MPI für ethnologische Forschung, Halle/Saale

1 Introduction2 Magnetic methods -- 2.1 Short history -- 2.2 The static magnetic field -- 2.3 Magnetic properties of rocks -- 2.4 The geomagnetic field -- 2.5 Instruments of magnetic surveying -- 2.6 Relative merits of ?Bh, ?BZ and ?Bt measurements -- 2.7 Field procedure -- 2.8 The interpretation of magnetic anomalies -- 2.9 Geological features -- 2.10 Anomalies of sheets and prisms -- 2.11 The Smith rules -- 2.12 Some examples of magnetic investigations -- 2.13 Measurement of susceptibility and remanence -- 3 Gravitational methods -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Gravimeters -- 3.3 Field procedure -- 3.4 Corrections to gravity observations -- 3.5 Marine gravity measurements -- 3.6 The Bouguer anomaly -- 3.7 Density determinations -- 3.8 Interpretation -- 3.9 Limitations on gravity interpretation -- 3.10 Depth determinations -- 3.11 Determination of total mass -- 3.12 Vertical derivatives of gravity -- 3.13 Illustrations of gravity surveys and interpretation -- 3.14 Note on the Eötvös torsion balance -- 3.15 Derivation of Formula (3.10c) -- 4 Electrical methods -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Self-potential -- 4.3 Earth resistivity -- 4.4 Layered earth -- 4.5 Kernel function and resistivity transform -- 4.6 Determination of layered earth parameters -- 4.7 Vertical and dipping discontinuities -- 4.8 Electrical mapping, anisotropic earth and logging -- 4.9 The resistivity of rocks and minerals -- 5 Induced polarization -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Measures of IP -- 5.3 Origin of IP -- 5.4 Electromagnetic coupling -- 5.5 Example of an IP survey -- 6 Electromagnetic continuous wave, transient-field and telluric methods -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Near and far fields -- 6.3 Phase and polarization -- 6.4 Classification of continuous wave methods -- 6.5 The Compensator or Sundberg method -- 6.6 The Turam method -- 6.7 The moving source and receiver method (tandem outfits) -- 6.8 Broadside and shoot-back techniques -- 6.9 Far-field methods -- 6.10 Theoretical approaches (continuous waves) -- 6.11 Model experiments -- 6.12 Depth penetration -- 6.13 Transient-field methods (time-domain EM) -- 6.14 Natural-field methods -- 6.15 Influence of magnetic permeability -- 6.16 Airborne measurements -- 6.17 Note on the design of electromagnetic coils -- 7 Seismic methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Elastic constants and waves -- 7.3 Instruments and field procedure -- 7.4 The refraction method -- 7.5 The reflection method -- 7.6 Corrections to arrival times -- 7.7 The seismic pulse -- 7.8 Filtering and geophone arrays -- 7.9 Convolution and synthetic seismograms -- 7.10 Deconvolution -- 7.11 Continuous velocity logging (CVL) -- 7.12VIBROSEIS -- 8 Radioactivity methods -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Theoretical background -- 8.3 Radioactivity of rocks -- 8.4 Radiation detectors and field procedure -- 8.5 Radon measurements -- 8.6 Radioactive density determinations -- 8.7 Airborne radioactivity measurements -- 9 Miscellaneous methods and topics -- 9.1 Borehole magnetometer -- 9.2 Gamma-ray logging -- 9.3 Neutron logging -- 9.4 Geothermal methods -- 9.5 Geochemical prospecting -- 9.6 Optimum point and line spacing -- 9.7 Position location in airborne surveying -- 9.8 Composite surveys -- Appendix 1 Magnetic potential -- Appendix 2 Transition energy in the alkali vapour magnetometer -- Appendix 3 Magnetized sphere and a magnetic dipole -- Appendix 4 Magnetic potential of a linear dipole -- Appendix 5 Magnetic anomaly of a thick sheet -- Appendix 6 Potential of a point current electrode on the surface of a horizontally-layered earth -- Appendix 7 Fourier transforms and convolution -- References.