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  • English  (64)
  • 2005-2009  (64)
  • 2006  (64)
  • Finance and Investment
  • Social Issues/Migration/Health
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Overview of the Financial Wealth Accumulated under Funded (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 189-221
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 189-221
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: In addition to private pension fund and life insurance assets, several countries have accumulated large amounts of pension assets in their national pension reserve funds. Pension reserve fund refers to assets set aside by otherwise pay-as-you-go systems in preparation for the rising fiscal costs resulting from the predicted ageing of the population over the next few decades.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art15-en
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving Financial Literacy : Analysis of Issues and Policies (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 111-123
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 111-123
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: In 2003, the OECD established the Financial Education Project in response to the increasing interest of its member countries in improving the financial literacy of their consumers. Phase one of this project has culminated in the publication of the first major study of financial education at the international level. This book, Improving Financial Literacy: Analysis of Issues and Policies (OECD, 2005, forthcoming), contributes to the development of consumer financial literacy by providing information to policymakers on effective financial education programmes and by facilitating the sharing of experience in the field of financial education and awareness.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2005-art11-en
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Highlights of Recent Trends in Financial Markets (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 9-58
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 9-58
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Financial markets in major economies have been broadly strong after some weakening in the first part of the fourth quarter of 2005. Equity markets in the euro area have been buoyant over the past few months, and the strong upswing of Japanese markets in the fourth quarter was perhaps driven by prospects of the end of deflation.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art2-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impact of Pension Funds on Financial Markets (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 145-167
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 145-167
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper empirically explores the impact of pension funds on market volatility, equity prices, government and corporate bond yields for a panel of 24 countries. The results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between market volatility and pension assets. It complements micro evidence (Dennis and Strickland, 2002) as well as macro findings (Davis, 2004). In addition, equity prices are found to be positively correlated with pension funds, a finding observable for both OECD countries and emerging market economies (EMEs) and present in both the short and long terms. Furthermore, there is evidence indicating a negative link between pension fund assets and both corporate and government bond yields. This might be due to the sizeable buying effects of pension funds, particularly when governments have the tendency to use pension funds to finance implicit pension debts when the traditional pay-as-you-go systems shift to funded systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art13-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Guidelines on Pension Fund Asset Management (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 171-187
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 171-187
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The OECD Guidelines on Pension Fund Asset Management set out a basic framework for the regulation of pension fund investment. The Guidelines start with the basic premise that the regulatory framework should take into account the retirement income objective of a pension fund. Two other essential aspects of the regulatory framework are the prudent person standard and the statement of investment policy. Regulations may also include quantitative limits, but only as long as they are consistent with and promote the prudential principles of security, profitability and liquidity pursuant to which assets should be invested. These Guidelines were developed by the Working Party on Private Pensions and the Insurance and Private Pensions Committee and were adopted by the OECD Council on 26 January 2006. They complement the "Recommendation of the Council on Core Principles of Occupational Pension Regulation", adopted by the OECD Council in July 2004.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art14-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Guidelines for Insurers' Governance (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 183-212
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 183-212
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: On 28 April 2005, the OECD Council approved the Recommendation on Guidelines for Insurers’ Governance. Guidelines were first endorsed by the OECD Insurance and Private Pensions Committee in collaboration and wide consultation with the 30 member countries’ governmental experts in the insurance sector as well as the insurance and reinsurance industry. These guidelines were also deemed fully compatible and consistent with the OECD Revised Principles on Corporate Governance by its Steering Group in October 2004.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2005-art14-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pension Fund Demand for High-quality Long-term Bonds : Quantifying Potential "Scarcity" of Suitable Investments (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 155-201
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 155-201
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The article describes the results of a modeling exercise to gauge the size of potential pension fund demand for bonds under some simplifying assumptions, so as to illustrate the potential role of this specific group of investors. It provides a measure of the potential excess demand for high-quality fixed-income instruments from pension funds, using the admittedly restrictive assumptions that pension funds invest only in high-quality bonds in an attempt to achieve cash-flow matching of their liabilities.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art5-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Governance of Banks in China (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 67-108
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 67-108
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: With the economic reform in the late 1970s, it has been an objective of government policy for Chinese banks to move away from their traditional passive role of executing directives adapted to the active role in resource allocation of banks in a market economy. However, owing to unclear ownership structures and a history of support of regional and industrial policy, most Chinese banks have had difficulty making the transition. This is particularly true for the four large state-owned commercial banks (SOCBs). In 1998-99, a significant effort to strengthen SOCB balance sheets was undertaken, but the results were disappointing. In the most recent phase of the reform, which began in 2003, the authorities concluded that 〉further attempts at rehabilitation of the SOCBs had to address the issue of bank governance......
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2005-art10-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Financial Policy Landscape : A Conceptual Overview (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 61-109
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 89 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 61-109
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This article discusses different aspects of the formulation of financial policy against the backdrop of a changing financial services landscape. Recent trends and developments in the financial services industry, and some longer dated issues as well, present a number of challenges for regulators and supervisors.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art3-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Financial System Reform in China: Discussions with Chinese Authorities (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 63-85
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 63-85
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Over the past few years China has emerged as a major player in the global economy with a pivotal position in global production, trade and, increasingly, finance. In the context of large imbalances in world growth rates, China has helped sustain world economic expansion, especially in the Asia Pacific region. China is also an important force in global financial flows. The country is one of the world’s largest recipients of FDI inflows. Moreover, China, along with other Asian economies, has been accumulating reserves, thereby supporting the present configuration of exchange rates in major OECD regions. The country is now a major investor in key asset markets, such as the international market in government securities.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art10-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Highlights of Recent Trends in Financial Markets (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 9-61
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 9-61
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: After some significant corrections in the second half of May and in early June, major equity markets have resumed their growth, in some cases regaining levels reached before the May-June contraction. Against a backdrop of healthy corporate balance sheets, robust earnings growth and low default rates, investor sentiment has remained positive, as reflected in these equity market developments and compressed credit spreads. However, there are signs of increasing nevousness, which include the May/June market turbulence and somewhat increased levels of historical and implied volatility. The increased nervousness may reflect in part downward revisions to economic forecasts.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art9-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Highlights of Recent Trends in Financial Markets (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 7-63
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 7-63
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Over the past few months, prices in major financial markets have remained strong despite further oil price increases. After major equity markets had shown a soft spot around March and April, they regained their upward trend in the second quarter. Terrorist attacks in London in July and the hurricane Katrina in the United States which hit the New Orleans region at the end of August did not disrupt markets, despite the large size of human, economic and insured losses associated with the latter event.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2005-art9-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
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    Highlights of OECD Financial Outreach Activities in 2005 (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 237-247
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 237-247
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: In the late 1980's the OECD began co-operation (i.e. policy dialogue with nonmember economies) with the Asian Newly Industrialising Economies, and when the Berlin wall fell in 1989 it launched a programme with the Central and East European countries in transition.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art7-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Risk Capital in OECD Countries : Past Experience, Current Situation and Policies for Promoting Entrepreneurial Finance (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 113-151
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 113-151
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This article follows up on monitoring and analysing developments and structural issues related to risk capital undertaken by the OECD since the mid-1990s. Risk capital, i.e. finance for fast-growth SMEs, should help to foster entrepreneurship and a high rate of company formation which is seen as essential to achieving full employment.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art4-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Factors behind Low Long-Term Interest Rates (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 101-141
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 101-141
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Long-term bond yields have been low in recent years both in nominal and real terms, and – especially in the United States – they have reacted differently to shifts in monetary and fiscal stances relative to previous cycles. This article examines various possible explanations for this behaviour, such as the effects of changes in monetary policy frameworks on inflation and interest rate expectations; developments in ex ante saving-investment balances, and shifts in investors’ portfolio preferences (including official reserve accumulation, “petro-dollar” recycling and pension fund demand for longer maturities). The article concludes that it is unlikely that any individual explanation can account for the level and profile of bond yields in recent years, but that an important element has been a compression in term premia, together with shifts in expected short rates. Even though bond yields have started to rise in the early part of 2006, they are unlikely to go back to the levels that prevailed in the 1980s or the early 1990s, as several of the factors that drove them lower are set to persist.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art12-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
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    Global Pension Statistics Indicators (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 213-230
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 213-230
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: In 2002, the OECD launched, through the Working Party on Private Pensions and the Task Force on Pension Statistics,1 the Global Pension Statistics Project,2 which aims to establish a harmonised set of statistics and indicators related to funded pensions. This article3 is an extract from the OECD newsletter “Pension Markets in Focus”, Issue 1.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2005-art15-en
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  • 17
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    The Aggregate and Structural Impact of Ageing on Financial Markets : Some Quantitative Assessments (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 127-149
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 127-149
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Ageing will translate into long run trends in supply as well as demand of capital in the next decades. This paper provides some quantitative assessments of the effects on financial markets of ageing in four large OECD countries (United States, Japan, Germany, and France). Using a simplified general equilibrium model with overlapping generations, it suggests that ageing could bolster capital-labour ratios and lower interest rates in the future (by 25 bp to 100 bp in the long run, depending on the characteristics of pension systems reforms). In this context, the fear for a future “asset meltdown” due to ageing is probably overstated. The model also suggests that the individual accumulation of capital is likely to increase in the future and require structural changes in financial markets. Households will increasingly need to insure against the uncertainty related to future asset prices, rates of return on capital or individual longevity....
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2005-art12-en
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  • 18
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    The SME Financing Gap: Theory and Evidence (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 89-97
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 89-97
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Many commentators have postulated a “financing gap” for small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs), meaning that there are significant numbers of SMEs that could use funds productively if they were available, but cannot obtain finance from the formal financial system. This article summarises an OECD report (OECD, 2006) on this topic which seeks to determine how prevalent such a gap may be – both in OECD countries and non-member economies – and recommends measures to foster an improved flow of financing to SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art11-en
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  • 19
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    Pension Funds for Government Workers in OECD Countries (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 153-179
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2005, no. 2, p. 153-179
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: In the past few years, there has been a trend towards the harmonisation of pension policies for private and public sector workers, with the introduction of occupational complementary pension funds for civil servants. In many OECD countries these funds are among the largest in terms of assets and number of participants and constitute an important share of financial assets. Nonetheless, civil servants’ pension funds are exposed to particular risks related to the multiple roles played by the state which is, at same time, sponsor, regulator, supervisor, service provider, fiduciary agent and recipient of pension fund investments. Specific government-related agency problems can arise with respect to these funds which differ from those frequently analysed in the private sector. This paper analyses these risks in light of the experiences of Australia, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands and the United States and identifies good practices on how to avoid or mitigate them.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2005-art13-en
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  • 20
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    The OECD Global Pension Statistics Project : Overview of the Financial Wealth accumulated under Funded Pension Arrangements (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 205-235
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 205-235
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: A useful proxy for the total assets accumulated in long-term savings and retirement systems is the sum of investments of pension funds and life insurance companies. This proxy covers the vast majority of occupational and personal pension arrangements for both the public and private sectors that rely on funding. In 2004, the total assets held by pension funds and life insurance companies grew by over USD 3.3 trillion or 1.5 percentage points of total GDP in OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2006-art6-en
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  • 21
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    Health Care Quality Indicators Project : Initial Indicators Report (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 153 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.22
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The OECD Health Care Quality Indicator (HCQI) Project was started in 2001. The long-term objective of the HCQI Project is to develop a set of indicators that can be used to raise questions for further investigation concerning quality of health care across countries. It was envisioned that the indicators that were finally recommended for inclusion in the HCQI measure set would be scientifically sound, important at a clinical and policy level and feasible to collect in that data would be available and could be made comparable across countries. It was also envisioned that the indicators would not enable any judgement to be made on the overall performance of whole health systems. In essence, they should be used as the basis for investigation to understand why differences exist and what can be done to reduce those differences and improve care in all countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/481685177056
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  • 22
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    Measures of Material Deprivation in OECD Countries (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 72 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.37
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The paper discusses the use of material deprivation measures for an analysis of poverty in OECD countries. Its main goal is to identify suitable survey questions that might be used in comparative analysis, as a first step towards the construction of more satisfactory poverty measures. The paper proposes a simple taxonomy of the broad notion of material deprivation into its objective and subjective dimensions and into its main components, and present data on the share of households reporting different types of material deprivation. It also proposes a simple summary measure of material deprivation, defined as the average of indicators across different items.
    DOI: 10.1787/866767270205
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  • 23
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    Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Canada (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 91 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.24
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Canada
    Abstract: This paper describes and assesses pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies in Canada, considering them in the context of the broader policy and market environment in which they operate, and investigating their role in contributing to Canada’s achievements in meeting a range of objectives relating to the pharmaceutical policy. The federal government regulates prices of patented pharmaceutical products with the objective of protecting consumers against excessive prices. Regulation has very likely been responsible for bringing Canada’s prices for patented medicines roughly in line with European comparators. Prices of generic products, which are not regulated, are relatively high although high...
    DOI: 10.1787/346071162287
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  • 24
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    Improving the System of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2006/01
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Investor-state dispute settlement mechanisms embodied in most investment treaties provide rights to foreign investors to seek redress for damages arising out of alleged breaches by host governments of investment-related obligations. The system of investment dispute settlement has borrowed its main elements from the system of commercial arbitration despite the fact that investor-state disputes often raise public interest issues which are usually absent from international commercial...
    DOI: 10.1787/631230863687
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  • 25
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    Social Assistance Policy Development and the Provision of a Decent Level of Income in Selected OECD Countries (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.38
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The paper starts with a brief look at social expenditure patterns and the importance of different social policy areas, in particular the role of social assistance policy within social protection systems. It then looks at the objectives of social assistance policy and considers payment-rates in terms of adequacy, financial incentives to work, addressing issues as budget standards, indexation methods and the policy approach towards specific client groups. Also, the study briefly highlights Chinese public expenditure issues more generally and presents some key indicators on the dynamics of ageing populations which will have consequences for future social expenditure trends in China.
    DOI: 10.1787/864161231261
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  • 26
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    From Immigration to Integration : Local Solutions to a Global Challenge (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264028968
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (322 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'immigration à l'intégration ; Des solutions locales à un défi mondial
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als From immigration to integration
    RVK:
    MF 9000
    RVK:
    MS 1500
    Keywords: Soziale Integration ; OECD-Staaten ; Migranten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Einwanderer ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Einwanderung ; Integration ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: For the potential advantages of migration to be harnessed, it is crucial that immigration be accompanied by integration, or effective mechanisms for ensuring that immigrants are incorporated into labour markets, the economy and society. While immigration policy is often determined, designed and funded at the national level, its impact on migrants and society is more strongly felt at the local level where other policies interact. This publication highlights principles and factors which are important in supporting integration locally. A comparison of local initiatives implemented in five OECD countries - Canada, UK (London), Spain, Italy, and Switzerland - answers key questions facing all policy makers and stakeholders working in this field. This book provides a set of concrete policy recommendations for implementation at both local and national levels.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264028968-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Volltext
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  • 27
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    Reform and Challenges for Private Pensions in Russia (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264013872
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (98 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Private Pensions Series no.7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sycheva, Lyudmila Reform and challenges for private pensions in Russia
    RVK:
    QX 400
    Keywords: Rentenreform ; Private Altersvorsorge ; Russland ; Finance and Investment ; Russian Federation ; Russland ; Rentenversicherung ; Private Altersversorgung ; Russland ; Private Altersversorgung
    Abstract: The Russian Federation has undergone a major reform of the pension system which has resulted in a shift from a single, publicly managed system to one supplemented by a mandatory, privately managed occupational funded component and voluntary pension arrangements. The reform aimed to tackle a set of problems of demographic, social and economic order inherent to retirement income provision and was viewed as a way to improve old-age security of retirees in Russia by ensuring long-term financial and fiscal stability of the pension system and adequacy of pension benefits. This book examines these reforms and new challenges related to the reforms. Most prominent among the challenges is the need to further strengthen the pension system regulatory capacity and enforcement powers of the authorities in charge of the oversight of private pension institutions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264013872-en
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  • 28
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    Economic Valuation of Environmental Health Risks to Children (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264013988
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (310 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD Economic valuation of environmental health risks to children
    RVK:
    AR 16000
    RVK:
    AR 16100
    Keywords: Gesundheitsrisiko ; Umweltbelastung ; Kinder ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; OECD ; Bewertung ; Kind ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Risiko ; Umweltbelastung ; Gesundheitsgefährdung ; Reduktion ; Gesundheitsgefährdung ; Kind
    Abstract: The relationship between environment and children’s health has been the subject of increasing interest these last ten years. For example, many OECD member countries are reporting asthma epidemics exacerbated by air pollution: in the United States nearly 1 in 13 school-age children (approximately 4.8 million) has asthma, and the rate is increasing more rapidly in school-age children than in any other group. The importance of this issue has resulted in a growing number of epidemiological studies aiming at better understanding and better characterising the relationship between environmental pollution and the health of children. However, in many respects, the valuation of children’s health strongly differs from the valuation of adults’ health and constitutes a real challenge for analysts as well as for decision-makers. Consequently, this book proposes an in depth analysis of the main methodological difficulties associated with estimating the social value of a reduction in risk to children. Questions such as how to elicit children’s preferences, what valuation methodology and benefit measure to choose, how to discount benefits to children’s health, and how to account for economic uncertainties in this specific context of economic valuation will be systematically examined in order to define key policy implications and to pave the way for further research.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264013988-en
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  • 29
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    Challenges for China's Public Spending : Toward Greater Effectiveness and Equity (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264013728
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Challenges for China's public spending
    RVK:
    QG 860
    Keywords: Öffentliche Ausgaben ; China ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Öffentliche Ausgaben ; Verwaltungsreform
    Abstract: The study draws extensively on Chinese government and other sources to provide a detailed and up-to-date picture of the current state of China's public expenditure policies, the main reforms that are being undertaken, and the problems that remain to be resolved. Topics covered: key characteristics of China's budget and recent trends; the allocation of spending; the uneven pattern of fiscal decentralisation; gaps between expenditure needs and fiscal resources for local governments and their consequences.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264013728-en
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  • 30
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    Sickness, Disability and Work: Breaking the Barriers (Vol. 1) : Norway, Poland and Switzerland (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264026322
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Maladie, invalidité et travail ; surmonter les obstacles (Vol. 1) ; Norvège, Pologne, Suisse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Maladie, invalidité et travail : surmonter les obstacles (Vol. 1) : Norvège, Pologne, Suisse
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Norway, Poland and Switzerland
    Keywords: Erwerbsunfähigkeit ; Krankheit ; Norwegen ; Polen ; Schweiz ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Norway ; Poland ; Switzerland ; Norwegen ; Polen ; Schweiz ; Krankheit ; Erwerbsunfähigkeit
    Abstract: Why is it that health is improving, yet more and more people of working age end up out of the workforce relying on long-term sickness and disability benefits? This first report in a new OECD series on sickness, disability and work explores the possible factors behind this paradox. It looks specifically at the cases of Norway, Poland and Switzerland, and highlights the role of institutions and policies. A range of reform recommendations is put forward.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264026322-en
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  • 31
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    Intergovernmental Transfers for Environmental Infrastructure : Lessons from Armenia, the Russian Federation and Ukraine (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264025042
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Series Statement: Environmental Finance
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Intergovernmental transfers for environmental infrastructure
    Keywords: Umweltschutzinvestition ; Finanzausgleich ; Armenien ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Armenia ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine ; Russland ; Armenien ; Ukraine ; Umweltschutz ; Investition ; Haushaltsplan ; Gemeindefinanzwirtschaft
    Abstract: This report draws on three detailed case studies from Armenia, the Russian Federation and Turkey and on the experience of OECD countries to provide guidance on how transfers from central budgets to local authorities could be designed to finance environmental infrastructures in transition economies. The report also investigates mechanisms for transferring financial resources for water services from higher to lower levels of government.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264025042-en
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  • 32
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    Financing Water and Environment Infrastructure : The Case of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264036079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Series Statement: Environmental Finance
    Keywords: Environment ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The current environmental situation of the countries of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA) is dire and challenges are mounting, but there are also new opportunities. This report explains the environmental challenges that these transition economies face, and assesses the financial tools and resources, both domestic and foreign, available to tackle them.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264036079-en
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  • 33
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    Trade Based Money Laundering (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264018082
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Trade
    Abstract: This study provides a number of case studies that illustrate how the international trade system has been exploited by criminal organisations. It also presents the results of a survey gathering information on the current practices of more than thirty countries in fighting money laundering. This information focuses on the ability of various government agencies to identify suspicious activities related to trade transactions, to share this information with domestic and foreign partner agencies, and to act on this information.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264018082-en
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  • 34
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    Credit Risk and Credit Access in Asia (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264035980
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (410 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Credit risk and credit access in Asia
    RVK:
    QG 800
    RVK:
    QK 320
    Keywords: Kreditrisiko ; Insolvenz ; Risikomanagement ; Asien ; Südostasien ; Südasien ; Finance and Investment ; Konferenzschrift ; Asien ; Insolvenzrechtsreform ; Kreditrisiko ; Risikomanagement ; Ostasien ; Insolvenz ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Südostasien
    Abstract: The sheer volume of debt hanging over Asian companies suggests that corporate insolvency should remain a top policy concern. This conference proceedings presents reports from each country on the trends and developments in debt and credit risk since the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis. It also includes overview papers that examine the problem in a wider context. These papers suggest that risk management practices, legal systems, liquidation and recovery, and institutional infrastructure and capacity all require additional attention.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264035980-en
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  • 35
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    Challenges to Fiscal Adjustment in Latin America : The Cases of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264022089
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (166 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Challenges to fiscal adjustment in Latin America
    RVK:
    QG 630
    RVK:
    QL 270
    Keywords: Öffentliche Finanzen ; Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Argentinien ; Brasilien ; Chile ; Mexiko ; Finance and Investment ; Argentina ; Brazil ; Chile ; Mexico ; Argentinien ; Brasilien ; Chile ; Mexiko ; Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Fiskalpolitik
    Abstract: This volume discusses progress made to date in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico in putting their finances in order and points out the challenges ahead. It provides an overview of trends and highlights the diversity of fiscal adjustment processes in Latin American countries. It also describes the financial market perspective and role of sovereign debt ratings. The chapter on Argentina debunks the view that fiscal management in the 1990s was irresponsible, arguing instead that the financial crisis was caused by a confluence of costly pension reforms, Brady debt restructuring and the recognition of fiscal “skeletons” in the closet. The chapter on Brazil makes a case for a more entrenched culture of fiscal austerity to make the current achievements sustainable. The Chile chapter describes the role of political cohesiveness following the return of democracy in driving the economy to fiscal rectitude. Finally, the chapter on Mexico discusses different scenarios for debt dynamics and the country’s efforts to contain expenditure pressures.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264022089-en
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  • 36
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    Local Capital Markets for Environmental Infrastructure : Prospects in China, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation and Ukraine (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264035966
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (254 p.)
    Series Statement: Environmental Finance
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Local capital markets for environmental infrastructure
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Regionaler Finanzsektor ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; China ; Kasachstan ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; China, People’s Republic ; Kazakhstan ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine ; China ; Kasachstan ; Ukraine ; Russland ; Investition ; Umweltschutz ; Kreditmarkt
    Abstract: Transition and emerging economies have difficulties developing their financial markets to a level that would provide access to long-term debt finance at an affordable cost. This report examines opportunities beyond the public sector for financing water and other environmental infrastructure. Specifically, opportunities for accessing savings through private financial and capital markets have been examined. The report identifies bottlenecks to the development of local financial markets for environmental infrastructure and discusses policy recommendations to tackle them.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264035966-en
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  • 37
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    The SME Financing Gap (Vol. I) : Theory and Evidence (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264029415
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Thompson, John The SME financing gap ; Vol. 1: Theory and evidence
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services ; Mittelstandsförderung ; Finanzierung ; Kreditwesen ; Kapitalmarkt
    Abstract: The lack of funding available from the financial sector for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is known as the "financing gap". This timely report analyses this gap for both credit and equity financing and seeks to determine how prevalent such a gap may be, both among OECD countries and non-OECD economies. The report recommends measures to foster an improved flow of financing to SMEs and entrepreneurs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264029415-en
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  • 38
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    Policy Framework for Investment : A Review of Good Practices (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264025875
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (258 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cadre d'action pour l'investissement ; Panorama des bonnes pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cadre d'action pour l'investissement : Panorama des bonnes pratiques
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Policy framework for investment
    RVK:
    QD 020
    Keywords: Investitionspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economic development ; Investments Government policy ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; OECD ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Investitionsförderung ; Transparenz ; Investitionsförderung ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Transparenz
    Abstract: OECD's Policy Framework for Investment is designed to encourage policy makers to ask appropriate questions about their economy, their institutions and their policy settings in order to identify their priorities, to develop an effective set of policies and to evaluate progress. This Review of Good Practices in OECD and non-OECD economies is published as a companion volume to the Framework and provides analytical background material on each of the ten chapters of the Framework.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264025875-en
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  • 39
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    Medical Malpractice : Prevention, Insurance and Coverage Options (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264029057
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (82 p.)
    Series Statement: Policy Issues in Insurance no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Prévenir, assurer et couvrir les incidents médicaux
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Medical malpractice
    DDC: 610.68
    RVK:
    XL 1500
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; OECD ; Ärztlicher Kunstfehler ; Kompensation ; Versicherung ; Prävention ; Gesundheitspolitik
    Abstract: Confidence in a country’s health care system requires indemnification and deterrence systems that adequately cover liability, provide fair compensation for injury, and deter medical malpractices. Over the last years, in many OECD countries, these systems have experienced difficulties resulting in high-risk specialty physicians and surgeons leaving the practice and the development of expensive and useless—if not risky—defensive medicine. This publication surveys and assesses various types of mechanisms and reforms that best limit and indemnify medical accidents. Reasons for difficulties faced by some compensation and prevention regimes, given the specificities of national circumstances and in particular of health care systems, are examined. The study offers a series of unique and focused policy options for establishing more efficient indemnification and deterrence systems to cope with medical accidents.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264029057-en
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  • 40
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    An Age Perspective on Economic Well-Being and Social Protection in Nine OECD Countries (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.34
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: For a number of reasons, incomes vary strongly with age. The nature of this variation is of interest for a wide range of policy purposes. Since age structures differ across countries, knowledge about the incomes earned by different age groups is also necessary for understanding and interpreting international comparisons of overall inequality. This paper quantifies the economic well-being of different age groups and the extent to which they rely on incomes from public and private sources. The analysis aims at establishing how social benefits, and the taxes needed to finance them, affect income levels and income disparities across different age groups. Results are compared across nine OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/703336207745
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  • 41
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    Policy Framework for Investment (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264018471
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cadre d'action de l'OCDE pour l'investissement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Policy Framework for Investment (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Policy Framework for Investment (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: The objective of the Policy Framework for Investment is to mobilise private investment that supports economic growth and sustainable development. It thus aims to contribute to the prosperity of countries and their citizens as well as to support the fight against poverty. Drawing on good practices from OECD and non-OECD countries, the Framework proposes a set of questions for governments to consider in ten policy fields identified in the 2002 UN Monterrey Consensus on Financing for Development as critically important for the quality of a country’s environment for investment, including by small enterprises and foreign investors. These are: Investment policy Investment promotion and facilitation Trade Competition Tax Corporate governance Policies for promoting responsible business conduct Human resource development Infrastructure and financial sector development Public governance Its core purpose is to encourage policy makers to ask appropriate questions about their economy, their institutions and their policy settings in order to identify priorities, to develop an effective set of policies and to evaluate progress. The Framework was developed by a task force of officials from about 60 governments, with participation by the World Bank and other international organisations, as well as business, trade union and civil society organisations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264018471-en
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  • 42
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    Activation Strategies and the Performance of Employment Services in Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.42
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany ; Netherlands ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Strategies to 'activate' the unemployed with the help of high-quality employment services have continuously gained importance in the policy debate. The purpose of this report is to examine how activation strategies and the performance of employment services are addressed in three countries which have undertaken considerable reforms in recent years, namely Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. All three review countries have implemented a 'mutual obligations' approach.
    DOI: 10.1787/341116536484
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  • 43
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    Employment Patterns in OECD Countries : Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 131 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.35
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper explores the impact of policies and institutions on employment and unemployment of OECD countries in the past decades. Reduced-form unemployment equations, consistent with standard wage setting/pricesetting models, are estimated using cross-country/time-series data from 21 OECD countries over the period 1982- 2003. In the “average” OECD country, high and long-lasting unemployment benefits, high tax wedges and stringent anti-competitive product market regulation are found to increase aggregate unemployment. By contrast, highly centralised and/or coordinated wage bargaining systems are estimated to reduce unemployment. These findings are robust across specifications, datasets and econometric methods. As policies and institutions affect employment not only via their impact on aggregate unemployment but also through their effects on labour market participation - particularly for those groups “at the margin” of the labour market, group-specific employment rate equations are also estimated. In the “average” OECD country, high unemployment benefits and high tax wedges are found to be associated with lower employment prospects for all groups studied, namely prime-age males, females, older workers and youths. There is also evidence that group-specific policy determinants matter, such as targeted fiscal incentives.
    DOI: 10.1787/702031136412
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  • 44
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    Neutral or Fair? : Actuarial Concepts and Pension-System Design (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.40
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: 1. Economists and policymakers increasingly use the word “actuarial” in the analysis of pension systems and retirement incentives. But the debate is often confused. “Actuarial fairness” and “actuarial neutrality” are promoted loosely as desirable goals of pension reform. This paper distinguishes two actuarial concepts and discusses their importance for defined-benefit, defined-contribution and notional accounts pension plans. • Actuarial fairness, which requires that the present value of lifetime contributions equals the present value of lifetime benefits. Actuarial fairness relates to the entire lifetime of contributions and benefits • Actuarial neutrality, which requires that the present value of accrued pension benefits for working an additional year is the same as in the year before (meaning that benefits increase only by the additional entitlement earned in that year). Conversely, retiring a year earlier should reduce the pension benefit both by the entitlement that would have been earned during the year and by an amount to reflect the longer duration for which the pension must be paid. Actuarial neutrality is a marginal concept, relating to the effect of working an additional year. 2. The discussion shows that it is very difficult to design pension systems around these actuarial concepts alone. Most retirement income systems have several components; some of these may be actuarially fair or actuarially neutral but others, notably safety-nets to protect retirees from poverty, will by definition not fulfil the conditions of actuarial fairness or neutrality. Finally, both concepts are defined across the population, regardless of the systematic differences in life-expectancy between women and men or between low-income groups and richer workers. People who expect to live longer will get a better deal out of the pension system than those who are expected to die earlier.
    DOI: 10.1787/351382456457
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  • 45
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    Social Disadvantage and Education Experiences (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.32
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper discusses how social disadvantage affects the learning experiences of households with fewer economic resources, at each stage of the individuals' life-course, and on some of the "social" effects of such learning. It argues that while education can be an escalator out of social disadvantage — leading to better job prospects for youths facing greater risks of poverty and reducing the prevalence of income poverty in adult age — educational failure can reinforce it: a significant minority of students in several OECD countries do not even complete compulsory education; students' test scores in lower secondary education are strongly shaped by family characteristics; and the expansion of university education has most often benefited households with better educated parents. Far from "equalising" opportunities, education can be a powerful driver of social selection. When returns to education increase over time, this may lead to greater inter-generational persistence of poverty and less equality of opportunities.
    DOI: 10.1787/715165322333
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    OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Russian Federation 2006 : Enhancing Policy Transparency (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264025936
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement ; Fédération de Russie 2006 ; Pour une politique de l'investissement plus transparente
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement : Fédération de Russie 2006 : Pour une politique de l'investissement plus transparente
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Russian Federation
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Russland ; Finance and Investment ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: Despite recent growth, the volume of Russia’s international investment remains modest compared with major OECD countries. The recent upsurge of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) has not yet translated into a significant share of FDI in GDP and total investment. This 2006 OECD Investment Policy Review of the Russian Federation examines developments in Russia's regulatory investment environment since the publication of the 2004 Review, focusing on investment policy transparency and effective implementation. It includes recommendations to move capital control reform forward, to adopt least-restrictive approaches to legislation on "strategic sectors" and to strengthen Russia's international investment agreements.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264025936-en
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  • 47
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    Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi: Ireland 2006 (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264036239
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ageing and employment policies: Ireland
    Keywords: Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Irland ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Ireland ; Irland
    Abstract: This report, part of a series covering around 21 OECD countries, contains a survey of Ireland's main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers, and a set of policy recommendations to further action by public authorities and social partners. These recommendations are designed to alleviate some of the pension and health care pressures governments are facing because of ageing populations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264036239-en
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  • 48
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    Is Training More Frequent When the Wage Premium is Smaller? : Evidence from the European Community (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.41
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; European Union
    Abstract: According to Becker [1964], when labour markets are perfectly competitive, general training is paid by the worker, who reaps all the benefits from the investment. Therefore, ceteris paribus, the greater the training wage premium, the greater the investment in general training. Using data from the European Community Household Panel, we compute a proxy of the training wage premium in clusters of homogeneous workers and find that smaller premia induce greater incidence of off-site training, which is likely to impart general skills. Our findings suggest that the Becker model provides insufficient guidance to understand empirical training patterns. Conversely, they are not inconsistent with theories of training in imperfectly competitive labour markets, in which firms may be willing to finance general training if the wage structure is compressed, that is, if the increase in productivity after training is greater than the increase in pay.
    DOI: 10.1787/351251420436
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  • 49
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    Interpretation of the Umbrella Clause in Investment Agreements (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2006/03
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper was prepared by Katia Yannaca-Small, Legal Advisor, Investment Division, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs, OECD. Thanks are due to Catriona Paterson, a consultant to the Investment Division, for research input. It has been developed as an input to the Investment Committee’s work aimed at enhancing understanding of the "umbrella clause" in international investment agreements and has benefited from discussions and a variety of perspectives in the Committee. It was also a subject for discussion at an APEC-UNCTAD Regional Seminar on Investor-State Dispute Settlement in Mexico City on 9-10 October 2006. The paper as a factual survey does not necessarily reflect the views of the OECD or those of its Member governments. It cannot be construed as prejudging ongoing or future negotiations or disputes pertaining to international investment agreements.
    DOI: 10.1787/415453814578
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  • 50
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    The Role of Derived Rights for Old-age Income Security of Women (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.43
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: 1. This paper analyses the income situation of older women living alone and examines the role of pension entitlements from derived rights for their income security. The data shows that the share of elderly women living alone is expected to increase substantially due to population ageing and women’s longer life expectancy. Many of them are at greater risk of poverty than aged couples. Taking into account that poverty among older women living alone has been on the rise in many OECD countries, old age income security of widows and divorcees will remain a challenge for policy makers. 2. The analysis of income sources shows that survivors’ pensions and divorcees’ benefits form the largest share of the incomes of elderly women living alone. It also finds a relatively strong negative relationship between the size of the pension benefit and the poverty level of older women living alone. Thus, the structure and level of public pension schemes play an important role for income adequacy and poverty risks of this group. Most OECD pension systems offer protection for widows and divorcees through contributory or non-contributory benefits. Entitlements derived from the rights of an income-earning spouse are usually calculated as a percentage of the insured worker’s rights. Preliminary calculations show that in the OECD countries examined here, non-working widows and working widows receive an average pension level of 36 and 50%, respectively, compared to an average level for couples of nearly 60% of average earnings. 3. The high poverty rate of older women living alone suggests that survivors’ pension schemes or pension benefits for divorcees are not entirely successful in providing old-age income security for this target group. As an increasing number of women work and earn their own pension entitlements, derived pension rights may become less important. However, adequate pensions will require full-time work over the whole career. In countries where women work more part-time and experience longer career interruptions due to caring for children or elderly relatives, pensions based on own contributions may be quite low. Whether poverty prevention for this group is best addressed by benefits from derived rights or by the general old-age safety net will depend on the degree of full-time female labour force participation and the evolution of poverty of older women living alone relative that of the overall older population.
    DOI: 10.1787/350882777255
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  • 51
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    Publicly-provided Services and the Distribution of Resources (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.45
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report looks at the effects on the distribution of household income of those government-provided services that confer a personal benefit to users. While most of the comparative evidence of the size and evolution of income inequalities in OECD countries relies on the concept of household disposable income, integrating the effects of these government services is important for both conceptual and practical reasons: first, as the tax burden levied on households represent a deduction from their disposable income, it is important to account for the services which governments provide...
    DOI: 10.1787/343652001507
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  • 52
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    OECD's FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index : Revision and Extension to more Economies (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2006/04
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper provides a revised measure of regulatory restrictions on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) for OECD countries and extends the approach to 13 non-member countries. The methodology is largely similar to that adopted in the previous version of the OECD indicator and covers three broad categories of restrictions: limitations on foreign ownership, screening or notification procedures, and management and operational restrictions. The FDI restrictiveness indicator captures statutory deviations from "national treatment", i.e. discrimination against foreign investment. When combined with other factors having an influence on foreign investment decisions, it has proven to be a good predictor of countries' inward FDI performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/112474484663
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  • 53
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    The Turkish Pension System : Further Reforms to Help Solve the Informality Problem (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.44
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Turkey
    Abstract: Recent social security reform has significantly improved the long-run sustainability of the pension system. However, the pension system continues to serve as an important barrier to a more rapid expansion of the formal-sector economy in two ways. First, early-retirement incentives (including severance payments) continue to push many incumbent formal sector workers into the informal sector, often at ages as young as 40-45. While new labour force entrants face a much higher retirement age, policies for incumbents are fiscally expensive, inequitable, and serve to swell the ranks of the informal sector. Second, even when the transition to the new pension rules is complete, net replacement rates will remain very high by OECD standards, requiring high social security contribution rates that make it too expensive for firms to employ low-skilled labour in the formal sector. Thus, further pension reform is one of the keys to overcoming Turkey’s economic duality. Finally, since the pension system does not cover the informal sector, it does little to alleviate poverty among the wider population of older people. This paper discusses a number of reforms that would increase the retirement age, reduce inter-generational inequities, and permit a significant cut in the tax wedge on labour, while better addressing old-age poverty concerns at all levels of income.
    DOI: 10.1787/348880554402
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  • 54
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    From Inactivity to Work : The Role of Active Labour Market Policies (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.36
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Many OECD countries have in recent decades experienced periods of relatively rapid growth in nonemployment benefit expenditures and recipiency rates which have not subsequently been reversed. By contrast, in a number of OECD countries the number of unemployment benefit recipients has declined fairly sharply since the mid-1990s. Although national situations for particular benefits vary greatly, a variety of evidence suggests that there is now often substantial scope for bringing people currently in the sick and disabled, lone-parent, old-age and non-categorical social assistance groups into employment.
    DOI: 10.1787/687686456188
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  • 55
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    Alternative Measures of Well-Being (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.33
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: All discussions about the desirability of policy reforms rest on judgements about their effects on individuals and societal well-being. Yet, suitable measures for assessing how well-being is changing over time or compares across countries are lacking. This problem is, of course, not new and standard economic theory has provided, over the years, a range of insights about the criteria and domains that are most critical for the measurement of well-being, and on the relation between well-being and measures of economic resources. This paper does not revisit this theoretical discussion, nor does it provide a comprehensive review of different approaches to the measurement of well-being. It rather assesses whether GDP per capita is an adequate proxy as a measure of well-being or whether other indicators — used either as substitutes or as complements to GDP per capita — are more suitable for that purpose. Attention is limited to only some of the factors that influence well-being, and excludes some critical elements such as the environment, home production and other non-market factors.
    DOI: 10.1787/713222332167
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  • 56
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    Health Care Quality Indicators Project : Conceptual Framework Paper (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.23
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper represents an attempt to set out a conceptual framework for the OECD’s Health Care Quality Indicator (HCQI) Project. Two main issues are tackled: what concepts, or dimensions, of quality of health care should be measured and how, in principle, should they be measured. The need for a conceptual framework for the Project was expressed by a large group of participating countries. In interviews by the OECD Secretariat with member countries in April and May 2005, country experts and delegates to the Group on Health reiterated the need for a framework for the OECD’s health care quality work. Countries stated that the framework should be: a) based on country experience and b) could be used to guide both current and future work by the OECD in health care quality measurement and monitoring.
    DOI: 10.1787/440134737301
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  • 57
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    Investor-to-State Dispute Settlement in Infrastructure Projects (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2006/02
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This paper was prepared in the context of the Investment Committee’s project on International Investor Participation in Infrastructure. It summarises information available in the public domain about investor-state dispute settlements in the infrastructure sectors. The document as a factual survey, however, does not necessarily reflect the views of the OECD or those of its Member governments. It cannot be construed as prejudging ongoing or future negotiations or disputes pertaining to international investment agreements. The purpose of the paper is to provide an indication of some of the challenges to international investor participation in infrastructure that have in the past led to the breakdown of working relationships between public and private partners. This paper was prepared by Catriona Paterson, a Consultant in the OECD Investment Division.
    DOI: 10.1787/416335763425
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  • 58
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    Where Immigrant Students Succeed : A Comparative Review of Performance and Engagement in PISA 2003 (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264023611
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Schulerfolg von Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrundim internationalen Vergleich
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD. Programme for International Student Assessment Where immigrant students succeed
    DDC: 371.826912
    RVK:
    DO 1250
    RVK:
    DO 9000
    RVK:
    MS 7300
    Keywords: Bildungsniveau ; Welt ; Migranten ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Statistik 2003 ; PISA-Studie ; Einwanderer ; Bildungsgang ; PISA-Studie ; Einwanderer ; Bildungsgang
    Abstract: Drawing on data from the OECD’s Programme for International Students Assessment (PISA), this report examines the performance of students with immigrant backgrounds and compares it to that of their native counterparts. As well as providing information on countries’ approaches to the integration of immigrants, it looks at other factors that could influence immigrant students’ performance – such as their attitudes to school, their motivation and learning strategies as well as their social background and the language spoken at home – giving valuable implications for educational policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264023611-en
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  • 59
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    The Supply of Physician Services in OECD Countries (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.21
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The delivery of an appropriate quantity and quality of health care in an efficient way requires, among other things, matching the supply with the demand for the services of physicians, over time. Such matching has led to very different levels of physicians per million population across OECD countries – because of variations, among other things, in: morbidity and mortality, health expenditure as a share of GDP and the design of health systems. In addition, there are signs that a higher density of physicians is found in countries which have left the supply of physicians mainly to the market whereas lower density is found in countries which have planned the intake to medical schools centrally over many years...
    DOI: 10.1787/608402211700
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  • 60
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    OECD Reviews of Health Systems: Switzerland 2006 (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264025837
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Health Systems
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des systèmes de santé ; Suisse 2006
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD-Berichte über Gesundheitssysteme; Schweiz 2006
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des systèmes de santé : Suisse 2006
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD-Berichte über Gesundheitssysteme: Schweiz 2006
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Colombo, Francesca Switzerland
    RVK:
    QX 700
    Keywords: Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitspolitik ; Gesundheitsreform ; Schweiz ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Switzerland ; Schweiz
    Abstract: The Swiss population enjoys good health and universal access to a comprehensive range of modern health services, but policy makers are faced with considerable policy challenges, particularly to contain fast-growing health spending and improve value for money. This book analyses the strengths and weaknesses of the Swiss health system. It weighs them against the key policy objectives of health-system effectiveness and responsiveness, access to care and equitable financing, efficient supply of services, and financial sustainability. The report assesses new proposals for reform of the health system and provides policy recommendations to help address current and upcoming challenges facing the Swiss authorities.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264025837-en
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  • 61
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    Starting Well or Losing their Way? : The Position of Youth in the Labour Market in OECD Countries (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 72 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.39
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Despite the fact that today’s young cohorts are smaller in number and better educated than their older counterparts, high youth unemployment remains a serious problem in many OECD countries. This reflects a variety of factors, including the relatively high proportion of young people leaving school without a basic educational qualification, the fact that skills acquired in initial education are not always well adapted to labour market requirements, as well as general labour market conditions and problems in the functioning of labour markets. The paper highlights the trends in youth labour market performance over the past decade using a wide range of indicators. It also presents new evidence on i) the length of transitions from school to work; ii) the wages, working conditions and stability of jobs performed by youth; and iii) the degree of so-called “over-education”, i.e. the gap between the skills of young people and the jobs they get.
    DOI: 10.1787/351848125721
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    Live Longer, Work Longer (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264035881
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (146 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vivre et travailler plus longtemps
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Keese, Mark Ageing and employment policies: Live longer, work longer
    RVK:
    MS 2700
    Keywords: Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Älterer Arbeitnehmer
    Abstract: This report helps establish a new agenda for age-friendly employment policies and practices. It sets out the policy challenges presented by rapidly ageing labour forces in OECD countries and draws out the main lessons learned from OECD's series of country reviews on Ageing and Employment policies. Among other issues, it discusses how to remove work disincentives and increase choice in the work-retirement decision, improve employability of older workers, and change employer attitudes and employment practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264035881-en
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    OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Caribbean Rim 2006 : Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada and St. Lucia (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264025974
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (97 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Caribbean Rim
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Antigua und Barbuda ; Grenada ; St. Lucia ; Finance and Investment ; Antigua and Barbuda ; Grenada ; Saint Lucia
    Abstract: These reports provide a factual assessment of investment conditions existing in each subject country, including information on FDI inflows since 1998, a sectoral analysis of the inflows, an analysis of the main investors, an assessment of the economic and governance environment, an assessment of investors' perceptions, and a series of recommendations for each country. They offer a unique set of detailed information which should be of interest to all those concerned by the development of investment opportunities in the region. The reports are intended to be used by the countries involved as a roadmap for developing and implementing their agenda for investment policy reform. This volume contains the reports completed for Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada and St. Lucia.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264025974-en
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    OECD Investment Policy Reviews: China 2006 : Open Policies towards Mergers and Acquisitions (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264021945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Investment Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement ; Chine 2006 ; Politiques ouvertes envers les fusions et acquisitions
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement : Chine 2006 : Politiques ouvertes envers les fusions et acquisitions
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China
    RVK:
    QG 860
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Übernahme ; International ; China ; Finance and Investment ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China has become one of the world's leading destinations for foreign direct investment (FDI). However, while cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have become the dominant form of global FDI flows, they remain a relatively small part of FDI flows into China. In reviewing developments since 2003, this review evaluates the progress made in developing an effective institutional framework for cross-border M&A in China, takes stock of remaining obstacles, and offers policy options to address them.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264021945-en
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