.2. Problem TDC -- 5.3. Problem DC -- 6. Sensitivity Analysis -- 6.1. Validation by Cupidity -- 6.2. The Curse of Insensitivity -- 6.3. Within Model Insensitivity -- 6.4. Between Model Insensitivity -- 6.5. The System Operating Characteristic (SOC) -- 6.6. Conclusions -- 7. Multi-State Detection of Change -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Problem Formulation -- 7.3. The Optimal Policies -- 7.4. Discussion -- 8. Experimental Research -- 8.1. An Experimental Comparison of the Models -- 8.2. A Psychophysical Experiment -- 8.3. Applications to Performance Evaluation -- 9. Extensions -- 9.1. Arbitrary Distribution of Trial of Change -- 9.2. Further Research -- Appendix. Solution Program for Optimal Policy -- Glossary of Symbols -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book reports our research on detection of change processes that underlie psychophysical, learning, medical diagnosis, military, and pro­ duction control situations, and share three major features. First, the states of the process are not directly observable but become gradually known with the sequential acquisition of fallible information over time. Second, the mechanism that generates the fallible information is not stationary; rather, it is subjected to a sudden and irrevocable change. Thirdly, in­ complete, probabilistic information about the time of change is available when the process commences. The purpose of the book is to characterize this class of detection of change processes, to derive the optimal policy that minimizes total expected loss, and, most importantly, to develop testable response models, based on simple decision rules, for describing detection of change behavior. The book is theoretical in the sense that it offers mathematical models of multi-stage decision behavior and solutions to optimization problems. However, it is not anti-empirical, as it aims to stimulate new experimental research and to generate applications. Throughout the book, questions of experimental verification are briefly considered, and existing data from two studies are brought to bear on the validity of the models. The work is not complete; it only provides a starting point for investigating how people detect a change in an uncertain environment, balancing between the cost of delay in detecting the change and the cost of making an incor­ rect terminal decision.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400992894
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. The Curaçao Islands. The Inhabitants -- II. Historical Background and Discovery -- III. The Spanish Period -- IV. The Dutch Conquest -- V. Curaçao as War Base -- VI. The Struggle for Survival -- VII. The Last Dutch Stand -- VIII. The End of the Seventeenth Century -- IX. The Eighteenth Century -- X. The English Interregnum -- XI. The Dutch Leeward Islands in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries -- XII. The Wild Coast from pre-Columbian Times to 1621 -- XIII. Dutch Colonizing Efforts on the Wild Coast -- XIV. Surinam under the Chartered Society -- XV. Surinam during the English Interregnum -- XVI. Aspects of Dutch Colonization -- XVII. The Curaçao Islands in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century -- XVIII. The Curaçao Islands Under Paramaribo -- XIX. The Curaçao Islands from 1845 to 1900 -- XX. The Emancipation of the Curaçao Slaves -- XXI. Relations Between Curaçao and Venezuela Toward the End of the Nineteenth Century -- XXII. Oil Comes to the Curaçao Islands -- XXIII. The Curaçao Islands From World War I to World War II -- XXIV. The Dutch Leeward Islands in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- XXV. Surinam in the Nineteenth Century -- XXVI. The Early Twentieth Century in Surinam -- XXVII. Political Developments in the Dutch West Indies in the Twentieth Century -- XXVIII. Economic Development of the Dutch Antilles and Surinam -- XXIX. Society and Culture in the Netherlands West Indies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- General index.
    Abstract: To English-speaking historians, the author of this book, a Dutchman who for many years now finds his base at the University of Florida, became well known when his The Dutch in the Caribbean and on the Wild Coast, 158~I680 was published in 1972. At that time Professor Goslinga, who prior to his academic career in the United States, lived for an extended period in Cura~ao, Netherlands Antilles, had already acquired a solid reputation among Dutch Caribbeanists by his manifold publications on social, political and maritime aspects of Dutch West Indian history. By his training, interests and present position, Dr. Goslinga would seem to me to be singularly well-equipped to write a comprehensive history - geared to an English-speaking university public - of what was once known as the Netherlands West Indies. The present book is the product of this professional equipment and of his long teaching experience. It should go a long way in filling the old and wide gap in historical information on this part of the former Dutch empire, and I hope an equally wide but younger audience will appreciate it.
    Description / Table of Contents: I. The Curaçao Islands. The InhabitantsII. Historical Background and Discovery -- III. The Spanish Period -- IV. The Dutch Conquest -- V. Curaçao as War Base -- VI. The Struggle for Survival -- VII. The Last Dutch Stand -- VIII. The End of the Seventeenth Century -- IX. The Eighteenth Century -- X. The English Interregnum -- XI. The Dutch Leeward Islands in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries -- XII. The Wild Coast from pre-Columbian Times to 1621 -- XIII. Dutch Colonizing Efforts on the Wild Coast -- XIV. Surinam under the Chartered Society -- XV. Surinam during the English Interregnum -- XVI. Aspects of Dutch Colonization -- XVII. The Curaçao Islands in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century -- XVIII. The Curaçao Islands Under Paramaribo -- XIX. The Curaçao Islands from 1845 to 1900 -- XX. The Emancipation of the Curaçao Slaves -- XXI. Relations Between Curaçao and Venezuela Toward the End of the Nineteenth Century -- XXII. Oil Comes to the Curaçao Islands -- XXIII. The Curaçao Islands From World War I to World War II -- XXIV. The Dutch Leeward Islands in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- XXV. Surinam in the Nineteenth Century -- XXVI. The Early Twentieth Century in Surinam -- XXVII. Political Developments in the Dutch West Indies in the Twentieth Century -- XXVIII. Economic Development of the Dutch Antilles and Surinam -- XXIX. Society and Culture in the Netherlands West Indies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- General index.
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789401168038
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 164 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: The formation of archdeaconries in the diocese of Utrecht in the second half of the eleventh century and the first quarter of the twelfth -- Antwerp ships in English harbours in the fifteenth century -- Variants within Dutch Calvinism in the sixteenth century -- Flanders in 1576: revolutionary or reactionary? -- William III and the Utrecht ‘Government-Regulation’: background, events and problems -- The introduction of the steam engine to the Netherlands -- Survey of recent historical works on Belgium and the Netherlands.
    Description / Table of Contents: The formation of archdeaconries in the diocese of Utrecht in the second half of the eleventh century and the first quarter of the twelfthAntwerp ships in English harbours in the fifteenth century -- Variants within Dutch Calvinism in the sixteenth century -- Flanders in 1576: revolutionary or reactionary? -- William III and the Utrecht ‘Government-Regulation’: background, events and problems -- The introduction of the steam engine to the Netherlands -- Survey of recent historical works on Belgium and the Netherlands.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401166577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Education ; Early childhood education. ; School Psychology. ; Sociology.
    Abstract: 1 Today’s three-year-olds in London -- 2 The present study -- 3 Methods -- 4 General results -- 5 Family aspects -- 6 Parents in general -- 7 Fathers -- 8 Mothers -- 9 The children -- 10 Daily lives of the children -- 11 Trips, visits and excursions -- 12 Toys and play -- 13 Thoughts, feelings and behaviour -- 14 Schools -- 15 Housing -- 16 Tests and assessment -- 17 Developmental assessment and prediction -- 18 Some children described in detail -- 19 Summary, discussion and conclusions -- References -- Appendices.
    Abstract: In 1972, Dr Margaret Pollak published her book Today's Three-Year­ Oids in London. This was a sensitive study of family life and the social environment of a large number of London children, together with an account of their developmental assessment by various test methods. She showed that variations of developmental performances were more closely related to the quality of family life than to social and economic factors. Dr Pollak has now re-investigated the same children at nine years of age and this book is a record of her findings. The differences in development which were noted at three years of age remain in the older children. Those children who, at three years of age, were underachievers, particularly in verbal and adaptive abilities, are the children who, at nine years, can still be identified by lower achieve­ ment at school. These results must be of important relevance to educationalists, and all concerned with the psychologists as well as to paediatricians welfare of children. We must all be disturbed by the failure of any children in our urban city centres to benefit from education and our anxieties must be heightened if, amongst the underachievers, there are particular groups who can be identified by their ethnic identities. In Britain, education in school occupies a relatively small part of a child's life. Dr Pollak has identified some of the factors in a child's wider experience and, especially, in the total home environment which are associated with the persistence of inferior performance.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Today’s three-year-olds in London2 The present study -- 3 Methods -- 4 General results -- 5 Family aspects -- 6 Parents in general -- 7 Fathers -- 8 Mothers -- 9 The children -- 10 Daily lives of the children -- 11 Trips, visits and excursions -- 12 Toys and play -- 13 Thoughts, feelings and behaviour -- 14 Schools -- 15 Housing -- 16 Tests and assessment -- 17 Developmental assessment and prediction -- 18 Some children described in detail -- 19 Summary, discussion and conclusions -- References -- Appendices.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789401770248
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 360 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Germanic and Anglistic Studies of the University of Leiden 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Germanic languages
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993570
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVI, 398 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 48
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 48
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. The Model Muddle: Proposals for an Immodest Realism (1966) -- 2. Reduction, Explanation and Ontology (1962) -- 3. Models, Metaphysics and the Vagaries of Empiricism (1965) -- 4. Metaphysics as Heuristic for Science (1965) -- 5. Matter, Action and Interaction (1973) -- 6. Towards a Critical Materialism (1971) -- 7. The Relation Between Philosophy of Science and History of Science (1977) -- 8. Telos and Technique: Models as Modes of Action (1968) -- 9. From Praxis to Logos: Genetic Epistemology and Physics (1971) -- 10. Pictures, Representation, and the Understanding (1972) -- 11. Perception, Representation, and the Forms of Action: Towards an Historical Epistemology (1973) -- 12. Rules and Representation: The Virtues of Constancy and Fidelity Put in Perspective (1978) -- 13. Action and Passion: Spinoza’s Construction of a Scientific Psychology (1973) -- 14. Nature, Number and Individuals: Motive and Method in Spinoza’s Philosophy (1978) -- 15. Hume’s Concept of Identity and the Principium Individuationis (1961) -- 16. Diderot and the Development of Materialist Monism (1953) -- 17. Art and Technology: Conflicting Models of Education? The Uses of a Cultural Myth (1973) -- 18. Art as Humanizing Praxis (1976) -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Marx Wartofsky has been working for many years within an unusual confluence of philosophical problems. He brings to these intersecting problems his comprehensive intelligence, at once imaginative and rigorous, analytic and historical. He is a philosopher's philosopher, but also Everyman's. Wartofsky is philosopher of the natural and the social sciences, of perception, esthetics and the creative arts, of the 18th century French and the 19th century Germans, of politics and morality, ofthe methods and morals of medicine, and it is plain, of all human existence. To a colleague, he seems Jack-of-all-philosophical-trades, and master of them too. The reader soon will learn that Wartofsky is a genial, lucid and relaxed philosophical companion, deeply serious but without noticeable anxiety. I need not highlight these selected epistemological papers gathered as, and about, Models, since Wartofsky's own introductory remarks are helpful and stimulating in that respect. I need only, after 21 years of friendship and collaboration with him, warn the reader to beware of how profound and provocative these papers will show themselves to be beneath their good-humored and swiftly-flowing surface. And I must publicly note the pleasure with which I welcome Marx Wartofsky's volume to our Boston Studies. Boston University R.S.C. Center for the Philosophy and History of Science September 1979 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL PREFACE VII xi AC K NOWLEDGEMENTS xiii INTRODUCTION The Model Muddle: Proposals for an Immodest Realism 1.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789400993556
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (456p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 36
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 36
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I/Philosophy, Dialectics, and Historical Materialism -- Dialectic Today -- The Meaning of Marx’s Philosophy -- A Tension in Historical Materialism -- Some One-Sided Conceptions of Social Determinism -- Historical Science and the Philosophy of History -- II/Society, Politics and Revolution -- Homo Politicus -- Political Dictatorship: The Conflict of Politics and Society -- Revolution and Terror -- The Philosophical Concept of Revolution -- III/Culture, Ideas and Religion -- Culture as a Bridge Between Utopia and Reality -- Between Two Types of Modern Culture -- Ideas and Life -- The Withering Away of Religion in Socialism -- Culture and Revolution -- IV/Socialism, Bureaucracy and Self-Management -- Theoretical Foundations for the Idea of Self-Management -- Some Contradictions and Insufficiencies of Yugoslav Self-Managing Socialism -- Institutionalization of the Revolutionary Movement -- Bureaucracy — Reified Organization -- Bureaucracy and Public Communication -- Social Equality and Inequality in the Bourgeois World and in Socialism -- Middle Class Ideology -- Ecstasy and Hangover of a Revolution -- Notes on Contributors by Gajo Petrovi? -- Bibliographical Details of the Essays appearing in this Volume -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This volume of the Boston Studies is a distillation of one of the most creative and important movements in contemporary social theory. The articles repre­ sent the work of the so-called 'Praxis' group in Yugoslavia, a heterogeneous movement of philosophers, sociologists, political theorists, historians, and cul­ tural critics, united by a common approach: that of social theory as a critical and scientific enterprise, closely linked to questions of contemporary practical life. As the introductory essay explains, in its history and analysis of the development of this group, the name Praxis focuses on the heart of Marx's social theory - the conception of human beings as creative, productive makers and shapers of their own history. The journal Praxis, which appeared regularly in Yugoslavia at Zagreb, and also in an International Edition for many years, is the source of many of these articles. The journal had to suspend publication in 1975 because of political pressures in Yugoslavia. Eight members of the group were dismissed from their University posts in Belgrade, after a long struggle in which their colleagues stood by them staunchly. Yet the creativity and productivity of the group continues, by those in Belgrade and elsewhere. Its contributions to the social sciences, and to the very conception of social science as critical and applied theory, remain vivid, timely and innovative. The importance of the theoretical work of the Praxis group is perhaps at its height now.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400988262
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: 1. English Intervention and the Pattern of Revolt -- 2. International Peace and Civil War -- 3. The Queen, the Prince and the Crisis of the Nobility -- 4. The Loss of the South -- 5. The North Preserved -- 6. Relations Transformed -- Conclusion -- Notes -- A Note on Sources.
    Abstract: My first thanks must go to the Electors to Ford's Lectureship in English History in the University of Oxford, who honoured me with the invitation to discharge that formidable responsibility in 1969, generously interpreting the statute so as to allow me to deal with a subject which contained nearly as much Netherlands as it did English history. To Hugh Trevor-Roper, Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford, and his fellow­ Electors, I am grateful for much encouragement, guidance and hospitality. The colleagues and pupils upon whom I have from time to time inflicted discussion of problems arising from my subject are far too numerous to be thanked individually. Two must nevertheless be singled out. Vivian Fisher of Jesus College, Cambridge, very kindly read the completed manuscript, and I have benefited by a number of characteristically penetrating comments and suggestions which he made. Geoffrey Parker, Fellow of Christ's College, generously allowed me to make use of his unique knowledge of the Spanish, French and Italian archives to check and supplement my own information. I am deeply grateful to both. Finally, it will be evident that quite apart from my own researches these lectures owe a heavy debt to many scholars, Dutch, Belgian, American and British especially, who have worked in this or related fields of inquiry. I am not less indebted to those from whose interpretations I have ventured to differ than to those with whom I have found myself in agreement.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. English Intervention and the Pattern of Revolt2. International Peace and Civil War -- 3. The Queen, the Prince and the Crisis of the Nobility -- 4. The Loss of the South -- 5. The North Preserved -- 6. Relations Transformed -- Conclusion -- Notes -- A Note on Sources.
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9789400993839
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (398p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 39
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Regional planning ; Ethnology. ; Culture.
    Abstract: I: Germany and Philosophy -- I. Romantics and Hegelians 1830–1840 -- II. Die Prolegomena zur Historiosophie -- III. Gott und Palingenesie -- IV. Schelling and the Dissolution of the Hegelian School -- II: France and the Social Movement -- V. A Hegelian in France -- VI. Du Crédit et de la Circulation -- VII. Economic and Social Articles 1840–1848 -- VIII. De la Pairie et de l’Aristocratie Moderne -- III: Poland and Messianism -- IX. Exile and The Messianic Option -- X. Messianism Refused -- XI. Our Father -- Conclusion -- Notes.
    Abstract: Nineteenth-century European intellectual history has given rise to such varied and abundant research that one is surprised to find certain important problems long identified and yet still relatively unexplored. Such is the case for certain aspects of the crucial transition from Hegel to Marx, for minority tendencies among French socialists and for the Messianic phenomenon, national and religious, so central to the period, particularly in Eastern Europe, and so rarely studied in detail. Certainly, these lacunae are exemplified by the absence of any com­ prehensive work on August Cieszkowski whose overall contribution to the history of the period may be marginal but whose specific role in each of the areas mentioned is both significant in itself and illustrative of certain wider problems. Cieszkowski first achieved recognition as the author of the Pro­ legomena zur Historiosophie in 1838. This short tract never became popular among the Berlin Hegelians for whom it was intended but it affected a number of radical intellectuals outside their circle. His next work, Gott und Palingenesie, was a defense of personal immortality against Hegelian revisionism. The following year, however, he founded as a bulwark of the Hegelian school the Philosophische Gesellschaft against external critics and internal dissolution.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (491p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 20
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Some Principles of Ethnogeography -- Erewhon or Nowhere Land -- A Framework for Examination of Theoretic Viewpoints in Geography -- Thirteen Axioms of a Geography of the Public Sector -- On the Set Theoretic Foundations of the Regionalization Problem -- Reality, Process, and the Dialectical Relation Between Man and Environment -- Signals in the Noise -- Population, Resources, and the Ideology of Science -- Alternatives to a Positive Economic Geography -- Social Geography and the Taken-For-Granted World -- Dialectics and Geography -- Beyond the Census: Data Needs and Urban Policy Analysis -- Social Science and Human Action or on Hitting Your Head Against the Ceiling of Language -- Problems in the Psychological Modelling of Revealed Destination Choice -- An Open Letter on the Dematerialization of the Geographic Object -- Land Use and Commodity Production -- Spatial Interaction and Geographic Theory -- Cellular Geography -- Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective -- A Periodic Table of Spatial Hierarchies -- Unconventional Name Index -- Reference List -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In any edited volume most credit is due to the individual authors. The present case is no exception and we as editors have done little apart from serving as coordinators for a group of friends and colleagues. For once, the responsi­ bilities are shared. We feel that the collection gives a fair representation of the activities at the frontier of human geography in North America. Whether these premonitions will be further substantiated is of course to be seen. In the meantime, we take refuge in Vico's saying that "doctrines must take their beginning from that of the matter of which they treat". And yet we also know that new treatments never lead to fmal ends, but rather to new doctrines and to new beginnings. It is also a pleasure to acknowledge those publishers and authors who have given permission to reprint copyrighted materials: Association of American Geographers for Leslie J. King's 'Alternatives to a Positive Economic Geography', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 66,1976; Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. for Yi-Fu Tuan's 'Space and Place: Human­ istic Perspective', in Christopher Board et al. (eds. ), Progress in Geography, Vol. 6, 1974; Economic Geography for David Harvey's 'Population, Resources, and the Ideology of Science' ,Economic Geography, Vol. SO, 1974; Institute of British Geographers for David Ley's 'Social Geography and the Taken-for-Granted World', Transactions of the Institute of British Geogra­ phers, Vol. 2, 1977; and North-Holland Publishing Company for Allen J.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994751
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 8
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Library science ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: I. Methodology and Theoretical Assumptions -- 1.1. Theoretical Framework -- 1.2. Methods of Analysis: Presupposition and Consequence -- 1.3. Aspect -- 1.4. The Corpus -- II. Aspectualizers and Events -- 2.1. Why an Event Analysis -- 2.2. The Philosophical Treatment of Events -- 2.3. A Temporal Analysis of Events -- 2.4. Other Philosophical Categories -- III. Events and Aspectual Verb-Types: Activities, Accomplishments, Achievements, States, and Series -- 3.1. Events and Aspectual Verb-types -- 3.2. Distinguishing Among Activities, Accomplishments, Achievements, States, and Series -- IV. A Detailed Characterization of Aspectualizers — I: Begin and Start Compared -- 4.1. Descriptive Approach: Syntactic and Semantic Properties -- 4.2. Begin and Start -- V. A Detailed Characterization of Aspectualizers — II: Continue, Keep, Resume, and Repeat Compared -- 5.1. Keep and Continue compared -- 5.2. Resume -- 5.3. Repeat -- VI. A Detailed Characterization of Aspectualizers — III: Stop, Quit, and Cease Compared -- 6.1. Stop and Quit Compared -- 6.2. Stop and Cease -- VII. A Detailed Characterization of Aspectualizers — IV: Finish, End, and Complete Compared -- 7.1. Finish and End Compared -- 7.2. Finish and Complete -- VIII. A Summary of the Syntactic and Semantic Characteristics of Aspectualizers -- 8.1. The Syntactic Form of the Complements -- 8.2. to V and V-ing Compared -- 8.3. Presuppositions, Consequences, and Co-occurrences with Different Aspectual Verb-types -- 8.4. Other Properties of Aspectualizers Summarized -- Table I: Aspectualizers with Noun Objects -- Table II: Presuppositions and Consequences of Aspectualizers -- Table III: Aspectualizers with Different Complement Verb-types -- Data Sources -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Complementation has received a great deal of attention in the past fifteen to twenty years; various approcahes have been used to study it and different groups of complement-taking verbs have been examined. The approach taken here employs analytic techniques which have not been systematically applied before to this group of temporal aspectual verbs. In other works which have concentrated on these same verbs (perlmutter, 1968, 1970 and Newmeyer, 1969a, 1969b) few insights about the semantic properties of the verbs are formalized. In the present study, the various verbs and their complement structures as they appear in surface forms are considered for their associated presuppositions and consequences (entailments). The notions of presup­ position and consequence are defmed and used so as to take conversational interaction into consideration. This adds considerably to the information that can be obtained about the verbs in question. Furthermore, the analysis of these temporal aspectual verbs leads to a description of their complement structures in terms of 'events', a semantic category found to appropriately characterize the quality of most of these structures. In this analysis, events are described as consisting of several different temporal segments; thus the sentences contained in the complements of these verbs are described as naming events, each containing one or more of several possible temporal segments. The aspectualizers in tum, act as referentials, each referring to one or another of the event-segments named in their complements.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400992429
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Public choice 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: 1. An introduction to economics and the economics of education -- 1.1. Theory: a matter of necessity -- 1.2. The basics of economic theory -- 1.3. A final preliminary note -- 2. The basics of the economic model -- 2.1. An introductory statement -- 2.2. A more complex statement: the student’s opportunity set -- 2.3. The student’s preference structure -- 2.4. The logic of student choice -- 2.5. Concluding comments -- 3. Student preferences, abilities, and performance -- 3.1. Student preferences 3 -- 3.2. Student abilities -- 3.2.1. Different levels of initial achievement -- 3.2.2. Different aptitudes -- 3.3. Efficiency gains and the evaluation of the professor -- 4. Professor preferences, public goods, and student performance -- 4.1. Faculty choice and student achievement -- 4.2. Student quality and faculty effort -- 4.2.1. Different initial achievement levels -- 4.2.2. Different aptitudes -- 4.2.3. Different initial endowments and aptitudes -- 4.3. Classroom technology, teacher ability, and faculty effort -- 4.4. Teaching as a public good -- 4.5. Concluding comments -- 5. Is teaching the best way to learn? -- 5.1. The effects of student proctoring -- 5.2. The illusion of cost-benefit analysis -- 5.3. Optimum learning -- 5.4. Student aptitude once again -- 5.5. The institutional setting and educational change -- 6. The effects of grade inflation on student evaluation and performance -- 6.1. The model -- 6.2. Grade influation -- 6.3. Real grade influation -- 6.4. Empirical tests -- 6.5. Concluding comments -- 7. The evaluation and pay of faculty -- 7.1. Research findings: the effects of research and teaching on faculty pay -- 7.1.1. The Katz study -- 7.1.2. The Koch-Chizmar study -- 7.1.3. The Tuckman-Chapinski-Hagemann study -- 7.1.4. The Siegfried-White study -- 7.1.5. Interim summary of conclusion -- 7.2. Research findings: the influence of research on teaching effectiveness -- 7.3. The evaluation of faculty: the interactive effects of student and faculty efforts and academic freedoms -- 7.4. The pay system -- 7.4.1. The lump-sum pay method -- 7.4.2. Accountability -- 7.5. Concluding comments -- 8. Committees, “Comment Pollutions,” and the internal governance of universities -- 8.1 Comments as public goods -- 8.2. The judgement of committeemen -- 8.3. Concluding comments -- 9. The citizenship argument for education -- 9.1. Citizenship, public goods, and economics -- 9.2. Public choice view -- 9.3. Counterarguments -- 9.4. Course content for rational students -- 9.5. Concluding comments -- 10. The academic market, intercollegiate sports, and academic standards -- 10.1. A supply and demand model of the education market -- 10.2. The impact of intercollegiate sports -- 10.3. Concluding comments -- 11. Cheating and chiseling -- 11.1. The prevalence of cheating -- 11.2. The effects of cheating -- 11.3. The rationality of cheating -- 11.4. Chiseling -- 12. Postscript.
    Abstract: The purpose of The Political Economy of the Educational Process is to demonstrate in an elemental way what economics can contribute to our understanding of how education occurs. Although in ways similar, the book is significantly different from other studies in the economics of education. Other works are primarily concerned with the effects which education (or, to use the economist's jargon, human capital) has on production, market efficiency, and the distri­ bution of income. The central concern of this book is how and why the student goes about acquiring whatever human capital he wishes and how the institutional setting of the university influences the amount of human capital that the student acquires. This book deals with the learning process and, therefore, draws upon an earlier book written by Robert Staaf and myself. 1 However, the "economic theory of learning," which Staaf and I developed earlier in very pre­ cise mathematical terms, is extended here through a fuller treat­ ment of the political environment in which education occurs. A major concern of this work is to make the economic analysis easily understood by professional educators and social scientists generally. To accomplish this objective, Chapter 2 develops for the non­ economicists the tools of analysis which are used throughout the book. Hopefully, by shying away from esoteric theory and by try­ ing to make the discussion provocative and informative, the book 1. See Richard B. McKenzie and Robert J.
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  • 43
    ISBN: 9789401176279
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Public Choice 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: I A Multidimensional Economic Theory of Governments -- 1 The State as a Service Firm, the Production of Order -- 2 Theories of the Emergence of States -- 3 The Sizes of States -- 4 The Qualities of State Activity -- II The Problem of Government -- 5 The Monopoly State -- 6 Democracy, the Corporate State -- 7 Democracy as a Consumer Good -- 8 Experimental Remedies: Some Preposterous Proposals -- Appendixes -- I Entrepreneurship, Profit, and Limits on Firm Size -- II Political Revolution and Repression: An Economic Approach -- III The GPITPC and Institutional Entropy -- List of References -- Notes -- Indexes.
    Abstract: We seem to be witnessing the rebirth of the concept of an integrated social science, a complete theory of human action and interaction in all its ramifica­ tions and complications. What we call society is simply the totality of human exchange. Economics is a theory of human exchange of certain types. Although the qualities of what is being exchanged as well as the conditions of exchange may vary, economic theory has recently broadened its scope sufficiently to begin to be general enough to handle these problems as well. In the present work we attempt to see what insights are revealed by the application of economic categories to political history. We feel there are many. At this point Silver stops. ! Auster continues. A quick spin around the "policy" block in the new model so to speak, hence Chapter 8. For the rest, however, this is truly a joint work. The authors' names appear in alphabetical order. After 12 years of professional asso­ ciation, claims to precedence in origination could too clearly be self-deception. ! Silver is even more pessimistic than Auster, in particular about which types of reforms will be accepted. With the rise to affluence of most members of our society the mass itself has become concerned with political reform as almost a new form of entertainment. Unfor­ tunately, they have no idea how to improve matters.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993976
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Profiles, An International Series on Contemporary Philosophers and Logicians 1
    Series Statement: Profiles 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- Patrick Suppes A Self Profile -- Two -- Suppes’ Philosophy of Physics -- Suppes’ Contributions to the Theory of Measurement -- Suppes on Probability, Utility, and Decision Theory -- Suppes’ Contribution to Logic and Linguistic -- Suppes’ Work in the Foundations of Psychology -- Suppes’ Contribution to Education -- Patrick Suppes Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of Patrick Suppes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The aim of this series is to inform both professional philosophers and a larger readership (of social and natural scientists, methodologists, mathematicians, students, teachers, publishers, etc. ) about what is going on, who's who, and who does what in contemporary philosophy and logic. PROFILES is designed to present the research activity and the results of already outstanding personalities and schools and of newly emerging ones in the various fields of philosophy and logic. There are many Festschrift volumes dedicated to various philosophers. There is the celebrated Library of Living Philosophers edited by P. A. Schilpp whose format influenced the present enterprise. Still they can only cover very little of the contemporary philosophical scene. Faced with a tremen­ dous expansion of philosophical information and with an almost frighten­ ing division of labor and increasing specialization we need systematic and regular ways of keeping track of what happens in the profession. PRO­ FILES is intended to perform such a function. Each volume is devoted to one or several philosophers whose views and results are presented and discussed. The profiled philosopher(s) will summarize and review his (their) own work in the main fields of signifi­ cant contribution. This work will be discussed and evaluated by invited contributors. Relevant historical and/or biographical data, an up-to-date bibliography with short abstracts of the most important works and, whenever possible, references to significant reviews and discussions will also be included.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401576420
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 139 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 127
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: Syntactic Considerations -- Modal Structures and Morphisms -- Validity -- Completeness -- Löwenheim-Skolem Theorems -- Ultraproducts -- Ultrafilter Pairs and Elementary Embeddings -- Direct Limits -- Model Extensions -- Inductive Theories -- Joint Consistency and Interpolation -- Model Completeness -- Finite Forcing -- Forcing and Model Completions -- Omitting Types and a Two-Cardinal Theorem.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400993211
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (404p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Criminology
    Abstract: Courts and Tribunals: Partners in Justice -- Two International Organizations of the Third World -- The Future of World Order -- The World Bank’s Impact on International Law-A Case Study in the International Law of Cooperation -- Some Legal Aspects of the Andean Economic Integration -- The International Monetary System and Change: Relations Between the Mode of Negotiation and Legal Technique -- Non-Identification of the Majority and Minority in the Practice of the International Court of Justice -- The General Welfare as A Legal Interest -- Treaties as “Legislation” -- The Jurisprudence of Contracts -- Force Majeure Et Contrats Internationaux De Longue Durée -- Strikes and the Law — Some Recent Developments in Western Europe -- Conventional International Law and the Domestic Law of Canada -- Some Legal Aspects of International and Multinational Enterprises -- Principles of International Social Justice -- Voting Procedure In International Conferences for the Codification of International Law, 1864–1930 -- Conscience, Law, Force and the General Assembly -- The New System Of International Law -- A Bibliography of the Writings of Wolfgang Friedmann.
    Abstract: When Wolfgang Friedmann died there was a great outpouring of grief, affection and admiration from his friends all over the world. These deeply felt sentiments were soon channelled into a number of projects to honor him. The initiative towards the preparation of this volume in tribute to Wolfgang Friedmann was taken by his colleague, Hans Smit, of Columbia University, who also arranged for its publication. Judge Philip C. Jessup was the chairman, and Professors John N. Hazard, Louis Henkin, Oliver Lissitzyn, Willis L. M. Reese and Hans Smit of Columbia University Law School, A. A. Fatouros of Indiana University Law School (Bloomington), and Gabriel M. Wilner of the University of Georgia Law School were members of the editorial committee. The authors of the essays are a group of distinguished legal scholars from many countries and who hold widely diverse views. All of them had many ties with Professor Friedmann, including those of friendship and shared interest in problems that were of the greatest concern to him. The number of eminent jurists from countries around the world, and particularly from the United States, who would have wished to participate in this tribute to Wolfgang Friedmann is large; however, several important considerations made it necessary to limit the number of contributions. Thus, for example, the work of several members of the editorial committee is not represented in the volume.
    Description / Table of Contents: Courts and Tribunals: Partners in JusticeTwo International Organizations of the Third World -- The Future of World Order -- The World Bank’s Impact on International Law-A Case Study in the International Law of Cooperation -- Some Legal Aspects of the Andean Economic Integration -- The International Monetary System and Change: Relations Between the Mode of Negotiation and Legal Technique -- Non-Identification of the Majority and Minority in the Practice of the International Court of Justice -- The General Welfare as A Legal Interest -- Treaties as “Legislation” -- The Jurisprudence of Contracts -- Force Majeure Et Contrats Internationaux De Longue Durée -- Strikes and the Law - Some Recent Developments in Western Europe -- Conventional International Law and the Domestic Law of Canada -- Some Legal Aspects of International and Multinational Enterprises -- Principles of International Social Justice -- Voting Procedure In International Conferences for the Codification of International Law, 1864-1930 -- Conscience, Law, Force and the General Assembly -- The New System Of International Law -- A Bibliography of the Writings of Wolfgang Friedmann.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400997868
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Life and Works of the Ban? M?sà -- 2. The Manuscripts of The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 3. Earlier Information on The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 4. Historical Context of The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 5. Motifs -- 6. Transliteration of Arabic letters -- 7. Presentation and Translation -- 8. Notes to Introduction -- II. The Book of Ingenious Devices -- List of Models -- Translation and Annotations.
    Description / Table of Contents: I. Introduction1. Life and Works of the Ban? M?sà -- 2. The Manuscripts of The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 3. Earlier Information on The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 4. Historical Context of The Book of Ingenious Devices -- 5. Motifs -- 6. Transliteration of Arabic letters -- 7. Presentation and Translation -- 8. Notes to Introduction -- II. The Book of Ingenious Devices -- List of Models -- Translation and Annotations.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401771504
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 338 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Humanities ; History
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400957299
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Fourth Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Group IV Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Silicon -- 3 Germanium -- 4 Tin -- 5 Lead -- References: Group IV -- V Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth -- 6 Introduction -- 7 Arsenic -- 8 Antimony -- 9 Bismuth -- References: Group V.
    Abstract: A very large number of organo derivatives is formed by the Group IV ele­ ments silicon, germanium, tin, and lead. In comparing the general properties of these elements, Table 1. 1 shows that the first ionization energies decrease (though not in a regular way) with increase in size and atomic number, con­ sistent with the general increase in metallic character of the elements. Electro­ negativity values (which have been the subject of considerable controversy) show no clear trend. Although purely inorganic compounds of tin(n) and leaden) are well known, almost all organo Group IV derivatives show an oxidation state of IV. Bonds to carbon become weaker on passing from silicon to lead, as do the element-element bonds themselves. With any particular element M (M = Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb), there is a small decrease in bond energy in the order: M-Ph 〉 M - Me 〉 M - Et. Although accurate data for organo derivatives are lacking, strengths of bonds to other elements probably decrease in the order: M-F〉 M-O 〉 M-CI 〉 M-H ~ M-N ~ M-S ~ M-Br 〉 M-I, while for a particular element X, the order is: Si-X 〉 Ge-X 〉 Sn-X 〉 Pb-X. It is therefore understandable that reactions leading to Si-F, Si-O, or Si-CI bonds are especially favoured in a thermodynamic sense.
    Description / Table of Contents: Group IV Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead1 Introduction -- 2 Silicon -- 3 Germanium -- 4 Tin -- 5 Lead -- References: Group IV -- V Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth -- 6 Introduction -- 7 Arsenic -- 8 Antimony -- 9 Bismuth -- References: Group V.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400992276
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction: Mineral Resources and Exploration -- 1.1 Growth in Mineral Production -- 1.2 Metal Prices -- 1.3 Patterns of Production and Consumption -- 1.4 The Nature of Mineral Exploration -- 1.5 Mining and the Environment -- 2 Geological Mapping and Prospecting -- 2.1 The Importance of Geological Mapping and Prospecting -- 2.2 Traditional Prospecting Methods -- 3 Photogeology and Remote Sensing -- 3.1 Photogeology -- 3.2 Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) -- 3.3 Satellite Photographs and Imagery -- 3.4 Thermal Imagery -- 3.5 Other Remote Detection Methods -- 3.6 Air Sampling Methods -- 4 Geochemical Prospecting -- 4.1 Distribution of Elements -- 4.2 Primary Dispersion -- 4.3 Secondary Dispersion -- 4.4 Soil Types -- 4.5 Statistical Treatment of Data -- 4.6 Drainage Surveys -- 4.7 Soil Surveys -- 4.8 Vegetation and Water Surveys -- 4.9 Analytical Methods -- 5 Deep Sampling Methods -- 5.1 Pitting and Trenching -- 5.2 Auger Drilling -- 5.3 Hand-Held Percussion Drills -- 5.4 Wagon Drilling -- 5.5 Banka Drilling -- 6 Geophysical Prospecting -- 6.1 Gravity Surveying -- 6.2 Magnetic Surveying -- 6.3 Resistivity Surveys -- 6.4 Induced Polarization (IP) Surveys -- 6.5 Electromagnetic (EM) Surveying -- 6.6 Self-Potential (SP) Surveys -- 6.7 Equipotential (EP) Surveys -- 6.8 Magneto-Telluric (MT) Surveys -- 6.9 Seismic Methods -- 6.10 Radiometric Surveying -- 6.11 Geothermal Methods -- 6.12 Well-Logging Techniques -- 7 Drilling Methods -- 7.1 Percussion Drilling -- 7.2 Churn Drilling -- 7.3 Diamond Drilling -- 7.4 Rotary Drilling -- 8 Surveying -- 8.1 Chaining -- 8.2 Compass and Tape Surveys -- 8.3 Determination of Elevation -- 8.4 Plane Table Surveying -- 8.5 Surveying Calculations -- 8.6 Measurements with a Theodolite -- 8.7 Measurement of Distance -- 8.8 Astronomical Surveying -- 9 Ore Reserve Calculations -- 9.1 Ore and Ore Reserves -- 9.2 Plan Methods -- 9.3 Cross-Sectional Methods -- 9.4 Steeply Dipping Ore Bodies -- 9.5 Ore Bodies of Variable Dip -- 9.6 Use of Ore Blocks -- 9.7 Cut-Off Grades -- 9.8 Tonnage Factor -- 9.9 Sampling for Grade Determination -- 10 Evaluation of Prospects -- 10.1 Mineral Dressing -- 10.2 Smelting and Refining of Ores -- 10.3 Mining Methods -- 10.4 Economic Feasibility Studies -- 10.5 Examination of Properties.
    Abstract: For some years I have felt there was a need for a single, comprehen­ sive, reference book on exploration geology. Numerous textbooks are available on subjects such as geophysical prospecting, exploration geochemistry, mining geology, photogeology and general economic geology, but, for the geologist working in mineral exploration, who does not require a specialist's knowledge, a general book on explora­ tion techniques is needed. Many undergraduate university courses tend to neglect economic geology and few deal with the more prac­ tical aspects in any detail. Graduate geologists embarking on a career in economic geology or mineral exploration are therefore often poorly equipped and have to learn a considerable amount 'on the job'. By providing a book that includes material which can be found in some of the standard texts together with a number of practical aspects not to be found elsewhere, I hope that both recent graduates and more experienced exploration geologists will find it a useful reference work and manual. In addition, students of economic geology and personnel working in related fields in the mining and mineral extraction in­ dustries will find it informative. J. H. REEDMAN v Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Dr K. Fletcher, geochemist with the Department of Geology, University of British Columbia, and Kari Savario, geophysicist with Finnish Technical Aid to Zambia, for reading the original drafts and offering constructive criticism and advice on the chapters on geochemical and geophysical prospecting respectively.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction: Mineral Resources and Exploration1.1 Growth in Mineral Production -- 1.2 Metal Prices -- 1.3 Patterns of Production and Consumption -- 1.4 The Nature of Mineral Exploration -- 1.5 Mining and the Environment -- 2 Geological Mapping and Prospecting -- 2.1 The Importance of Geological Mapping and Prospecting -- 2.2 Traditional Prospecting Methods -- 3 Photogeology and Remote Sensing -- 3.1 Photogeology -- 3.2 Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) -- 3.3 Satellite Photographs and Imagery -- 3.4 Thermal Imagery -- 3.5 Other Remote Detection Methods -- 3.6 Air Sampling Methods -- 4 Geochemical Prospecting -- 4.1 Distribution of Elements -- 4.2 Primary Dispersion -- 4.3 Secondary Dispersion -- 4.4 Soil Types -- 4.5 Statistical Treatment of Data -- 4.6 Drainage Surveys -- 4.7 Soil Surveys -- 4.8 Vegetation and Water Surveys -- 4.9 Analytical Methods -- 5 Deep Sampling Methods -- 5.1 Pitting and Trenching -- 5.2 Auger Drilling -- 5.3 Hand-Held Percussion Drills -- 5.4 Wagon Drilling -- 5.5 Banka Drilling -- 6 Geophysical Prospecting -- 6.1 Gravity Surveying -- 6.2 Magnetic Surveying -- 6.3 Resistivity Surveys -- 6.4 Induced Polarization (IP) Surveys -- 6.5 Electromagnetic (EM) Surveying -- 6.6 Self-Potential (SP) Surveys -- 6.7 Equipotential (EP) Surveys -- 6.8 Magneto-Telluric (MT) Surveys -- 6.9 Seismic Methods -- 6.10 Radiometric Surveying -- 6.11 Geothermal Methods -- 6.12 Well-Logging Techniques -- 7 Drilling Methods -- 7.1 Percussion Drilling -- 7.2 Churn Drilling -- 7.3 Diamond Drilling -- 7.4 Rotary Drilling -- 8 Surveying -- 8.1 Chaining -- 8.2 Compass and Tape Surveys -- 8.3 Determination of Elevation -- 8.4 Plane Table Surveying -- 8.5 Surveying Calculations -- 8.6 Measurements with a Theodolite -- 8.7 Measurement of Distance -- 8.8 Astronomical Surveying -- 9 Ore Reserve Calculations -- 9.1 Ore and Ore Reserves -- 9.2 Plan Methods -- 9.3 Cross-Sectional Methods -- 9.4 Steeply Dipping Ore Bodies -- 9.5 Ore Bodies of Variable Dip -- 9.6 Use of Ore Blocks -- 9.7 Cut-Off Grades -- 9.8 Tonnage Factor -- 9.9 Sampling for Grade Determination -- 10 Evaluation of Prospects -- 10.1 Mineral Dressing -- 10.2 Smelting and Refining of Ores -- 10.3 Mining Methods -- 10.4 Economic Feasibility Studies -- 10.5 Examination of Properties.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401733731
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 450 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Fractionation in igneous processes -- 2. Compositional variation in magmas -- 3. Phase diagrams — introduction -- 4. Ternary systems — I -- 5. Ternary systems with solid solutions page -- 6. The interpretation of two-element variation diagrams -- 7. Petrographic aspects of volcanic rocks -- 8. Quaternary systems -- 9. Experimental work on natural basaltic and allied rocks -- 10. Water-bearing basic rock systems -- 11. Compositionally zoned magma bodies and their bearing on crystal settling -- 12. Petrographic aspects of plutonic rocks -- 13. The interpretation of data for plutonic rocks -- 14. Trace elements in igneous processes -- 15. The use of isotopes in petrology -- Appendices -- 1. Nomenclature of igneous rocks -- 2. Average major element compositions and CIPW norms of common igneous rock types -- 3. Norm calculations -- Calculation of the CIPW norm -- Molecular norms -- 4. Calculation of plotting parameters for O’Hara (1968) polybaric phase diagram -- 5. Some representative mineral analyses -- Answers to exercises -- References.
    Abstract: Our aim in writing this book is to try to show how igneous rocks can be persuaded to reveal some ofthe secrets of their origins. The data of igneous rocks consist of field relations, texture, mineralogy, and geochemistry. Additionally, experimental petrology tells us how igneous systems might be expected to behave. Working on this material we attempt to show how hypotheses concerning the origins and evolution of magmas are proposed and tested, and thus illuminate the interesting and fundamental problems of petrogenesis. The book assumes a modest knowledge of basic petro­ graphy, mineralogy, classification, and regional igneous geology. It has a role complementary to various established texts, several of which are descriptively good and give wide coverage and evaluation of petrogenetic ideas in various degrees of detail. Existing texts do not on the whole, however, deal with methodology, though this is one of the more important aspects of the subject. At first sight it may appear that the current work is a guidebook for the prospective research worker and thus has little relevance for the non-specialist student of geology. We hope this will prove to be far from the case. The methodological approach has an inherent interest because it can provide the reader with problems he can solve for himself, and as an almost incidental consequence he will acquire a satisfying understanding.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Fractionation in igneous processes2. Compositional variation in magmas -- 3. Phase diagrams - introduction -- 4. Ternary systems - I -- 5. Ternary systems with solid solutions page -- 6. The interpretation of two-element variation diagrams -- 7. Petrographic aspects of volcanic rocks -- 8. Quaternary systems -- 9. Experimental work on natural basaltic and allied rocks -- 10. Water-bearing basic rock systems -- 11. Compositionally zoned magma bodies and their bearing on crystal settling -- 12. Petrographic aspects of plutonic rocks -- 13. The interpretation of data for plutonic rocks -- 14. Trace elements in igneous processes -- 15. The use of isotopes in petrology -- Appendices -- 1. Nomenclature of igneous rocks -- 2. Average major element compositions and CIPW norms of common igneous rock types -- 3. Norm calculations -- Calculation of the CIPW norm -- Molecular norms -- 4. Calculation of plotting parameters for O’Hara (1968) polybaric phase diagram -- 5. Some representative mineral analyses -- Answers to exercises -- References.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401743877
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (II, 317 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Private international law. ; Conflict of laws. ; International law. ; Comparative law.
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789401713948
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 477 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. The Electric Power System -- 2. Faraday’s Induction Law -- 3. Magnetic Circuits -- 4. Sinusoidal Steady State -- 5. Transformers -- 6. Transformer Connections -- 7. Electromechanical Energy Conversion -- 8. Distributed Windings -- 9. Three-phase Synchronous Machines -- 10. Synchronous Motors -- 11. Synchronous Generators -- 12. Synchronous Machines With Salient Poles -- 13. Three-phase Induction Machines -- 14. Application of Induction Motors -- 15. Symmetrical Components -- 16. Two-phase Servomotors -- 17. Single-phase Motors -- 18. Commutator Machines -- 19. D-c Motors -- 20. D-c Generators -- 21. Synchros -- Answers to Problems.
    Abstract: There are good reasons why the subject of electric power engineering, after many years of neglect, is making a comeback in the undergraduate curriculum of many electrical engineering departments. The most obvious is the current public awareness of the "energy crisis. " More fundamental is the concern with social responsibility among college students in general and engineering students in particular. After all, electric power remains one of the cornerstones of our civilization, and the well-publicized problems of ecology, economy, safety, dependability and natural resources management pose ever-growing challenges to the best minds in the engineering community. Before an engineer can successfully involve himself in such problems, he must first be familiar with the main components of electric power systems. This text­ book will assist him in acquiring the necessary familiarity. The course for which this book is mainly intended can be taken by any student who has had some cir­ cuit analysis (using discrete elements, and including sinusoidal steady state) and elementary electromagnetic field theory. Most students taking the course will be in their junior or senior years. Once the course is completed, students may decide to go more deeply into the design and operation of these components and study them on a more advanced level, or they may direct their attention to the problems of the system itself, problems which are only hinted at briefly at various points herein.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400958005
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Ecology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Reaching and colonizing islands -- 2.1 Getting there -- 2.2 Establishing a beach-head -- References -- 3 How many species? -- 3.1 Species number and habitat diversity -- 3.2 The effect of area alone -- 3.3 Equilibrium theory -- References -- 4 Islands as experiments in competition -- 4.1 Abundance shifts -- 4.2 Altitudinal shifts -- 4.3 Habitat shifts -- 4.4 Shifts in vertical foraging range -- 4.5 Dietary shifts -- 4.6 Assembly rules for island communities -- References -- 5 The very remote islands -- 5.1 The ancient conifers of New Caledonia -- 5.2 The Honeycreepers of Hawaii -- 5.3 Unresolved problems -- References -- 6 Some dangers of living on an island -- 6.1 The taxon cycle -- 6.2 What drives the cycle? -- References -- 7 Continental habitat islands -- 7.1 Islands of Páramo vegetation -- 7.2 Mountain mammals -- 7.3 Caves of limestone -- 7.4 Goldmines and Pikas -- References -- 8 Island ecology and nature reserves -- 8.1 How many species will a reserve support? -- 8.2 How long does it take to lose species? -- 8.3 Which species will be lost? -- 8.4 The design of reserves -- References -- Map-location of islands mentioned in text.
    Abstract: The islands of the Pacific and East Indies made an enormous and fateful impact on the minds of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, the fathers of modem evolutionary theory. Since then island floras and faunas have continued to playa central role in the development of evolutionary, and more recently ecological thought. For much ofthis century island ecology was a descriptive science and a wealth of information has been amassed on patterns of species distributions, on the composition of island floras and faunas, on the classification of islands into types such as oceanic and continental, on the taxonomic description of insular species and sub-species and on the adaptations, often bizarre, of island creatures. However, biologists are not satisfied for long with the mere collection of data and the description of patterns, but seek unifying theories. Island ecology was transformed into a predictive science by the publication, in 1967, of MacArthur and Wilson's Theory of Island Biogeography. This, perhaps the most influential book written on island ecology, has been the stimulus for a generation of theoretical ecologists and gifted field workers. The books listed below in the bibliography will indicate to the reader the vast scope of island ecology and the changes in approach that have taken place over the years.
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789400994799
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 138
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy of mind ; Epistemology.
    Abstract: Simple Seeing -- The ‘What’ and the ‘How’ -- Dreams, Scepticism, and Waking Life -- Reasonable Belief Without Justification -- The Unnaturalness of Epistemology -- On the Absence of Phenomenology -- Wittgenstein on Psychological Verbs -- Agents, Mechanisms, and Other Minds -- ‘Pain’, Grammar, and Physicalism -- Memory and Causality -- Calculations, Reasons and Causes -- Deterministic Predictions -- Purposes and Poetry -- Beauty and Sex -- Fictional Objects: How They Are and How They Aren’t -- A Biographical Sketch -- An Aldrich Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Simple seeing. Plain talking. Language in use and persons in action. These are among the themes of Virgil Aldrich's writings, from the 1930's onward. Throughout these years, he has been an explorer of conceptual geography: not as a foreign visitor studying an alien land, but close up 'in the language in which we live, move, and have our being'. This is his work. It is clear to those who know him best that he also has fun at it. Yet, in the terms of his oft-cited distinction, it is equally clear that he is to be counted not among the funsters of philosophy, but among its most committed workers. Funsters are those who attempt to do epistemology, metaphysics, or analysis by appealing to examples which are purely imaginary, totally fictional, as unrealistic as you like, 'completely unheard of'. Such imaginative wilfullness takes philosophers away from, not nearer to, 'the rough ground' (Wittgenstein) where our concepts have their origin and working place. In the funsters' imagined, 'barely possible' (but actually impossible) world, simple seeing becomes transformed into the sensing of sense-data; plain talk is rejected as imprecise, vague, and misleading; and per­ sons in action show up as ensouled physical objects in motion. Then the fly is in the bottle, buzzing out its tedious tunes: the problem of perception of the external world; the problem of meaning and what it is; the mind-body problem. Image-mongering has got the best of image-management.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400992818
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 153 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, Ancient. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Freedom, action and deeds -- Worthiness and reward -- History and harmonization -- Character and duty -- V. Races and peoples -- VI. Incentive and propensity -- VII. Excursus: between Epicurus and Stoa -- Name index.
    Abstract: The present book is an exp]oration of some basic issues of Kant's moral phi­ losophy. The point of departure is the concept offreedom and the self-legisla­ tion of reason. Since self-Iegislation is expressed in the sphere of practice or morality, it is meant to overcome some of the vulnerable aspects of Kant's theoretical philosophy, namely that which Kant himself pointed to and called the 'lucky chance,' in so far as the application of reason to sensuous data is concerned. The book attempts to show that Kant's practical or moral philosophy faces questions which are parallel to those he faced in the sphere ofhis theore­ tical philosophy. The problematic situation of realization of practice is parallel to the problematic situation of application of theory. It is in the line of the problems emerging from Kant's practical philosophy that the present book deals with some of Kant's minor writings, or less-known ones, in­ cluding his writings in the sphere of politics, history and education. The limitations of self-Iegislation - this is the theme of the book. The book is parallel to the author's previous one on Kant: 'Experience and its Systema­ tization - Studies in Kant" (Nijhoff, 1965, 2nd edition 1973), as well as to: "From Substance to Subject -Studies in Hegel" (Nijhoff, 1974). Jerusalem 1978 ABBREVIATIONS As to the references to Kant's major works, the following procedme will be ob­ served: Kritik der reinen Vernunft will be quoted as Kr. d. r. V.
    Description / Table of Contents: I. Freedom, action and deedsWorthiness and reward -- History and harmonization -- Character and duty -- V. Races and peoples -- VI. Incentive and propensity -- VII. Excursus: between Epicurus and Stoa -- Name index.
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789400994348
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica 42
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Regional planning ; Ethnology. ; Culture.
    Abstract: I -- I / The Object and Methods of Soviet Aesthetics -- II / The Sources and Origins of Marxist-Leninist Aesthetics -- II -- III / The Aesthetic: Chronology of the 1956–1966 Discussions and its Philosophical Framework -- IV / The Aesthetic: The Societalists and Naturists -- V / The Aesthetic: The Struggle over the Philosophical Foundations -- Summary and Conclusion -- Summary and Conclusion -- Notes and References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: 0. 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEMATIC This study is devoted to an examination of a concept of crucial significance for Soviet aesthetics - the concept of the aesthetic (esteticeskoe). Soviet aestheticians have for some time already been trying to design a concept of the aesthetic that would satisfy, on the one hand, the requirements of aesthe­ tic phenomena, and, on the other hand, the principles of the Marxist-Leninist world view. The first part of this work shows how the concept of the aesthetic has been and continues to be problematic for Soviet aestheticians. This task is carried out by dwelling, first of all, on the controversies among Soviet aesthe­ ticians concerning meta-aesthetic issues, viz, the nature and scope of aesthetics as well as its place among other philosophical and non-philosophical disci­ plines. A particularly clear view of the problems that have traditionally pre­ occupied Soviet aestheticians is provided by an examination of what they standardly call the 'method of aesthetics', where 'method' is understood in the sense of an explanatory framework rather than in the strict logico-scien­ tific sense of the term. This discussion will provide the occasion to pass in review the main periods of Soviet aesthetics and the characteristic aspects of each. The chapter on the sources of contemporary Marxist-Leninist aesthetics brings into relief the lack of a homogeneous tradition in the question of the nature of the aesthetic and other related problems.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400992917
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 227 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 93
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 93
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. The Meaning of System -- III. Criticism of Seventeenth-Century Metaphysical Systems: Descartes, Malebranche and Boursier -- IV. Criticism of Seventeenth-Century Metaphysical Systems: Leibniz and Spinoza -- V. On Hypotheses -- VI. The Third Type of System -- VII. Condillac and Language -- VIII. Conclusion -- Name Index.
    Abstract: The Traite des systemes is a milestone in the intellectual history of the eighteenth century. This is a study of its content, structure, sources and importance. It includes a discussion of Condillac's analysis of good and bad systems, the adequacy of his knowledge and under­ standing of the speculative metaphysics of the preceding century, the effectiveness of his method of attack on seventeenth-century metaphysical systems, his conception of empirical and scientific method, and in particular his understanding of the role of hypotheses, his application of the Newtonian scientific method to politics, physics, and the arts, and, finally, his preoccupation with the meaning of words and with the origin and purpose oflanguage. Speculative metaphysical systems, such as those of Descartes, Malebranche, Boursier, Leibniz and Spinoza, are attacked by Con­ dillac, as are popular superstitions and prejudices, with the weapon of linguistic criticism. It is the systematic use of this weapon which makes the Traite des systemes more than a reflection of his contem­ poraries' antipathy towards speculative metaphysics. In memory of my MOTHER and FATHER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to several people. I should like first and foremost to thank Dr. W. H. Barber, who has for many years tirelessly given me encouragement and invaluable assistance. I wish to thank also Professors RH. Rasmussen, A. D. Wilshere and C. Wake for their help and their support in the early days of the preparation of this study. lowe special thanks also to Mrs. M. V.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789401189026
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVII, 401 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Institute of Social Studies, Series on the Development of Societies 4
    Series Statement: Institute of Social Studies Series on Development of Societies 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economics ; Sociology. ; Ethnology. ; Culture. ; Social policy.
    Abstract: 1. The Reasons for Self-Criticism of the Unidad Popular Government -- 2. General Considerations on the Chilean Economic Structure -- 1. Antecedents in the Structure of Chile’s Economy -- 2. The Economic and Political Antecedents of the Economic Situation -- 3. Some General Considerations -- Notes -- Tables -- Statistical Appendix -- 3. Structural Transformations in Chile’s Economy and in its System of External Economic Relations -- 1. From the Structural Crisis to the Transformation Crisis -- 2. The Legacy of the Capitalist Economic Structure -- 3. The Nature and Extent of the Structural Changes -- 4. The Internal Economic Effects of the Changes -- 5. The Reaction of Other Countries to the Chilean Structural Changes -- 6. The External Stranglehold -- 7. The External Financing Policy and the Deficit -- 8. Conclusions -- Notes -- Tables -- 4. The Foreign Policy of the Unidad Popular Government -- 1.–12. -- Notes -- 5. The External Sector and the Policies of the Unidad Popular Government -- 1. The Chilean Economy during the 1960s -- 2. Foreign Trade Policy -- 3. Some Considerations on the Economic Blockade during the 1970–73 Period -- Notes -- Tables -- 6. Nationalization of Copper in Chile and its International Repercussions -- 1. Chile and the U.S. Copper Companies, 1920–70 -- 2. Nationalization of Copper in 1971 -- 3. The Development of the International Conflict on Chilean Copper: the Causes and Consequences -- 4. Conclusions -- Notes -- Tables -- 7. The Industrial Sector: Areas of Social and Mixed Property in Chile -- 1. National and Foreign-Owned Monopolies in the Urban-Industrial System -- 2. The APSM in Industry -- 3. The Formation of the APSM in Industry -- 4. The APSM and Domestic Financial Problems -- 5. The Internal Organization of the APSM in Industry -- 6. Industrial Production in the APSM and External Difficulties -- Notes -- Tables -- 8. Nationalization of the Banking System in Chile -- 1. Characteristics of the Banking and Financial System in 1970 -- 2. The UP Government’s Policy of Nationalizing Banks -- 3. How the Nationalized System Worked -- 4. The Features of Nationalized Banking in Chile -- 5. Conclusions -- Notes -- 9. Inflation in Chile and the Political Economy of the Unidad Popular Government -- 1. Inflation and Economic Disequilibria -- 2. Determinants of the Economic Evolution during 1971–73 -- 3. A Description of the Inflationary Process during 1971–73 -- 4. The Dynamics of Economic Disequilibria -- 5. Conclusions -- Notes -- Tables -- 10. The Process of Transformation and the Role of International Cooperation: an Observer’s View -- 1. The UP’s Economic Programme -- 2. The Transformation Process and the Role of Foreign Assistance -- 3. Chile’s Development and Foreign Assistance -- 4. International Cooperation for Development -- Notes -- Table.
    Abstract: One of the main objectives of the Unidad Popular ('Popular Unity') Govern­ ment was to attain Chile's evolution towards more advanced forms of social organization within the framework of strictly respected democracy. This objective, which is deeply inherent in every human being and conse­ quently present under all conditions and in all parts of the world, is not weakened by temporary defeats or transient retreats. History proves this, and current events in many parts of the world fully confirm it. One of the areas in which this struggle for progress takes place most in­ tensively is economics. Here, clashes take place between the forces which work towards social progress, and those which oppose it and aim to maintain a sys­ tem of intolerable priveleges. The ideological and material resources available to the forces which attempt to restrain social progress are not small, and under given circumstances they overcome the forces by which the majority tries to realize a better future. This is expressed very clearly in the relationships which link the internal dynamics of social development with the great economic and political forces operating at the international level. Consequently, analysis of the social trans­ formation process in such countries as Chile, in the context of the political and economic reactions these processes unleach at the international level, is of key importance.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994614
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 16
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One: Rights, Justice, and the Social Contract -- The Killing of the Innocent -- Rights and Borderline Cases -- Violence and the Socratic Theory of Legal Fidelity -- Hume and Kant on the Social Contract -- Two: Punishment and Responsibility -- Three Mistakes About Retributivism -- Kant’s Theory of Criminal Punishment -- Marxism and Retribution -- Involuntary Acts and Criminal Liability -- Moral Death: A Kantian Essay on Psychopathy -- Three: Therapeutic Intervention -- Criminal Punishment and Psychiatric Fallacies -- Preventive Detention and Psychiatry -- Incompetence and Paternalism -- Total Institutions and the Possibility of Consent to Organic Therapies -- Four: Death and the Supreme Court -- Rationality and the Fear of Death -- Cruel and Unusual Punishments -- Legal Cases Cited -- Name Index.
    Abstract: One might legitimately ask what reasons other than vanity could prompt an author to issue a collection of his previously published essays. The best reason, I think, is the belief that the essays hang together in such a way that, as a book, they produce a whole which is in a sense greater than the sum of its parts. When this happens, as I hope it does in the present case, it is because the essays pursue related themes in such a way that, together, they at least form a start toward the development of a systematic theory on the common foundations supporting the particular claims in the particular articles. With respect to this collection, the essays can all be read as particular ways of pursuing the following general pattern of thought: that a commitment to justice and a respect for rights (and not social utility) must be the foundation of any morally acceptable legal order; that a social contractarian model is the best way to illuminate this foundation; that a retributive theory of punish­ ment is the only theory of punishment resting on such a foundation and thus is the only morally acceptable theory of punishment; that the twentieth century's faddish movement toward a "scientific" or therapeutic response to crime runs grave risks of undermining the foundations of justice and rights on which the legal order ought to rest; and, finally, that the legitimate worry about the tendency of the behavioral sciences to undermine the values of.
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  • 61
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993815
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (370p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Four Philosophical Essays, Vienna Circle Collection 12
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Logistic Neopositivism. A critical study -- 2. On the System of the Concepts of Reality. A contribution to logical empiricism -- 3. On the Concept of Reality in Physical Science. Second contribution to logical empiricism -- 4. The Perceptual and Conceptual Components of Everyday Experience -- The Philosophical and Psychological Writings of Eino Kaila -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Philosophically, there is a book which was a tremendous experience for me: Eino Kaila's hychology of the Person­ ality _ His thesis that man lives strictly according to his needs - negative and positive - was shattering to me, but terribly true. And I built on this ground. Ingmar Bergman J 1. This introductory essay is neither intended to be a full presentation nor to be a critical evaluation of the contributions to philosophy made by Eino Kaila. Kaila's work will speak to the reader through the four papers here published in English translation from the German. They belong in the tra­ dition of the Vienna Circle and of logical empiricism. They cover, however, only one period or sector of Kaila's rich and varied life-work. This is the sector best integrated into the mainstream of contemporary philosophic thinking. The primary aim of this essay is to portray an impressive intellectual personality and to make a modest contribution to Finnish and Scandinavian intellectual history. Much of its content may be thought to be of 'local' relevance only. But considering the position which Kaila held in his country and considering his decisive influence on the development of philosophy in Finland, I hope that this local background will also interest an international circle of readers.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789400994829
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (197p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 140
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Social sciences
    Abstract: 1. The New Rhetoric: a Theory of Practical Reasoning -- 2. Rhetoric and Philosophy -- 3. Philosophy, Rhetoric, Commonplaces -- 4. The Philosophy of Pluralism and the New Rhetoric -- 5. Dialectic and Dialogue -- 6. Rhetorical Perspectives on Semantic Problems -- 7. Analogy and Metaphor in Science, Poetry and Philosophy -- 8. Scientific Methodology and Open Philosophy -- 9. Behaviorism’s Enlightened Despotism -- 10. Disagreement and Rationality -- 11. The Rational and the Reasonable -- 12. Reflections on Practical Reason -- 13. The Role of the Model in Education -- 14. Authority, Ideology and Violence -- 15. Meaning and Categories in History -- 16. Classicism and Romanticism in Argumentation.
    Abstract: Modern logic has Wldergone some remarkable developments in the last hun­ dred years. These have contributed to the extraordinary use of formal logic which has become essentially the concern of mathematicians. This has led to attempts to identify logic with formal logic. The claim has even been made that all non-formal reasoning, to the extent that it cannot be formalized, no longer belongs to logic. This conception leads to a genuine impoverishment of logic as well as to a narrow conception of reason. It means that as soon as demonstrative proofs are no longer available reason will no longer dominate. Even the idea of the 'reasonable' becomes foreign to logic and such expres­ sions as 'reasonable decisions', 'reasonable choice' or 'reasonable hypotheses' would be put aside as meaningless. The domain of action, including method­ ology and everything that is given over to deliberation or controversy - i.e., foreign to formal logic - would become a battleground where necessarily the reason of the strongest would always prevail.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789400993730
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Logic and Philosophy 18
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History ; Philosophy, Modern.
    Abstract: Adversus pseudodialecticos -- De causis corruptarum atrium Book III, De dialectica, v, vi, vii -- Appendix I -- Preface -- Thomas More to Erasmus -- Passages from Thomas More to Martin Dorp -- Appendix II -- Notes.
    Abstract: The humanist treatises presented here are only peripheral to the history of logic, but I think historians of logic may read them with interest, if perhaps with irritation. In the early sixteenth century the humanists set about to demolish medieval logic based on syllogistic and disputation, and to replace it in the university curriculum with a 'rhetorical' logic based on the use of topics and persuasion. To a very large extent they succeeded. Although Aris­ totelian logic retained a vigorous life in the schools, it never again attained to the overwhelming primacy it had so long enjoyed in the northern universities. It has been the custom to take the arguments of the humanists at face value, and the word 'scholastic' has continued to have pejorative overtones. This is easy to understand, because until recently our knowledge of the high period of medieval logic has been slight, and the humanists' testimony as to its decadent state in the sixteenth century has, for the most part, been accepted uncritically. Within the past two decades important work on medieval logic has recovered the brilliant achievement of thirteenth and fourteenth century logicians, philosophers, and natural scientists. New studies are constantly appearing, and the logico-semantic system of the terminists has become fruitful territory not only for historians of logic but also for students of modern linguistics and semiotics.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789400992726
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Contemporary History 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. Historical Setting -- II. The New Government-in-Exile -- III. Polish Forces in Britain: Legal Status -- IV. Diplomacy: Polish v. British Objectives -- V. Negotiating the Polish-Soviet Treaty -- VI. Aftermath of the Polish-Soviet Treaty -- VII. The Rupture in Polish-Soviet Relations -- VIII. Teheran: Decision on Frontiers -- IX. The Decline of the London Government -- Epilogue -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- A. Anglo-Polish Agreement 1939 -- B. Allied Forces Act -- C. Treaty of Riga 1921 -- D. German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty 1939 -- E. Polish-Soviet Agreement 1941 -- F. Yalta Communiqué on Poland and Declaration on Liberated Europe -- G. German-Soviet Non-Aggression Treaty 1939.
    Abstract: In this book I have attempted to analyze the dilemmas confronting the Polish government-in-exile in London during the Second World War. My main objective has beeen to investigate the actual operation of the Polish govern­ ment and the overall policies of the British government vis-a-vis the Soviet Union insofar as they had a direct bearing on Anglo-Polish relations. Since the outstanding conflicts over territorial claims, and, ultimately, sovereignty, were between Poland and the Soviet Union, considerable attention has been devoted to the relationship between the Polish and Soviet governments during a most trying and difficult period of inter-Allied diplomacy. This work covers the period of operation of the Polish government on British soil until the resignation of Prime Minister Stanislaw Mikolajczyk in November 1944. Although Great Britain did not withdraw diplomatic recognition from the Polish government until July 1945, the Arciszewski government, formed after Mikolajczyk's resignation, was generally ignored by Great Britain. As with all subsequent governments, including that which exists today, Arciszewski's government functioned primarily as the voice of Poland in the West - a government of protest.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400992245
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1. Velocity Determination from Seismic Reflection Data -- 2. Patterns of Sources and Detectors -- 3. Well Geophone Surveys and the Calibration of Acoustic Velocity Logs -- 4. Seismic Sources on Land -- 5. Marine Seismic Sources -- 6. Gravity and Magnetic Surveys at Sea -- 7. Pulse Shaping Methods -- 8. Seismic Profiling for Coal on Land.
    Abstract: This is a collection of original papers, each by an expert in his field. They deal with different sectors of recent geophysical development. It may be, at first, difficult to see what else unites them, and how these several technologies can contribute to an integrated exploration process. What brings these writers together is that they have all contributed to the improvement of what comes to the eye of the geophysical interpreter. Some of the improvement is achieved at the data-gathering stage, some of it in processing, and in presentation. For all of this improvement interpreters in general are most grateful. The editor is appreciative in a quite personal way, not only of the advances in technology, but also of the effort in writing which has been made by these busy contributors, and so created this collection. Something can be said here about interpretation and the environment in which it is carried out, since it represents the field where the results of these technical developments are ultimately tested. In the commercial world it is from the geophysical interpreter that management learns the results of a large sector of exploration expenditure, and learns them in a form on which still larger expenditures on later phases of exploration can be based.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Velocity Determination from Seismic Reflection Data2. Patterns of Sources and Detectors -- 3. Well Geophone Surveys and the Calibration of Acoustic Velocity Logs -- 4. Seismic Sources on Land -- 5. Marine Seismic Sources -- 6. Gravity and Magnetic Surveys at Sea -- 7. Pulse Shaping Methods -- 8. Seismic Profiling for Coal on Land.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400992948
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: The Pacification of Ghent in 1576: Hope and Uncertainty in the Netherlands -- Tobacco Growing in Holland in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Case Study on the Innovative Spirit of Dutch Peasants -- The Raison d’état-Politician Johan de Witt -- Dutch Privateering during the Second and Third Anglo- Dutch Wars -- Atlantic Rivalry. The Struggle for the Dutch Tea Market 1813-1850 -- The Negro Slave in Nineteenth-Century Surinam -- The Opposition of the ‘People’s Men’ (1850-1869) -- King Albert and the Peace (1915-1918) -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.
    Description / Table of Contents: The Pacification of Ghent in 1576: Hope and Uncertainty in the NetherlandsTobacco Growing in Holland in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Case Study on the Innovative Spirit of Dutch Peasants -- The Raison d’état-Politician Johan de Witt -- Dutch Privateering during the Second and Third Anglo- Dutch Wars -- Atlantic Rivalry. The Struggle for the Dutch Tea Market 1813-1850 -- The Negro Slave in Nineteenth-Century Surinam -- The Opposition of the ‘People’s Men’ (1850-1869) -- King Albert and the Peace (1915-1918) -- Survey of Recent Historical Works on Belgium and the Netherlands Published in Dutch.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401169974
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: Section 1 Passive Circuits -- 1.1 English Letters -- 1.2 Greek Letters -- Section 2 Transistors -- 2.1 Static Conditions -- 2.2 Small Signal Conditions -- Section 3 Operational Amplifiers -- 3.1 Symbols and Definitions -- 3.2 Formulas and Circuits -- A Table of 5% Value Ratios -- B Electronic Terms and their Corresponding Symbols.
    Abstract: The Handbook of Electronics Formulas, Symbols and Defini­ tions has been compiled for engineers, technicians, armed forces personnel, commercial operators, students, hobbyists, and all others who have some knowledge of electronic terms, symbols, and theory. The author's intention has been to provide: A small, light reference book that may be easily carried in an attache case or kept in a desk drawer for easy access. A source for the majority of all electronic formulas, sym­ bols, and definitions needed or desired for today's passive and active analog circuit technology. A format in which a desired formula may be located almost instantly without the use of an index, in the desired trans­ position, and in sufficiently parenthesized linear form for direct use with any scientific calculator. Sufficient information, alternate methods, approximations, schematic diagrams, and/or footnotes in such a manner so that technicians and hobbyists may understand and use the majority of the formulas, and that is acceptable and equally useful to engineers and others very knowledgeable in the field. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Much of the material is this Handbook is based upon a small loose-leaf notebook containing formulas and other reference material compiled over many years. With the passage of time, the sources of this material have become unknown. It is impos­ sible therefore to list and give the proper credit.
    Description / Table of Contents: Section 1 Passive Circuits1.1 English Letters -- 1.2 Greek Letters -- Section 2 Transistors -- 2.1 Static Conditions -- 2.2 Small Signal Conditions -- Section 3 Operational Amplifiers -- 3.1 Symbols and Definitions -- 3.2 Formulas and Circuits -- A Table of 5% Value Ratios -- B Electronic Terms and their Corresponding Symbols.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401704243
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Franz Rosenzweig Gesammelte Schriften 1
    Series Statement: Franz Rosenzweig Gesammelte Schriften, Der Mensch und Sein Werk 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Language and languages—Style.
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  • 69
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400992672
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: I. Good and Evil -- II. “Is” and “Ought” -- III. Virtue and Temperament -- IV. Subjective and Objective Morality -- V. Ethics and Politics -- VI. Legality and Morality -- VII. Atheism and Ethics -- VIII. Ethics and Aesthetics -- Epilogue -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: "Dialectic" is a fulcrum word. Aristotle attacked this belief, saying that the dialectic was only suitable for some purpose- to enquire into men's beliefs, to arrive at truths about eternal forms of things, known as Ideas, which were fixed and un­ changing and constituted reality for Plato. Aristotle said there is also the method of science, or "physical" method, which observes physical facts and arrives at truths about substances, which undergo change. This duality ofform and substance and the scientific method of arriving at facts about substances were central to Aristotle's philosophy. Thus the dethronement of dialectic from what Socrates and Plato held it to be was ab­ solutely essential for Aristotle, and "dialectic" was and still is a fulcrum word . . . I think it was Coleridge who said everyone is either a Plato­ nist or an Aristotelian . . . Plato is the essential Buddha-seeker who appears again and again in each generation, moving on­ ward and upward toward the "one. " Aristotle is the eternal motorcycle mechanic who prefers the "many. " R.
    Description / Table of Contents: I. Good and EvilII. “Is” and “Ought” -- III. Virtue and Temperament -- IV. Subjective and Objective Morality -- V. Ethics and Politics -- VI. Legality and Morality -- VII. Atheism and Ethics -- VIII. Ethics and Aesthetics -- Epilogue -- Notes -- Name Index.
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789401771504 , 9401771502 , 9789401771528
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource , illustrations
    Series Statement: Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 87
    DDC: 959.8/00499226
    Keywords: Toraja (Indonesian people) Religion ; Toraja (Indonesian people) Social life and customs ; History & Archaeology ; Toraja (Indonesian people) ; Social life and customs ; History - General ; Toraja (Indonesian people) ; Religion
    Note: "Originally published by Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- eb Volkenkunde, Leiden, the Netherlands in 1979." , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 71
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401163736
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Principles of Model-buildingWhy the Computer? -- A Definition of System -- System Simulation -- A General Statement of Procedure in Systems Simulation -- Concluding Remarks -- 2. Model-construction -- Getting Started -- The Process of Modelling -- Summary -- Workshop -- 3. Computer Considerations -- Choosing a Language -- Design Criteria for Computer Modelling -- Summary -- Workshop -- 4. Stochastic Specification -- The Case For and Against Stochasticity in Modelling -- Autocorrelation -- Generating Random Variates -- Some Final Words -- Workshop -- 5. Model-evaluation -- Testing Models Against Design Criteria (Verification) -- Validation of Simulation Models -- Validation Procedures -- A Long-term View of Model-evaluation -- 6. Design of Simulation Experiments -- Factors, Treatments and Replicates -- Computer-based Experimentation -- Optimum-seeking Designs -- Concluding Comments -- 7. Model-application -- Systems Involvement in the Research Process -- Systems Involvement in Farmer Decision Making and Business Control -- Design Pointers for Successful Agricultural-information System Designs -- Future Developments in Agricultural-information Systems -- Skeleton Models in Applied Research Direction -- Final Synthesis.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400995222
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition, Revised
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: A Pallas Paperback 35
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: I. Logical Structure and Axiomatization -- II. The Traditional View -- III. The Ramsey View -- IV. The Ramsey View Emended -- V. Theoretical Functions with Special Forms -- VI. Classical Particle Mechanics -- VII. Identity, Equivalence and Reduction -- VIII. The Dynamics of Theories -- Updated Bibliography.
    Abstract: This book is about scientific theories of a particular kind - theories of mathematical physics. Examples of such theories are classical and relativis­ tic particle mechanics, classical electrodynamics, classical thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, hydrodynamics, and quantum mechanics. Roughly, these are theories in which a certain mathematical structure is employed to make statements about some fragment of the world. Most of the book is simply an elaboration of this rough characterization of theories of mathematical physics. It is argued that each theory of mathematical physics has associated with it a certain characteristic mathematical struc­ ture. This structure may be used in a variety of ways to make empirical claims about putative applications of the theory. Typically - though not necessarily - the way this structure is used in making such claims requires that certain elements in the structure play essentially different roles. Some playa "theoretical" role; others playa "non-theoretical" role. For example, in classical particle mechanics, mass and force playa theoretical role while position plays a non-theoretical role. Some attention is given to showing how this distinction can be drawn and describing precisely the way in which the theoretical and non-theoretical elements function in the claims of the theory. An attempt is made to say, rather precisely, what a theory of mathematical physics is and how you tell one such theory from anothe- what the identity conditions for these theories are.
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400993495
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (963p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 21
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / History of Science -- 1. On the Method of History of Science (1947) -- 2. Science in History (Review of J. D. Bernal’s Science in History) (1956) -- 3. The Logical Problem of the Definition of Irrational Numbers (1927) -- 4. Rationalism in Antiquity (1954) -- 5. The Transformations of the Atomic Concept through the Ages (1969) -- 6. Flicker in the Darkness (Review of Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions) (1969) -- 7. Marcus Marci’s Investigations of the Prism and Their Relation to Newton’s Theory of Color (1932) -- 8. Descartes at Uppsala (Review of R. Lindborg’s Descartes i Uppsala) (1967) -- 9. Newton and the Law of Gravitation (1965) -- 10. Newton’s Views on Aether and Gravitation (1969) -- 11. The Genesis of the Laws of Thermodynamics (1941) -- 12. Joule’s Scientific Outlook (1952) -- 13. An Analysis of Joule’s Experiments on the Expansion of Air (1956) -- 14. The Velocity of Light and the Evolution of Electrodynamics (1956) -- 15. The Evolution of Oersted’s Scientific Concepts (1970) -- 16. The First Phase in the Evolution of the Quantum Theory (1936) -- 17. Max Planck and the Statistical Definition of Entropy (1959) -- 18. Matter and Force after Fifty Years of Quantum Theory (1963) -- 19. Men and Ideas in the History of Atomic Theory (1971) -- 20. Jacques Solomon (1959) -- 21. Quantum Theory in 1929: Recollections from the First Copenhagen Conference (1971) -- 22. Niels Bohr: An Essay Dedicated to Him on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday. October 7, 1945 (1945; 2nd edition 1961) -- 23. The Conception of the Meson Field: Some Reminiscences and Epistemological Comments (1968) -- 24. Nuclear Reminiscences (1972) -- 25. Celestial and Terrestrial Physics in Historical Perspective (1969) -- II / Epistemology -- 1. On the Question of the Measurability of Electromagnetic Field Quantities (with Niels Bohr) (1933) -- 2. Field and Charge Measurements in Quantum Electrodynamics (with Niels Bohr) (1950) -- 3. On Quantum Electrodynamics (Among Essays Dedicated to Niels Bohr on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday) (1955) -- 4. On Quantization of Fields (1963) -- 5. The Evolution of the Idea of Causality (1942) -- 6. Strife about Complementarity (1953) -- 7. Complementarity and Statistics, I and II (1958) -- 8. Misunderstandings about the Foundations of Quantum Theory (1957) -- 9. Foundations of Quantum Theory and Complementarity (1961) -- 10. The Epistemological Conflict between Einstein and Bohr (Dedicated to Max Born on his 80th Birthday) (1963) -- 11. Niels Bohr’s Contribution to Epistemology (1963) -- 12. The Measuring Process in Quantum Mechanics (On the 30th Anniversary of the Meson Theory by Dr. H. Yukawa, 1965) (1965) -- 13. Statistical Causality in Atomic Theory: A General Introduction to Irreversibility (1972 and 1974) -- 14. The Macroscopic Level of Quantum Mechanics (1972) -- 15. Quantum Theory and Gravitation (1966) -- 16. Questions of Method in the Consistency Problem of Quantum Mechanics (1968) -- 17. The Method of Physics (1968) -- 18. Some Reflections on Knowledge (1971) -- 19. Epistemology on a Scientific Basis (1971) -- 20. Condillac’s Influence on French Scientific Thought (1972) -- 21. Unphilosophical Considerations on Causality in Physics (1971) -- 22. Irreversibility — a Lay Sermon (On the Occasion of Professor K. Bleuler’s Sixtieth Birthday) (1977) -- 23. Berkeley Redivivus (Review of W. Heisenberg’s Natural Law and the Structure of Matter) (1970) -- 24. The Wave-Particle Dilemma (1973) -- 25. A Voyage to Laplacia (1955) -- III / Theoretical Physics -- 1. On the Energy-Momentum Tensor (1940) -- 2. On the Definition of Spin for a Radiation Field (1942) -- 3. On the Behavior of a Canonical Ensemble during an Adiabatic Transformation (1942) -- 4. On the Isolated and Adiabatic Susceptibilities (1961) -- 5. On the Foundations of Statistical Thermodynamics (1955) -- 6. Questions of Irreversibility and Ergodicity (1962) -- 7a. Dynamical Theory of Nuclear Resonances (1968) -- 7b. Coupling between Compound and Single-Particle Resonances (1968) -- 8. The Structure of Quantum Theory (1968) -- IV / Social Relations of Science -- 1. The Organization of Scientific Research (1948) -- 2. The Atomic Researcher: The Atomic Physicist’s Tasks, Goals and Methods (1968) -- 3. Technical and Social Aspects of the Development of the European Scientific Research Organizations (1970) -- 4. Social and Individual Aspects of the Development of Science (1971) -- Bibliography of the Writings of Léon Rosenfeld -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The decision to undertake this volume was made in 1971 at Lake Como during the Varenna summer school ofthe Italian Physical Society, where Professor Leon Rosenfeld was lecturing on the history of quantum theory. We had long been struck by the unique blend of epistemological, histori­ cal and social concerns in his work on the foundations and development of physics, and decided to approach him there with the idea of publishing a collection of his papers. He responded enthusiastically, and agreed to help us select the papers; furthermore, he also agreed to write a lengthy introduction and to comment separately on those papers that he felt needed critical re-evaluation in the light of his current views. For he was still vigorously engaged in both theoretical investigations of, and critical not reflections on the foundations of theoretical physics. We certainly did conceive of the volume as a memorial to a 'living saint', but rather more practically, as a useful tool to place in the hands of fellow workers and students engaged in wrestling with these difficult problems. All too sadly, fate has added a memorial aspect to our labors. We agreed that in order to make this book most useful for the con­ temporary community of physicists and philosophers, we should trans­ late all non-English items into English.
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789400992702
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 198 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Emmet, Dorothy REVIEWS 1981
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Transcending-Thinking and Its Modalities -- I Introduction -- 1. Transcending in World-Orientation -- 2. Transcending and Existenz -- 3. Transcending in Speculative Metaphysics -- II. Transcending-Thinking and Philosophical Idealism -- II Introduction -- 4. Transcending in Historical Consciousness -- 5. Jaspers and Platonic Idealism -- 6. Jaspers and Kant -- 7. Unfolding the Enfolding: Jaspers and Mysticism -- III. Transcendence and Hermeneutics -- III Introduction -- 8. Transcending-Thinking as Hermeneutic Philosophizing -- 9. The Successors and the Critics of Karl Jaspers -- Afterword.
    Abstract: ''The problem of Transcendence is the problem of our time. " I Needless to say, Transcendence was a particularly lively i~sue when Karl Heim wrote these words in the mid-1930's. Within the province of philosophi­ cal theology and philosophy of religion, however, it is always the prob­ lem, as Gordon Kaufman has recently reminded us. 2Por the question concerning the nature and the reality of Transcendence has not only to do with self-transcendence, but with the being of Transcendence-Itself, that is to say, with the nature and the reality of God as experienced and understood at any given time or place. Now there are those today who would claim that any further discus­ sion of the latter half of this proposition, namely,Transcendence-Itse1f or God, is worthless and quite beside the point. Such persons would claim that the particular logia represented by the theological sciences has collapsed by virtue of its object having disappeared. Indeed, when one surveys the contemporary scene in philosophy and theology, there is a good deal of evidence that this is the case':"" theology of late having be­ come something of a "spectacle," to use Pritz Buri's term. One of the reasons for this, we here contend, is that the richness and the diversity of the meaning of Transcendence has been lost. And even though we do not here intend to resolve the issue, neither do we assume that such an enqui­ ry is either impossible or irrelevant.
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  • 75
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994843
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (190p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 141
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1. Introduction -- I Theory of Universalistic Conditions -- 2. Questions -- 3. Answers -- 4. Formalities -- II Universalizability and Automorphisms -- 5. Introductory Remarks -- 6. Theory of Automorphisms -- 7. Morality without Purity -- III Beyond Similarity -- 8. The Universalizability Dilemma -- 9. Universal Aspects -- 10. Universality and Relevance -- 11. Universality and Universalizability -- 12. Extensions of Leibnizianism -- IV Individuals Do Not Matter -- 13. Universalizability in Morals and Elsewhere -- 14. Intensions and Extensions -- 15. Universality and Intensions -- 16. Leibnizianism Once Again -- Appendix to Part IV -- Index of Names and Subjects.
    Abstract: 1. 1. The Principle of Universalizability-an informal explication This work is concerned with the so-called Principle of Universalizability. As we shall understand it, this principle represents a claim that moral properties of things (persons, actions, state of affairs, situations) are essentially independent of their purely 'individual' or-as one often says -'numerical' aspects. l Thus, if a thing, x, is better than another thing, y, then this fact is not dependent on x's being x nor on y's being y. If a certain person, a, has a duty to help another person, b, then this duty does not arise as a consequence of their being a and b, respectively. And if in a certain situation, W, it ought to be the case that certain goods are transferred from one person to another, then this moral obligation does not depend on the individual identities of the persons involved. The Universalizability Principle may also be expressed in terms of similarities. Instead of saying that the moral properties of x are essentially independent of the individual aspects of x, we may say that any object which is exactly similar to x, which is precisely like x in all non-individual, 'qualitative' respects, must exhibit exactly similar moral properties. Thus, if two persons are exactly similar to each other, (if they are placed in exactly similar circumstances, have exactly similar information, preferences, character, etc. ), then they will have exactly similar rights and duties.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789400994959
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (267p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 9
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Semantics ; Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax ; Celtic languages ; Semiotics. ; Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. The Syntax of Relative Clauses -- 2.1. Basic Data -- 2.2. Movement or Deletion? -- 2.3. A Deletion Analysis -- 2.4. Relative Clause Binding -- 2.5. Island Constraints on Relative Deletion -- 2.6. Against the Head-Raising Analysis -- 2.7. Conclusion -- 2.8. Another Relative Clause Type -- Notes -- 3. The Syntax of Questions -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The Relation between Relatives and Constituent Questions -- 3.3. A Deletion Analysis -- 3.4. In Defence of the Deletion Analysis -- 3.5. The Internal Structure of QNP -- 3.6. Adjectival and Adverbial Questions -- 3.7. On the Status of the Category Q -- 3.8. Yes/No Questions -- 3.9. Conclusion -- 3.10. Postscript -- Notes -- 4. Indexing and the Formalization of Accessibility Constraints -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Relative Clauses and Nominal Constituent Questions -- 4.3. Deictic Pronouns -- 4.4. Cleft Sentences -- 4.5. On Formalizing the Accessibility Constraints -- 4.6. Conclusion -- Notes -- 5. The Complementizer System -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. The Data -- 5.3. Further Predictions -- 5.4. Disputed Data -- Notes -- 6. Deep Structure Syntax -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Phrase Structure Rules -- 6.3. The Lexicon -- 6.4. Generating Deep Structure Trees -- Notes -- 7. Semantic Interpretation -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Type Assignment -- 7.3. Translating the Lexicon -- 7.4. Translation Rules -- 7.5. Subcategorizational and Adverbial Uses of Prepositional Phrases -- 7.6. Noun Phrases -- 7.7. Questions -- Notes -- 8. Theoretical Postscript -- 8.1. On the Universal Characterisation of Constituent Questions -- 8.2. Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure Interpretation.
    Abstract: This piece of work began life as a doctoral thesis written at the University of Texas between 1976 and 1978. Now after a year in Dublin it is to become a book. Of the many people in the Department of Linguistics at Texas who shaped my interests and who helped me through the writing of the thesis, I must single out Lee Baker, Lauri Karttunen, Bill Ladusaw, Sue Schmerling and Stanley Peters for special gratitude. All of them have provided specific suggestions which have improved this work, but perhaps more .importantly they provided a uniquely stimulating and harmonious environment in which to work, and a demanding set of professional standards to live up to. To Ken Hale lowe a particular debt of gratitude - for two years of encour­ agement and suggestions, and particularly for a set of detailed comments on an earlier version of the book which led to many changes for the better. I also thank my friends Per-Kristian Halvorsen and Elisabet Engdahl, both of whom took the trouble to provide me with detailed criticisms and comments. In Dublin I am grateful to the School of Celtic Studies of the Institute for Advanced Studies for giving me the opportunity of teaching a seminar on many of the topics covered in the book and of exposing the material to people whose knowledge of the language is unequalled. Donal 6 Baoill and Liam Breatnach have been particularly helpful.
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  • 77
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400992979
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas 92
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 92
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: History
    Abstract: The Dauphin’s Wedding Celebration -- The Civil Disaster of 30 May 1770 -- Administrative Postmortem -- Parlementary Inquiry -- The Abbé Galiani -- The Economic Years: Grain and Liberty -- The Dialogues: Galiani versus the Economistes -- The Disaster and the Genesis of the Bagarre -- Galiani’s Victim: Lemercier de la Rivière -- Writing, Reading and Publishing the Bagarre -- L’Intérêt général -- La Bagarre (or La Liberté des Bagarres) -- The Publication of Galiani’s “Lost” Work -- The Text of the Bagarre.
    Abstract: It is my hope that this publication of a "lost" work by Galiani will interest scholars of many nations and disciplines. Few writers could make a more compelling claim upon such a cosmopolitan audience. An Italian with deep roots in his homeland, Galiani achieved celebrity in the salons of Paris. An ecclesiastic, his most notable concerns were worldly, to say the least. An erudite classicist, Galiani was passionately concerned about economics and technology. A philosophe and ostensibly something of a subversive, he was enthralled by power and he served for many years as a government agent and adviser at home and abroad. Galiani embodied many of the preoccupations and paradoxes of the Enlightenment. His­ torians and literary analysts devoted to the study of the lumie'res through­ out Europe are bound to find Galiani's work important. In recent years there has been an efflorescence of interest in the history of political economy and its relationship not only to the history of ideas but also to the history of social structure, economic development, admin­ istrative institutions, collective mentalities, and political mobilization. Galiani's work helps to crystalize many of these connections which scholarly specialization has tended to obscure. Galiani had a leading voice in one of the most significant debates in the eighteenth century on the implications of radical economic, social, and institutional change.
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789401576291
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 715 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 21
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Introductory Survey -- The Foundations of a Positive Theory of Choice involving Risk and a Criticism of the Postulates and Axioms of the American School -- CriticaI Examination of the New Foundation of Utility -- A Short Confirmation of My Standpoint -- Utilities, Psychological Values, and Decision Makers -- Some Reflections on Utility -- A Reply to Allais -- Utility and Stochastic Dominance -- Maximizing Expected Utility and the Rule of Long Run Success -- Adaptive Utility -- On the Nature of Expected Utility -- The St. Petersburg Puzzle -- Towards a Positive Theory of Preferences Under Risk -- The Naturalistic Versus the Intuitionistic School of Values -- Utility Theory: Axioms versus ‘Paradoxes’ -- Comparison of Decision Models and some Suggestions -- The So-called Allais Paradox and Rational Decisions Under Uncertainty -- Subject Indexes -- - Parts I (Foreword), II and V -- - Allais’ notation -- - Parts I (Introductory Survey), III and IV -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Utility theory or, value theory in general, is certainly the cornerstone of decision theory, game theory, microecon~mics, and all social and political theories which deal with public decisions. Recently the American School of utility, founded by von N eumann­ Morgenstern, encountered a far-going criticism by the French School of utility represented by its founder Allais. The whole basis of the theory of decisions involving risk has been shaken and put into question. Consequently, basic research in the fundamentals of utility and value theory evolved into a crisis. Like any crisis in basic research, and this one was not an exception, it was very fruitful. One may simply say: Allais versus von Neumann-Morgenstern, or the French School of utility versus the American School, became one of the battlefields of scientific development which proved to be a most creative source of new advances and new developments in all those sciences which are based on evaluation of utilities.
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  • 79
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400995093
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (383p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 1
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Interrogative in a Syntactic Framework -- Generative-Transformational Studies in English Interrogatives -- Yes—No Questions Are Not Alternative Questions -- Asking More Than One Thing at a Time -- Q-Morpheme Hypothesis -- Syntax and Semantics of Questions -- Difficult Questions -- Questions and Categories -- Answers to Questions -- Questions as Epistemic Requests -- A Prolegomenon to an Interrogative Theory of Scientific Inquiry.
    Abstract: To the philosopher, the logician, and the linguist, questions have a special fascination. The two main views of language, that it describes the world, and that it expresses thought, are not directly applicable to questions. Ques­ tions are not assertions. A question may be apt, sharp, to the point, impor­ tant, or it may be inappropriate, ambiguous, awkward, irrelevant or irreverent. But it cannot be true or false. It does not have a truth value not just because an utterance like Was the letter long? does not indicate which letter is being talked about. The indicative The letter was not long has the same indeter­ minacy. In actual context the anaphoric definite article will be resolved both for a question and for an indicative sentence. Contextual resolutions are easily found for most cross-references. A question cannot be either true or it does not describe a state of affairs. Neither does it express false, because thought, because it is an expression of suspended thought, of lack of judge­ ment. To dress it in other philosophical styles, a question is not a judgment, it is not a proposition, it is not an assertion. A philosopher may try to paraphrase a question as an indicative sentence, for instance as a statement of ignorance, or as a statement of the desire to know. Hintikka, Wachowicz and Lang explore this territory. Or he may interpret it as a meta statement intimating the direction in which the flow of the discourse is going.
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  • 80
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400994591
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (291p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 59
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 59
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Presuppositions, Problems, Progress -- I: Metaphysics and the Development of Science -- Some Issues Regarding the Completeness of Science and the Limits of Scientific Knowledge -- A Consideration of the Philosophical Implications of the New Physics -- Dialogue on Method -- Presuppositions and limits of Science -- II: Research Programs and the Development of Science -- A Combined Approach to the Dynamics of Theories. How to Improve Historical Interpretations of Theory Change by Applying Set Theoretical Structures -- Reflections on Lakatos’ Methodology of Scientific Research Programs -- The Lattice of Growth in Knowledge -- Justifying a Theory Versus Giving Good Reasons for Preferring a Theory On the Big Divide in the Philosophy of Science -- Methodology in Non-Empirical Disciplines -- Biographical Notes -- Author Index.
    Abstract: TIus is the second, and fmal, volume to derive from the exciting Kronberg conference of 1975, and to show the intelligent editorial care of Gerard Radnitzky and Gunnar Andersson that was so evident in the first book, Progress and Rationality in Science (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 58). Together they set forth central themes in current history and philosophy of the sciences, and in particular they will be seen as also providing obbligatos: research programs, metaphysical inevitabilities, methodological options, logical constraints, historical conjectures. Boston University Center for the R. S. COHEN Philosophy and History of Science M. W. WARTOFSKY July 1979 T T ABLE OF CONTENTS v EDITORIAL EDITORIAL PREFACE PREFACE ix PREFACE PREFACE INTRODUCTION GUNNAR ANDERSSON / Presuppositions, Problems,Progress 3 PART I: METAPHYSICS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE NICHOLAS RESCHER / Some Issues Regarding the Completeness of Science and the limits of Scientific Knowledge 19 MAX JAMMER / A Consideration of the Philosophical Implications of the New Physics 41 PAUL FEYERABEND / Dialogue on Method 63 PETER HODGSON / Presuppositions and limits of Science 133 PART II: RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE WOLFGANG STEGMULLER / A Combined Approach to the Dynam­ ics of Theories. How to Improve Historical Interpretations of Theory Change by Applying Set Theoretical Structures 151 JOSEPH J. KOCKELMANS / Reflections on Lakatos' Methodology of Scientific Research Programs 187 P A TRICK A.
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789400994973
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sovietica, Publications and Monographs of the Institute of East-European Studies at the University of Fribourg / Switzerland and The Center for East Europe, Russia and Asia at Boston College and The Seminar for Political Theory and Philosophy at the University of Munich 43
    Series Statement: Sovietica 43
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Foundations: The Roman Civil Religion -- II / Errand Into the Wilderness: The City Upon a Hill -- III / The Reordering of the Cosmos -- IV / The Public Philosophy -- V / The Civil Theology: Myths of Destiny -- VI / Christianity and the Civil Religion -- VII / Hobbes: The Religion of Terror -- VIII / The Christian Tradition and Hobbes’ Civil Theology -- IX / Rousseau: The Religion of Self-Love -- X / Saint-Simon and Comte: The Religion of Progress -- XI / Hegel and Marxism- Leninism: The Resolution of the Conflict -- XII / Postscript.
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789400994737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Montague’s General Theory of Languages and Linguistic Theories of Syntax and Semantics -- 1.1 The meaning of “Universal” in “Universal Grammar” -- 1.2 Syntax in the UG Theory and in Linguistic Theories -- 1.3 Semantics in UG -- 1.4 Interpretation by Means of Translation -- 1.5 Preliminaries to the Analysis of Word Meaning -- Notes -- 2. The Semantics of Aspectual Classes of Verbs in English -- 2.1 The Development of Decomposition Analysis in Generative Semantics -- 2.2The Aristotle-Ryle-Kenny-Vendler Verb Classification -- 2.3 An Aspect Calculus -- 2.4The Aspect Calculus as Restricting Possible Word Meanings -- Notes -- 3. Interval Semantics and the Progressive Tense -- 3.1 The Imperfective Paradox -- 3.2 Truth Conditions Relative to Intervals, not Moments -- 3.3 Revised Truth Conditions for BECOME -- 3.4 Truth Conditions for the Progressive -- 3.5 Motivating the Progressive Analysis Independently of Accomplishment Sentences -- 3.6 On the Notion of ‘Likeness’ Among Possible Worlds -- 3.7 Extending the Analysis to the “Futurate Progressive” -- 3.8 Another Look at the Vendler Classification in an Interval-Based Semantics -- Notes -- 4. Lexical Decomposition in Montague Grammar -- 4.1 Existing “Lexical Decomposition” in the PTQ Grammar -- 4.2 The General Form of Decomposition Translations: Lambda Abstraction vs. Predicate Raising -- 4.3 Morphologically Derived Causatives and Inchoatives -- 4.4 Prepositional Phrase Accomplishments -- 4.5 Accomplishments with Two Prepositional Phrases -- 4.6 Prepositional Phrase Adjuncts vs. Prepositional Phrase Complements -- 4.7 Factitive Constructions -- 4.8 Periphrastic Causatives -- 4.9 By-Phrases in Accomplishment Sentences -- 4.10 Causative Constructions in Other Languages -- Notes -- 5. Linguistic Evidence for the Two Strategies of Lexical Decomposition -- 5.1 Arguments that Constraints on Syntactic Rules Rule Out “Impossible” Lexical Items -- 5.2 Arguments that Familiar Transformations Also Apply Pre-Lexically -- 5.3 Pronominalization of Parts of Lexical Items -- 5.4 Scope Ambiguities with Almost -- 5.5 Scope Ambiguities with Adverbs: Have-Deletion Cases -- 5.6 Scope Ambiguities with Adverbs: Accomplishment Cases -- 5.7 Arguments from Re- and Reversative Un- -- 5.8 Accommodating the Adverb Scope Data in a PTQ Grammar -- 5.9 Overpredictions of the Generative Semantics Hypothesis -- 5.10 Concluding Evaluation -- Notes -- 6. The Syntax and Semantics of Word Formation: Lexical Rules -- 6.1 Montague’s Program and Lexical Rules -- 6.2 A Lexical Component For a Montague Grammar -- 6.3 Lexical Rules and Morphology -- 6.4 Lexical Rules and Syntax -- 6.5 Examples of Lexical Rules -- 6.6 Problems for Research in the Pragmatics and in the Semantics of Word Formation -- Notes -- 7. The Syntax and Semantics of Tenses and Time Adverbials in English: An English Fragment -- 7.1 The Syncategorematic Nature of Tense-Time Adverbial Interaction -- 7.2 Rules for “Main Tense” Adverbials -- 7.3 Aspectual Adverbials: For an Hour and In an Hour -- 7.4 The Syntactic Structure of the Auxiliary -- 7.5 The Present Perfect -- 7.6 Negation -- 7.7 An English Fragment -- Notes -- 8. Intensions and Psychological Reality -- Notes -- References.
    Abstract: The most general goal of this book is to propose and illustrate a program of research in word semantics that combines some of the methodology and results in linguistic semantics, primarily that of the generative semantics school, with the rigorously formalized syntactic and semantic framework for the analysis of natural languages developed by Richard Montague and his associates, a framework in which truth and denotation with respect to a model are taken as the fundamental semantic notions. I hope to show, both from the linguist's and the philosopher's point of view, not only why this synthesis can be undertaken but also why it will be useful to pursue it. On the one hand, the linguists' decompositions of word meanings into more primitive parts are by themselves inherently incomplete, in that they deal only in distinctions in meaning without providing an account of what mean­ ings really are. Not only can these analyses be made complete by a model­ theoretic semantics, but also such an account of these analyses renders them more exact and more readily testable than they could ever be otherwise.
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  • 83
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400958142
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , online resource
    Edition: Third Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    DDC: 50
    Keywords: Science (General)
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction2 Magnetic methods -- 2.1 Short history -- 2.2 The static magnetic field -- 2.3 Magnetic properties of rocks -- 2.4 The geomagnetic field -- 2.5 Instruments of magnetic surveying -- 2.6 Relative merits of ?Bh, ?BZ and ?Bt measurements -- 2.7 Field procedure -- 2.8 The interpretation of magnetic anomalies -- 2.9 Geological features -- 2.10 Anomalies of sheets and prisms -- 2.11 The Smith rules -- 2.12 Some examples of magnetic investigations -- 2.13 Measurement of susceptibility and remanence -- 3 Gravitational methods -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Gravimeters -- 3.3 Field procedure -- 3.4 Corrections to gravity observations -- 3.5 Marine gravity measurements -- 3.6 The Bouguer anomaly -- 3.7 Density determinations -- 3.8 Interpretation -- 3.9 Limitations on gravity interpretation -- 3.10 Depth determinations -- 3.11 Determination of total mass -- 3.12 Vertical derivatives of gravity -- 3.13 Illustrations of gravity surveys and interpretation -- 3.14 Note on the Eötvös torsion balance -- 3.15 Derivation of Formula (3.10c) -- 4 Electrical methods -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Self-potential -- 4.3 Earth resistivity -- 4.4 Layered earth -- 4.5 Kernel function and resistivity transform -- 4.6 Determination of layered earth parameters -- 4.7 Vertical and dipping discontinuities -- 4.8 Electrical mapping, anisotropic earth and logging -- 4.9 The resistivity of rocks and minerals -- 5 Induced polarization -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Measures of IP -- 5.3 Origin of IP -- 5.4 Electromagnetic coupling -- 5.5 Example of an IP survey -- 6 Electromagnetic continuous wave, transient-field and telluric methods -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Near and far fields -- 6.3 Phase and polarization -- 6.4 Classification of continuous wave methods -- 6.5 The Compensator or Sundberg method -- 6.6 The Turam method -- 6.7 The moving source and receiver method (tandem outfits) -- 6.8 Broadside and shoot-back techniques -- 6.9 Far-field methods -- 6.10 Theoretical approaches (continuous waves) -- 6.11 Model experiments -- 6.12 Depth penetration -- 6.13 Transient-field methods (time-domain EM) -- 6.14 Natural-field methods -- 6.15 Influence of magnetic permeability -- 6.16 Airborne measurements -- 6.17 Note on the design of electromagnetic coils -- 7 Seismic methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Elastic constants and waves -- 7.3 Instruments and field procedure -- 7.4 The refraction method -- 7.5 The reflection method -- 7.6 Corrections to arrival times -- 7.7 The seismic pulse -- 7.8 Filtering and geophone arrays -- 7.9 Convolution and synthetic seismograms -- 7.10 Deconvolution -- 7.11 Continuous velocity logging (CVL) -- 7.12VIBROSEIS -- 8 Radioactivity methods -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Theoretical background -- 8.3 Radioactivity of rocks -- 8.4 Radiation detectors and field procedure -- 8.5 Radon measurements -- 8.6 Radioactive density determinations -- 8.7 Airborne radioactivity measurements -- 9 Miscellaneous methods and topics -- 9.1 Borehole magnetometer -- 9.2 Gamma-ray logging -- 9.3 Neutron logging -- 9.4 Geothermal methods -- 9.5 Geochemical prospecting -- 9.6 Optimum point and line spacing -- 9.7 Position location in airborne surveying -- 9.8 Composite surveys -- Appendix 1 Magnetic potential -- Appendix 2 Transition energy in the alkali vapour magnetometer -- Appendix 3 Magnetized sphere and a magnetic dipole -- Appendix 4 Magnetic potential of a linear dipole -- Appendix 5 Magnetic anomaly of a thick sheet -- Appendix 6 Potential of a point current electrode on the surface of a horizontally-layered earth -- Appendix 7 Fourier transforms and convolution -- References.
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  • 84
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401712828
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 458 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 113
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 113
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Dispositions and Definitions -- Counterfactuals and Dispositions -- Disposition Concepts and Extensional Logic -- In Defense of Dispositions -- Dispositions Revisited -- Dispositions, Grounds, and Causes -- Some Ways of Operationally Introducing Dispositional Predicates with Regard to Scientific and Ordinary Practice -- Dispositional Explanation -- Universals and Dispositions -- Disposition -- A World of Dispositions -- Capacities and Natures -- Powers -- Notes on the Doctrine of Chances -- The Propensity Interpretation of Probability -- Dispositional Probabilities -- Propensities and Probabilities -- Subjunctives, Dispositions, and Chances -- Dispositions and Occurrences -- Dispositions, Occurrences, and Ontology -- Belief and Disposition -- Beliefs as States -- Dispositions, Realism, and Explanation -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This anthology consists of a collection of papers on the nature of dis­ positions and the role of disposition concepts in scientific theories. I have tried to make the collection as representative as possible, except that problems specifically connected with dispositions in various special sciences are relatively little discussed. Most of these articles have been previously published. The papers by Mackie, Essler and Trapp, Fetzer (in Section 11), Levi, and Tuomela appear here for the first time, and are simultaneously published in Synthese 34, No. 4, which is a special issue on dispositions. Of the previously published material it should be emphasized that the papers by Hempel and Fisk have been extensively revised specially for this anthology. The papers are grouped in four sections, partlyon the basis of their content. However, due to the complexity of the issues involved, there is considerable overlap in content between the different sections, especially between Sections land 11. I wish to thank Professors James Fetzer and Carl G. Hempel for helpful advicc in compiling this anthology.
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  • 85
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400999091
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (480p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Background -- 1.0.1 Greek Geometry and Philosophy -- 1.0.2 Geometry in Greek Natural Science -- 1.0.3 Modern Science and the Metaphysical Idea of Space -- 1.0.4 Descartes’ Method of Coordinates -- 2 / Non-Euclidean Geometries -- 2.1 Parallels -- 2.2 Manifolds -- 2.3 Projective Geometry and Projective Metrics -- 3 / Foundations -- 3.1 Helmholtz’s Problem of Space -- 3.2 Axiomatics -- 4 / Empiricism, Apriorism, Conventionalism -- 4.1 Empiricism in Geometry -- 4.2 The Uproar of Boeotians -- 4.3 Russell’s Apriorism of 1897 -- 4.4 Henri Poincaré -- 1. Mappings -- 2. Algebraic Structures. Groups -- 3. Topologies -- 4. Differentiable Manifolds -- Notes -- To Chapter 1 -- To Chapter 2 -- 2.1 -- 2.2 -- 2.3 -- To Chapter 3 -- 3.1 -- 3.2 -- To Chapter 4 -- 4.1 -- 4.2 -- 4.3 -- 4.4 -- References.
    Abstract: Geometry has fascinated philosophers since the days of Thales and Pythagoras. In the 17th and 18th centuries it provided a paradigm of knowledge after which some thinkers tried to pattern their own metaphysical systems. But after the discovery of non-Euclidean geometries in the 19th century, the nature and scope of geometry became a bone of contention. Philosophical concern with geometry increased in the 1920's after Einstein used Riemannian geometry in his theory of gravitation. During the last fifteen or twenty years, renewed interest in the latter theory -prompted by advances in cosmology -has brought geometry once again to the forefront of philosophical discussion. The issues at stake in the current epistemological debate about geometry can only be understood in the light of history, and, in fact, most recent works on the subject include historical material. In this book, I try to give a selective critical survey of modern philosophy of geometry during its seminal period, which can be said to have begun shortly after 1850 with Riemann's generalized conception of space and to achieve some sort of completion at the turn of the century with Hilbert's axiomatics and Poincare's conventionalism. The philosophy of geometry of Einstein and his contemporaries will be the subject of another book. The book is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 provides back­ ground information about the history of science and philosophy.
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  • 86
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400997776
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (526p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 119
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: On Clear and Obscure Styles of Philosophical Writing -- Symbolomania and Pragmatophobia -- On the Content and Object of Representations -- Actions and Products. Comments on the Border Area of Psychology, Grammar, and Logic -- Issues in the Logic of Adjectives -- A Survey of Logical and Semantic Problems -- The Reistic or Concretistic Approach -- Comments on the Meaning of Words -- The Controversy Over Designata -- Token-reflexive Words Versus Proper Names -- Connotation and Denotation -- Proposition as the Connotation of Sentence -- Intensional Expressions -- Concerning the So-called Empty Names -- Issues in the Philosophy of Proper Names -- Truth and the Concept of Language -- Ambiguity and the Language of Science -- Significano ‘per se’ and ‘per aliud’ in Anselm -- An Analysis of the Concept of Sign -- The Controversy over the Limits of the Applicability of Logical Methods -- Puzzles of Existence -- Vague Words -- Names and Predicates translated by P. T. Geach -- On the Antinomy of the Liar and the Semantics of Natural Language -- Normal and Non-normal Classes in Current Language -- Normal and Non-Normal Classes Versus the Set-Theoretical and the Mereological Concept of Class -- The Semantics of Open Concepts -- Languages and Theories Adequate to the Ontology of the Language of Science -- A Functional Approach to the Logical Semiotics of Natural Language -- The Principle of Transparency and Semantic Antinomies -- The Semantic Functions of Oblique Speech -- The Semantic Conception of Truth in the Methodology of Empirical Sciences translated by Z. Wójcicka -- The Attribute and the Class translated by B. Stanosz -- Analyticity and Apriority -- Sources of the Texts -- Biographical and Bibliographical Notes.
    Abstract: In the Introduction to the Polish-language version of the present book I expressed the hope that Polish studies in semiotics would before long be numerous enough to make possible another anthology on semiotics in Poland containing material published since 1970. That hope has in fact come true. The fact that semiotic research has been gaining momentum in this country is reflected in the growing interest in the discipline, in expanding international contacts, and in the steady increase in the number of publications. Thus, 1972 saw the setting up of the Department of Logical Semiotics, headed by the present writer, at Warsaw University Institute of Phi­ losophy. The seminar on semiotics, which I started in 1961, had met more than two hundred times by the end of 1976; since 1968, meetings have been held jointly with the Polish Semiotic Society. Another semi­ nar, confined to university staff and concerned with logical semiotics, which was inithted in 1970, had met more than fifty times by the end of 1976. The former seminar often plays host to foreign visiting pro­ fessors; so far scholars from Australia, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, the German Democratic Republic, Italy, the Netherlands, the Soviet Union, and the United States have attended.
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  • 87
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400999008
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (179p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in McBRIDE, WILLIAM LEON TECHNOLOGY SHAPES, BUT DOES IT FIX? 1979
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 24
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 24
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Division One / A Program in the Philosophy of Technology -- 1. The Experience of Technology: Human-Machine Relations -- 2. A Phenomenology of Instrumentation: Perception Transformed -- 3. A Phenomenology of Instrumentation: The Instrument as Mediator -- 4. A Phenomenology of Instrumentation: Technics and Telos -- Division Two / Implications of Technology -- 5. The Existential Import of Computer Technology -- 6. Technology and the Transformation of Experience -- 7. Vision and Objectification -- 8. Bach to Rock, a Musical Odyssey -- Division Three / Pioneers in the Philosophy of Technology -- 9. Heidegger’s Philosophy of Technology -- 10. Technology and the Human: Hans Jonas -- 11. The Secular City and the Existentialists -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Depending on how one construes the kinship relations, technology has been either the stepchild of philosophy or its grandfather. In either case, technology has not been taken into the bosom of the family, but has had to wait for attention, care and feeding, while the more unclear elements - science, art, politics, ethics - were being nurtured (or cleaned up). Don Ihde puts technology in the middle of things, and develops a philosophy of technology that is at once distinctive, revealing and thought­ provoking. Typically, philosophy of technology has existed at, or beyond, the margins of the philosophy of science, and therefore the question of technology has come to be posed (when it is) either by historians of technology or by social critics. The philosophy of technology, as analysis and critique of the concepts, methodologies, implicit epistemologies and ontologies of technological praxis and thought, has remained underdeveloped. When philosophy does turn its attention to the insistent presence of technology, it inevitably casts the question in one or another of the dominant modes of philosophical interpretation and reconstruction. Thus, the logic of technological thinking and practice has been a subject of some systematic work (e. g. , in the Praxiology of Kotarbinski and Kotarbinska, among others). And the question of technology's relation to science has been posed in the framework of the nomological model of explanation in the sciences - e. g.
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  • 88
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400998711
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (157p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 126
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: 1 / The Hilbert Space Formulation of Quantum Physics -- 1.1 The Hilbert Space -- 1.2 The Lattice of Subspaces of Hilbert Space -- 1.3 Projection Operators -- 1.4 States and Properties of a Physical System -- 2 / The Logical Interpretation of the Lattice Lq -- 2.1 The Quasimodular Lattice Lq -- 2.2 The Relation of Commensurability -- 2.3 The Material Quasi-implication -- 2.4 The Relation between Lattice Theory and Logic -- 3 / The Material Propositions of Quantum Physics -- 3.1 Elements of a Language of Quantum Physics -- 3.2 Argument-rules for Compound Propositions -- 3.3 Commensurability and Incommensurability -- 3.4 The Material Dialog-game -- 4 / The Calculus of Effective Quantum Logic -- 4.1 Formally True Propositions -- 4.2 Formal Dialogs with Material Commensurabilities -- 4.3 The Formal Dialog-game -- 4.4 The Calculus Qeff of Effective Quantum Logic -- 5 / The Lattice of Effective Quantum Logic -- 5.1 The Quasi-implicative Lattice Lqi -- 5.2 Properties of the Lattice Lqi -- 5.3 The Relation between Lqi and the Lattice Li -- 5.4 The Relation between Lqi and the Lattice Lq -- 6 / The Calculus of Full Quantum Logic -- 6.1 Value-definite Material Propositions -- 6.2 The Value-definiteness of Compound Propositions -- 6.3 The Extension of the Calculus Qeff -- 6.4 The Principle of Excluded Middle -- Concluding Remarks: Classical Logic and Quantum Logic.
    Abstract: In 1936, G. Birkhoff and J. v. Neumann published an article with the title The logic of quantum mechanics'. In this paper, the authors demonstrated that in quantum mechanics the most simple observables which correspond to yes-no propositions about a quantum physical system constitute an algebraic structure, the most important proper­ ties of which are given by an orthocomplemented and quasimodular lattice Lq. Furthermore, this lattice of quantum mechanical proposi­ tions has, from a formal point of view, many similarities with a Boolean lattice L8 which is known to be the lattice of classical propositional logic. Therefore, one could conjecture that due to the algebraic structure of quantum mechanical observables a logical calculus Q of quantum mechanical propositions is established, which is slightly different from the calculus L of classical propositional logic but which is applicable to all quantum mechanical propositions (C. F. v. Weizsacker, 1955). This calculus has sometimes been called 'quan­ tum logic'. However, the statement that propositions about quantum physical systems are governed by the laws of quantum logic, which differ from ordinary classical logic and which are based on the empirically well-established quantum theory, is exposed to two serious objec­ tions: (a) Logic is a theory which deals with those relationships between various propositions that are valid independent of the content of the respective propositions. Thus, the validity of logical relationships is not restricted to a special type of proposition, e. g. to propositions about classical physical systems.
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  • 89
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400997950
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: The Infinite in Mathematics and its Elimination (1930) -- Preface -- Analytic Table of Contents -- 1. Basic Facts of Cognition -- II. Symbolism and Axiomatics -- III. Natural Number and Set -- IV. Negative Numbers, Fractions and Irrational Numbers -- V. Set Theory -- VI. The Problem of Complete Decidability of Arithmetical Questions -- VII. The Antinomies -- Remarks on the Controversy about the Foundations of Logic and Mathematics (1931) -- Questions of Logical Principle in the Investigation of the Foundations of Mathematics (ca. 1931) -- Bibliography of the Published Writings of Felix Kaufman -- Bibliography of Works cited in the Present Volume -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The main item in the present volume was published in 1930 under the title Das Unendliche in der Mathematik und seine Ausschaltung. It was at that time the fullest systematic account from the standpoint of Husserl's phenomenology of what is known as 'finitism' (also as 'intuitionism' and 'constructivism') in mathematics. Since then, important changes have been required in philosophies of mathematics, in part because of Kurt Godel's epoch-making paper of 1931 which established the essential in­ completeness of arithmetic. In the light of that finding, a number of the claims made in the book (and in the accompanying articles) are demon­ strably mistaken. Nevertheless, as a whole it retains much of its original interest and value. It presents the issues in the foundations of mathematics that were under debate when it was written (and in some cases still are); , and it offers one alternative to the currently dominant set-theoretical definitions of the cardinal numbers and other arithmetical concepts. While still a student at the University of Vienna, Felix Kaufmann was greatly impressed by the early philosophical writings (especially by the Logische Untersuchungen) of Edmund Husser!' He was never an uncritical disciple of Husserl, and he integrated into his mature philosophy ideas from a wide assortment of intellectual sources. But he thought of himself as a phenomenologist, and made frequent use in all his major publications of many of Husserl's logical and epistemological theses.
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789400998209
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 2
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Aims -- 1.2 Beyond Syntax -- 1.3 Bloomfield’s Dilemma -- 1.4 The Research Strategy of the Isolable Subsystem -- 1.5 Theories of Language vs. Language Analysis -- 1.6 Theories of Logic -- 1.7 Logico-Linguistics -- 2. Information and Language -- 2.1 Information States -- 2.2 Input and Output -- 2.3 Information Automata -- 2.4 Language Automata -- 2.5 Black-Box Methodology -- 2.6 The What-Do-You-Know? Game -- 2.7 The Behavior-Analytic Interpretation of Language Automata -- 2.8 The Linguistic Priority of the Language Automaton -- 2.9 Languages -- 2.10 Summary -- 3. On Describing Languages -- 3.1 Descriptive Strategies -- 3.2 Descriptive Equivalence -- 3.3 Language Descriptions as Scientific Theories -- 3.4 Basic Evidence Propeties -- 3.5 The Evidence-Gathering Process -- 4. Language and Deductive Logic -- 4.1 Idealizations -- 4.2 Logical Relationships -- 4.3 Properties of the Logical Relationships -- 4.4 Logics -- 4.5 Informative Languages have Incomplete Logics -- 4.6 Quasi-logical Relationships -- 4.7 Quasi-logical Relationships are often Logical -- 4.8 Logic in the Evidence-Gathering Process -- 5. Semantics, Axiomatics -- 5.1 Semantically Structuralizable Languages -- 5.2 Examples of Artifical Semantically Structuralizable Languages -- 5.3 A Fragment of English -- 5.4 Semantics and Deductive Logic -- 5.5 Axiomatic Language Descriptions -- 5.6 Other Language Families -- 5.7 Logic as a Branch of Linguistics -- 5.8 Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics -- 6. Meaning -- 6.1 Purports and Imports -- 6.2 Purport-Import Glossaries -- 6.3 Specialized Glossaries -- 6.4 Synonymy -- 7. Language and Inductive Logic -- 7.1 Credibility Weights -- 7.2 Probability Weights -- 7.3 Deductive Logic in Probability-Weighted Languages -- 7.4 The Semantics of Probability-Weighted Languages -- 7.5 Plausible Inference -- 7.6 Statistical Inference -- 7.7 Inductive Reasoning -- 7.8 Extended Semantics -- 8. ‘If-Then’: A Case Study in Logico-Linguistic Analysis -- 8.1 Preliminary Statement of Hypotheses to be Tested -- 82 History of Hypothesis A -- 8.3 History of Hypothesis B -- 8.4 History of Other Hypotheses -- 8.5 Delineation of Constructions of Interest -- 8.6 The Working Hypothesis of Extended Semantic Structuralizability -- 8.7 Exact Statement of Hypothesis A -- 8.8 Exact Statement of Hypothesis B -- 8.9 Remarks on Hypothesis B -- 8.10 Contraposition -- 8.11 Methodological Review -- 8.12 The Hypothetical Syllogism -- 8.13 Further Inference Patterns -- 8.14 The Paradoxes of Material Implication -- 8.15 The Second Paradox Re-examined Dynamically -- 8.16 Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens -- 8.17 Order of Premises -- 8.18 Incompatible Conditionals -- 8.19 Self-Contradictory Conditionals -- 8.20 Aristole’s Slip -- 8.21 Incompleteness of the Rules Governing Conditionals -- 8.22 Logically Disjunct Conditionals -- 8.23 Negations of Conditionals -- 8.24 Conjunctions of Conditionals -- 8.25 Conditionals Containing Other Conditionals -- 8.26 Lewis Carroll’s Barbershop Paradox -- 8.27 Disjunctions of Conditionals -- 8.28 Conclusions about If—then -- 8.29 Further Case Studies -- 8.30 Concluding Remark -- 9. Problem Areas and Computer Applications -- 9.1 Choice of Linguistic Unit -- 9.2 Ambiguity -- 9.3 Context-Dependence -- 9.4 Linguistic Incompleteness -- 9.5 Non-declarative Sentences -- 9.6 Physical Realizability -- 9.7 Automatic Question-Answering -- 9.8 Enthymemes, Analyticity -- 9.9 Further Computer Applications -- 9.10 Artificial Intelligence -- 9.11 The Future -- References.
    Abstract: In 1962 a mimeographed sheet of paper fell into my possession. It had been prepared by Ernest Adams of the Philosophy Department at Berkeley as a handout for a colloquim. Headed 'SOME FALLACIES OF FORMAL LOGIC' it simply listed eleven little pieces of reasoning, all in ordinary English, and all absurd. I still have the sheet, and quote a couple of the arguments here to give the idea. • If you throw switch S and switch T, the motor will start. There­ fore, either if you throw switch S the motor will start, or, if you throw switch T the motor will start . • It is not the case that if John passes history he will graduate. Therefore, John will pass history. The disconcerting thing about these inferences is, of course, that under the customary truth-functional interpretation of and, or, not, and if-then, they are supposed to be valid. What, if anything, is wrong? At first I was not disturbed by the examples. Having at that time consider­ able personal commitment to rationality in general and formal logic in par­ ticular, I felt it my duty and found myself easily able (or so I thought) to explain away most of them. But on reflection I had to admit that my expla­ nations had an ad hoc character, varying suspiciously from example to example.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400998667
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (426p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 58
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 58
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Objective Criteria of Scientific Progress? Inductivism, Falsificationism, and Relativism -- I: The LSE Position -- The Popperian Approach to Scientific Knowledge -- The Ways in Which the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes Improves on Popper’s Methodology -- ‘Crucial’ Experiments: A Case Study -- The Objective Promise of a Research Programme -- II: Reflections on the LSE Position -- Popper vs Inductivism -- In Defence of Aristotle: Comments on the Condition of Content Increase -- Evidential Support, Falsification, Heuristics, and Anarchism -- Science and the Search for Truth -- Philosophy of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions -- Towards a New Theory of Scientific Inquiry -- Some Critical Comments on Current Popperianism on the Basis of a Theory of System Sets -- The Problem of Verisimilitude -- Objectivism vs Sociologism -- III: The LSE Reply -- Research Programmes, Empirical Support, and the Duhem Problem: Replies to Criticism -- Corroboration and the Problem of Content-Comparison -- Unified Bibliography for Parts I And III -- IV: Two Brief Rejoinders -- The Gong Show — Popperian Style -- Reply to Watkins -- Biographical Notes -- Author Index.
    Abstract: This collection of essays has evolved through the co-operative efforts, which began in the fall of 1974, of the participants in a workshop sponsored by the Fritz Thyssen Foundation. The idea of holding one or more small colloquia devoted to the topics of rational choice in science and scientific progress originated in a conversation in the summer of 1973 between one of the editors (GR) and the late Imre Lakatos. Unfortunately Lakatos himself was never able to see this project through, but his thought-provoking methodology of scientific research programmes was ably expounded and defended by his successors. Indeed, this volume continues and deepens the debate inaugurated in Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave), a book which grew out of a conference held in 1965. That debate has continued during the years that have passed since that conference. The group of discussions about the place of rationality in science which have been held between those who emphasize the history of science (with Feyerabend and Kuhn as the most prominent exponents) and the critical rationalists (Popper and his followers), with Imre Lakatos defending a middle ground, these discussions were seen by almost all commentators as the most important event in the philosophy of science in the last decade. This problem area constituted the central theme of our Thyssen workshop. The workshop operated in the following manner.
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789400998551
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (446p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 4b
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: V / Philosophy of Physics -- 44. The Present State of the Discussion on Relativity (1922) -- 45. The Theory of Motion According to Newton, Leibniz, and Huyghens (1924) -- 46. The Relativistic Theory of Time (1924) -- 47. The Causal Structure of the World and the Difference between Past and Future (1925) -- 48. The Aims and Methods of Physical Knowledge (1929) -- 49. Current Epistemological Problems and the Use of a Three-Valued Logic in Quantum Mechanics (1951) -- 50. The Logical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1952) -- 51. The Philosophical Significance of the Wave-Particle Dualism (1953) -- VI/Probability and Induction -- 52a. The Physical Presuppositions of the Calculus of Probability (1920) -- 52b. Appendix: A Letter to the Editor (1920) -- 53. A Philosophical Critique of the Probability Calculus (1920) -- 54. Notes on the Problem of Causality [A Letter from Erwin, Schrödinger to Hans Reichenbach] (1924) -- 55. Causality and Probability (1930) -- 56. The Principle of Causality and the Possibility of Its Empirical Confirmation (1932) -- 57. Induction and Probability: Remarks on Karl Popper’s The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1935) -- 58. The Semantic and the Object Conceptions of Probability Expressions (1939) -- 59. A Letter to Bertrand Russell (March 28, 1949) -- Bibliography of Writings oF Hans Reichenbach -- Index of Names to Volumes One and Two.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400998742
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (198p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 14
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One: Attributes -- One/Attribute-Agreement and the Problem of Universals -- Two/Predication and Universals -- Three/Resemblance and Universals -- Four/Abstract Reference and Universals -- Five/Towards A Realistic Ontology -- Two: Substances -- Six/Two theories of substance -- Seven/The Bundle Theory -- Eight/Bare Substrata -- Nine/Towards A Substance-Theory Of Substance -- Epilogue -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In this book I address a dichotomy that is as central as any in ontology - that between ordinary objects or substances and the various attributes (Le. , properties, kinds, and relations) we associate with them. My aim is to arrive at the correct philosophical account of each member of the dichotomy. What I shall argue is that the various attempts to understand substances or attri­ butes in reductive terms fail. Talk about attributes, I shall try to show, is just that - talk about attributes; and, likewise, talk about substances is just tha- talk about substances. The result is what many will find a strange combina­ tion of views - a Platonistic theory of attributes, where attributes are univer­ sals or multiply exemplifiable entities whose existence is independent of "the world of flux", and an Aristotelian theory of substance, where substances are basic unities not reducible to metaphysically more fundamental kinds of things. Part One is concerned with the ontology of attributes. After distinguishing three different patterns of metaphysical thinking about attributes, I examine, in turn, the phenomena of predication, resemblance, and higher order quanti­ fication. I argue that none of these phenomena by itself is sufficient to establish the inescapability of a Platonistic interpretation of attributes. Then, I discuss the phenomenon of abstract reference as it is exhibited in the use of abstract singular terms.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789400997127
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 441 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Idees 91
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 91
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. The Presuppositions of Whig Historical Writing -- A. The ‘pre-Namier’ period and the growing criticism of the features of Whig historical interpretation: anachronism, finalism and historical continuity -- B. The Relativization of Constitutional History -- II. Whig Historiography in the Nineteenth Century. A. Myth about a Myth? -- A. Medieval studies in the first half of the nineteenth century: F. Palgrave, J. Allen and H. Hallam -- B. The Glorious Revolution and George III; Cromwell and the Civil War -- C. Medieval studies in the second half of the nineteenth century: The Oxford School: W. Stubbs, E.A. Freeman and J.R. Green -- III. Tradition Discredited -- A. The Crisis within the House of Commons -- B. Old liberalism as conservative realism -- C. Whiggery versus Gladstonian liberalism -- D. The New Liberalism: idealism and realism. Efficiency used as an ideology against tradition -- IV. Law and History: F. W. Maitland -- A. Maitland’s road to History -- B. Law and History incompatible? -- C. Maitland versus anachronisms -- V. A Liberal Revaluation of the Tudor Monarchy: A.F. Pollard -- A. A.F. Pollard and English historiography -- B. A Liberal Revaluation of the New Monarchy: English Freedom and its Fettered Birth -- C. Parliament’s unparliamentary origin and evolution -- D. Tollardism’: The Reformation Parliament -- VI. Administrative History: T.F. Tout -- A. Administrative history as a reaction to Whig historiography -- B. Administrative history: a mirror of the times -- C. T.F. Tout and the French Histoire Événementielle -- D. T.F. Tout and his Administrative History -- E. The Reaction: the limits of administrative history and the illusions of specialization -- Bibliography of A.F. Pollard’s Writings -- Sources and literature -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Several ofthe themes of this study have been treated in earlier publica­ tions, some by means of a general analysis and some through a detailed handling of problems raised by a particular theme or historian. Both the more general theoretical treatment of the theme and the concrete historiographical treatment are, I think, indispensable aids to the proper understanding of the development of historical scholarship in nineteenth-and twentieth-century England. There are a number of problems in a concrete historiographical approach: there is first the mass of historians to be faced, and then the immense amount of historical themes dealt with in various periods. As a guideline through the tangle of themes we chose the historiography on the development of the English parliament. We can only hope that we have made a responsible choice of the historians concerned. Un­ fortunately it was not always possible for us to give extensive biogra­ phies of some of the more recent historians, as several 'papers' are still firmly in the possession of families, and a number of them mus- despite of years - still be labelled 'confidential.' The Pollard Papers in the London Institute of Historical Research thus remained inaccessible. Fortunately the lack was partly compen­ sated by some important material being found apart from these Papers.
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789400998384
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (351p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 17
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 / Philosophy and Ethical Principles -- Rule Utilitarianism and Decision Theory -- Marx and the Utility Approach to the Ethical Foundation of Microeconomics -- Endogenous Changes in Tastes: A Philosophical Discussion -- 2 / Social and Collective Choice Theory -- Nice Decision Schemes -- The Distribution of Rights in Society -- Acceptable Social Choice Lotteries -- Social Decision, Strategic Behavior, and Best Outcomes -- Cyclically Mixed Preferences—A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Transitivity of the Social Preference Relation -- Comparative Distributive Ethics: An Extension of Sen’s Examination of the Pure Distribution Problem -- Rawls’s Theory of Justice: An Impossibility Result -- Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem: Some New Aspects -- Two Proofs of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem on the Possibility of a Strategy-Proof Social Choice Function -- 3 / Special Topics in Social Choice -- Ethics, Institutions and Optimality -- Complexity and Social Decision Rules -- Discrete Optimization and Social Decision Methods -- The Equity Principle in Economic Behavior -- The Distributive Justice of Income Inequality -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Ethics, as one of the most respectable disciplines of philosophy, has undergone a drastic and revolutionary change in recent time. There are three main trends of this development. The first trend can be described as a tendency towards a rigorous formal and analytical language. This means simply that ethics has created beside its own formalized set­ theoretical language a variety of new formalized, logical and mathemati­ cal methods and concepts. Thus ethics has become a formalized meta­ or epidiscipline which is going to replace the traditional concepts, principles and ethical methods in the realm of social sciences. It is clear that a formalized form of ethics can be used more easily in social, economic and political theories if there are ethical conflicts to be solved. This first trend can be regarded as a conditio sine qua non for application in, and imposing ethical solutions on, social scientific theories. The second trend may be characterized as an association- or unification-tendency of a formalized and analytical ethics with decision theory. Decision theory as a new interdiscipline of social sciences is actually an assemblage of a variety of subtheories such as value-utility theory, game theory, collective decision theory, etc. Harsanyi has called this complex of subtheories a general theory of human behavior. Analytical or formal ethics is actually using this general theory of human behavior as a vehicle simply because this theory deals from the beginning with conflict solution, i. e.
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789400998223
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies of Classical India 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: I. Preface -- Notes to the Preface -- II. The Introduction to the Kha??anakha??akh?dya Translation and Commentary -- Notes to the Translation.
    Abstract: Srihar~a is recognised as one of the greatest exponents of what is generally known as the Sarpkara school of Advaita Vedanta. The Advaita Vedanta of Sarpkara has been commented upon, explained, expounded and developed in its various ramifications by several generations of scholars, commentators and original thinkers for over a thousand years. Even today it is claimed to be one of the two traditional schools of Indian Philosophy which have survived and have modern adherents while most other schools have died of old age on Indian soil. The only other school that has survived is the Nyaya-Vaise~ika or what is now called the Navya-nyaya. Both Advaita Vedanta and Navya-nyaya have attracted the attention of modern scholars and philosophers (of both India and abroad), who are acquainted with Western philosophy and whose interest in the study of Indian philosophy has not simply been limited to the history of Indian thought or Indology. Modern exponents of Advaita Vedanta are numerous. With a few notable exceptions, however, most modern authors of Vedanta try to expound and modernise the Advaita system from either a speculative and personal point of view or from a superficial viewpoint of Kantian philosophy or Hegelian Absolutism. Such a method has seldom achieved the sophistication and respectability that is normally expected in the context of modern (chiefly western) philosophic activity.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400996632
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives 90
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 90
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: History
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Politics in Shakespeare -- III. Macbeth and the Tyrannical Man -- IV. Bastards and Usurpers -- V. “Ciphers to this Great Accompt” -- VI. “The English Solomon” -- VII. Bacon’s “Wisdom of the Ancients” -- VIII. Rembrandt and the Human Condition.
    Abstract: It was probably Rousseau who first thought of dreams as ennobling experiences. Anyone who has ever read Reveries du Promeneur Solitaire must be struck by the dreamlike quality of Rousseau's meditations. This dreamlike quality is still with us, and those who experience it find themselves ennobled by it. Witness Martin Luther King's famous "1 have a dream. " Dreaming and inspiration raise the artist to the top rung in the ladder ofhuman relations. That is probably the prevailing view among educated people of our time. Rousseau made that view respectable and predominant. Yet in another sense, the problem is much older. It is the problem of political philosophy and poetry, the problem of Socrates and Aristophanes, of Plato and Homer. Yet, while antiquity usually gives the crown to philosophy, since Rous­ seau, the alternative view tends to prevail. The distinction is not, however, a formal one. Sir Philip Sidney enlisted Plato on the side of poetry. The true distinction is between imagination and reason. If reason is to rule, as Aristotle points out,l the most architectonic of the sciences, that is political science, should rule. It is political philosophy which must determine the nature of the arts which will help or which will hinder the good of the city or the polity. That does not mean that a mere professor should stand in judgment of Shake­ speare, Bacon, and Rembrandt. It means that ifhe studies these three great artists, he is not over-stepping disciplinary limits.
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  • 98
    ISBN: 9789401576345
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 333 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 13
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Ethics
    Abstract: Mill’s Theory of Justice -- The Interest in Liberty on the Scales -- On the Nature of Moral Values -- The Basic Structure as Subject -- Relevance -- Act-Utilitarian Agreements -- Intrinsic value -- The Goals of Action -- What is Moral Relativism? -- Intending -- Doing the Best One Can -- Are Epistemic Concepts Reducible to Ethical Concepts? -- Moral Reasons and Reasons To Be Moral -- Moral and Other Realisms: Some Initial Difficulties -- Meta-Ethics and Meta-Epistemology -- Some Problems in the Definition and Justification of Punishment -- Bibliographies -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This Festschrift seeks to honor three highly distinguished scholars in the Department of Philosophy, University of Michigan: William K. Frankena, Charles L. Stevenson, and Richard B. Brandt. Each has made significant con­ tributions to the philosophic literature, particularly in the field of ethics. Michigan has been fortunate in having three such original and productive moral philosophers serving ob its faculty simultaneously. Yet they stand in a long tradition of excellence, both within the Department and in the University. Let us trace that tradition briefly. The University of Michigan opened in 184l.lts Department of Literature, Science, and the Arts at first resembled a typical American college ofthat period, with religious and ethical indoctrination playing a central role in course offerings. But when Henry Tappan, a Presbyterian clergyman and Professor of philosophy, became President in 1852, he succeeded in shifting the emphasis from indoctrination to inquiry and scholarship. Though he was dismissed for his policies in 1863, Tappan's efforts to establish a broad and liberal curriculum prevailed. Michigan was to take its place among the leading educational institutions in this country, and to achieve an international reputation as a research center. Several past philosophers are worthy of mention here. George Sylvester Morris, an absolute idealist, joined the Department in 1881, having served from 1870 as Chairman of the Department of Modern Languages and Literature. He assumed the Chairmanship of Philosophy in 1884.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400957909
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Outline Studies in Biology
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science (General) ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Solute transport at the cellular level -- 2.1 Driving forces -- 2.2 Carriers and pumps -- 2.3 Energy sources for active transport -- 2.4 Sensitive cells -- 3 Symplast and apoplast -- 3.1 The parallel pathways -- 3.2 Radial barriers — the endodermis -- 3.3 Transfer cells -- 4 The xylem pathway -- 4.1 Xylem structure -- 4.2 Ion movement in the xylem -- 4.3 Regulation of leaf nutrient content -- 5 The phloem pathway -- 5.1 Experiments to determine the pathway of assimilate translocation -- 5.2 Structural design of the sieve element -- 5.3 Composition of phloem sap -- 5.4 Movement in the phloem -- 5.5 Physiology of the phloem -- 6 Driving forces for long-distance transport -- 6.1 Transpiration and the cohesion theory -- 6.2 Postulated mechanisms for phloem transport -- References.
    Abstract: Plants, in addition to their role as primary synthesizers of organic com­ pounds, have evolved as selective accumulators of inorganic nutrients from the earth's crust. This ability to mine the physical environment is restricted to green plants and some microorganisms, other life forms being direct1y or indirect1y dependent on this process for their supply of mineral nutrients. The initial accumulation of ions by plants is of ten spatially separated from the photosynthetic parts, necessitating the transport to these parts of the inorganic solutes thus acquired. The requirement for energy-rich materials by the accumulation process is provided by a transport in the opposite direction of organic solutes from the photosynthetic areas. These transport phenomena in plants have been studied at the cellular level, the tissue level, and the whole plant level. The basic problems of analysing the driving forces and the supply of energy for solute transport remain the same for alI systems, but the method of approach and the type of results obtained vary widely with the experimental material employed, reflecting the variation of the solute transporting properties which have se1ectively evolved in response to both internal and external environmental pressures.
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  • 100
    ISBN: 9789401744652
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 172 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Law ; Law of the sea. ; International law. ; Aeronautics—Law and legislation.
    Abstract: I: The Regulatory Framework of International Ratemaking -- II: Character of Iata -- III: Organization and Activities of Iata -- IV: Government Control of International Rate-Making -- V: The Making of Iata Fares and Rates -- VI: Non-Iata International Air Tariffs -- VII: The North Atlantic Battlefield -- VIII: Alternatives to the Present International Ratemaking System -- Postscriptum -- Appendices -- A. Books and Theses -- B. Articles -- C. Cases -- D. International Agreements -- E. Documents -- (i) ECAC -- (ii) IATA -- (iii) ICAO -- (iv) USA -- (v) Others.
    Abstract: Ratemaking in international air transport is a matter of vital importance for airlines, consumers and Governments. For airlines, because the level of international air fares and rates forms one of the bases of their profit-making ability. For consumers, because that level determines whether they can afford the use of international air transport. For Governments, because they, as the guardians of the interests of both the airlines and the consumers, have the task to strike a just balance between those interests. International air fares and rates are of two kinds: scheduled and non-scheduled. The International Air Transport Association (lATA), the trade association of the world's scheduled international airlines, determines, under Governmental supervision and control, uniform fares and rates for scheduled international air services. These services account for approximately seventy-five percent of total international air traffic. The remaining twenty-five percent consists of non­ scheduled, or charter international air services. International charter air fares and rates are by and large set by the free forces of the marketplace, and compete with scheduled international (lATA) air fares and rates. This book studies both scheduled and charter international air fares and rates. It examines the role of airlines, airline asso­ ciations and Governments in the international ratemaking process. Furthermore, it analyses the competitive relationship between charter and scheduled international air fares and rates.
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