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  • English  (36)
  • Russian  (3)
  • 2005-2009  (39)
  • European Conference of Ministers of Transport  (25)
  • Duval, Romain  (14)
  • Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (39)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Long-Run GDP Growth Framework and Scenarios for the World Economy (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.663
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper develops and applies a simple “conditional growth” framework to make long-term GDP projections for the world economy, taking as a starting point recent empirical evidence about the importance of total factor productivity and human capital in explaining current cross-country disparities in GDP per capita levels. Other distinct features of the projection framework include human capital projections by cohorts and implicit allowance for the impact of ageing and potential labour market and pension reforms on future growth in employment levels. In the baseline projection, world GDP would grow in PPP terms by about 3 ¾ % per year on average over the period 2005-2050. When expressed in constant market exchange rates, taking into account future Balassa-Samuelson effects, this projection falls roughly in the middle of the range of long-run scenarios recently developed in the context of greenhouse gas emission projections. The sensitivity of the projection to total factor productivity and population growth assumptions is significant, however, and compounds with deeper sources of uncertainty such as model and parameter uncertainty.
    DOI: 10.1787/227205684023
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Role of R&D and Technology Diffusion in Climate Change Mitigation : New Perspectives Using the WITCH Model (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.664
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses the WITCH model, a computable general equilibrium model with endogenous technological change, to explore the impact of various climate policies on energy technology choices and the costs of stabilising greenhouse gas concentrations. Current and future expected carbon prices appear to have powerful effects on R&D spending and clean technology diffusion. Their impact on stabilisation costs depends on the nature of R&D: R&D targeted at incremental energy efficiency improvements has only limited effects, but R&D focused on the emergence of major new low-carbon technologies could lower costs drastically if successful – especially in the non-electricity sector, where such low-carbon options are scarce today. With emissions coming from multiple sources, keeping a wide range of options available matters more for stabilisation costs than improving specific technologies. Due to international knowledge spillovers, stabilisation costs could be further reduced through a complementary, global R&D policy. However, a strong price signal is always required.
    DOI: 10.1787/227114657270
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Incentives to Participate in and the Stability of International Climate Coalitions : A Game-Theoretic Approach Using the WITCH Model (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 74 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.702
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses WITCH, an integrated assessment model with a game-theoretic structure, to explore the prospects for, and the stability of broad coalitions to achieve ambitious climate change mitigation action. Only coalitions including all large emitting regions are found to be technically able to meet a concentration stabilisation target below 550 ppm CO2eq by 2100. Once the free-riding incentives of non-participants are taken into account, only a “grand coalition” including virtually all regions can be successful. This grand coalition is profitable as a whole, implying that all countries can gain from participation provided appropriate transfers are made across them. However, neither the grand coalition nor smaller but still environmentally significant coalitions appear to be stable. This is because the collective welfare surplus from cooperation is not found to be large enough for transfers to offset the free-riding incentives of all countries simultaneously. Some factors omitted from the analysis, which might improve coalition stability, include the co-benefits from mitigation action, the costless removal of fossil fuel subsidies, as well as alternative assumptions regarding countries’ bargaining behaviour.
    DOI: 10.1787/223552487415
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation : How to Build the Necessary Global Action in a Cost-Effective Manner (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 128 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.701
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the cost of a range of national, regional and global mitigation policies and the corresponding incentives for countries to participate in ambitious international mitigation actions. The paper illustrates the scope for available instruments to strengthen these incentives and discusses ways to overcome barriers to the development of an international carbon price, based on the quantitative assessment from two global and sectorially-disaggregated CGE models. Key step towards the emergence of a single international carbon price will most likely involve the phasing out of subsidies of fossil fuel consumption and various forms of linking between regional carbon markets, ranging from direct linking of existing emission trading systems to more indirect forms through the use of sectoral crediting mechanisms. The paper discusses regulatory issues raised by the expansion of emission trading and crediting schemes as well as the complementary contribution of non-market based instruments such as the imposition of technical standards and R&D policies. Finally, the paper emphasises the important role of international transfers, not least to overcome the relatively strong economic incentives in some countries to free ride on other regions mitigation actions. While they can take various explicit or implicit forms, transfers made primarily through market mechanisms, for instance via the allocation of binding emission reduction commitments across countries, would be most cost-effective.
    DOI: 10.1787/224074334782
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic resilience to shocks : The role of structural policies (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-38
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Résilience économique aux chocs : Le rôle des politiques structurelles
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-38
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cyclical fluctuations in economic activity have moderated over time but the extent and dynamics of volatility remain different across OECD countries. A reason behind this heterogeneity is that countries exhibit different degrees of resilience in the face of common shocks. This paper traces divergences in resilience back to different policy settings and institutions in labour, product and financial markets. Using pooled regression analysis across 20 OECD countries over the period 1982-2003, the paper identifies the impact of policy settings on two dimensions of resilience: the impact effect of a shock and its subsequent persistence. Policies and institutions associated with rigidities in labour and product markets are found to dampen the initial impact of shocks but to make their effects more persistent, while policies allowing for deep mortgage markets lower persistence and thereby improve resilience. Combining these two dimensions of resilience, the paper then uses the estimated equations to derive indicators of resilience for the OECD countries concerned, based on their current or recent policy settings. Three groups of countries emerge. In English-speaking countries, simulations suggest shocks have a significant initial effect on activity but this impact then dies out relatively quickly. By contrast, in many continental European countries the initial impact of shocks is cushioned but their effect linger for longer, with the cumulated output loss tending to be larger than in English-speaking countries. Finally a few, mostly small, European countries combine cushioning of the initial shock with a fairly quick return to baseline.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art6-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation : Policies and Options for the Future (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 129 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.658
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Considering the costs and risks of inaction, ambitious action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is economically rational. However, success in abating world emissions will ultimately require a least-cost set of policy instruments that is applied as widely as possible across all emission sources (countries, sectors and greenhouse gases). The main purpose of this paper is to explore feasible ways to meet these two basic requirements for successful future climate policies. Using a range of modelling frameworks, it analyses cost-effective policy mixes to reduce emissions, the implications of incomplete coverage of policies for the costs of mitigation action and carbon leakage, the role of technology-support policies in lowering future emissions and policy costs, as well as the incentives –and possible options to enhance them – for emitting countries to take action against climate change.
    DOI: 10.1787/228868001868
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Taxonomy of Instruments to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and their Interactions (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.636
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews alternative (national and international) climate change mitigation policy instruments and interactions across them. Carbon taxes, cap-and-trade schemes, standards and technology-support policies (R&D and clean technology deployment) in particular are assessed according to three broad costeffectiveness criteria, their: i) static efficiency, defined to cover not just whether the instrument is costeffective per se but also whether it provides sufficient political incentives for wide adoption; ii) dynamic efficiency, which implies an efficient level of innovation and diffusion of clean technologies in order to lower future abatement costs; iii) ability to cope effectively with climate and economic uncertainties. Multiple market failures and political economy obstacles need to be addressed in order to meet these criteria. In this regard, carbon taxes or cap-and-trade schemes appear to perform better than alternatives. However, their cost-effectivenes can be enhanced through targeted use of other instruments. There is therefore room for climate policy packages.
    DOI: 10.1787/236846121450
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oil Price Shocks, Rigidities and the Conduct of Monetary Policy : Some Lessons from a New Keynesian Perspective (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.603
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The strong and sustained rise in oil prices observed in recent years poses a challenge to monetary policy and its ability to simultaneously achieve low inflation and stable output. Against this background, the paper studies monetary policy in a small open economy New Keynesian DSGE model including oil as a production input and a component of final demand. It investigates the performance of alternative price level definitions, notably headline and core CPI, in standard interest rate rules with respect to output and inflation stabilisation. The analysis puts special emphasis on the impact of price and real wage rigidity and their interaction on the policy trade-off induced by the oil price shock. While the degree of price rigidity alone is found to have little impact on the shock transmission and generates only small differences between alternative monetary strategies, the simulations suggest a more important role for real wage stickiness. Real wage stickiness triggers second round effects and complicates stabilisation whatever the policy rule. A focus on core inflation tends to limit the contraction of output in this context. The results also point to some interaction between nominal price and real wage rigidities. In the presence of real wage rigidity, greater price flexibility is found to be destabilising, as it amplifies the initial inflation effect of shocks, thereby triggering a stronger monetary policy response and a larger output effect.
    DOI: 10.1787/242188534400
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The determinants of unemployment across OECD countries : Reassessing the role of policies and institutions (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 7-86
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 89 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les déterminants du chômage dans les pays de l'OCDE : Une réévaluation du rôle des politiques et des institutions
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 1, p. 7-86
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Andrea Bassanini and Romain Duval are economists at the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs and the OECD Economics Department, respectively. Catherine Chapuis-Grabiner, Sébastien Martin and Rebecca Oyomopito provided excellent research assistance. Comments from Sveinbjorn Blöndal, Wendy Carlin, Jean-Philippe Cotis, Martine Durand, Jorgen Elmeskov, Michael P. Feiner, David Howell, Etienne Lehmann, Edmond Malinvaud, John P. Martin, Giuseppe Nicoletti, Stefano Scarpetta, Paul Swaim, Raymond Torres and participants to the joint WP1/WP5 EPC-ELSAC meeting in Paris, January 2006, and the Séminaire Fourgeaud, Paris, May 2006, are also gratefully acknowledged. Any errors are the responsibilities of the authors alone. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or of its member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art2-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transport Infrastructure Charges and Capacity Choice : Self-financing Road Maintenance and Construction (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101094
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.135
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tarification des infrastructures de transport et dimensionnement de la capacité ; L'autofinancement de l'entretien et de la construction des routes
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Much of the current policy debate has considered infrastructure charges as a form of “fiscal” instrument for managing transport demand. The Round Table analysed the opportunities for setting infrastructure service prices so that they also provide guidance for the supply of services. It discussed the possibilities of increasing the finances available for transport infrastructure investment and maintenance by introducing a quasi-market for transport infrastructure services. The general public impression is that charges are a just another tax increase in disguise. Infrastructure charging that uses a mix of “fees for service” and capacity expansion criteria is expected to correct this impression, and thus to improve the political acceptability of infrastructure pricing.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101094-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cutting Transport CO2 Emissions : What Progress? (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123782
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transports et émissions de CO2 ; Quels progrès ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transports et émissions de CO2 : Quels progrès ?
    RVK:
    AR 23400
    RVK:
    QT 800
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide mitigation ; Carbon dioxide Environmental aspects ; Greenhouse gas mitigation ; Transportation Environmental aspects ; Environment ; Transport ; OECD ; Verkehrssektor ; Kohlendioxidemission ; Emissionsverringerung ; European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    Abstract: Despite significant efforts on the part of some countries, transport CO2 emissions have increased steadily over the last ten years. This report reviews the progress OECD and ECMT countries have made in reducing transport sector CO2 emissions and makes recommendations for the focus of future policies. It includes detailed country-by country information on measures adopted and transport sector emissions for the period 1990 - 2003.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123782-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimation and Evaluation of Transport Costs (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101520
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.136
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estimation et évaluation des coûts de transport
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cost data for the construction and operation of facilities are essential for the evaluation of infrastructure services supplied by private or public providers. This roundtable examines what data is needed for evaluation; which methods best measure the efficiency of service provision and benchmark providers; how regulatory regimes impact costs; and how regulators can counter the asymmetry of information as well as the incentive for data providers to selectively serve business rather than user interests.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101520-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Competitive Tendering of Rail Services (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101636
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'adjudication par appels d'offres des services ferroviaires
    RVK:
    QR 820
    Keywords: Transport ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Eisenbahn ; Personenbeförderung ; Wettbewerb ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Eisenbahnverkehr ; Öffentliche Ausschreibung
    Abstract: Competitive tendering provides a way to introduce competition to railways whilst preserving an integrated network of services. It has been used for freight railways in some countries but is particularly attractive for passenger networks when subsidised services make competition between trains serving the same routes difficult or impossible to organise. This report examines experience to date from around the world in competitively tendering rail services. It seeks to draw lessons for effective design of concessions and regulation from both the successful and less successful cases examined. The work is based on detailed examinations by leading experts of the experience of passenger rail concessions in the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands. It also draws on examples of freight rail concessions in Latin America.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101636-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Structural Policies and Economic Resilience to Shocks (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.567
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cyclical fluctuations in economic activity have moderated over time but the extent and dynamics of volatility remain different across OECD countries. A reason behind this heterogeneity is that countries exhibit different degrees of resilience in the face of common shocks. This paper traces divergences in resilience back to different policy settings and institutions in labour, product and financial markets. Using pooled regression analysis across 20 OECD countries over the period 1982-2003, the paper identifies the impact of policy settings on two dimensions of resilience: the impact effect of a shock and its subsequent persistence. Policies and institutions associated with rigidities in labour and product markets are found to dampen the initial impact of shocks but to make their effects more persistent, while policies allowing for deep mortgage markets lower persistence and thereby improve resilience. Combining these two dimensions of resilience, the paper then uses the estimated equations to derive indicators of resilience for the OECD countries concerned, based on their current or recent policy settings. Three groups of countries emerge. In English-speaking countries, simulations suggest shocks have a significant initial effect on activity but this impact then dies out relatively quickly. By contrast, in many continental European countries the initial impact of shocks is cushioned but their effect linger for longer, with the cumulated output loss tending to be larger than in English-speaking countries. Finally a few, mostly small, European countries combine cushioning of the initial shock with a fairly quick return to baseline.
    DOI: 10.1787/140152385131
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transport Links between Europe and Asia (Russian version) (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282103814
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (82 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport Links between Europe and Asia
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les liaisons de transport entre l'Europe et l'Asie
    Keywords: Transport
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282103814-ru
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving Access to Taxis (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101049
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (83 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer l'accès aux taxis
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Taxis are an essential mode of transport for disabled and older people. The combination of the personal service they offer, their wide availability and door-to-door operations enable them to respond particularly well to the travel needs of people with disabilities. Although several countries have made progress in improving the accessibility of taxi services, much remains to be done. This joint ECMT/IRU study examines factors relating to the design and manufacture of taxi vehicles and considers practical measures to increase the production and use of accessible taxis.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101049-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transport, Urban Form and Economic Growth (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101650
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.137
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport, formes urbaines et croissance économique
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport
    Abstract: Containing sprawl is a major preoccupation of many urban planners, who view sprawl as responsible for driving up environmental costs and congestion. Nevertheless, many economists see benefits to sprawl, allowing households access to larger and cheaper properties. This Round Table examines the costs and benefits of sprawl, shedding light on the linkages between urban form and economic growth, and explored the tradeoffs involved in trying to contain sprawl. Discussions were based on papers prepared by Elizabeth Deakin (UC Berkeley), Matthew Kahn (Tufts University), Gilles Duranton (University of Toronto) and David Banister (University College London).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101650-en
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    (De)Regulation of the Taxi Industry (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (169 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.133
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La (dé)-réglementation du secteur des taxis
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table examines the basic case for liberalisation of the taxi industry, and reviews experiences with taxi (de-)regulation in OECD and ECMT member countries. There are a number of aspects to regulation of the taxi industry including entry, price and service quality regulation. The discussions of these aspects concluded that little empirical evidence supported the argument that entry restrictions improved capacity utilisation. On the contrary, the case could be made that increased entry and associated economies of density, as well as shorter passenger waiting times, warranted subsidies for entry.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101155-en
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Market Access, Trade in Transport Services and Trade Facilitation (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101476
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (235 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.134
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Accès au marché, commerce des services de transport et facilitation des échanges
    Keywords: Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: This ECMT Round Table, hosted by the Hellenic Institute of Transport in Thessaloniki, Greece, focused on regional integration in the context of multilateral trade liberalisation, the effects on market structure of liberalising trade in transport services, interaction of the liberalisation of trade in transport services and national competition policies, and demand for the coordination of international transport infrastructure policies, transport security, and logistics policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101476-en
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  • 20
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    Online Resource
    Transport Infrastructure Investment and Economic Productivity (2007)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101254
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (109 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.132
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Investissements en infrastructures de transport et productivité de l'économie
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table is one of a series of research events to discuss tools to improve transport planning. It addressed the macroeconomic effects of transport infrastructure policies, and aimed at identifying analytical and empirical tools that could determine the overall volume of public expenditure for transport infrastructure investment. It also sought to identify state-of-the-art methods for assessing the macroeconomic impact of transport infrastructure investment. Background papers were provided by David Canning (Harvard University), Charles Hulten (University of Maryland) and Andreas Kopp (OECD/ECMT Transport Research Centre).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101254-en
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Employment Patterns in OECD Countries : Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 127 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.486
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper explores the impact of policies and institutions on employment and unemployment of OECD countries in the past decades. Reduced-form unemployment equations, consistent with standard wage setting/price-setting models, are estimated using cross-country/time-series data from 21 OECD countries over the period 1982-2003. In the "average" OECD country, high and long-lasting unemployment benefits, high tax wedges and stringent anti- competitive product market regulation are found to increase aggregate unemployment. By contrast, highly centralised and/or coordinated wage bargaining systems are estimated to reduce unemployment. These findings are robust across specifications, datasets and econometric methods. As policies and institutions affect employment not only via their impact on aggregate unemployment but also through their effects on labour market participation - particularly for those groups "at the margin" of the labour market, group-specific employment rate equations are also estimated. In the "average" OECD country, high unemployment benefits and high tax wedges are found to be associated with lower employment prospects for all groups studied, namely prime-age males, females, older workers and youths. There is also evidence that group-specific policy determinants matter, such as targeted fiscal incentives. The paper also finds significant evidence of interactions across policies and institutions, as well as between institutions and macroeconomic conditions. Consistent with theory, structural reforms appear to have mutually reinforcing effects: the impact of a given policy reform is greater the more employment-friendly the overall policy and institutional framework. Certain more specific interactions across policies and institutions are found to be particularly robust, notably between unemployment benefits and public spending on active labour market programmes as well as between statutory minimum wages and the tax wedge. Finally, it is shown that macroeconomic conditions also matter for unemployment patterns, with their impact being shaped by policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/846627332717
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  • 22
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    Employment Patterns in OECD Countries : Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 131 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.35
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper explores the impact of policies and institutions on employment and unemployment of OECD countries in the past decades. Reduced-form unemployment equations, consistent with standard wage setting/pricesetting models, are estimated using cross-country/time-series data from 21 OECD countries over the period 1982- 2003. In the “average” OECD country, high and long-lasting unemployment benefits, high tax wedges and stringent anti-competitive product market regulation are found to increase aggregate unemployment. By contrast, highly centralised and/or coordinated wage bargaining systems are estimated to reduce unemployment. These findings are robust across specifications, datasets and econometric methods. As policies and institutions affect employment not only via their impact on aggregate unemployment but also through their effects on labour market participation - particularly for those groups “at the margin” of the labour market, group-specific employment rate equations are also estimated. In the “average” OECD country, high unemployment benefits and high tax wedges are found to be associated with lower employment prospects for all groups studied, namely prime-age males, females, older workers and youths. There is also evidence that group-specific policy determinants matter, such as targeted fiscal incentives.
    DOI: 10.1787/702031136412
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  • 23
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    Glossary for Transport Statistics 3rd Edition (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102084
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p)
    Edition: 3rd Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Glossaire des statistiques de transport 3e édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Glossary for Transport Statistics 3rd Edition (Russian version)
    Keywords: Verkehrsstatistik ; Güterverkehr ; EU-Staaten ; Transport ; Glossar enthalten
    Abstract: This glossary aims at assisting member countries during the collection of data on transport made by the UNECE, ECMT and Eurostat through the Common Questionnaire. This third edition is the result of the valuable cooperation between the three organizations, that - through the action of the Intersecretariat Working Group - put a constant effort into meeting the need to harmonize transport statistics at the international level. By following the guidance expressed in these definitions, a considerable contribution will be given to the improvement in quality of data and their comparability.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102084-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 24
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    Glossary for Transport Statistics 3rd Edition (Russian version) (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102107
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p)
    Edition: 3rd Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Glossary for Transport Statistics 3rd Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Glossaire des statistiques de transport 3e édition
    Keywords: Transport
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102107-ru
    URL: Volltext
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  • 25
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    The Social Costs of Transport : A Glossary (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065307
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (5 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les coûts sociaux des transports ; Glossaire
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les coûts sociaux des transports : Glossaire
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This glossary of terms and definitions, which was produced by an ad hoc Task Force on Social Costs, provides a basis for agreement among governments on what classes of social effects require internalisation and where intervention is appropriate.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065307-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 26
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    Transport Services : The Limits of (De)regulation (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123461
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.129
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'offre de transports ; Les limites de la (dé)réglementation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'offre de transports : Les limites de la (dé)réglementation
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: While deregulation and privatisation in the transport sector have led to increases in productivity in general, not all reform hopes have materialised. In particular, the reform of the provision of infrastructure services has not caused the expected mobilisation of private resources, and concession relations have been less stable and less efficiency-enhancing than expected. In view of current discussions of reform results, the Round Table focused on the following issues: What are the limits for deregulation? Which are the crucial factors that necessitate regulation? What is the role of the transaction costs of regulation? What is the cost of regulation?
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123461-en
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  • 27
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    Road Safety Performance : National Peer Review: Russian Federation (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123362
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Road Safety Performance; National Peer Review; Russian Federation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Road Safety Performance: National Peer Review: Russian Federation
    Keywords: Transport ; Russian Federation
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123362-ru
    URL: Volltext
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  • 28
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    Transport Links between Europe and Asia (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113813
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (81 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les liaisons de transport entre l'Europe et l'Asie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport Links between Europe and Asia (Russian version)
    RVK:
    QR 800
    RVK:
    QM 000
    Keywords: Transportation and state Asia ; Transportation and state Europe ; Transport ; Asia Commerce ; Europe Commerce ; Europa ; Internationaler Güterverkehr ; Landweg ; Asien ; Außenhandel ; Landverkehr ; Festland ; Containerverkehr
    Abstract: Land links between Europe and Asia can offer a viable alternative to sea transport. However, the provision of efficient land links between Europe and Asia requires appropriate policy decisions on issues such as the development of adequate infrastructure and the removal of regulatory or institutional barriers that prevent the development of efficient transport services. This publication features the recommendations approved by the Ministers and the “Report on Trends in Europe-Asia Trade and Consequences for Transport." It also includes the plan of action approved by Ministers to facilitate intermodal transport between Europe and Asia and the conclusions of a previous seminar in Kiev on “Intermodal Transport between Europe and Asia: Opportunities and Challenges”.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282113813-en
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  • 29
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    Transport and International Trade (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113394
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.130
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport et commerce international
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: With the removal of many trade policy barriers, further international economic integration depends largely on the reduction of trade costs originating in the transport sector. This Round Table presents three papers focusing on the structure and development of international transport costs over the past decades and the benefits to be expected from investment in international transport facilities and the reduction of the costs of crossing borders. The papers were provided by David Hummels (Purdue University), Anthony Venables (London School of Economics and Centre for Economic Policy Research) as well as Harry Broadman and John S. Wilson (World Bank).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282113394-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 30
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    Transport and Decentralisation (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282113431
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.131
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les transports et la décentralisation
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Over the past decades, many OECD countries' transport sectors have become more decentralised. This report examines whether the economic benefits and experiences of decentralisation have been positive. It finds that the answers vary according to the mode of transport, the type of decentralisation, and transport users' representation in the process of decision-making.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282113431-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 31
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    ECMT Annual Report 2005 (2006)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123546
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2005
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This publication describes the activities of the ECMT during 2005. It also sets out the main documents approved by Ministers in Moscow and presents: the major events of the year, the latest trends in transport, the activities of the ECMT Working groups, and JTRC activities. It includes an organigramme and staff directory.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123546-en
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  • 32
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    The Effects of EMU on Structural Reforms in Labour and Product Markets (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.438
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: Structural reforms in labour and product markets are required in a number of euro-area countries. A question in this regard, which is the topic of this paper, is whether belonging to the euro area tends to help or hinder structural reform. The paper first reviews the theoretical arguments and the existing empirical literature – in both cases finding conclusions that point in opposite directions. Next, the paper uses an OECD database on labour market reform developed recently and an update of OECD indicators of product market regulation to compare progress in labour and product market reform over the decade since 1993 between euro-area countries and other OECD countries. Overall, euro-area countries appear to have made relatively good progress in structural reform but it is much less clear from the descriptive evidence whether progress can be ascribed to membership of Economic and Monetary Union. To explore further the role of monetary regime for structural reform, the paper undertakes an econometric examination of the likelihood that countries undertake reform in five specific areas of labour and product market policies. Based on pooled cross-country/time series Probit regressions covering 21 countries and the period 1985-2003, it is found that structural reform is strengthened by high unemployment, crisis as reflected in a large output gap, healthy public finances, reforms in other policy fields and small country size. Further, countries that pursue fixed exchange-rate regimes or participate in monetary union, and therefore have little or no monetary autonomy, appear to undertake less structural reform – with the effect possibly being concentrated on large countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/830757326248
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  • 33
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    Economic Evaluation of Long-Life Pavements : Phase 1 (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264008588
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Évaluation économique des chaussées à longue durée de vie ; Phase 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Economic evaluation of long-life pavements
    DDC: 388.1/1
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Straßenbau ; Baustoff ; Transport ; Straßenbaustoff ; Straßenoberbau ; Langlebigkeit ; Bewertung
    Abstract: With maintenance costs accounting for a large proportion of road budgets, this report assesses the economic and technical feasibility of innovative wearing courses for long life road pavements. While having higher initial costs, such wearing courses have the potential to dramatically reduce recurrent road maintenance requirements and user costs and could also reduce overall costs significantly, under circumstances outlined in the report.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264008588-en
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  • 34
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    ECMT Annual Report 2004 (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282103463
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (115 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2004
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This brochure describes the activities of the ECMT during 2004. It also sets out the main documents approved by Ministers in Ljubljana and presents: the major events of the year, the latest trends in transport, the activities of the ECMT Working groups, and JTRC activities. It includes an organigramme and staff directory.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282103463-en
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  • 35
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    Time and Transport (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123294
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.127
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le temps et les transports
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table revisits the extended literature on the valuation of passenger time and discusses the under-researched topic of the value of time in freight transport. It assesses the increased value of time in international freight transport, given the trend towards globalisation. In particular, urban planners are concerned that an overvaluation of passenger time could give rise to excessive urban infrastructure investment which would induce low-density development of cities and urban sprawl. Transport policy measures that increase the speed and reliability of freight transport not only reduce its direct costs but have strong effects on inventory policies, logistics and even the location of firms. As recent empirical studies show, variations in time requirements for international transport, and increasingly short product and fashion cycles, have an influence on the pattern of foreign direct investment and international trade flows. Rational transport policy decision making has to take account of these indirect effects.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123294-en
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  • 36
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    Airports as Multimodal Interchange Nodes (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282103418
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.126
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les aéroports ; des plaques tournantes multimodales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les aéroports : des plaques tournantes multimodales
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This ECMT Round Table features four papers: The European Market for Airline Transportation and Multimodalism, The Role of Airports in the Transport Chain, Airport Systems and Connectivity, and Airports as Multimodal Interchange Nodes - The Example of London Heathrow. These papers discuss how the requirements of ensuring efficient land transport connectivity depend on the market structure of the airline industry and its impact on the airport network.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282103418-en
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  • 37
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    National Systems of Transport Infrastructure Planning (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123423
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.128
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Systèmes nationaux de planification des infrastructures de transport
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table discusses changes in national systems of transport infrastructure planning and the lessons for the further improvement of planning processes. It covers the following issues: the rationale of transport infrastructure planning and related reform needs, the decentralisation of planning institutions, reforms of planning and evaluation methods, reforms of infrastructure financing and pricing. This report contains background papers reporting on the national experiences of France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123423-en
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  • 38
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    Assessing the OECD Jobs Strategy : Past Developments and Reforms (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 73 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.429
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In 1994, the OECD published a set of recommendations -- known as the OECD Jobs Strategy -- to deal with high and persistent unemployment that affected many member countries. These recommendations are currently being reassessed by the OECD and this paper contributes to this process. It provides a detailed description of labour market reforms in member countries over the past ten years, together with a short overview of changes in macroeconomic policies and reforms affecting product markets. It attempts to rank countries according with their past reform efforts, using an aggregate reform intensity indicator, and analyses the link, though in a very preliminary way, between reforms and labour market performance. Overall, there is little evidence of a link between initial conditions and subsequent reform efforts, with some countries taking only modest measures despite a poor starting point, while others carrying out ambitious programs even though their initial conditions were already relatively favourable. Over the past decade, member countries have employed very diverse reform strategies, from comprehensive reforms package (Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands) -- as recommended in the initial Jobs Strategy -- to reforms more narrowly targeted on specific fields where deep action was undertaken (France, Italy, the United Kingdom and Ireland). The intensity of reforms has differed markedly across policy fields, with more action being undertaken in areas that are more widely accepted by the population, such as active labour market policies and cuts of labour taxes. Please note that annexes are available on the Economics Department Website at: www.oecd.org/eco/Working_Papers.
    DOI: 10.1787/673876504152
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  • 39
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    Performance-based Standards for the Road Sector (2005)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123386
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Series Statement: Road Transport and Intermodal Linkages Research Programme
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des normes de performance pour le secteur routier
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This report examines existing regulatory approaches and then explores how performance standards might be used to improve regulatory outcomes. Under a performance-based approach to regulation, standards would specify the performance required from vehicle operations rather than mandating how this level of performance is to be achieved. More flexible performance-based regulations provide for increased innovation and more rapid adoption of new technologies. The report explores the regulatory reform processes in some countries that have led to more direct, outcome-oriented approaches to regulating road transport vehicles.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123386-en
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