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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development Co-operation Reviews: Japan 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173576
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.34
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Japon 1999
    RVK:
    QC 347
    RVK:
    QG 870
    RVK:
    QM 353
    Keywords: Development ; Japan ; Japan ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Entwicklungshilfe
    Abstract: Japan is the leader in volume among DAC donors, but it ranks 19th out of 21 bilateral Members in terms of ODA as a percentage of GNP. Compared to other Members, its aid programme has a higher proportion of loans, with preference towards Asia and lower middle-income countries, and a heavy emphasis on assistance for economic infrastructure as opposed to the social sectors. Japan is making major efforts to improve its aid programme through an administrative reform, piloting the new international development strategy, a country-focused approach, and a push towards increased quality, transparency, and efficiency. The DAC encourages these developments and recommends that Japan should: - strengthen staffing and decentralisation; - enhance NGO involvement; - mainstream cross-cutting issues such as poverty, gender, and governance; - design and evaluate projects with a view towards cost-efficiency, sustainability, technological appropriateness, and socio-economic impact; - and ensure policy dialogue with recipient countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173576-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development Co-operation Reviews: European Community 1998 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264164079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.30
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Communauté Européenne 1998
    RVK:
    QC 347
    RVK:
    QM 353
    RVK:
    MK 8500
    Keywords: Development ; OECD
    Abstract: The European Community (EC) is the world's second largest multilateral channel for development assistance (after the World Bank). Its combined programmes are the fifth-largest among the 22 Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), and EC programmes have grown an average 3.3 per cent annually over the past five years, while the combined effort of DAC countries declined by 4.7 per cent annually. The Community's allocation of resources to lower income countries has not kept pace, however, with the overall growth of the ODA budget over recent years. EC programmes operate within a complex organisation and management structure, and Brussels faces serious challenges of implementation in adapting its operations to achieve agreed development objectives. There have been important steps in the evolution of the European Commission structures: a Common Service has been created to implement co-operation activities for the four Directorates General. But there is still a need to strengthen the capacity of delegations in the field to work fully with partners in advancing local ownership and co-ordination. The EC has a strong role to play in improving the coherence of policies affecting developing countries. The report analyses this question in fields such as agriculture, trade, fisheries agreements and Community fishing fleet subsidies. Co-ordination with other donors also seems to be improving, which bodes well for better overall partnerships between donors and partner countries. In 1998, the development co-operation policy of the following DAC Member countries will be reviewed: Canada, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Spain, and the United States.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264164079-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development Co-operation Reviews: Finland 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172012
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.31
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Finlande 1999
    RVK:
    QC 347
    RVK:
    QM 353
    RVK:
    MK 8500
    Keywords: Development ; Finland ; OECD ; Finnland
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1999 review of Finlands development aid programmes and policies. It finds that following a steep decline in its development co-operation programme in the early 1990s Finland is engaged in redesigning and building up its aid programme. The Cabinet Decision-in-principle of September 1996 is now the main point of reference for Finnish development co-operation. It includes a firm target of 0.4 per cent by the year 2000 for the ratio of Finland's official development assistance to the gross national product (the ODA/GNP ratio), the integration of development co-operation into a coherent foreign policy framework and the reorganisation of the aid administration within the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. At the DAC review of Finland's aid policies and programmes on 16 October 1998 the Committee commended both the partnership orientation of Finland's policies, as set out in the Decision-in-principle, and the growing volume of Finnish aid, a welcome reversal of the situation at the time of the last DAC Peer Review of Finland in 1995, when aid volume was in a deep decline. This Review addresses several other key issues: Finland's long-term partnerships with primary orientation countries; the flexibility concept, included in the Decision-in-principle; the need for clear sectoral and cross-cutting policy guidance; field management and delegation to the field; and the revised screening process for project and policy proposals that is part of the quality control system of Finnish aid.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172012-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade and Competition Policies : Exploring the Ways Forward (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174047
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: To further benefit from trade liberalisation, developed and developing countries must get their policies right, in trade and other spheres, such as the web of domestic regulations that affect commerce within and between countries. In the run-up to the November 1999 WTO Ministerial in Seattle, Washington, and a possible new round of multilateral trade negotiations, a Conference on trade and competition was held on 29-30 June 1999 at the OECD to explore the various options towards better coherence between trade and competition policies. This Conference provided OECD countries and 30 non-member countries, academics and representatives of business, trade unions and advocacy groups a unique opportunity to discuss ways to strengthen trade and competition policies in the interests of more open global markets. They examined the effects of trade measures on competition. They also debated whether private anticompetitive practices, and certain domestic regulations, point to the need for multilateral trade and competition rules. This publication summarises those discussions and includes keynote addresses by Sir Leon Brittan and U.S. Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust Joel Klein, as well as an issues paper drafted by the OECD Secretariat to serve as a background note for the Conference.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174047-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development Co-operation Reviews: Luxembourg 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172050
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.32
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Luxembourg 1999
    RVK:
    QM 353
    RVK:
    QC 347
    RVK:
    MK 8500
    Keywords: Development ; Luxembourg ; OECD ; Luxemburg
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1999 review of Luxembourg's development aid programmes and policies. It finds that Luxembourg's aid programme has made considerable headway since the first review by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in 1993. The government has implemented most of the DAC's recommendations following that review. Measures taken by the government include: a new law defining the aims of co-operation; selection of target countries; an increase in the number of staff assigned to the aid programme; an agreement governing relations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Co-operation (MFA) and Lux-Development, the executive agency. Over the last five years the volume of Luxembourg's official development assistance (ODA) has risen by an average of 15 per cent a year in real terms. Luxembourg's development aid reached 0.55 per cent of its gross national product (GNP) in 1997. This advance has been made possible by the unanimous support of political parties and public opinion. The non-governmental organisations occupy a special place in the aid programme since a quarter of bilateral aid is channelled through them. Luxembourg delivers its aid entirely in grant form, and largely untied. The sharp rise in the volume of aid makes it important to control and improve the quality of projects and programmes by means of more stringent selection procedures, closer monitoring of projects and systematic [ex-ante] and [ex-post] evaluations. To that end it is crucial to reduce the number of recipient countries, to strengthen further human resources for the aid programme and to extend training for co-operation staff.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172050-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Taxing Powers of State and Local Government (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174030
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pouvoirs fiscaux des administrations infranationales
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation
    Abstract: In many OECD countries, issues in fiscal federalism feature prominently in the political debate. Policy discussions in this area should preferably be supported by internationally comparable statistical information on fiscal relations between levels of government, both in the areas of taxation and spending. The annual OECD Revenue Statistics publication reports tax revenues by sub-sector of general government. However, it does not indicate the degree of control state and local governments exercise over their tax revenues. Because such data are not available on an internationally comparable level from other sources, the OECD has developed a framework to assess and analyze the degree of control that sub-central governments have over their taxes. Results shown in this book serve to illustrate the great variety in tax autonomy at the level of sub-central government. This volume contains a description of fiscal relations in most of the nineteen countries concerned and it provides a set of detailed tables for each country, with revenues split by 1) level of sub-central government; 2) OECD classification of taxes; and 3) category of tax autonomy, following the framework developed by the Working Party on Tax Policy Analysis and Tax Statistics.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174030-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in Japan 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173712
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (360 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation au Japon 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation au Japon 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; Japan
    Abstract: OECD's 1999 review of regulatory reform in Japan. It finds that regulatory reform is at the heart of Japan’s strategy for economic recovery and long-term growth. Identified as a priority by the Japanese Government as early as 1994, considerable progress in regulatory reform has already been made. But today it is essential that regulatory reform be deepened and accelerated. This report calls for a "sharp break" with the regulatory practices and doctrines of the past. Energetic measures, including both sectoral reform and reform of framework conditions, need to be adopted quickly to complete the transition from a state-led growth model, now largely ineffective, to a market-driven growth model, the only model capable of laying the foundation for sustainable competitiveness and prosperity in Japan. Japan was one of the first OECD countries to request a broad review by the OECD of its national regulatory practices and domestic regulatory reforms. This report -- the result of intensive assessment by the OECD and review by its Member countries -- is unique in that it presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the macroeconomic context, the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and integration of market openness principles in regulatory processes, and in sectors such as electricity and telecommunications. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer-term based on best international regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173712-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development Co-operation Reviews: Spain 1998 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174290
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.27
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Espagne 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Espagne 1998
    Keywords: Development ; Spain
    Abstract: The Development Assistance Committee's 1998 review of Spain's development aid programmes and policies. It finds that The Spanish Government is making significant efforts to consolidate the political framework for development co-operation and improve the quality and transparency of its aid. A draft law on development co-operation was submitted to Parliament in the autumn of 1997 and new planning and evaluation systems for aid management are being introduced, including a multi-year indicative plan and country programmes. Despite severe budgetary constraints, an increase in the aid budget is also envisaged. These initiatives were well received by the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC) during the review of Spain's aid policies and programmes. The Committee also took note of the major improvement in the balance of the Spanish aid effort with a significant increase in the grant aid programme, accompanied by a decline in the tied Development Aid Fund (FAD) loan component, and expressed the hope that this trend would continue. The DAC encouraged the Spanish authorities to pursue their efforts to ensure greater consistency of the FAD loans with the overall development objectives and policy directions for Spanish aid. In relation to general good practice among donors, the Committee indicated its support for the measures to enhance the effectiveness of the Spanish aid programme and its capacity to implement and suggested that the Spanish authorities consider a number of further initiatives
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174290-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in the Netherlands 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173774
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The Dutch experience in regulatory reform has vital lessons about the modernisation of the European welfare state and its integration into the European single market. Regulatory reform is the most recent element in the reshaping of the Dutch model. Following reforms to labour markets and the social welfare system in the 1980s, Dutch governments in the 1990s have sought a "new balance between protection and dynamism" based on competition policy, regulatory reform, and market openness. Today, the Netherlands ranks among the top OECD countries by many measures of economic performance, including employment growth. Though still in its early phases, regulatory reform has already produced major gains for the Netherlands in terms of competitiveness, flexibility, and consumer benefits. Yet major challenges are still to be faced. Some important reforms have been slow, indicating that the balance between domestic consensus-building and policy responsiveness is still being adjusted in the modern Dutch model. Further reforms in many areas will bring important gains in boosting the employment rate, improving sectoral performance, and providing social protection at lower cost. The Netherlands is one of the first OECD countries to request a broad review by the OECD of its national regulatory practices and domestic regulatory reforms. This report -- the result of intensive assessment by the OECD and review by its Member countries -- is unique in that it presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the macroeconomic context, the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and integration of market openness principles in regulatory processes, and in sectors such as electricity and telecommunications. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer-term based on best international regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173774-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in Mexico 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789164180315
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; Mexico
    Abstract: OECD's 1999 review of regulatory reform in Mexico. It finds that regulatory reform has been key to the transformation of the Mexican economy over the past 15 years. Formerly inward-looking and heavily regulated, the Mexican economy today is relatively open and market-based. The rapid pace, broad scope, and depth of regulatory reforms exceed those of most OECD countries. These reforms have already produced major benefits for Mexico, not least by increasing economic flexibility so that Mexico rebounds more quickly from economic crises. But benefits of reforms have been slowed by the macroeconomic crises of the 1990s. Sustained attention is needed now to complete and implement reforms to establish conditions for vigorous market competition and entry, while strengthening the capacity of the Mexican state to use high quality and transparent regulatory instruments in carrying out public policies. A multi-year period of policy stability supportive of market-led growth could produce enduring and broad-based benefits for Mexican consumers and businesses. Mexico was one of the first OECD countries to request a broad review by the OECD of its national regulatory practices and domestic regulatory reforms. This report -- the result of intensive assessment by the OECD and review by its Member countries -- is unique in that it presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the macroeconomic context, the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and integration of market openness principles in regulatory processes, and in sectors such as telecommunications. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer-term based on best international regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789164180315-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in the United States 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173989
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation aux États-Unis 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation aux États-Unis 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; United States
    Abstract: The United States has been a world leader in regulatory reform for a quarter century. Contrary to popular belief, the United States is not less regulated than other countries, but differently regulated due to the pro-competition policy stance of federal regulatory regimes, and the openness and contestability of regulatory processes. Far-reaching economic deregulation combined with efforts to improve the quality of social regulation have supported the construction of one of the most innovative, flexible and open economies in the OECD, while maintaining health, safety and environmental standards at relatively high levels. However, significant regulatory problems still exist. Improving the performance and cost-effectiveness of expensive social regulations and government formalities is a key challenge for regulatory quality. In a word, the challenge of regulatory reform in the United States is not how much regulation, but how good. The United States is one of the first OECD countries to request a broad review by the OECD of its national regulatory practices and domestic regulatory reforms. This report -- the result of intensive assessment by the OECD and review by its Member countries -- is unique in that it presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the macroeconomic context, the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and integration of market openness principles in regulatory processes, and in sectors such as electricity and telecommunications. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer-term based on best international regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173989-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Principios de la OCDE para el gobierno de las sociedades (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264474222
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Grundsätze der Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: En la última década el mundo ha sido testigo de transformaciones significantes del papel que juega el sector privado en el desarrollo de la economía y en la creación de empleos. Debido a que cada vez más países adoptan enfoques basados en mercado a la política económica, ha aumentado la conciencia de la importancia de corporaciones privadas para el bienestar de los individuos.Un buen régimen de gobierno corporativo ayuda a afirmar que las corporaciones utilizan su capital de manera eficaz. El buen gobierno corporativo ayuda además a asegurar que las corporaciones toman en cuenta los intereses de un amplio rango de componentes, al igual que para comunidades con las que operan, y que sus Juntas de Administración son responsables con la compañía y los accionistas. Ello ayuda a asegurar que las corporaciones operen para el beneficio de la comunidad. Ayuda a mantener la confianza de los inversionistas -trátese de nacionales o extranjeros - y a atraer capitales estables y a largo plazo.Los "Principios de la OCDE para el gobierno de las sociedades" fueron aprobados por los Ministros en la reunión del Consejo de la OCDE a nivel ministerial del 26-27 de mayo de 1999. Estos Principios responden al mandato dado a la Organización por el Consejo de la OCDE reunido a nivel ministerial del año 1998 a fin de definir normas y directrices de un sistema de gobierno de empresas de calidad.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264474222-es
    URL: Volltext
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development Co-operation Reviews: Denmark 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173088
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.33
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Danemark 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Danemark 1999
    Keywords: Development ; Denmark
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1999 review of Denmark's development aid programmes and policies. It finds that Denmark is the top performer among the 22 Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in terms of the volume of its official development assistance (ODA). Denmark’s ODA volume has been maintained at around 1% of gross national product (GNP) since 1992, thanks to a strong consensus and public support for development aid. The quality of Denmark’s aid effort is also most impressive. In particular this high volume of aid is supported by a strong long-range strategy, whose directions - and especially the central emphasis on poverty reduction - are in harmony with the Development Partnership Strategy agreed by the DAC in 1996. Denmark has succeeded in concentrating its bilateral assistance on 20 countries, 18 of which are low-income or least developed countries. Aid is concentrated on sectors of particular relevance to the poor and on programmes in the poorest areas of these countries, thus working towards the goal of poverty reduction. Since 1996, Denmark has pursued a policy of "active multilateralism" to promote its concerns for increased focus and efficiency in multilateral aid programmes. However, there is no clear evidence that this policy has greatly advanced the intended results, as it still reflects a largely unilateral approach more than a joint endeavour. Denmark is a long-standing positive example of the integration of the aid system with other aspects of foreign relations. This approach combines policy coherence in Denmark’s relations with developing countries and professionalism in the aid programme, enhanced by an effective decentralisation of responsibility to embassies in programme countries. This integrated approach has helped Danish development assistance (Danida) to pioneer since 1994 a shift in aid implementation from project support to Sector Programme Support (SPS), an approach which should be mutually reinforcing with the DAC’s Partnership Strategy. It implies also a stepping up in co-ordination activities, both between donors and with partner countries, which Denmark has fully backed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173088-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development Co-operation Reviews: Ireland 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173330
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.35
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Irlande 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Irlande 1999
    Keywords: Development ; Ireland
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1999 review of Ireland's development aid programmes. It finds that in 1999, Ireland marks the 25th anniversary of Irish Aid, its official aid programme. Over the last five years, the volume of Ireland’s official development assistance (ODA) has risen by an average of 20 per cent a year in real terms, the most rapid growth by a Member of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Preliminary data indicate that Ireland’s development co-operation reached 0.30 per cent of GNP in 1998, nearly double its 1992 level, and is projected to reach 0.35 per cent in 1999. After six years of impressive growth in volume and improvement in quality, most of the increase in aid in 1999 is being used for debt relief measures, European Union contributions, emergency humanitarian assistance and support for refugees in Ireland, rather than for allocations for the long-term development programmes administered by the Department of Foreign Affairs. Political commitments on aid allocations undertaken by the Minister of Finance mean that increases in the Department of Foreign Affairs’ part of the programme are now expected in 2000 and 2001. Two main issues confront the Irish Aid programme: how best to grow and how best to manage that growth. These are clearly issues which Ireland needs to consider and resolve itself, but the Development Assistance Committee can draw on its collective experience to contribute to Ireland’s reflections on these issues. A starting point, from experience elsewhere, is that Irish Aid should maintain and enhance the focused nature of the programme which is now one of its major strengths.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173330-en
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  • 15
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    Education, Migration and Productivity : An Analytic Approach and Evidence from Rural Mexico (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172852
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (98 p)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Éducation, migration et productivité ; Une analyse des zones rurales au Mexique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Éducation, migration et productivité : Une analyse des zones rurales au Mexique
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QG 630
    Keywords: Development ; Mexico ; Mexiko ; Ländlicher Raum ; Schulbildung ; Produktivität ; Migration
    Abstract: This book challenges the assumption that the major benefits of investment in rural education accrue to traditional agricultural activities, such as staples production. Indeed, rural economies are much more complex than such an assumption would allow and the benefits from education are, therefore, rather dispersed, and vary significantly according to the level of educational attainment achieved. The authors have carried out a survey of rural households in Mexico, taking into account educational levels, not only of the head of household, but also of the other members of the family. Their overriding purpose is to present an approach for analysing education-migration-productivity interactions, to test this approach using real-world data, and to draw relevant conclusions for educational and development policy. The result is an analytical tool of great practical interest for policy makers, as well as for specialists who might wish to extend the technique to other societies and situations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172852-en
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  • 16
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    Trade and Competition Policies for Tomorrow (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180000
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges et concurrence ; Quelles politiques pour demain ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges et concurrence : Quelles politiques pour demain ?
    RVK:
    QM 200
    Keywords: Governance ; Trade ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Wettbewerbspolitik
    Abstract: The links between trade policy and competition policy have become more important in recent years. With tariff reductions, trade negotiators are looking increasingly at non-border policies that distort trade and at non-governmental barriers to trade. And, as official barriers to trade and investment fall, firms may have a greater incentive to engage in anti-competitive conduct to protect markets. Hence the need for coherent trade and competition policies. Trade and competition policies each seek to improve the allocation of resources; they complement and reinforce each other. These papers from the OECD Joint Group on Trade and competition examine aspects of those complementarities and relationships and in so doing draw on the OECD’s capacity to analyse questions in a multidisciplinary way. This book -- which includes a whole chapter on the telecommunications sector -- throws new light on all these issues in the lead up to the WTO's new round of negotiations. But whatever the outcome of Seattle, the questions raised in this volume will remain relevant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180000-en
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  • 17
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    Conflict and Growth in Africa : Southern Africa Volume 3 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180154
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Conflits et croissance en Afrique ; Afrique australe Volume 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Conflits et croissance en Afrique : Afrique australe Volume 3
    RVK:
    QG 700
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This book is about conflict. In that, it is certainly not alone, but it approaches the problem in five Southern African countries from the standpoint of economic analysis. While the authors have not ignored social, ethnic and historical factors which led to conflict, they have identified economic realities which exacerbate underlying friction. These realities include disparities in rural-urban income levels and in health, education and employment, and a system of clientilism which benefits a small group of civil servants to the detriment of the rest of the population. Having identified aggravating economic factors in conflict, the authors proceed to an appreciation of its economic cost, then propose economic policy changes which would tend towards reducing the potential for conflict. One of a series of three volumes, this book concentrates on Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180154-en
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  • 18
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    Financial Liberalisation in Asia : Analysis and Prospects (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172562
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La libéralisation financière en Asie ; Analyses et perspectives
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La libéralisation financière en Asie : Analyses et perspectives
    RVK:
    QM 331
    RVK:
    QL 270
    RVK:
    QG 800
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Industry and Services ; Asien ; Kreditmarkt ; Krise
    Abstract: Rapid globalisation has brought substantial benefits to developing Asia, but it has also heightened the risks associated with policy mistakes, weak financial institutions, and problems in corporate and public governance. The 1997 Asian crisis has demonstrated the urgent need to rethink the sequencing and comprehensiveness of financial liberalisation. Would further opening of Asia's financial systems be helpful or counterproductive in fostering financial stability? What structural reforms do emerging economies need to undertake to ensure that capital inflows are transformed into productive investment? Which regulatory and other requirements would have to be attached to further financial liberalisation? And what role should international organisations and the private sector play in crisis resolution?This volume seeks to provide answers to these questions by discussing the roots of the Asian financial crisis and suggesting some constructive approaches to crisis resolution. It was produced jointly by the Asian Development Bank and OECD Development Centre based on their fourth joint annual Forum on Asian Perspectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172562-en
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  • 19
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    OECD Principles of Corporate Governance (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173705
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance: (Russian version)
    RVK:
    PS 4220
    RVK:
    QP 341
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services ; Aktiengesellschaft ; Eigentümer ; Recht ; Corporate Governance ; OECD
    Abstract: Over the past decade, the world has witnessed a significant transformation in the role of the private sector in economic development and job creation. As more and more countries have adopted market-based approaches to economic policy, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of private corporations for the welfare of individuals. A good corporate governance regime is central to the efficient use of corporate capital. Good corporate governance also helps to ensure that corporations take into account the interests of a wide rage of constituencies, as well as of the communities within which they operate, and that their boards are accountable to the company and the shareholders. This, in turn, helps to assure that corporations operate for the benefit of society as a whole. It helps to maintain the confidence of investors - both foreign and domestic - and to attract more long-term capital. The OECD Principles of Corporate Governance were endorsed by ministers at the OECD Council meeting at ministerial level on 26-27 May 1999. They were developed in response to a mandate given to the Organisation by the OECD Council meeting at ministerial level in 1998 to develop a set of standards and guidelines on good corporate governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173705-en
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  • 20
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    Public Sector Corruption : An International Survey of Prevention Measures (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173965
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La corruption dans le secteur public ; Panorama international des mesures de prévention
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La corruption dans le secteur public : Panorama international des mesures de prévention
    RVK:
    QR 420
    Keywords: Governance ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Korruption ; Prävention
    Abstract: Integrity is a fundamental pre-condition for governments seeking to provide a trustworthy and effective framework for the economic and social life of their citizens. The cost of corruption to governments is increasingly well known and documented. It is now widely recognised that countering corruption and promoting public integrity are critical for sustained economic development. Corruption, however, is not a cause but a consequence: as much the result of systemic failure as individual dishonesty. Preventing corruption is as complex as the phenomenon of corruption itself and a combination of interrelated mechanisms, including sound ethics management systems, specific prevention techniques and effective law and law enforcement, are needed for success. It is therefore invaluable, in taking action against corruption, to have an understanding of the relevant legal, civil service and management systems employed by a range of countries to counter corruption. This book surveys the measures that 15 OECD countries are currently using to protect their domestic public institutions against corruption. It is a companion to Ethics in the Public Service: Current Issues and Practice, OECD 1996.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173965-en
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  • 21
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    Trade, Investment and Development: Reaping the Full Benefits of Open Markets (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173309
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges, investissement et développement ; Optimiser les bénéfices de l'ouverture des marchés
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges, investissement et développement : Optimiser les bénéfices de l'ouverture des marchés
    RVK:
    QC 300
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; Freihandel ; Globalisierung ; Entwicklung
    Abstract: Developing and transition economies are seeking to accelerate their development by liberalising trade and investment, and taking advantage of the opportunities of the global market place. However, in the wake of recent financial crises, concerns have been expressed that some countries might turn away from open trade and investment. In fact, most crisis-affected countries are continuing to liberalise trade and investment, which they see as part of the solution to the crisis, not the cause. This report reviews evidence of the benefits and challenges of trade and investment for development, drawing on experiences from economies in various parts of the world. Experience shows that open trade and investment have been beneficial for development, when accompanied by a coherent set of growth-oriented macroeconomic and structural policies, capacity-building, social policy and good governance. Further, countries like Korea and Mexico that have responded to economic crisis with liberalisation and structural reform have experienced positive results. All countries -- developed, developing and transition -- have a vital stake in a new Round of multilateral trade negotiations to prepare for the global economy of 21st century.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173309-en
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  • 22
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    Competition, Innovation and Competitiveness in Developing Countries (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173323
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence, innovation et compétitivité dans les pays en développement
    RVK:
    QG 020
    Keywords: Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Wettbewerbsfähigkeit
    Abstract: The competitiveness of firms in a global economic environment is an essential element in development strategy, but simply creating an open economy will not suffice to stimulate competitiveness if innovation is lacking. This is the major finding of this cross-country and multi-industry study based on the experience of Brazil, Chinese Taipei, India and Korea.In developing countries and emerging economies, which can be considered technological latecomers, traditional industrial practices can be linked to policy changes which foster innovation, but can equally result in stagnation if the policy/practice mix is wrong. The case studies demonstrate that where industrial habits tend to reduce competitiveness, policies can make a difference, especially where they are directed to managing the timing, sequencing and type of market-opening steps. The book therefore opens a fresh debate on the industrial policies which developing countries need to adopt in order to compete and grow in a globalised economic environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173323-en
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  • 23
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    Post-Uruguay Round Tariff Regimes : Achievements and Outlook (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174023
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les régimes douaniers après l'Uruguay Round ; Bilan et perspectives
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les régimes douaniers après l'Uruguay Round : Bilan et perspectives
    RVK:
    QM 230
    Keywords: Trade ; Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations ; Handelshemmnis ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Zollpolitik ; Außenhandel ; Liberalisierung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Two of the most significant success stories of post-war trade diplomacy and multilateral trade negotiations that have occurred under the auspices of the GATT (now the WTO) have been the massive reductions in tariffs, and the establishment of non-discriminatory tariffs as the principal means of trade protection. When leaders from around the world gather in Seattle, Washington at the end of November 1999, a fresh opportunity to continue dismantling tariff barriers will present itself. This book provides trade negotiators with an indispensable tool that will help them formulate their negotiating objectives and strategies in the area of tariffs; it also provides policy analysts with key data that are necessary to define negotiating scenarios and to impute the corresponding impact on trade, employment and growth. Finally, students of international trade will no longer need to labour over obtaining comprehensive, detailed, and comparable tariff-line data and could proceed to apply these to policy issues and options.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174023-en
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  • 24
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    Conflict and Growth in Africa : Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda Volume 2 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174160
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Conflits et croissance en Afrique ; Kenya, Ouganda et Tanzanie Volume 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Conflits et croissance en Afrique : Kenya, Ouganda et Tanzanie Volume 2
    RVK:
    QG 700
    Keywords: Development ; Kenya ; Tanzania, United Republic of ; Uganda ; Kenia ; Wirtschaft ; Tansania ; Wirtschaft ; Uganda ; Wirtschaft
    Abstract: This is a book about conflict. In that, it is certainly not alone, but it approaches the problem in three East African countries from the standpoint of economic analysis. The authors have not ignored social, ethnic and historical factors which led to conflict, but have identified economic realities which exacerbate the frictions created by the other factors. These realities include disparities in rural-urban income levels and in health, education and employment, and a system of clientilism which benefits a small group of civil servants to the detriment of the rest of the population. Having identified aggravating economic factors in conflict, the authors proceed to an appreciation of its economic cost, then propose economic policy changes which would tend towards reducing the potential for conflict. One of a series of three volumes, this book concentrates on Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174160-en
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  • 25
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    Growth and Competition in the New Global Economy (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180758
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La croissance et la compétitivité dans la nouvelle économie mondiale
    RVK:
    QG 020
    RVK:
    QG 000
    RVK:
    MH 10910
    Keywords: Development ; Konferenzschrift 1996 ; Weltwirtschaft ; Internationalisierung ; Entwicklungsländer
    Abstract: The integration of the newly emerging economies (NEEs) into the global economy not only raises major challenges for OECD Member countries, which must adapt to new sources of competition, it also forces emerging economies to equip themselves with the policies and structures necessary to operate successfully in the global marketplace. That these challenges have still not been adequately taken up has been amply demonstrated by the financial crisis which struck Asian NEEs in mid 1997. Hence the need for more dialogue, on both the domestic and international levels, to reform policies and to avoid policy failures and crises in emerging economies, with ensuing impact on the industrialised countries. This book moves in that direction by dealing with issues as varied and complementary as: the perspectives for an integrating world economy; the financing of economic reform; employment generation and poverty alleviation; or the role of institutions in economic development. These themes are tackled in the light of the experience of Asian newly industrialised countries, namely Korea, China and India. This publication offers a stimulating, well-informed tour of the issues which policy makers will have to resolve if the integration of the NEEs into the world economy is to be facilitated. [This book brings together the presentations made during a conference organised jointly in Seoul by the OECD Development Centre, the Korean Development Institute and the International Center for Economic Growth.]
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180758-en
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  • 26
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    Liberalisation of International Insurance Operations : Cross-border Trade and Establishment of Foreign Branches = Libéraliser les opérations internationales d'assurance : Les échanges transfrontières et l'établissement de succursales étrangères (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073074
    Language: Multiple languages , English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    RVK:
    QR 560
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Versicherungswirtschaft ; Internationalisierung
    Abstract: This publication provides a unique overview and analysis of the main measures and practices which affect international insurance operations in OECD countries. The survey focuses in particular on main insurance fields where obstacles to a full liberalisation may still exist, i.e. cross-border trade and establishment of foreign branches. This is the first time since 1983 that such a work is undertaken by the OECD. This study will certainly contribute to further liberalisation of insurance markets in OECD countries and will provide an indispensable reference tool for any person involved in issues related to trade in insurance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073074-en-fr
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  • 27
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    Trade, Investment and Development: Policy Coherence Matters (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273504
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges, investissement et développement ; Pour la cohérence des politiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges, investissement et développement : Pour la cohérence des politiques
    RVK:
    QC 347
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; OECD ; Entwicklungspolitik
    Abstract: The development process can advance more rapidly than ever before in the new global economy. While opening their economies to trade and investment is a necessary condition for developing countries to achieve sustained high growth and reduce poverty, it is by no means a sufficient condition. Initiating a sustainable dynamic growth requires sound, market-oriented economic policies; appropriate social policy frameworks, including strong investment in human capital and adequate social safety-nets; and good governance. But, as shown by the Asian financial crisis, weaknesses in any of these basic foundations make even successful developing economies vulnerable to crisis. OECD countries have a pivotal role to play in facilitating developing countries' efforts to fully exploit the benefits of open trade and investment. The key objective of this report is to identify how OECD countries can promote policy coherence by improving the framework for international investment and capital flows; addressing environmental concerns; facilitating participation of developing countries in the global information society; and enhancing the coherence of development co-operation policies. To be successful, policy coherence implies the broader agenda of consciously taking account of the needs and interests of developing countries in order for them to be effective rather than vulnerable and marginal players in the global economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273504-en
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  • 28
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    Fiscal Decentralisation in Emerging Economies : Governance Issues (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172821
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La décentralisation budgétaire dans les économies émergentes ; Problèmes de gestion des affaires publiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La décentralisation budgétaire dans les économies émergentes : Problèmes de gestion des affaires publiques
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QL 270
    Keywords: Taxation ; Development ; Finanzwirtschaft ; Dezentralisation
    Abstract: This collection of experiences of fiscal decentralisation across a wide range of OECD-Member and non-member economies reveals lessons which are equally of relevance to both groups of countries. A major finding is that fiscal decentralisation is often confused in the latter group of countries with the removal of central-government control over subnational finances. This is a mistake; it may lead to fiscal irresponsibility on the part of local authorities, deteriorating fiscal positions at both levels, and high costs due to duplication of fiscal institutions. The book also finds that insufficient attention has been given to local revenue generation, as opposed to intergovernmental transfers.The issue of fiscal decentralisation in emerging economies is particularly important, because it arises, in part, from a desire to enhance democracy and local accountability. However, the devolution of responsibilities must take place in an atmosphere of transparency, where the local expertise exists to manage budgeting. Serious consideration must be given to revenue sourcing and effective expenditure control. Finally, local spending must match available revenues without becoming an additional strain on central government resources.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172821-en
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  • 29
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    Preparing for the Future - A Vision of West Africa in the Year 2020 : West Africa Long-Term Perspective Study (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and Club du Sahel
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174320
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Préparer l'avenir de l'Afrique de l'Ouest - Une vision à l'horizon 2020 ; Étude des perspectives à long terme en Afrique de l'Ouest
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Préparer l'avenir de l'Afrique de l'Ouest - Une vision à l'horizon 2020 : Étude des perspectives à long terme en Afrique de l'Ouest
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QG 720
    Keywords: Development ; Westafrika ; Wirtschaft
    Abstract: Between 1960 and 2020, the population of West Africa will have increased fivefold, even with the most optimistic assumptions of increased contraceptive use. This unprecedented demographic explosion is accompanied by another major change: Exposure to the world economy, that began after World War II and became particularly significant after independence.These two shocks will have far-reaching effects on all aspects of the region's economies and societies. Moreover, West Africa's population distribution will be radically altered with urban populations increasing by a factor of twenty over the same period. Population growth, migration and changing settlement patterns greatly influence economic, political, social, and institutional forms of organisation. In this context, and contrary to conventional wisdom, the people of West Africa are actively producing, consuming, trading and accumulating capital in a way that is significantly underestimated by national accounts. This study attemps to glean a more accurate understanding of the real economy of the West Africa region, an economy which provides the basis for many livelihoods.The Study was carried on with the assistance of the European Commission, the African Development Bank, the World Bank, Belgium, Canada, France, the Netherlands and the United States.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174320-en
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  • 30
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    Conflict and Growth in Africa : The Sahel Volume 1 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173552
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Conflits et croissance en Afrique ; Le Sahel Volume 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Conflits et croissance en Afrique : Le Sahel Volume 1
    RVK:
    QG 700
    Keywords: Development ; Sahel ; Wirtschaft
    Abstract: This is a book about conflict. In that, it is certainly not alone, but it approaches the problem in four Sahelian countries from the standpoint of economic analysis. The authors have not ignored social, ethnic and historical factors which led to conflict, but have identified economic realities which exacerbate the frictions created by the other factors. These realities include disparities in rural-urban income levels and in health, education and employment, and a system of clientilism which benefits a small group of civil servants to the detriment of the rest of the population. Having identified aggravating economic factors in conflict, the authors proceed to an appreciation of its economic cost, then propose economic policy changes which would tend towards reducing the potential for conflict. One of a series of three volumes, this book concentrates on Chad, Burkina-Faso, Mali and Niger.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173552-en
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  • 31
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    Regulatory Reform in the Global Economy : Asian and Latin American Perspectives (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163157
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: As border barriers to international trade and investment continue to be reduced thanks to liberalisation efforts, "behind-the-border" barriers -- which are typically regulations aiming at achieving domestic objectives such as health, safety, environmental or consumer protection -- are increasingly recognised as impeding trade and competition. The OECD project on regulatory reform has undertaken to tackle these new trade problems. This Workshop is aimed at expanding the horizon to dynamic economies outside the OECD area, particularly those in Asia and Latin America. What are the regulatory reform challenges for those economies, and how can they remain competitive in a global economy? How effectively can international mechanisms help them? The discussion revealed that regulatory reform has undoubtedly become a truly "global issue". This proceedings volume examines the role regulatory failures played in Asia's economic crisis, looks at regional trade groupings such as Mercosur and sheds light on the current international debate on food regulation as well as on the latest developments concerning the Information Technology Agreeement (ITA).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163157-en
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  • 32
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    Development Co-operation Reviews: United Kingdom 1998 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162778
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.25
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Royaume-Uni 1998
    DDC: 338.9469
    RVK:
    QG 410
    Keywords: Development ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1998 review of the UK's development aid programs and policies. It finds that the United Kingdom is changing its approach to international development policy. The new British Government, elected in May 1997, has created a Department for International Development (DFID), headed by a Secretary of State within the Cabinet. This body has a much wider range of responsibilities than its predecessors, notably in ensuring the coherence of all British policies affecting development. For the first time in two decades, the government issued a White Paper on International Development. This document commits the government to the goal of halving the proportion of people living in extreme poverty by 2015, along with other key international development goals. In its triennial review of British aid policies and programmes, the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) welcomed the United Kingdom's new policies. It viewed the creation of DFID, with its broader responsibilities covering the whole range of bilateral and multilateral aid, the emphasis on strengthened international co-ordination, and the new role in securing consistency across all British policies affecting development as promising steps. The DAC also noted that in focusing its efforts on the eradication of extreme poverty, DFID, like its DAC partners, will need to emphasize the shaping of its programmes and the testing of their outputs with respect to their impact on the poor.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162778-en
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    Institutional Investors in the New Financial Landscape (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163065
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (492 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: Institutional investors (insurance companies, investment companies and pension funds) have been gaining in importance in both OECD and non-OECD countries. The institutionalisation of savings is having a profound impact on the structure and functioning of capital markets. Institutional investors are the main forces shaping the new financial landscape. This publication gives a comprehensive overview of the major driving forces behind recent trends, future prospects, financial market implications as well as regulatory and supervisory challenges related to the rise in institutional assets.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163065-en
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    Corporate Governance, State-Owned Enterprises and Privatisation (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162730
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: How can the efficiency of state-owned enterprises be improved? What effects do privatisation policies have on corporate governance in privatised enterprises? What role do employees play in corporate governance? This report examines these issues and provides recommendations. This publication presents the papers of the OECD conference on "State-Owned Enterprises, Privatisation and Corporate Governance" which took place in Paris on 3 and 4 March 1997. It brings together contributions from different countries highlighting different approaches to governance in state-owned enterprises and the impact of the choice of privatisation method on post-privatisation corporate governance and performance. Special attention is paid to the experience of Canada, France, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162730-en
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  • 35
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    Development Co-operation Reviews: Canada 1998 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163171
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.26
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Canada 1998
    RVK:
    QG 610
    Keywords: Development ; Canada
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1998 review of Canada's development aid programmes and policies. It finds that in its foreign policy statement Canada in the World, the Canadian government reaffirmed its commitment to playing an active role in international efforts towards global peace and prosperity and set out a range of ambitious goals for the development co-operation programme. Canada is deploying great efforts to develop coherent responses to global challenges and the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) commended the comprehensive renewal process being undertaken by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) to equip itself with the means to tackle its challenging mission. CIDA is among the pioneers in the DAC in redirecting its programmes from a traditional-sector focus to a theme-based approach, concentrating on actual results rather than inputs. These promising efforts deserve careful monitoring and should yield valuable lessons for other donors. The reach and depth of Canada's international involvement -- clearly rooted in the country's values, interests and capabilities -- have, however, been constrained by public sector expenditure cuts, implemented in response to Canada's public debt burden. The Committee expressed concern that successive reductions in Canada's aid budget could affect Canada's ability to meet expectations, both at home and internationally.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163171-en
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    Wage Determination in the Public Sector : A France/Italy Comparison No. 21 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162365
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Keywords: Governance ; France ; Italy
    Abstract: Traditionally, pay analysis in the public sector has been based on cross section data, such as average or median wages. This study differs in that micro longitudinal data are used to explain and compare pay determination in the French and Italian civil services. Based on examples, the report presents different readings obtained from aggregate data and individual longitudinal data. It focuses on the weight of various components of human capital -- gender, age, year of birth, seniority, educational level -- on trends in civil servants' pay throughout working life. This type of analysis sheds new light in the area of human resource management in the civil service and, in particular, may be seen as a key tool for analysing gender pay discrimination.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162365-en
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  • 37
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    DAC Guidelines for Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment in Development Co-operation (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.)
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) have long recognised that sustainable development must reflect the needs of women and men. These Guidelines from 1998 aim to advance gender issues in their development co-operation programmes, furthering the contribution of the DAC Expert Group on Women in Development to bringing gender issues to the fore.
    DOI: 10.1787/791d5d28-en
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  • 38
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    Development Co-operation Reviews: Germany 1998 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163669
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.29
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Allemagne 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Allemagne 1998
    Keywords: Development ; Germany
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1998 review of Germany's development aid policies and programmes. It finds that the German aid programme is one of the largest in the world, and it is managed with great expertise and skill. It is strongly oriented towards the partnership principle. The three basic objectives of German aid are poverty reduction, protection of the environment and natural resources and education and training. Poverty reduction, gender and the protection of the environment are cross-cutting tasks permeating all German aid activities. Since the last review of its development co-operation programme by the OECD's Development Assistance Committee in 1995, Germany has taken several measures to improve the quality and effectiveness of its aid. These measures include:- the reformulation of the concept for development policy; - the establishment of guidelines for the integration of poverty reduction and gender into all project and programme design; - the conception and implementation of development-oriented emergency assistance programmes, including conflict resolution activities; - a new approach to evaluation; - decentralisation of the German technical assistance agency (GTZ); and the establishment of field offices by the financial co-operation agency (KfW); - more systematic relations with non-governmental organisations. At the same time, there are still significant challenges in adapting a complex multi-institutional management structure to evolving needs for policy-based, co-ordinated programmes, and also in overcoming persistent pressures on the budget. The volume of German aid for developing countries has been falling significantly in recent years. As a share of GNP, ODA net disbursements fell from 0.42 per cent in 1990 to 0.28 per cent in 1997. Assistance for the reform process in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union also declined sharply in 1996 and 1997.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163669-en
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  • 39
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    The Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export Credits (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189874
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'Arrangement relatif à des lignes directrices pour les crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This is the 1998 Arrangement. The main purpose of the Arrangement is to provide the institutional framework for an orderly export credit market; it aims to prevent an export credit race in which exporting countries compete on the basis of who grants the most favourable financing terms rather than on the basis of the price and quality of the product. The Arrangement sets limits on the terms and conditions for export credits involving credit terms of two years or more - that is, that are insured, guaranteed, extended, refinanced or subsidised by or through export credit agencies. In addition to providing a framework for official export credits, the Arrangement sets out rules for tied aid and for risk-based premium fees. The Arrangement is a gentlemen's agreement; it is not an OECD legal Act. The Participants to the Arrangement are most OECD Member countries
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189874-en
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    Development Co-operation Reviews: Netherlands 1997 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162556
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.24
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Pays-Bas 1997
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Pays-Bas 1997
    Keywords: Development ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1997 review of the Netherlands development aid policies and programmes. It finds that The Netherlands is traditionally a strong performer in the community of aid donors. It has been among the leading donors in volume of official development assistance (ODA), the care with which it has been used, and in continuous efforts for increased effectiveness. In its triennial review of the Netherlands' aid policies and programmes, the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) was particularly interested in the Netherlands' ambitious, even daring, reorganisation of its development co-operation which was undertaken in 1996. This far-reaching reorganisation affects the budget process and staffing of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and embassies in recipient countries. The DAC also welcomed the planned focus of Dutch aid on poverty eradication through economic and social sector development and noted the four Dutch volume input targets. The trend in the Dutch ODA effort, which declined between 1986 and 1994 as a share of Dutch GNP ration has turned around between 1994 and 1996. In 1996, The Netherlands was the fourth-ranking DAC Member in terms of ODA/GNP ratio and the fifth-ranking in absolute terms. The Committee commended the Netherlands on its ODA performance and hoped that the Dutch Information and Awareness Programme would continue to help inform the Dutch public, which has registered firm support for Dutch aid.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162556-en
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    Development Co-operation Reviews: Belgium 1997 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162464
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.23
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Belgique 1997
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Belgique 1997
    Keywords: Development ; Belgium
    Abstract: The Belgian aid system has experienced serious problems in recent years and is now going through a crucial transition period. An action plan has been prepared by the Secretary of State for Co-operation and basic reforms are under way. This plan, entitled "Showing our colours -- Plan for the future of Belgian co-operation and development", was well received by the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC). During its triennial peer review of Belgium's development co-operation policy and aid programme, the Committee also took note of the determination of the Secretary of State to design a co-operation programme that goes beyond economic and social considerations to take full account of the basic values of the society. In relation to general good practice among donors, the Committee indicated its support for a number of measures that might enhance the effectiveness of Belgium's development co-operation programme, including increasing efficiency by decentralising more executive functions and monitoring effectiveness through an active assessment, evaluation and feedback policy; raising staff skills through better training in key development subjects and by delegating authority both internally and to local offices; devising country strategies based on a new partnership approach; and focusing technical co-operation efforts on strengthening local capacity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162464-en
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    Development Co-operation Reviews: United States 1998 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163461
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.28
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; États-Unis 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : États-Unis 1998
    Keywords: Development ; United States
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1998 review of the US development aid policies and programmes. It finds that after a period of declining support, the United States has in recent years worked to strengthen both political and public confidence in its foreign assistance programmes. USAID's new Strategic Plan, issued in September 1997, aims at clear results through its support of developing and transitional countries' efforts to achieve sustained economic and social progress and to share more fully in resolving global problems. An ambitious effort has been made to link the reform of aid management to clearer goals and stronger partnerships. Nevertheless, the volume of resources devoted by the United States to official development assistance has continued its downward trend. Measured as a percentage of GNP, the United States now provides the lowest amount, by far, of any Member of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC). At its triennial review of the United States' aid policies and programmes on 6 April 1998, the DAC welcomed the measures that have been taken and looked forward to the full impact of the reforms and initiatives that have been launched. After serious international concern over recent years about diminishing funding and staffing in the United States programme, there are welcome first indications of strengthening budgets for aid to developing countries, confirmed by President Clinton's recent commitment to seek to increase the budget for African aid to its historically high levels. It is important that the United States pursue pro-development policies on a broad range of issues. Thus, the review gives special attention to the work of USAID in the areas of democracy, participation, governance, dealing with conflict and disasters, as well as the Transition Initiative, set up to help the United States respond to the needs falling between relief and development. Trade policy is also highlighted, as are the United States' multilateral contributions, and its role in promoting gender equality.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163461-en
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    Contracting Out Government Services : Best Practice Guidelines and Case Studies No. 20 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162174
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mieux sous-traiter les services publics ; Principes directeurs et études de cas n 20
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mieux sous-traiter les services publics : Principes directeurs et études de cas n 20
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Contracting out government services is one of the principal market-type mechanisms applied in OECD Member countries. Its use is increasing in virtually all Member countries as the evidence mounts that contracting out can lead to efficiency gains while maintaining or increasing service quality levels. How can governments make the most of contracting out ? What lessons can be learned from past experiences ? This report presents the OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Contracting Out Government Services and accompanying case studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162174-en
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  • 44
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    Open Markets Matter : The Benefits of Trade and Investment Liberalisation (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162938
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés ; Les avantages de la libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour l'ouverture des marchés : Les avantages de la libéralisation des échanges et de l'investissement
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: The benefits of open markets are tangible. In the last decade, countries that have been more open to trade and investment have achieved double the average annual growth of more closed economies. More individuals, firms and nations than ever before depend on the gains from trade and investment liberalisation. Yet anxiety about the effects of greater market integration remains. It is essential for long-term world prosperity that countries' commitment to trade and investment liberalisation be sustained. To be credible, that commitment must be rooted in and enjoy broad public support and understanding. This makes it all the more important to communicate what trade and investment liberalisation can and cannot do and be held responsible for. Trade and investment liberalisation is not painless. It should not be viewed as a cure-all nor presented as an end in itself. It is, however, an essential component of any coherent set of policies aimed at helping societies adjust to - and take advantage of - technology-driven transformations whose pace and depth are unprecedented. The stakes are high. This book examines the various channels through which open markets deliver considerable benefits to societies and their citizens; recalls the real pocket-book costs of protectionism; and addresses the full range of concerns that feature prominently in ongoing discussions over the effects of market liberalisation on employment, income distribution, environmental protection and national sovereignty. A central message of this book is that liberalisation forms part of the solution to the concerns of citizens, rather than being their root cause. The book's comprehensive treatment of the ins and outs of trade and investment liberalisation should make an important contribution to the public debate. It is essential reading for public officials, business leaders and private citizens who wish to take an active part in it.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162938-en
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    Putting Markets to Work : The Design and Use of Marketable Permits and Obligations No. 19 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189379
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: One of the alternatives to traditional command-and-control regulation is the use of marketable permits and obligations. Based on the growing record of actual performance of these instruments, this paper provides practical insights into difficult design, implementation, and management issues. It presents a checklist to aid practitioners in assessing when these instruments are preferable to traditional regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189379-en
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    Development Co-operation Reviews: Portugal 1997 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162198
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.22
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Portugal 1997
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Portugal 1997
    Keywords: Development ; Portugal
    Abstract: Portugal's development co-operation programme is characterised by concentration bilaterally on the Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa, reflecting close links of history, language and culture. Those countries are now among the least developed countries. Recently, Portugal has emphasized two new areas of development co-operation. First, private sector development, based on economic policy reforms supported by the international institutions, and on instruments which encourage the involvement of the Portuguese private sector. The second new area of emphasis is the strengthening of the governance systems in the PALOPs, the Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa, focusing particularly on legal systems and the judiciary, but also extending to parliamentary institutions, electoral systems, local governments and constitutional advice. In its review of Portugal's programme the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) noted that Portugal has the potential to play a larger role, particularly in Mozambique and Angola, where critical post-conflict development needs have to be met. It noted that a new Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (the CPLP), including Brazil, has recently been formed to enhance dialogue and mutual development efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162198-en
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  • 47
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    Harmful Tax Competition : An Emerging Global Issue (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence fiscale dommageable ; Un problème mondial
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Haitallinen verokilpailu; Esille nouseva globaali kysymys
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Harmful tax competition
    DDC: 336.2
    RVK:
    QL 400
    Keywords: Steuerwettbewerb ; Steuerpolitik ; Steueroase ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Taxation ; Steuerwettbewerb
    Abstract: Globalisation has had positive effects on the development of tax systems and has encouraged countries to engage in base broadening and rate reducing tax reforms. However, it has also created an environment in which tax havens thrive and in which governments may be induced to adopt harmful preferential tax regimes to attract mobile activities. Tax competition in the form of harmful tax practices can distort trade and investment patterns, erode national tax bases and shift part of the tax burden onto less mobile tax bases, such as labor and consumption, thus adversely affecting employment and undermining the fairness of tax structures. The Report emphasises that governments must intensify their cooperative actions to curb harmful tax practices. To achieve this, OECD Member governments have developed "Guidelines on Harmful Preferential Tax Regimes". These Guidelines will discourage the spread of harmful preferential tax regimes and encourage countries with such regimes to eliminate them. To counteract both tax havens and harmful preferential tax regimes, Member governments have also agreed to pursue vigorously the implementation of the other Recommendations in the Report, including entering into a dialogue with non-member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162945-en
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    Democracy, Decentralisation and Deficits in Latin America (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162501
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Démocratie, décentralisation et déficits budgétaires en Amérique latine
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Democracy, decentralisation and deficits in Latin America
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QL 270
    RVK:
    QG 630
    Keywords: Dezentralisierung ; Finanzausgleich ; Demokratie ; Lateinamerika ; Development ; Konferenzschrift 1997 ; Lateinamerika ; Finanzpolitik ; Dezentralisation
    Abstract: What is the impact of political decentralisation in Latin America? This book considers the problems raised by political decentralisation in the region and identifies the challenges ahead. Political decentralisation tends to devolve a certain amount of financial responsibility to the sub-national levels of government, hence potentially destabilising centrally established fiscal and budgetary targets. The question is, thus, a particularly timely one which seeks to reconcile enhanced democratisation with the fiscal rigour demanded by the international marketplace. This book brings together papers presented at the eighth annual meeting of the "International Forum on Latin American Perspectives", sponsored jointly by the OECD Development Centre and the Inter-American Development Bank. The analyses of economic experts are confronted with the real-life experiences of practitioners from a number of Latin American countries, providing the reader with a stimulating exposé of the risks and benefits to economic development of the new decentralising trend. Of particular interest are the so-called "ten commandments" suggested by Ricardo Hausmann as a set of rules which should govern fiscal management in decentralised democracies. Discussion of these and other propositions makes for a lively, yet soundly based contribution to this very important debate.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Démocratie, décentralisation et déficits budgétaires en Amérique latine
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162501-en
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    The Second-Generation Pension Reforms in Latin America (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163614
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Queisser, Monika, 1963 - The second-generation pension reforms in Latin America
    DDC: 368.430098
    RVK:
    QG 630
    Keywords: Rentenreform ; Lateinamerika ; Peru ; Kolumbien ; Argentinien ; Uruguay ; Mexiko ; Bolivien ; El Salvador ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Lateinamerika ; Rentenreform
    Abstract: More than a decade after Chile moved from a public pay-as-you-go to a private funded pension system, seven more countries in Latin America have reformed their pension systems. This study provides a detailed description of all second-generation pension reforms in Latin America to date, evaluates the first years of operations of the new systems and outlines the problems and challenges which the systems are still facing. The basic common feature of the "second generation" pension reforms in Latin America is a greater role for funded, privately managed pensions. A move towards more funding is currently also discussed in many OECD countries as one possibility to confront the effects of ageing populations on pay-as-you-go pension systems. Thus, the Latin American reform experience is interesting not only for other developing countries about to embark on pension reform but also for policymakers and pension experts in OECD countries and transition economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163614-en
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  • 50
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    The Future of Asia in the World Economy (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162686
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'avenir de l'Asie dans l'économie mondiale
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The future of Asia in the world economy
    RVK:
    QG 800
    Keywords: 23.06.1997 ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Asien ; Development ; Konferenzschrift 1997 ; Asien ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Weltwirtschaft
    Abstract: Based on scenarios produced by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the OECD Development Centre, the authors consider ways in which long-term Asian growth can be consolidated to the benefit of the global economy as a whole. Looking beyond current economic difficulties, Asian countries have strong growth prospects, assuming they pay due attention to domestic institutional strengthening, investment in human capital and the conservation of environmental capital. This volume was produced as a product of the third "International Forum on Asian Perspectives", organised annually by the ADB and the OECD Development Centre. The purpose of the Forum is to encourage interchange of ideas between Asian and European specialists on questions of economic importance to the two regions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162686-en
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  • 51
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    Conflict Management in Africa : A Permanent Challenge (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163164
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p)
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gestion de conflits en Afrique ; Un défi permanent
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Conflict management in Africa
    RVK:
    QG 700
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Friedenssicherung ; Politische Unruhen ; Sozialer Konflikt ; Zentralafrika ; Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Afrika ; Konfliktregelung
    Abstract: In many African countries, violent conflicts have slowed down economic and social development, if they have not actually pushed it backwards. In order to manage conflicts in a non-violent manner, governance methods adapted to the development process are needed. Effective conflict prevention, however, demands thorough understanding of the origins and dynamics of these conflicts. The outcome of a meeting jointly organised by the Development Centre and the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD, this volume considers the options available to donors in the effort to prevent conflict and enhance prospects for peaceful social, economic and political development. Despite the complexity of the subject, the contributors to the book arrive at some prudent conclusions of interest to policy makers. At the national level, action programmes should promote social, political and economic justice; empower civil society through skill, knowledge and resource transfer; develop good governance for conflict management; and accommodate different groups and interests in society. Internationally, a greater sensitivity to conflict issues is needed within broader development efforts. The international community should seek to provide the means by which conflicting groups can negotiate their own solutions to tension, rather than imposing externally devised solutions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163164-en
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  • 52
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    The Economics and Politics of Transition to an Open Market Economy : Egypt (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163607
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environnement économique et politique de transition vers l'économie de marché ; l'Égypte
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Weiss, Dieter, 1935 - 2016 The economics and politics of transition to an open market economy
    DDC: 338.962
    RVK:
    QG 730
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsreform ; Systemtransformation ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Ägypten ; Development ; Egypt ; Ägypten ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Marktwirtschaft ; Ägypten ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Geschichte 1990-1998
    Abstract: Egypt is lagging behind other countries in the Mediterranean region in reforming its economy. This book explains why. The authors contend that the Egyptian political system, based to a large extent on discrete patronage and dominated by powerful interest groups was inherently resistant to reform. In addition, the country's strategic position in Middle Eastern politics provided the environment for aid flows which mitigated the need for change by creating an illusion of economic wellbeing. Egypt has thus been protected from the pressure of the international market system. Yet, argues this study, such pressure is the only effective stimulus to fundamental reform.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Environnement économique et politique de transition vers l'économie de marché : l'Égypte
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163607-en
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  • 53
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    Capital Flows and Investment Performance : Lessons from Latin America (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163454
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mouvements des capitaux et performances des investissements ; Les leçons de l'Amérique latine
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Capital flows and investment performance
    RVK:
    QG 630
    Keywords: Kapitalimport ; Auslandsinvestition ; Investition ; Sparen ; Lateinamerika ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Lateinamerika ; Internationale Kapitalbewegung ; Geschichte 1990-1997
    Abstract: Countries receiving large-scale capital inflows are at risk if these flows do not find their way into productive and long-term investment, as the Asian crisis of the late 1990s has proven. This book, the result of a joint project between the OECD Development Centre and the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), examines the policies of a group of major Latin American countries faced with large inflows. The authors conclude that domestic policies impact on the effects of capital inflows. They demonstrate that certain countries, particularly Chile and Colombia, have been able to use policy to direct capital inflows into investment and thereby reduce the risk of instability in the financial sector. Such policies lead to effective management of foreign capital inflows and the creation of a stable, growth-oriented environment conducive to more sound external investment. The lessons of this book are as applicable in other regions of the world as they are in Latin America.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Mouvements des capitaux et performances des investissements
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163454-en
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  • 54
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    The Export Credit Arrangement : Achievements and Challenges 1978/1998 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163867
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'Arrangement sur les crédits à l'exportation ; Bilan et objectifs pour l'avenir 1978/1998
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development The export credit arrangement
    DDC: 332.742
    RVK:
    QM 350
    Keywords: 1978-1998 ; Exportkredit ; Exportkreditversicherung ; OECD-Staaten ; Unternehmensethik ; Trade ; OECD ; Welthandel ; Exportkredit
    Abstract: The Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export Credits celebrates its twentieth birthday this year. The 'Arrangement', as the Guidelines are usually known, is a unique form of international co-operation: as a 'gentlemen's agreement', it has no formal status in law – and yet it has brought order to the supply of export credits (government subsidies to exporters), thus saving billions of dollars of taxpayers' money. Thanks to the Arrangement, exporters in OECD countries now compete on the basis of quality and price, not according to the degree of support they receive from the state. Progressive improvements in the Arrangement, moreover, have extended its coverage, preventing trade distortion and subsidy in the form of tied aid and unrealistic premium fees. In this collection of essays, past and present negotiators of the Arrangement's guidelines, Presidents and Chief Executives of export credit agencies, international institutions, private-sector players, economists and others involved with the Arrangement from its earliest days chart its evolution – its inception and progressive expansion, the difficulties encountered and problems solved. They examine the sources of the flexibility that has made the Arrangement so successful in adapting to the changing, globalising world economy. Some of the contributions offer candid insights into the closed world of international negotiations. Others document the response of the Arrangement to the growing sophistication of financial and insurance services. All of them shed light on this increasingly important aspect of international trade.This book will be required reading for anyone interested in the world trading system and the role of export credits in particular, in the relationship between trade and aid, and in international co-operation in general.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: L'arrangement sur les crédits à l'exportation 1978/1998
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163867-en
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  • 55
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    Civil Society and International Development (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163393
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La société civile et le développement international
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Civil society and international development
    DDC: 327.1/7
    RVK:
    ME 3370
    Keywords: Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Bürgerliche Gesellschaft
    Abstract: Interest in the concept of civil society has undergone a remarkable renaissance in the 1990s. It is currrently seen as a potential tool to overcome some of the main theoretical and political stalemates. But what exactly does the concept of civil society mean ? Can civil society really be a counterweight to governments which have become too remote from their people ? The Western concept of what constitutes civil society may well have to be adjusted when applied to developing economies where different cultural forces and values come into play. This book takes up the challenge of defining civil society's role in furthering developmental objectives within the context of developing societies themselves. It compares the activities and attitudes of different elements of civil society within the development process, and suggests ways in which they could be made more effective. It also shows that governments should not try to replace their own development activities with those of civil society.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163393-en
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  • 56
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    Different Paths to a Market Economy: China and European Economies in Transition (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163010
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La Chine et les économies européennes en transition; les voies de la réforme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Different paths to a market economy
    DDC: 338.947
    RVK:
    QG 860
    Keywords: Systemtransformation ; Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Kapitalstruktur ; Vergleich ; China ; Osteuropa ; Development ; China, People’s Republic ; Konferenzschrift 1995 ; China ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Osteuropa
    Abstract: The similarities and differences between the transition experiences of the Central European countries and the People's Republic of China are often, wrongly, taken as alternative approaches to the same problem. In reality, there is great complexity, not only in the environments of these two great regions -- for China is as big as a region by itself -- but also within them and, therefore, great complexity in the transition process itself.The chapters in this volume, originally produced as papers for a joint OECD Development Centre/CEPR/CEPII Conference in Budapest, examine and contrast the experience of the different jurisdictions within which transition is underway. The authors concentrate on three, broad areas of commonality: public finance; foreign trade regime; and financial intermediation and a critical chapter synthesizes their findings at the end of each part. Differences do, of course, emerge, but so do similarities, leading to general policy conclusions applicable to all transition societies.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: La Chine et les économies européennes en transition
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163010-en
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  • 57
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    Macrothesaurus for Information Processing in the Field of Economic and Social Development : Fifth Edition (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162990
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (436 p)
    Edition: Fifth Edition
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Macrothesaurus for information processing in the field of economic and social development
    DDC: 025.4/93389
    RVK:
    QB 010
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This new edition of the Macrothesaurus for Information Processing in the field of Economic and Social Development represents a continuation of the combined efforts of many organisations over a period of almost 30 years to create a common vocabulary to facilitate the indexing, retrieval and exchange of development-related information. The Macrothesaurus comprises descriptors (keywords) designed for indexing books and documents covering the field of economic and social development. It can also be used as a search aid for documentation centres, libraries, databases and on-line networks. Efforts have been made to improve the user-friendliness and flexibility of the Macrothesaurus by increasing the number of non-descriptors (i.e. cross-references) and scope notes in this edition. The preparation of this fifth edition was guided by an Advisory Committee composed of representatives from the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the OECD Development Centre, Paris.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162990-en
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  • 58
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    The Public Employment Service : Greece, Ireland, Portugal (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163768
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le service public de l'emploi ; Grèce, Irlande, Portugal
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development The public employment service
    DDC: 350
    RVK:
    QV 200
    Keywords: Arbeitsverwaltung ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Griechenland ; Irland ; Portugal ; Employment ; Governance ; Greece ; Ireland ; Portugal ; Griechenland ; Arbeitsverwaltung ; Irland ; Arbeitsverwaltung ; Portugal ; Arbeitsverwaltung
    Abstract: Greece, Ireland and Portugal, on the periphery of Europe, are still influenced by a history of migration from agriculture to urban areas and to other countries, and have all received extensive assistance from the European Union's Structural Funds.Which of these countries' varied, often innovative, strategies in relation to unemployment benefits, hiring subsidies and job creation measures, have been most effective? Employment services have taken on particular responsibility for training, but does this help the long-term unemployed? With a legacy of older workers who left school early, and continuing high levels of self-employment, how can placement performance be improved? This publication examines how the Public Employment Service can actively promote and manage transitions out of unemployment into market work, both directly and via labour market programmes.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Le service public de l'emploi
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163768-en
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  • 59
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    Public Attitudes and International Development Co-operation (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing and OECD Development Centre
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163850
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Organisation for Economic Co-op. and Dev./Dev. Centre 〈Paris Public attitudes and international development co-operation
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QC 347
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsorganisation ; Politische Kommunikation ; Nichtregierungsorganisation ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Konferenzschrift 1998 ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Öffentliche Meinung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: This collection of studies of public attitudes to development co-operation in OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Member countries demonstrates that the concept of "aid fatigue" is misplaced. A serious lack of adequate knowledge about development co-operation, however, is also revealed. The opinions of policy makers are, therefore, overwhelmingly important and development education efforts should be specifically addressed to them. The book also demonstrates that the role of NGOs is important in general development education. Not only do these organisations mobilise their members in the development field, but their activities create a fund of information within their societies. Remarkable progress by both governments and NGOs has been made during the 1990s in improving co-operation domestically and in operational development activities in the field. Most DAC Member countries have significantly increased the involvement of NGOs in their development efforts, and most NGOs have become increasingly effective in their work. The editors conclude that NGOs and governments both need to work towards more and better public and political-level understanding of development efforts. This will require a wide range of complementary activities, some of which are best undertaken by NGOs, and others by government agencies.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: L'opinion publique et la coopération au développement
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163850-en
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  • 60
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    Regulatory Impact Analysis : Best Practices in OECD Countries (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162150
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'analyse de l'impact de la réglementation ; Meilleures pratiques dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'analyse de l'impact de la réglementation : Meilleures pratiques dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This is the first report to look across the OECD membership at how regulatory impact analysis is actually designed and carried out. Concrete "best practices" are identified in areas such as improving the capacity of government to produce high-quality analysis, applying analytical methods including benefit-cost analysis, collecting data, and consulting with the public to ensure that estimates are realistic.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162150-en
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    The OECD Report on Regulatory Reform : Synthesis Report (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189751
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This book shows hows how regulatory reform has produced substantial economic and social benefits for citizens by enhancing competition and reducing regulatory costs. It can boost efficiency, sharply reduce prices, stimulate innovation, and improve the ability of economies to adapt to change and remain competitive in global markets. Properly done, regulatory reform also can help governments promote other important policy goals, such as environmental quality, health, and safety. Finally, country experience shows that disruptions which can accompany reform can be addressed by complementary policies and actions. In this Report, the OECD calls for renewed attention to regulatory reform, and the recommendations in this Report constitute an ambitious plan for action. In May 1997, Ministers of OECD countries welcomed this Report and agreed to work to implement its recommendations in their countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189751-en
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  • 62
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    Trends in Public Sector Pay in OECD Countries 1997 (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062580
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (149 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evolution des rémunérations du secteur public dans les pays de l'OCDE 1997
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The reform of pay determination systems has been completed in some OECD countries. This report presents information on the procedures which governments have developed to carry out reforms, and on the results obtained, particularly when the reforms have a positive impact on holding down public expenditure. Comparative analysis of public sector pay determination systems in OECD countries illustrates the wide variety of methods of determining public sector remuneration and shows that each country adapts the instruments available to its own institutional structure and economic and social constraints. Those countries which have not opted for radical change are taking a phased, pragmatic approach, lending weight to the view that reform of pay determination systems is extending to all OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/pubsector_pay-1997-en
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  • 63
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    Regional Development and Structural Policy in Mexico (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Développement régional et politiques structurelles au Mexique
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Mexico
    Abstract: Mexico is a multi-faceted country. Given the geographical and ethnic diversity of Mexico's regions, as well as their particular cultural and historical traditions, each of the regions making up the Federation calls for a specific development policy. At the same time, economic, political and social equilibria are going to be affected by the trend towards a greater decentralisation of political structures. Mexico is faced with two major challenges. How can consistency of government action be maintained in conjunction with a firm resolve to decentralise? How is it possible to reconcile regional and national development while striving to achieve the country's integration within the world economy? This study, which includes many tables, maps and figures as background material, makes it possible to define these challenges more clearly and therefore to clarify regional policy options for the coming decade.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162020-en
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    Modern Budgeting (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162167
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Budgétisation moderne
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Major budgeting reforms have been initiated in a number of OECD countries in recent years. These reforms focus on giving spending agencies greater flexibility in using resources, in exchange for holding them responsible for achieving results. This publication examines how five Member countries -- Australia, France, New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom -- have implemented reforms in this area and offers an early assessment of the progress of those reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162167-en
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  • 65
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    Co-operative Approaches to Regulation : No. 18 (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162761
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In many countries a new concept is emerging as an alternative to command-and-control regulation: the concept of shared responsibility between governments and businesses. Governments and businesses are seeing a need for co-operation and partnership, rather than confrontation and adversarial relations. Increasingly, governments and businesses, often represented by business federations, are engaged in dialogue to find more effective and efficient solutions to conflicts between public and private interests, solutions in which multiple public and private bodies set goals, identify solutions, and monitor outcomes. This Occasional Paper contains case studies on different strategies of public/private co-operation from Canada, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162761-en
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  • 66
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    Harmonised System 1996: All commodities (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Système Harmonisé 1996: tous les produits
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. The complex nature of the customs and statistical needs require a detailed commodity classification. The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, or HS), or extended versions based on HS, such as the Combined Nomenclature used by European Union countries, provide such classification based on the nature of the commodity. This dataset, focusing on all market commodities, uses Harmonized System 1996 expressing data in US dollars, which are available from 1996 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/data-00057-en
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    Harmonised System 1996: All commodities (Edition 2019) (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. The complex nature of the customs and statistical needs require a detailed commodity classification. The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, or HS), or extended versions based on HS, such as the Combined Nomenclature used by European Union countries, provide such classification based on the nature of the commodity. This dataset, focusing on all market commodities, uses Harmonized System 1996 expressing data in US dollars, which are available from 1996 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/f1062355-en
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    Harmonised System 1996: ICT Goods (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Système Harmonisé 1996: biens TIC
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. The complex nature of the customs and statistical needs require a detailed commodity classification. The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, or HS), or extended versions based on HS, such as the Combined Nomenclature used by European Union countries, provide such classification based on the nature of the commodity. This dataset, focusing on the ICT goods market, uses Harmonized System 1996 expressing data in US dollars, which are available from 1996 to 2009.
    DOI: 10.1787/data-00058-en
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  • 69
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    Harmonised System 1996: All commodities (Edition 2018) (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. The complex nature of the customs and statistical needs require a detailed commodity classification. The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, or HS), or extended versions based on HS, such as the Combined Nomenclature used by European Union countries, provide such classification based on the nature of the commodity. This dataset, focusing on all market commodities, uses Harmonized System 1996 expressing data in US dollars, which are available from 1996 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/36caf22c-en
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    Harmonised System 1996: All commodities (Edition 2015) (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. The complex nature of the customs and statistical needs require a detailed commodity classification. The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, or HS), or extended versions based on HS, such as the Combined Nomenclature used by European Union countries, provide such classification based on the nature of the commodity. This dataset, focusing on all market commodities, uses Harmonized System 1996 expressing data in US dollars, which are available from 1996 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/f5c9cf99-en
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  • 71
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    Harmonised System 1996: All commodities (Edition 2017) (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. The complex nature of the customs and statistical needs require a detailed commodity classification. The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, or HS), or extended versions based on HS, such as the Combined Nomenclature used by European Union countries, provide such classification based on the nature of the commodity. This dataset, focusing on all market commodities, uses Harmonized System 1996 expressing data in US dollars, which are available from 1996 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/fffc9440-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 72
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    Harmonised System 1996: All commodities (Edition 2021) (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. The complex nature of the customs and statistical needs require a detailed commodity classification. The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, or HS), or extended versions based on HS, such as the Combined Nomenclature used by European Union countries, provide such classification based on the nature of the commodity. This dataset, focusing on all market commodities, uses Harmonized System 1996 expressing data in US dollars, which are available from 1996 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/6ae031d4-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 73
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    Harmonised System 1996: All commodities (Edition 2020) (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. The complex nature of the customs and statistical needs require a detailed commodity classification. The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, or HS), or extended versions based on HS, such as the Combined Nomenclature used by European Union countries, provide such classification based on the nature of the commodity. This dataset, focusing on all market commodities, uses Harmonized System 1996 expressing data in US dollars, which are available from 1996 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/ae4d70f7-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 74
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    Harmonised System 1996: ICT Goods (Edition 2010) (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. The complex nature of the customs and statistical needs require a detailed commodity classification. The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, or HS), or extended versions based on HS, such as the Combined Nomenclature used by European Union countries, provide such classification based on the nature of the commodity. This dataset, focusing on the ICT goods market, uses Harmonized System 1996 expressing data in US dollars, which are available from 1996 to 2009.
    DOI: 10.1787/914deeb8-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 75
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    Harmonised System 1996: All commodities (Edition 2016) (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. The complex nature of the customs and statistical needs require a detailed commodity classification. The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, or HS), or extended versions based on HS, such as the Combined Nomenclature used by European Union countries, provide such classification based on the nature of the commodity. This dataset, focusing on all market commodities, uses Harmonized System 1996 expressing data in US dollars, which are available from 1996 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/93950ed7-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Putting Citizens First : Portuguese Experience in Public Management Reform No. 13 (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062559
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Priorité aux citoyens ; La réforme de la gestion publique au Portugal n 13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Priorité aux citoyens : La réforme de la gestion publique au Portugal n 13
    Keywords: Governance ; Portugal
    Abstract: The Public Management Occasional Papers are specialised reports prepared for the work of the OECD's Public Management Committee. This publication focuses on the reform strategies used in Portugal. The success or failure of reforms depends largely on how the questions of "how to start" and "how to proceed" are addressed. Portugal offers a valuable example. Twenty years ago, a reform movement was launched to modernise the country and its public service. This publication describes that reform, which came to put service to the citizen first, underlines its innovative aspects, and draws some interesting lessons to the attention of practitioners in other countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062559-en
    URL: Volltext
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    Pay Reform in the Public Service : Initial Impact on Pay Dispersion in Australia, Sweden and the United Kingdom No. 10 (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062535
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p)
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réforme des rémunérations dans le secteur public ; Impact initial sur la dispersion des rémunérations en Australie, au Royaume-Uni et en Suède n 10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réforme des rémunérations dans le secteur public : Impact initial sur la dispersion des rémunérations en Australie, au Royaume-Uni et en Suède n 10
    Keywords: Governance ; Australia ; Sweden ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This report assesses the impact of pay reforms on pay dispersion in the public service. To do so, it draws on recent experiences in Australia, Sweden andthe United Kingdom.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062535-en
    URL: Volltext
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    Integrating People Management into Public Service Reform (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065062
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (278 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion du capital humain et réforme de la fonction publique
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In the context of major public sector reform efforts in many OECD countries, increasing attention is being focused on the people-side of the reform equation -- the human resource management policies and practices available to public sector managers to shape and direct the workforce to achieve new organisational goals. The experiences of OECD countries show, however, that improving individual policies and practices is only part of the reform equation. The key factor lies in integrating human resource management with the core business of the public service -- the outcome and output goals of individual departments and agencies -- and in doing so, ensuring that effective management of people is recognised as an indispensable ingredient for accomplishing the business of government. Using surveys and selected country case studies, this monograph identifies the factors driving human resource management reforms in the national public administrations of OECD countries. In offering the lessons drawn from these wide-ranging experiences to the attention of policy makers and practitioners, it identifies promising reform strategies for ensuring that human resource management policies evolve in ways consistent with broader public management reforms aimed at building more productive, performance-oriented and responsive public services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065062-en
    URL: Volltext
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    Shaping the 21st Century: The Contribution of Development Co-operation (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In this 1996 report, the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) set a number of measurable international development goals. Subsequently, the commitment to halve world poverty became the focus of most donor organisations through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Long central to UN programmes, this focus on poverty reduction became key to IMF and World Bank lending to low‑income countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/da2d4165-en
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  • 80
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    Trade, Employment and Labour Standards : A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264104884
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p)
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Recent years have witnessed growing concern over the controversial issue of trade and labour standards. In a context of intensified international competition, alleged cases of child labour exploitation or of denial of rights to freedom of association and collective bargaining in some developing countries have been perceived by some in developed countries not only as a violation of human rights but also as unfair trade practices. On the other hand, developing countries generally respond that these concerns are unfounded and reflect disguised protectionist preoccupations. What are the relevant core labour standards in this discussion? Do countries with low levels of core labour standards gain an unfair trade advantage over countries with high standards? What are the advantages and disadvantages of possible mechanisms to promote core labour standards? This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of these questions and reviews evidence for a large number of countries throughout the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264104884-en
    URL: Volltext
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    Trends in Public Sector Pay in OECD Countries 1995 (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062511
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (166 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evolution des rémunérations du secteur public dans les pays de l'OCDE 1995
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Controlling public spending is a priority for OECD countries. Salary policy in the public sector is therefore of particular concern. This new annual report analyses recent trends in public sector pay in OECD countries. It examines the links between public expenditure and public sector compensation costs, and presents recent developments in pay determination systems in the public sector. It provides information on the level and the components of individual remuneration for a typical employee in ten selected occupations, and identifies various mechanisms implemented in countries to make individual pay more flexible. Every year, a chapter focusing on a specific experience in the public sector pay area will be added. This report should be of particular interest to public officials responsible for defining, implementing and monitoring pay policy in the public sector and to experts in pay determination systems, employment systems and industrial relations in the public and private sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/pubsector_pay-1995-en
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    Main Developments in Trade : 1995 Edition (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162099
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p)
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This annual report, covering events in 1994, is a concise factual compendium of cross-country trade and trade-related developments. It chronicles intense activity in the world trading system: the historic signing of the Final Act of the Uruguay Round; preparations for the entry into force of the new World Trade Organisation; and a deepening trend towards regional economic integration, marked by developments in Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Americas.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162099-en
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    Budgeting for Results : Perspectives on Public Expenditure Management (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076136
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p)
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Effective systems for allocating, managing and controlling public sector resources are fundamental elements of good governance. The need for continuing fiscal restraint and demands for more and better public services are changing budgetary practices in OECD countries. Budgets are being used increasingly as instruments for promoting managerial improvement and programme effectiveness, in addition to their control and allocation functions. This report analyses budget practices and innovations in twenty-two OECD countries. It describes how the practice of budgeting is contributing to a greater performance orientation in the public sector. It also provides standard summaries of the institutional framework and procedures governing budgeting in each of these countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076136-en
    URL: Volltext
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