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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (46)
  • Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.  (38)
  • London : Routledge  (8)
  • Social Issues/Migration/Health  (31)
  • Frankreich
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Material
Language
Years
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Religious rights within the family : from coerced manifestation to dispute resolution in France, England and Hong Kong (2020)
    London : Routledge
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367727000 , 9781138052185
    Language: English
    Pages: xxxii, 237 Seiten
    Series Statement: ICLARS series on law and religion
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015
    DDC: 342.08/521441
    Keywords: Parent and child (Law) ; Freedom of religion ; Children (International law) ; Parent and child (Law) ; Parent and child (Law) ; Parent and child (Law) ; Freedom of religion ; Freedom of religion ; Freedom of religion ; Hochschulschrift ; Frankreich ; Großbritannien ; Hongkong ; Religionsfreiheit ; Kind ; Grundrecht ; Schiedsgericht
    Abstract: Introduction -- A parental right to impose religious manifestations? -- Children's right to freedom of manifestation -- Coerced manifestations as limitations to rights -- Invoking and enforcing freedom of manifestation within the family -- Parentally coerced religious manifestations in France -- Parentally coerced religious manifestations in England -- Parentally coerced religious manifestations in Hong Kong -- Conclusion.
    Note: Bibliographie: Seite [208]-230
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Book
    Book
    The transition of religion to culture in law and public discourse (2020)
    London : Routledge
    Details
    ISBN: 9780367440534
    Language: English
    Pages: viii, 181 Seiten
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Gedicks, Frederick Mark [Rezension von: Beaman, Lori G., 1963-, The transition of religion to culture in law and public discourse] 2021
    Series Statement: ICLARS series on law and religion
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beaman, Lori G The transition of religion to culture in law and public discourse
    DDC: 306.6
    Keywords: Religion and state ; Church and state ; Church and state ; Church and state ; Québec ; Frankreich ; USA ; Kirchenpolitik ; Religion ; Politik ; Öffentlicher Raum ; Recht ; Frankreich ; Kanada ; USA
    Abstract: "This book explores the recent trend toward the transformation of religious symbols and practices into culture in Western democracies. Analyses of three legal cases involving religion in the public sphere are used to illuminate this trend: a municipal council chamber; a town hall; and town board meetings. Each case involves a different national context-Canada, France, and the United States-and each illustrates something interesting about the shape-shifting nature of religion, specifically its flexibility and dexterity in the face of the secular, the religious, and the plural. Despite the differences in national contexts, in each instance religion is transformed into culture or heritage by the courts to justify or excuse its presence and to distance the state from the possibility that it is violating legal norms of distance from religion. The cultural practice or symbol is represented as a shared national value or activity. Transforming the 'Other' into 'Us' through reconstitution is also possible. Finally, anxiety about the 'Other' becomes part of the story of rendering religion as culture, resulting in the impugning of anyone who dares to question the putative shared culture"--
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Book
    Book
    The French Revolution and the Russian anti-democratic tradition : a case of false consciousness (2018)
    London : Routledge
    Details
    ISBN: 9781138515918 , 9781560002444
    Language: English
    Pages: xviii, 324 Seiten
    Edition: First issued in paperback
    DDC: 944.04
    Keywords: Public opinion Russia ; HISTORY / Europe / France ; Introductory Politics ; Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.) ; Philosophy ; Public opinion ; Public opinion, Russian ; France History ; Foreign public opinion, Russian ; Revolution, 1789-1799 ; France History ; Influence ; Revolution, 1789-1799 ; Russia History ; Philosophy ; France ; Russia ; Russland ; Frankreich ; Öffentliche Meinung ; Rezeption ; Französische Revolution ; Französische Revolution
    Abstract: "The political uncertainty following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rejection of the revolutionary model has brought Russian political thought full circle as democratic forces contend with authoritarian nationalism. This volume is essential to understanding the antidemocratic tradition in Russia and the persistent danger of totalitarianism."--Provided by publisher
    Note: "First published 1997 by Transaction Publishers"--Copyright page
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  • 4
    Book
    Book
    Public commissions on cultural and religious diversity : national narratives, multiple identities and minorities (2018)
    London : Routledge
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISBN: 9781472471758
    Language: English
    Pages: xxii, 318 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: First published
    DDC: 305.8
    Keywords: Cultural pluralism Government policy ; Cultural pluralism Case studies Government policy ; Minorities Government policy ; Minorities Case studies Government policy ; Religious minorities Government policy ; Religious minorities Case studies Government policy ; Governmental investigations ; Governmental investigations Case studies ; Multikulturelle Gesellschaft ; Einwanderung ; Einwanderer ; Integration ; Bedeutung ; Rolle ; Kultur ; Einflussgröße ; Religion ; Nationalbewusstsein ; Minderheitenpolitik ; Pluralismus ; Konzeption ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Bestandsaufnahme ; Analyse ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Westliche Welt ; Großbritannien ; Frankreich ; Kanada ; Belgien
    Abstract: Introduction : a retrospective on diversity commissions : from set-up and working methods to impacting policy / Katayoun Alidadi and Marie-Claire Foblets -- Pointing to a multicultural future : rethinking race, ethnicity, religion and britishness / Tariq Modood -- National identities and the "Parekh report" / Varun Uberoi -- British multiculturalism : from "Parekh" to "PREVENT", and beyond / Ralph Grillo -- Religion, belief and diversity in transition : the commission on religion and belief in British public life / Maleiha Malik -- Laicité is a most liberal legal frame : reflections on the work on of the Stasi commission / Patrick Weil -- Retrospective on the French Stasi Commission / Jean Baubérot and John R. Bowen -- Theoretical perspectives of cultural and religious diversity in two national reports / Karel J. Leyva -- The bouchard-taylor commission and beyond : cultural and religious diversity in Quebec / Jocelyn Maclure and Sébastien Lacroix -- Cohesive fear : a comment on Maclure and Lacroix / Jean-François Gaudreault-DesBiens -- The round tables on interculturalism : a successful or unsuccessful experiment in deliberative democracy? / Marie-Claire Foblets -- Religious and cultural diversity in Belgium : finding the common denominator / Patrick Charlier and Nathalie Denies -- "Making a difference" : dialogue and compromise in the Belgian federal round tables of interculturalism / Nadia Fadil -- Religion in the retreat of multiculturalism / Christian Joppke -- Religion, culture and liberal democracy : the issue of majority cultural precedence / Geoffrey Brahm Levey -- The European Court of Human Rights : fundamental assumptions that have a chilling effect on the protection of religious diversity / Eugenia Relaño Pastor -- Charting perspectives, positions and recommendations in four commission reports : reasonable accommodation for religion or belief as barometer / Katayoun Alidadi
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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    BSZ
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Book
    Book
    An analysis of Theda Skocpol's States and social revolutions (2017)
    London : Macat International Ltd. | London : Routledge
    Details
    ISBN: 9781912303465 , 9781912128495
    Language: English
    Pages: 99 Seiten
    Series Statement: The Macat library
    DDC: 303.64
    Keywords: Skocpol, Theda Criticism and interpretation ; Skocpol, Theda Criticism and interpretation ; Revolutions Case studies ; Revolutions History ; France ; Revolutions History ; Russia ; Revolutions History ; China ; Revolutions Case studies ; Revolutions History ; China ; Revolutions History ; France ; Revolutions History ; Russia ; Frankreich ; Russland ; China ; Revolution ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Frankreich ; Russland ; China ; Revolution ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: "Many people want to understand what revolutions are and--especially--how they come about, from the academics who study them to the states that wish to prevent (or, in some cases, provoke) them. But it is arguably the US scholar Theda Skocpol who has done most to create a viable model of revolution, and States and Social Revolutions is the work in which she sets out her intellectual stall. Skocpol's magnum opus can be considered a classic product of the critical thinking skill of problem-solving. She assesses several different revolutions--those of France, Russia and China--and asks new, productive questions about their causes and outcomes. The answers, collectively, allow her to move beyond existing theories such as the 'voluntaris©t'; school (which suggests that revolutionaries have agency) and the Marxist school (which sees state institutions as nothing more than a front for class interests). Skocpol's model assumes that states are autonomous bureaucratic institutions, which act in their own interests--a fundamental re-imagining based on fresh interpretations of the evidence. Her analysis extends beyond the causes of revolution to their consequences, and her argument that the revolutionary state that survives is the one that successfully implements a far-reaching program of reform helps to explain not only why the three revolutions she studied have proved enduringly influential, but also why hundreds of others, less successful, are barely remembered today."--Provided by publisher
    Note: "A Macat analysis"--Cover. - Includes bibliographical references (pages 97-99)
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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    BSZ
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Determinants of female entrepreneurship in India (2015)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1191
    Keywords: Frauen ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Unternehmensgründung ; Gleichberechtigung ; Indien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; India ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the nature and determinants of female entrepreneurship in India based on survey data. The first part assesses basic characteristics of female entrepreneurship in India, while the subsequent sections analyse key determinants of female entrepreneurship based on the literature, and test their importance at the state level in India with the support of regressions on panel-data. It also reviews existing policies bearing on female entrepreneurship and makes recommendations for further policies in this area. Entrepreneurship can create new economic opportunities for women and contribute to overall growth and exit from poverty. The potential flexibility in time use from entrepreneurship can also facilitate balancing work and family obligations for women. However, entrepreneurs, both male and female, are relatively scarce in India compared to peer countries, and tend to work in small units often outside the formal sector. While many of the barriers to entrepreneurship are common to both genders (access to capital and business networks, adequate training and facilities) female entrepreneurs face gender biases stemming from socio-economic factors or specific biases in laws such as inheritance laws.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js4rfh5gtbq-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enhancing competitiveness, purchasing power and employment by increasing competition in France (2015)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1267
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Regulierung ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Kaufkraftparität ; Frankreich ; Economics ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Over the past decade, France has substantially eased the burden of anti-competitive regulations and effectively enforced competition law against anti-competitive practices. Various sectors have been opened up more widely to competition, and the powers of the Competition Authority have been strengthened. However, the administrative procedures involved in starting a business remain lengthy, and the number of regulations and rules is substantial, while their potential impact on competition is not fully taken into account when they are drawn up and implemented. Recent streamlining initiatives are welcome but remain limited. Meanwhile, the territorial fragmentation of public procurement procedures, which could decline following ongoing reforms, impairs their efficiency and entry and operating requirements appear to go beyond consumer protection in several regulated professions, such as in legal services and health care. In the retail sector, recent reforms have significantly relaxed negotiating conditions between suppliers and retailers, and Sunday trading is intended to be partly liberalised. However, the ban on resale below cost has not been challenged, nor the tight rules controlling commercial zoning. Individual shops that contract with superstore chains cannot change chain easily. Of the network industries, it is in the telecommunications sector that competition has made the most progress, and there is room for further improvements in transport and energy. This Working Paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of France (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-france.htm).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqhrrptdg6-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vocational training and adult learning for better skills in France (2015)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1260
    Keywords: Erwachsenenbildung ; Dienstleistungsqualität ; Berufsbildung ; Betriebliche Ausbildung ; Frankreich ; Education ; Economics ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: France devotes a great deal of resources to vocational training for youths and especially adults, but the system is unduly complex and yields rather poor returns. The basic literacy and numeracy skills of many French adults remain weak in international comparison, with harmful effects on employment opportunities, wages and well-being. Access to basic skills training is poor for those who need it most, many of whom come from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds. Secondary vocational education and apprenticeship training still suffer from a serious image problem in the minds of French families, even though the latter have a good track record. The government has succeeded in ensuring that the number of apprenticeships is growing, but that is mostly due to those studying at the tertiary level or at least for a higher secondary diploma. The labour market outcomes of those with only shorter vocational qualifications are not good, and quality in that stream needs to improve. To do so better teachers and workplace trainers need to be attracted to the field, especially individuals who can better link practical experience and theoretical concepts. The financing of the adult training system involves complex collection mechanisms even following a major recent overhaul. Making further changes will have to confront entrenched interests, even if the use of the training levy to finance business groups and unions has now ended. The goal is to direct more training funds to workers in small firms who have the weakest skills as well as to jobseekers, but this might be more easily achieved by shifting the funding base from a levy on employers to fiscal incentives or direct subsidies. There remains a need to align responsibilities for adult training with corresponding control over funds. Workers are henceforth to be given personal training accounts in which they can accumulate rights to up to 150 hours of training. But the enormous number of providers and courses on offer calls for greater efforts to develop good guidance, evaluation and certification systems to ensure the training finally chosen is appropriate and of sufficiently high quality.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrw21kjthln-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
    Book
    Book
    Radicalization in Western Europe : integration, public discourse, and loss of identity among Muslim communities (2015)
    London : Routledge
    Details
    ISBN: 9780415734462
    Language: English
    Pages: 174 S. , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Contemporary terrorism studies
    DDC: 305.6/97094
    RVK:
    LB 46165
    RVK:
    BE 2830
    RVK:
    BE 8607
    RVK:
    BE 8660
    RVK:
    BE 8690
    RVK:
    MC 9120
    RVK:
    MD 8920
    RVK:
    MH 68086
    Keywords: Muslims Politics and government ; Muslims Ethnic identity ; Muslims Social conditions ; Radicalism ; Radicalization ; Social integration ; Discourse analysis ; Europe, Western Ethnic relations ; Europe, Western Social conditions ; Großbritannien ; Niederlande ; Deutschland ; Frankreich ; Islam ; Fundamentalismus ; Radikalismus
    Abstract: The state of the art -- Defining radicalization -- Researching radicalization -- A new generation of Muslims in Europe -- A puzzling historical context -- An intra-European comparison -- Understanding radicalization -- Conclusion: The findings, implications, and applications
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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    Frobenius-Institut
    BSZ
    GBV
    MPI-MMG
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Overcoming vulnerabilities of health care systems (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1132
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Makroökonomik ; Schock ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Nachhaltigkeit ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the vulnerabilities of health care systems in OECD and BRIICS countries to adverse secular trends and large macroeconomic shocks. It identifies policies that can ally vulnerabilities considering the institutional setting of health care systems, such as the public-private mix and the main sources of revenues, and the need to balance economic sustainability with the adequacy of services.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Overcoming vulnerabilities of pension systems (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1133
    Keywords: Rentenfinanzierung ; Umlageverfahren ; Rentenreform ; OECD-Staaten ; Indonesien ; BRICS-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Demographic developments are unfavourable for the financing of pension schemes in most OECD countries, implying continued growth in pension expenditure in virtually all OECD countries. This paper examines the vulnerability of pension systems, with an emphasis on financial sustainability and adequacy. Policy trade-offs and complementarities are reviewed and flanking policies which could underpin successful pension reforms are examined. Automatic adjustment mechanisms are highlighted, as are the roles of prudential regulation and buffer or reserve funds in the case of shocks. Pension system vulnerability indicators are presented for all OECD countries, and the challenges and vulnerabilities of pensions systems in the BRIICS countries are reviewed.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz1591prxth-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Addressing high household debt in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1164
    Keywords: 2012 ; Private Verschuldung ; Umschuldung ; Südkorea ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Rising household debt has become a major policy concern in Korea. By the end of 2012, it had risen to 164% of disposable income, well above the OECD average of 133%. In addition to the economic impact and the risk to the financial sector, it raises social cohesion issues, as households with low income and credit ratings have limited access to financial markets and many are delinquent on their loans. It is essential to induce the soft-landing of household debt through a two-track approach: i) offering credit to households with low income and credit ratings and restructuring their debt, while limiting moral hazard and developing market-based lending; and ii) containing the risk caused by high household debt by strengthening prudential measures for financial institutions and improving mortgage lending by reducing the share of floating-rate and “bullet repayment” loans. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-korea.htm)
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx0558mfbv-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Deconstructing Canada's housing markets : finance, affordability urban sprawl (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1145
    Keywords: Immobilienfinanzierung ; Kreditmarkt ; Hypothek ; Verbriefung ; Landnutzung ; Subprime-Krise ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Suburbanisierung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Private Verschuldung ; Vermögensteuer ; Soziale Wohnungspolitik ; Immobilienpreis ; Kanada ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: House prices have increased significantly in Canada over the past decade, driving household debt and residential construction activity to historical highs. Although macro-prudential tightening has slowed the pace of household borrowing in the last few years, house prices have continued to trend higher, and affordability remains a major challenge in urban centres. First-time home buyers must therefore spend more of their incomes to purchase a house and are vulnerable to future interest rate hikes. Overbuilding in the condominium sectors of some cities appears to be a source of risk, especially if a major price correction in these segments spills over into other markets. The country benefits from a sound and effective housing finance system, which performed well throughout the global financial crisis thanks to strong regulatory oversight and explicit government backing of the mortgage market. Nonetheless, the dominance of the crown corporation CMHC in the mortgage insurance market concentrates a significant amount of risk in public finances. Improving competitive conditions in the mortgage insurance market could help diversify these risks and reduce taxpayer contingent liabilities, while introducing coverage limits on loan losses would better align private and social interests. There may be a shortage of rental housing in several cities, especially in the range that low-income households can afford. Urban planning policies have resulted in low-density residential development which contributes to relatively high transport-related carbon emissions. Addressing these externalities requires stronger pricing signals for land development, road use, congestion and parking, combined with better integration of public transit planning. To prevent the marginalisation of low-income households, planning policies should support social mix and increase incentives for private-sector development of affordable housing. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of Canada (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Canada).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zbg20h34-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Health, work and working conditions : a review of the European economic literature (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1148
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Arbeitsbedingungen ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Beschäftigungssicherung ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economists have traditionally been very cautious when studying the interaction between employment and health because of the two-way causal relationship between these two variables: health status influences the probability of being employed and, at the same time, working affects the health status. Because these two variables are determined simultaneously, researchers control endogeneity bias (e.g., reverse causality, omitted variables) when conducting empirical analysis. With these caveats in mind, the literature finds that a favourable work environment and high job security lead to better health conditions. Being employed with appropriate working conditions plays a protective role on physical health and psychiatric disorders. By contrast, non-employment and retirement are generally worse for mental health than employment, and overemployment has a negative effect on health. These findings stress the importance of employment and of adequate working conditions for the health of workers. In this context, it is a concern that a significant proportion of European workers (29%) would like to work fewer hours because unwanted long hours are likely to signal a poor level of job satisfaction and inadequate working conditions, with detrimental effects on health. Thus, in Europe, labour-market policy has increasingly paid attention to job sustainability and job satisfaction. The literature clearly invites employers to take better account of the worker preferences when setting the number of hours worked. Overall, a specific “flexicurity” (combination of high employment protection, job satisfaction and active labour-market policies) is likely to have a positive effect on health. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States ).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb71xhmr-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dividing the pie in Brazil : income distribution, social policies and the new middle class (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1105
    Keywords: Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Einkommensverteilung ; Lohn ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Steuerpolitik ; Bildungspolitik ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Brasilien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Brazil ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Brazil has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty and inequality. This reduction is explained by strong growth but also by effective social policies. Besides growth, public services and cash transfers have played the biggest role, the latter notably through the successful “Bolsa Familia” programme. Among public services, improved access to education has played a major role, allowing more Brazilians to move into better-paid jobs. However, shortages in physical school infrastructure are limiting the hours of instruction that students receive. The high drop-out rate needs to be reduced through early interventions such as expanding early-childhood education, by reducing grade-repetition and through more tailored support for those at risk. The quality of teaching could also be raised through more in-service teacher training and stronger performance incentives for teachers. Performance of public services devoted to health and transports has been mixed. Public health services are widely available but suffer from underfunding and training places for medical staff need to be expanded. The public urban transport system suffers from a shortage of investment which is urgently needed to upgrade capacity. Regarding cash transfers, the success of “Bolsa Familia” and new programmes put in place under the umbrella of the “Brasil sem Miseria” programme is remarkable but transfer payments remain too heavily focused on pension benefits. Giving more priority to “Bolsa Familia” and “Brasil sem Miseria” while limiting the real growth of pension expenditures in the future would improve the effectiveness of social expenditures for reducing poverty and inequality. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Brazil (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/brazil).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The economic consequences of ageing : the case of Finland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1120
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finnland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finland’s population is set to age rapidly in the coming decades. This will put pressure on public finances, while shrinking labour resources. Nonetheless, solutions exist to alleviate those pressures. Adjusting the pension age in line with the rise in life expectancy would reduce pension costs and increase older workers’ employment, provided it is accompanied by the removal of the pathways to early retirement. In order to allow people to work longer, labour market flexibility should be enhanced and lifelong training promoted further. Active labour market policies should be strengthened so as to increase the labour force participation of youth, childbearing age women and the long-term unemployed. Finally, ageing should not only be seen as a burden as it can also create opportunities for innovation and new markets and industries. Information and communications technologies, where Finland has a strong knowledge base, can help the elderly stay as autonomous as possible, which would contain long-term care costs and improve well-being. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Finland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- finland.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qt1dtnlt-en
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  • 17
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    Vulnerability of social institutions : lessons from the recent crisis and historical episodes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1130
    Keywords: 2000 - 2013 ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Vergleich ; Finanzkrise ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The recent economic crisis has provided a stress test for the vulnerability of social institutions. This paper assesses the vulnerability of social institutions in light of the current crisis, and surveys past episodes, when social institutions faced similar challenges. Public pay-as-you-go pension systems have generally weathered the crisis well, but private pension funds were severely affected by the financial crisis. While health care spending drifted up further in the early part of the crisis, it levelled off in 2010 and 2011, on average in the OECD, for an unprecedented two years with no spending growth. But, in countries hard hit by the crisis public outlays on health care declined considerably. Unemployment insurance expenditure increased during the crisis in most OECD countries. In some countries, spending rose considerably more than the number of unemployed, reflecting an extension or more generous benefits, while in others the increase was considerably smaller, pointing to adequacy problems of those unemployment insurance schemes. Five country case studies focusing on how social institutions absorbed shocks in the more distant past are also examined and lessons are drawn from these experiences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz1592t3646-en
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  • 18
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    Comparing the robustness of PAYG pension schemes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1134
    Keywords: Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Umlageverfahren ; Modellierung ; Simulation ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a framework for comparing a defined benefit (DB) and a defined contribution (DC) point schemes, which are both pay-as-you go (PAYG) financed. Two stylised PAYG pension schemes are modelled and simulated to compare their robustness to shocks. The same demographic developments (distribution of workers by age and revenue and distribution of survival rate by age) are applied to the two schemes. The impacts of different shocks (productivity, migration and longevity) on the two schemes are compared. Different policy reforms (increasing the contribution rate, diminishing the pension benefit, changing the up-rating and increasing the retirement age) to cope with the ageing shock are analysed and compared.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158w3ghmx-en
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  • 19
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    International migration : the relationship with economic and policy factors in the home and destination country (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1140
    Keywords: Internationale Migration ; Entwicklung ; Arbeitsmarkttheorie ; Migrationspolitik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Unfavourable demographic trends in many OECD countries threaten the sustainability of potential labour resources, GDP growth and fiscal positions. One factor that is expected to mitigate these trends is continued inflows of migrant workers from low income economies. However, a rapid catch-up in productivity and wages in these traditional source countries vis-à-vis the OECD may weaken economic incentives for migration and imply a transition away from current migration patterns. This paper uses data of the high-skilled and low-skilled migrant stock between 92 origin and 44 destination countries to highlight the relationship between economic factors and migration. The paper also attempts to uncover links with policy and demographic factors prevailing in the origin and destination countries. The analysis suggests that higher skill-specific wages in the destination country are associated with more migration. This relationship appears to be particularly strong for migrants from middle-income countries, supporting theories of an inverted-U relationship between origin country economic development and the propensity to migrate. Policy differences between the destination and origin also appear important, for example in terms of regulations on businesses and labour markets, along with the relative quality of institutions. In some instances, the effects on high-skilled and low-skilled migrants differ markedly. Combining the estimated coefficients from the model with the skill-specific wage profile from the OECD long-term growth projections highlights the potential for weaker future migrant flows to OECD countries than implied by past trends and embedded in official projections.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123h8nd7l-en
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  • 20
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    Workplace stress in the United States : issues and policies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1150
    Keywords: Stress ; Gesundheit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite relative affluence, workplace stress is a prominent feature of the US labour market. To the extent that job stress causes poor health outcomes – either directly through increased blood pressure, fatigue, muscle pain, etc. or indirectly through increased rates of cigarette smoking – policy to lessen job stress may be appropriate. Focusing predominantly on the United States, this report reviews the literature on a variety of economic concerns related to job stress and health. Areas in which economists may provide valuable insights regarding job stress include empirical selection concerns in identifying the effect of stress on health; measurement error with respect to stress; the existence and magnitude of compensating differentials for stress; and the unique “job lock” effect in the United States created by a system of employer-provided health insurance. This report concludes with a brief discussion of US policies related to job stress. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States ).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb5t4532-en
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  • 21
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    An exploration of the determinants of the subjective well-being of Americans during the Great Recession (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1158
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Lebensqualität ; Zeitverwendung ; Arbeitsangebot ; Lohnniveau ; Lohnstruktur ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Bildung ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses data from the American Life Panel to understand the determinants of well-being in the United States during the Great Recession. It investigates how various dimensions of subjective wellbeing reflected in the OECD Better Life Framework impact subjective well-being. The results show that income is an important determinant of subjective well-being. The unemployed and the disabled are significantly less satisfied with their lives than the working population, while the retired and the homemakers are more satisfied. The paper expands the existing evidence by showing that homeowners, registered voters and those with access to health insurance have higher levels of subjective well-being. Time spent walking or exercising is positively correlated with happiness, while working more than 50 hours per week or spending time on health-related activities is negatively correlated with subjective well-being, and higher levels of anxiety. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-united-states.htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzc9p57lq3-en
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  • 22
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    Fairly sharing the social impact of the crisis in Greece (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (73 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1106
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Steuervermeidung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitsschutz ; Armut ; Verteilungswirkung ; Griechenland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poverty and income inequality have worsened since the onset of the crisis. While the design of fiscal measures has mitigated the burden sharing of fiscal adjustment, as the recession has deepened unemployment has risen, earnings have declined and social tensions have increased. Getting people back to work and supporting the most vulnerable remain priorities for inclusive growth and distributing the costs of adjustment equitably. Within the limited fiscal space this calls for continued reforms in targeting social support, especially housing benefits, extending unemployment insurance and introducing a means-tested minimum income. Sustaining universal access to good health care is also essential. Well-designed activation policies are important to bring the unemployed, especially the young, to work. At the same time, it is important to strengthen the effectiveness of the labour inspection to ensure full enforcement of the labour code. Decisive steps to contain tax evasion are also critical to social fairness. Reforms by the government in many of these areas are welcome and need to continue.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6vwk338x-en
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  • 23
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    How to improve Israel's health-care system (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1114
    Keywords: Basisgesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Sterblichkeit ; Israel ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Israel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Israelis enjoy higher life expectancy and have a much younger demographic profile than most OECD countries. However, the demand for health care is expanding rapidly due to population growth and ageing. Also, the country’s wide socio-economic divides are reflected in differences in health outcomes. To date the health-care system, centred on four health funds, is widely acknowledged as providing a basket of universal services, with good quality primary and secondary care, while also accommodating demand for private health care. However, there are challenges and tensions in the system. Currently the authorities are having to rapidly expand the number of places in medical schools and nurse training because large cohorts of health-care professionals are heading for retirement. More broadly, there are concerns that the core notion of a universal basket of services is being eroded by co-payments and the increasing demand for the additional services and options provided by private insurance. Although the quality of care is generally good, in hospital care there is room to improve data and concern that overcrowding may become chronic. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- israel.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1sltwtb-en
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  • 24
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    Gross earning inequalities in OECD countries and major non-member economies : determinants and future scenarios (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1139
    Keywords: 2060 ; Regulierung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Einkommensverteilung ; Bildung ; Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Globalisierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Income and earning inequality has been on the rise in most of the OECD and in many emerging economies since the 1980s. This paper estimates a model of earnings inequality across OECD countries that incorporates determinants of relative demand and supply of more and less-skilled labour. Drawing on OECD data we find that skill-biased technological change – measured as a common cross-country time trend and the level of multi factor productivity – has been the key driver in increasing earning differentials. The analysis also shows that educational attainment has mitigated the impact of skill-biased technological change on earning differentials, but has in most countries been unable to fully compensate. In line with previous OECD analysis, changes in structural policies and labour market institutions, such as deregulation of product and labour markets have exerted upward pressure on inequality. The estimated model is used to decompose historical changes in earning differentials and to construct forward looking scenarios up to 2060. If the common cross-country trend of skill-biased technological change observed during the last 25 years prevails, earning differentials will on average increase by almost 30% in the OECD by 2060. Finally, the model is used to simulate the consequences of alternative policy scenarios over the coming 50 years.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123k7s8bv-en
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  • 25
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    Improving well-being in the United States (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1146
    Keywords: Lohnniveau ; Lohnstruktur ; Bildung ; Zeitverwendung ; Arbeitsangebot ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Lebensqualität ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Life is quite good in the United States compared to other OECD countries, thanks to strong economic growth and technological progress having lifted average income to high levels. Nonetheless, there is evidence that the benefits from growth have not been sufficiently broad based. Self-reported happiness increases with income, an issue particularly resonant in a country with among the highest levels of income inequality in the OECD and a pattern of inequality that appears to be moving toward even more concentration at the very top at the expense of the middle class and the poor. Working hours that remain among the longest in the OECD are also creating challenges for work-life balances, child education, personal care and leisure. These pressures are contributing to higher job strain and work-related stress with unhealthy consequences, including for mental health, and a detrimental impact on employability and medical costs. While these trends cannot be easily reversed, a number of policy options are being usefully rolled out and other initiatives are being considered: federal-level policies improving access to health care and early-childhood education, state-level initiatives favouring workplace flexibility, firm-level investments in job quality and greater attention to the health consequences of job-stress. If successfully adopted, they would go a long way toward improving the well-being of American working families. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zbc80tvl-en
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  • 26
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    Reducing income inequality and poverty and promoting social mobility in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1153
    Keywords: Altersarmut ; Soziale Mobilität ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Altersvorsorge ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentation ; Südkorea ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: To strengthen social cohesion, a top government priority, it is essential to address the labour market roots of inequality by breaking down dualism to reduce the share of non-regular workers and to boost the employment ratio toward the government’s 70% target. Education reforms are also important to enhance social mobility. Social welfare programmes should be improved to make them more effective, especially among the elderly, where the relative poverty rate is 49%. In addition, reforms are needed now to develop an effective three-pillar system of retirement income based on the National Pension Scheme, company pensions and individual savings. High household debt also has adverse implications for equity, as well as for growth, as individuals with low income and credit ratings have limited access to financial markets and many are delinquent on their loans. Policies to offer credit to such households and restructure their debt, while limiting moral hazard and developing market-based lending, are essential. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/economic-survey-korea.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh6l5p7l-en
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  • 27
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    Reducing the high rate of poverty among the elderly in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1163
    Keywords: Alternde Bevölkerung ; Altersarmut ; Altersvorsorge ; Grundbedürfnisse ; Südkorea ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: One-half of Korea's population aged 65 and over lives in relative poverty, nearly four times higher than the OECD average of 13%. Elderly poverty is thus an urgent social problem. The immediate priority is to target the Basic Old-Age Pension on the lowest-income elderly to ensure that they escape from absolute poverty. The Basic Livelihood Security Programme should be used to top up the income of poor elderly by further relaxing eligibility requirements. In addition, reforms are needed to develop an effective three-pillar system of retirement income based on the National Pension Scheme (NPS), company pensions and individual savings. Making the NPS more effective in reducing elderly poverty requires expanding its coverage, focusing on improved compliance among non-regular and self-employed workers, lengthening average contribution periods and maintaining the NPS replacement at around 50%, keeping it close to the OECD average. The increase in the contribution rate should begin as soon as possible, as delays would only make the necessary increase larger. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-korea.htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx054fv20v-en
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  • 28
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    Labour market and social policies to foster more inclusive growth in Sweden (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1023
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentation ; Arbeitskosten ; Arbeitsproduktivität ; Sozialpolitik ; Schweden ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Sweden ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Sweden is a very egalitarian country but inequalities have risen and some groups are poorly integrated into the labour market. For growth to become more inclusive, the gap between the cost of labour and productivity for some groups needs to be reduced, transitions from education to work should be facilitated, incentives to take a job ought to be strengthened and the non-employed need to be protected against the risk of falling into unemployment or inactivity traps. This calls for lowering minimum wages relative to the average wage for groups at risk of becoming unemployed, improving vocational education and training, and extending the coverage of the unemployment insurance while strengthening obligations for the unemployed. To address labour market duality risks, the gap in job protection between temporary and permanent contracts needs to be reduced. Women’s employment is high but the gender wage gap could be narrowed further by enhancing their employment opportunities.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k4c0vtwpttj-en
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  • 29
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    A projection method for public health and long-term care expenditures (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (74 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1048
    Keywords: 2010-2060 ; Gesundheitskosten ; Prognose ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper proposes a new set of public health and long-term care expenditure projections until 2060, seven years after a first set of projections was published by the OECD. It disentangles health from longterm care expenditure, as well as the demographic from the non-demographic drivers, and refines the previous methodology, in particular by extending the country coverage. Regarding health care, nondemographic drivers are identified, with an attempt to better understand the residual expenditure growth by determining which share can be explained by the evolution of health prices and technology effects. Concerning LTC, an estimation of the determinants of the number of dependants (people needing help in their daily life activities) is provided. A cost-containment and a cost-pressure scenario are provided, together with sensitivity analysis. On average across OECD countries, total health and long-term care expenditure is projected to increase by 3.3 and 7.7 percentage points of GDP between 2010 and 2060 in the cost-containment and the cost-pressure scenarios respectively. For the BRIICS over the same period, it is projected to increase by 2.8 and 7.3 percentage points of GDP in the cost-containment and the costpressure scenarios respectively.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k44v53w5w47-en
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  • 30
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    Labour market policies to promote growth and social cohesion in Korea (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1068
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentation ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Lage ; Südkorea ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Labour market reform to improve growth prospects and reduce inequality is a top priority in the face of rapid population ageing and a dualistic labour market. Sustaining output growth requires policies to mitigate the impact of rapid population ageing by increasing labour inputs from under-employed segments of the population. In particular, female labour participation should be encouraged by better work-life balance and increasing the availability of highquality, affordable childcare. More flexible employment and wage systems would increase the age at which older workers leave firms. For young people, improved vocational education at the secondary and tertiary levels would help overcome the labour mismatch and the overemphasis on tertiary education. Labour market dualism creates serious equity concerns, as non-regular workers face significantly lower wages, precarious jobs, less coverage by social security and less training. A comprehensive approach is required to break down dualism, including reduced employment protection for regular workers, alongside improved social insurance coverage and expanded training for non-regular workers. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Korea).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k43nxrmq8xx-en
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  • 31
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    Responding to key wellbeing challenges in Austria (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1080
    Keywords: Familie ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Einwanderung ; Umweltpolitik ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Gesundheit ; Suburbanisierung ; Österreich ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Austria ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Important challenges for the future of Austrian well-being arise from demographic and environmental trends. The ageing of the population calls for a fair balance between life-time pension contributions and entitlements, drawing on the recent pension reform. Such progress will allow Austrians to make more informed choices between the length of their work and contribution periods and retirement length and income according to their preferences, without threatening fiscal sustainability. With female labour force participation rising, family policies should help reconcile equality of opportunity within families by promoting the availability, affordability and quality of support services. A growing share of immigrant groups with low human capital calls for remedial policies to preserve social cohesion. Environmental pressures arise from urban sprawl and the strong expansion of road transport. Turning around these trends will require more appropriate pricing of the externalities and better regional development policies to foster denser settlements that are well connected to public transport. This entails a need to strengthen coordination between different government layers and better integration of regional development with transport and housing policies. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Austria (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/austria-2013.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5k42210gg9g5-en
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  • 32
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    Labour market performance by age groups : a focus on France (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1027
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Altersgruppe ; OECD-Staaten ; Frankreich ; Employment ; Economics ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the age structure of employment rates across OECD countries with a focus on France. The statistical contribution of each age group to total unemployment-rate differentials is also computed. An estimate of the sensitivity of age-specific unemployment rates to the economic cycle is provided for OECD countries. France is one of the OECD countries having the highest dispersion of employment rates across age groups. The “within” component of the 15-29 age group accounts for over half of France’s total unemployment rate differential with best-performing countries. Youth unemployment rate is especially sensitive to cyclical fluctuations in Spain, Belgium and France.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k4c0dnhc58x-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Strengthening social cohesion in Luxembourg : making efficiency and equity go hand in hand (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1032
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Mindestlohn ; Umverteilung ; Luxemburg ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Luxembourg ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Luxembourg is a rich and fast-growing country. However, inequality of disposable incomes has trended up modestly over the past decades and relative poverty has risen reflecting mainly the rapid growth of high incomes. The relatively high inequality of market incomes is substantially reduced by large social transfers, but the risk of relative poverty still affects the most vulnerable, such as the young, the less educated, single parents and migrants. At the same time the generous transfer systems tend to reduce work incentives. There is significant room for improvement in the design of the tax and transfer system to enhance work incentives and improve targeting, particularly for the less skilled workers. Reforms that tackle poverty traps would both reduce inequality and improve the labour supply of residents. Strong activation policies are important in getting people to jobs. Job opportunities would also be enhanced by improving education outcomes for pupils from low socio-economic backgrounds and for secondgeneration immigrants. Reducing high repetition rates and better targeting education spending to schools with high shares of vulnerable students would help improve outcomes.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k49lcrgv2g4-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The efficiency and equity of the tax and transfer system in France (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1038
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Umverteilung ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Steuergerechtigkeit ; Frankreich ; cash transfer ; Taxation ; Economics ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Taxes and cash transfers reduce income inequality more in France than elsewhere in the OECD, because of the large size of the flows involved. But the system is complex overall. Its effectiveness could be enhanced in many ways, for example so as to achieve the same amount of redistribution at lower cost. The French tax code should be simplified and changed less frequently. High statutory rates are coupled with a wide range of effective tax rates resulting from a multitude of tax expenditures. There is a need for base broadening combined with lower rates throughout the system, including VAT. The tax wedge on labour is high, except at the bottom of the wage distribution, which can reduce worker participation and job offers. Greater neutrality both across different capital asset classes but also within specific taxes, and shifting taxes from labour and capital inputs to environmental and property taxes would improve economic outcomes. Likewise, the system of social and family benefits should be simplified to enhance transparency and consistency. Eliminating schemes that let people leave the labour market early, abolishing the pension privileges of specific occupational groups and internalising the costs of survivors’ pension benefits would increase fairness while at the same time generating savings. Better labour-market performance would result from increasing job-search incentives and shortening the parental leave allowance. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of France (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/France).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k487n4jqqg5-en
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing the efficiency of welfare spending in Slovenia with data envelopment analysis (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1058
    Keywords: 2000-2010 ; Öffentliche Sozialausgaben ; Data-Envelopment-Analyse ; Slowenien ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Slovenia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper derives estimates of the efficiency of welfare spending in Slovenia and the other OECD countries from data envelopment analysis based on model specifications used in earlier OECD studies. Results suggest that Slovenia ranks about 25th among OECD countries for output efficiency: for a given level of spending outcomes fall short by around 3.5% in health care, by 10% in secondary education and by around one third in public administration. Results also suggests that Slovenia ranks 18th to 27th in the OECD for input efficiency as the same outcomes could be reached by scaling back costs by around half. Alternatively, spending increases could be contained and outcomes improved by increased cost efficiency. Statistical uncertainty surrounding input efficiency estimates is high for countries with the smallest scope for potential savings. Confidence intervals around output efficiency scores are also wide for some emerging market economies.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k44v5373q0q-en
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Austria's well-being goes beyond GDP (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1079
    Keywords: Familie ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Einwanderung ; Umweltpolitik ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Gesundheit ; Suburbanisierung ; Österreich ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Austria ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Austria enjoys strong material well-being and high quality of life. Steady convergence with top GDP per capita levels translated into decisive improvements in household disposable incomes while significant redistribution has ensured low income inequality and poverty. This has been combined with gains in leisure time, especially time spent in retirement, low unemployment, high environmental standards, rising life expectancy, a well-functioning social support network and high subjective well-being. This performance was achieved with a unique combination of supportive conditions for a dynamic business sector, priority for family based care, a wide supply of public services, and a well-functioning social partnership. Particularly remarkable for a small open economy has been the degree of stability, which may have contributed to Austria’s high quality of life. However, a number of weaknesses also exist. Older, unskilled and in particular people with migrant background, have lower labour market attachments. Outcomes in education and health care are subject to inequalities. Family services are still mainly carried out by women, who have closed the gap in education attainment with men but face tensions between work and family responsibilities and a high wage gap. The gaps experienced by people with migrant background are in several dimensions larger than in the average OECD country. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Austria (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/austria-2013.htm).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k422133hjnv-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do the average level and dispersion of socio-economic background measures explain France's gap in PISA scores? (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1028
    Keywords: Soziale Schicht ; Bildungsniveau ; Frankreich ; Education ; Economics ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: OECD’s PISA publications highlight the impact of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) on students’ results within countries. The focus here is to investigate whether ESCS measures could contribute to differences in aggregate educational outcomes between countries. There is some evidence that, after controlling for education spending and the overall level of economic development, differences in ESCS might account for a substantial amount of France’s gap in average PISA scores with respect to best performing OECD countries, albeit by no means all of it.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k4bxkv1d96k-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving the economic situation of young people in France (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1041
    Keywords: Absolventen ; Berufsbildung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Abbrecher ; Frankreich ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The economic situation of young people is unsatisfactory. Educational inequalities have been widening for over a decade, due to a sharp decline in the results of the most highly disadvantaged students. The unemployment rate for the 20-24 age bracket has not dropped below 16% for nearly 30 years. French youth are highly pessimistic about the future and express great distrust of institutions. The social safety net sits uneasily between autonomy and family solidarity and is unfair because young people who are unemployed and have no solid financial backing from their families find themselves in precarious situations. Positive discrimination in education policies should be given a real priority and education spending rationalised to draw more resources to primary schooling. The autonomy of universities should be increased, as should the financial independence of young people. The workings of the labour market, some features of which penalise new entrants, need to be reformed and youth employment services enhanced. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of France (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/France).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k4840dqcbjc-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inequality and poverty in the United States : public policies for inclusive growth (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1052
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Umverteilung ; Sozialpolitik ; USA ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Income inequality and relative poverty in the United States are among the highest in the OECD and have substantially increased over the past decades. These developments have been associated with a number of other worrying statistics, including low intergenerational social mobility and weak real income growth for many households. A more inclusive pattern of growth would require less pronounced gaps in outcomes and opportunities across social groups and a broader sharing of the benefits of growth. The present paper analyses the causes of US income inequality and relative poverty in an OECD context, especially the role of the tax-and-transfer system, and suggests public policies to promote inclusive growth. To a significant degree, high income inequality is attributable to the large dispersion of earned income, which should be addressed by reforming education, so as to provide disadvantaged students with the skills needed to fully realise their potential. In addition, taxes and transfers contribute less to income redistribution than in other OECD countries. If well designed, reforms that promote inclusive growth could also help reduce the market distortions resulting from the current tax-and-transfer system. In particular, phasing out personal and corporate tax expenditures that disproportionately benefit high earners would lower income inequality and improve resource allocation. As well, social transfers could be more effective in alleviating poverty through better targeting of the truly needy while reducing administrative complexity.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k46957cwv8q-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The declining competitiveness of French firms reflects a generalised supply-side problem (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1029
    Keywords: 1997-2011 ; Handelsbilanz ; Außenhandel mit Industriegütern ; Frankreich ; Employment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This short paper analyses the decline of France’s trade balance over the past 15 years. While the loss in export market shares is comparable to that of the major OECD countries except Germany, it is one of the largest among the countries of the euro area. The determinants of this outcome seem to be general (rather than concentrated in the industrial sector) and related to overall supply-side weaknesses.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k4c0dldmgr2-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Work incentives and universal credit : reform of the benefit system in the United Kingdom (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1033
    Keywords: Sozialreform ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Arbeitsangebot ; Steuervergünstigung ; Großbritannien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Under the Universal Credit reform, the main means-tested benefits except the Council Tax Benefit will be pooled into one single benefit with one single taper rate. The reform will give people better incentives to work, reduce complexity and contribute to reducing poverty. The reform could reduce the number of workless households by between 45 000 and 240 000 and increase labour supply by the equivalent of 15 000-85 000 full-time employees. Increased take-up and increased entitlements for low income families will further reduce poverty and increase equality. However, the cost of childcare remains high even after taking childcare benefits into account. Despite significant improvements, childcare expenses will continue to be a hurdle to progress in work for second earners and lone parents, even after the Universal Credit reform.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k49lcn89rkf-en
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Labour market, welfare reform and inequality in the United Kingdom (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1034
    Keywords: Sozialreform ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Einkommensverteilung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Großbritannien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Employment has risen by more and unemployment has risen less than expected, given the path of output. Nevertheless, long-term and youth unemployment and involuntary part-time work are high. A polarised labour market risks worsening income inequality, which is high by OECD standards, despite a recent and likely temporary decline. The UK welfare system is an essential safety net, which needs to promote employment, while protecting the most vulnerable. The reformed welfare system, Universal Credit, and the employment programme for disadvantaged workers, Work Programme, will generally improve work incentives and provide support for return to work, but need to be refined. Skill deficiencies are holding back employment and fostering inequality, as low education achievements penalise children from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Vocational training needs to be strengthened and cooperation with employers reinforced. Transition from education to work can prove challenging, requiring more attention to the integration of university graduates into the labour market.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k49lcnl9cr8-en
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Restructuring welfare spending in Slovenia (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1061
    Keywords: Öffentliche Sozialausgaben ; Slowenien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Slovenia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Restoring fiscal sustainability is a major challenge in Slovenia. Yet, the performance in terms of expenditure control is poor and public expenditure on social spending increased briskly during the crisis, significantly more than on average across the OECD. Despite recent progress in reforming the pension system, Slovenia continues to face major age-related spending pressures. Reforming the welfare state would help achieve fiscal consolidation, increase the quality of fiscal adjustment and address long-term fiscal sustainability challenges. This could be done without significantly worsening income inequality, which is low in Slovenia. Despite recent progress, cash transfers do not seem to be sufficiently means tested. Partly driven by generous social transfers, average effective tax rates on returning to work from inactivity and unemployment are high and could be further cut gradually. Efficiency frontier analysis suggests there is scope to improve spending efficiency without undermining the quality of in kind services on secondary education, health care and public administration. There is excess capacity in pre-school and compulsory education and the allocation of tertiary education services is regressive. The delivery of health care could be improved by rationalising inpatient care and enhancing costeffective primary care, which would generate savings in the medium term. Further increasing the effective retirement age and reforming the financing of health and long-term care are the main policy priorities to contain the pressure of population ageing on expenditure. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Slovenia (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/slovenia-2013.htm).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k44v50kwzxx-en
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  • 44
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    Online Resource
    Belgium : enhancing the cost efficiency and flexibility of the health sector to adjust to population ageing (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1066
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitskosten ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Belgien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Belgium ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Belgium has a good record in delivering accessible care, but adaptation to population ageing will be complicated by the fragmentation of responsibilities in the healthcare system and a strong reliance on government regulations. The organisation of the system could be rationalised by giving sickness funds a more active role as promoters of cost-efficiency, better aligning the incentives of the different levels of government and focussing on medium-term budgeting. At the level of care providers, better information flows and incentive structures could facilitate addressing practice and efficiency variations and supplier-induced demand. This notably involves completing the shift to pathology-based budgets in hospitals, more capitation in the remuneration of doctors and measures to tackle the high spending on drugs. Once incentives for cost-efficiency are in place, a shift towards a more demand-driven system could be encouraged by phasing out over-prescriptive hospital regulations. In addition, relative remunerations of doctors should be revised regularly to ensure an adequate supply per specialty. In long-term care, home care, which is generally cost-efficient, could be further encouraged by giving more autonomy to patients to organise their care. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Belgium (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/belgium).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k44ssnfdnr7-en
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  • 45
    Book
    Book
    Africa and the north : between globalization and marginalization (2005)
    London : Routledge
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISBN: 0415498864 , 9780415333917 , 9780415498869 , 0415333911
    Language: English
    Pages: XII, 175 S. , 25 cm
    Edition: 1. publ.
    Series Statement: The new international relations
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Africa and the north
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Africa and the north
    DDC: 327.60182109051
    RVK:
    MK 9500
    RVK:
    ML 9300
    Keywords: Europäische Union ; Vereinte Nationen ; Internationale Politik ; Nord-Süd-Beziehungen ; Außenpolitik ; Staatensystem ; Afrika Industrieländer ; Internationale Beziehungen ; Nord-Süd-Beziehungen ; Außenpolitik einzelner Staaten ; Afrikapolitik ; Deutschland ; Frankreich ; Japan ; Vereinigtes Königreich ; Vereinigte Staaten ; Außenpolitik von Staatengruppen ; Europäische Union ; United Nations ; Bemühungen um Konfliktbeilegung Friedenssicherung ; Auslands- und Entwicklungshilfe ; Auslandshilfepolitik einzelner Staaten ; Wirtschaftsbeziehungen zwischen Ländern ; Wirtschaftsbeziehungen von Ländergruppen ; AKP-Abkommen ; Africa Foreign relations 1960- ; Africa Foreign relations ; 1960- ; Afrika ; Industriestaaten ; Deutschland ; Frankreich ; Japan ; Großbritannien ; USA ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Afrika ; Außenpolitik ; Geschichte 1960-2005 ; Afrika ; Globalisierung ; Marginalität
    Description / Table of Contents: Includes bibliographical references and index
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Inhaltstext
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  • 46
    Book
    Book
    Distinction : a social critique of the judgement of taste (2000)
    London : Routledge
    Details
    ISBN: 0415045460
    Language: English
    Pages: XIV, 613 S , Ill., graph. Darst
    Edition: Reprinted
    Uniform Title: La Distinction 〈engl.〉
    RVK:
    MS 1300
    Keywords: Aesthetics, French ; Social classes France ; France Civilization ; 1945- ; Frankreich ; Geschmack ; Soziale Klasse
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