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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,233)
  • 2010-2014  (1,121)
  • 2005-2009  (95)
  • 1985-1989  (22)
  • Arbeitspapier  (1,233)
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Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Trends in Southeast Asia (from 1999-)
    Singapore : ISEAS Publ. | Singapore ; Nachgewiesen 1999 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0219-3213
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1999 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trends in Southeast Asian Studies
    Former Title: Trends in Southeast Asia series
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ bis Juli 2015: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Working papers / African Studies Centrum (from 1980-)
    Leiden ; Nr. 1.1980 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0924-3534
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1980 -
    Former Title: Working paper
    Former Title: ASC working papers
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Diskussionspapiere / Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaft, Fachgebiet Volkswirtschaft des Vorderen Orients (from 1990-2019)
    Berlin : Klaus Schwarz Verlag | Berlin : Freie Univ., Fachgebiet Volkswirtschaft des Vorderen Orients | Berlin : Das Arabische Buch ; Nr. 1.1990 -117
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-3052 , 0942-3052 , 0942-3052
    Language: German , English
    Pages: 30 cm
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1990 -117
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion Diskussionspapiere
    Subsequent Title: Fortgesetzt durch Diskussionspapiere - Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Geographie im Vorderen Orient
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
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    DNB
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fairly sharing the social impact of the crisis in Greece (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (73 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1106
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Steuervermeidung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitsschutz ; Armut ; Verteilungswirkung ; Griechenland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poverty and income inequality have worsened since the onset of the crisis. While the design of fiscal measures has mitigated the burden sharing of fiscal adjustment, as the recession has deepened unemployment has risen, earnings have declined and social tensions have increased. Getting people back to work and supporting the most vulnerable remain priorities for inclusive growth and distributing the costs of adjustment equitably. Within the limited fiscal space this calls for continued reforms in targeting social support, especially housing benefits, extending unemployment insurance and introducing a means-tested minimum income. Sustaining universal access to good health care is also essential. Well-designed activation policies are important to bring the unemployed, especially the young, to work. At the same time, it is important to strengthen the effectiveness of the labour inspection to ensure full enforcement of the labour code. Decisive steps to contain tax evasion are also critical to social fairness. Reforms by the government in many of these areas are welcome and need to continue.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6vwk338x-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Connected televisions : convergence and emerging business models (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 231
    Keywords: Fernsehprogramm ; Internet ; Geschäftsmodell ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Connected televisions are defined for the purposes of this report as devices that have the capability to interact with the Internet to display audio-visual content. Connected television is an important development because it permits the provision of certain new and valuable services to end-users. These services will also have implications for the activities of all of the players in the content distribution ecosystem. In addition to identifying the new services that connected television enables, the report analyses in some detail their effects on networks (i.e. the physical communication links that carry content to end-users). The impact on content producers themselves, on content distributors (such as traditional pay television companies), on hardware vendors, and on providers of support services such as advertising and programme guides is considered much more briefly. More detailed examination of these matters could be the subject of future work. The report also includes a discussion of policy implications raised by connected televisions for the actual connected television devices and for network infrastructure.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb36wjqkvg-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Social protection and climate change (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 16
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Wetter ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Climate change has already resulted in climate-related extreme events of greater frequency and/or intensity. This, along with long-term changes in average conditions (whether in temperature or rainfall), is likely to continue to have a major impact on livelihoods. Developing countries will be especially affected by such events – and more specifically, the poor people in developing countries – because of their geographical exposure and their greater reliance on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture. Social protection offers a wide range of instruments (e.g. cash transfers, insurance products, pension schemes and employment guarantee schemes) that can be used to support households that are particularly vulnerable to both the ongoing and acute impacts of climate changes. Although the evidence base showing how these measures can help those affected prevent and cope with climate challenges is still limited, this paper aims to provide a condensed review of the current knowledge and evidence about the role of social protection in reducing the impact of climate change on the poorest populations and provides a series of recommendations for both social protection and climate change practitioners and for strengthening the evidence base.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qc8wc1s5-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    DynEmp : a Stata® routine for distributed micro-data analysis of business dynamics (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Mikrodaten ; Datenverarbeitung ; Software ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper introduces a new Stata® command, dynemp, which implements a distributed micro-data analysis of business and employment dynamics and firm demographics. The data source it requires are business registers or comparable firm- or establishment- level longitudinal databases which cover the (near-) universe of companies in all business sectors. Access to such confidential data is usually restricted and the micro-level data cannot be brought together to a single platform for cross-country analysis. To solve this confidentiality problem while also maintaining a high level of harmonisation of the key economic concepts (gross job flows, growth rates of employment, definition of high-growth firms, etc.), dynemp can be distributed in a network of researchers who have access to the national confidential microdata. In such manner, the rich firm-level employment dynamics can be analysed from new angles (such as firm age and size), significantly expanding the scope of the analysis insofar possible using more aggregated data.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz40rscddd4-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Can increasing inequality be a steady state? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2014/01
    Keywords: 1984 - 2032 ; Einkommensverteilung ; Gleichgewichtstheorie ; Vergleich ; USA ; Kanada ; Australien ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Historically, discussions of income inequality have emphasised cross-sectional comparisons of levels of inequality of income. These comparisons have been used to argue that countries with more inequality are less healthy, less democratic, more crime-infested, less happy, less mobile and less equal in economic opportunity, but such comparisons implicitly presume that current levels of inequality are steady state outcomes. However, the income distribution can only remain stable if the growth rate of income is equal at all percentiles of the distribution. This paper compares long-run levels of real income growth at the very top, and for the bottom 90% and bottom 99% in the United States, Canada and Australia to illustrate the uniqueness of the post-WWII period of balanced growth (and consequent stability in the income distribution). The ‘new normal’ of the United States, Canada and Australia is ‘unbalanced’ growth – specifically, over the last thirty years the incomes of the top 1% have grown significantly more rapidly than those of everyone else. The paper asks if auto-equilibrating market mechanisms will spontaneously equalise income growth rates and stabilise inequality. It concludes that the more likely scenario is continued unbalanced income growth. This, in turn, implies, on the economic side, consumption and savings flows which accumulate to changed stocks of indebtedness, financial fragility, and periodic macroeconomic crises; and, on the social side, to increasing inequality of opportunity and political influence. Greater economic and socio-political instabilities are therefore the most likely consequence of increasing income inequality over time.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxc80xq6-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A sub-national perspective on financing investment for Growth I : measuring fiscal space for public investment ; influences, evolution and perspectives (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/02
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Teilstaat ; Öffentliche Investition ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Institutionenökonomik ; Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Sub-national governments are key players for public investment, as they are responsible on average for 62% of total public investment in OECD countries. This article analyses the different factors affecting sub-national governments’ fiscal space for public investment. It proposes an indicator for measuring this fiscal space and analyses the evolution of its different components over 2007-2012. The article shows that the global financial crisis and the ensuring consolidation drive have reduced sub-national governments’ fiscal space for public investment, through a downward pressure on revenues, increased expenditure obligations, and constrained capacity to borrow or issue debt on financial markets.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1qk8fhg-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The OECD Metropolitan Governance Survey : a quantitative description of governance structures in large urban agglomerations (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/04
    Keywords: Ballungsraum ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Datenerhebung ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Even though metropolitan areas account for half of the population, and an even larger share of economic activity of OECD countries, almost no systematic information on governance structures in these areas exists. This study – based on a novel data set – gives an overview of governance arrangements in OECD metropolitan areas. It shows that organisations dedicated to metropolitan area governance are common, but often have little powers. Nevertheless, the existence of such organisations is related with better performance on a range of important outcome variables, such as public transport systems, environmental issues, and urban sprawl.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz43zldh08p-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What makes cities more productive? : evidence on the role of urban governance from five OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/05
    Keywords: 1998-2011 ; Ballungsraum ; Agglomerationseffekt ; Produktivität ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Vergleich ; Deutschland ; Mexiko ; Spanien ; Großbritannien ; USA ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper estimates agglomeration benefits based on city productivity differentials across five OECD countries (Germany, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States). It highlights the relationship between cities’ governmental fragmentation and productivity, and represents the first empirical analysis of how metropolitan governance structures affect this relationship. The comparability of results in a multi-country setting is supported through the use of Functional Urban Areas – an internationally harmonised definition of cities based on economic linkages rather than administrative boundaries. In line with the previous literature, the analysis confirms that city productivity tends to increase with city size; doubling city size is found to be associated with an increase in productivity of between two and five percent. What is more, city productivity is positively associated with the population size of nearby cities. On the governance side, the paper finds that cities with fragmented governance structures tend to have lower levels of productivity. For a given population size, a metropolitan area with twice the number of municipalities is associated with around six percent lower productivity; an effect that is mitigated by almost half by the existence of a governance body at the metropolitan level.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz432cf2d8p-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic growth from the household perspective : GDP and income distribution developments across OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (83 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1111
    Keywords: Mittelschicht ; Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides an assessment of how households’ income has fared compared with GDP. While the prime focus is on incomes around the median, attention is paid also to the bottom of the income distribution. Thus, one contribution of the paper is to deliver a fresh assessment of the evolution of inequality and poverty across OECD countries over the last fifteen years. The analysis relies on a rich array of indicators, producing new evidence of the various patterns of differences in income distributions across countries and over time. For example, it assesses the extent to which stability in overall income inequality masks compensating changes between the lower and upper halves of the income distribution. Also, it explores whether contracting inequalities coexist with increasing poverty. The paper adds to previous studies by introducing, measuring and analysing income polarisation in a cross-country comparative perspective. Distinguishing polarisation from inequality and comparing their evolution over time provides new policy-relevant perspectives on the nature of the changing income distribution.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5m89dh0nt-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic policies and microeconomic stability : a literature review and some empirics (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (71 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1115
    Keywords: 1980 - 2013 ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Volatilität ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The decline in macroeconomic volatility from the 1980s to the onset of the Great Recession did not, in general, translate into more microeconomic stability. While microeconomic volatility can reflect growth-generating processes, such as creative destruction and re-allocation of resources, consumption growth volatility weighs on households’ welfare. This study reviews the existing literature on the link between economic policies and economic stability at the firm and household level. Based on firm-level and household-level data for a wide range of OECD countries, it also provides preliminary results on sources and patterns of microeconomic volatility.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417mn2443-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spillover effects from exiting highly expansionary monetary policies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1116
    Keywords: Geldpolitik ; Spillover-Effekt ; Finanzmarkt ; Finanzkrise ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The prospective normalisation of monetary policies in the main OECD areas will be challenging given that current policy rates are likely to be significantly below neutral levels and that central bank balance sheets will be above the pre-crisis levels by a wide margin. Monetary policy normalisation is likely to start in the United States before other main OECD areas, with potential global spillovers, as was already experienced in mid-2013 when the mere discussion of tapering unsettled global financial markets. A gradual increase in interest rates, in the context of strong growth and rising equity values, would contribute to a balanced US recovery and have a benign impact on the rest of the world. However, a rapid rise in bond yields would risk generating instability in the US shadow banking sector, and the financial system more generally, even if banks seem increasingly resilient to such a shock. Although model simulations suggest that a large and protracted government bond yield shock would not have large trade spillovers in the absence of crisis events in the United States or abroad, an induced increase in bond yields in other countries, together with an induced large decline in equity prices, would have a sizeable effect on the OECD and largest emerging market economies. The latter countries are particularly vulnerable to such spillovers given their generally less liquid financial markets and, in some cases, weak fundamentals related to the banking system and external financing. In the United States, the authorities should aim at managing smoothly the exit and at strengthening the resilience of shadow banking institutions so that the risk of liquidity-induced fire sales is reduced. This should be accompanied in other countries by measures to increase the resilience to interest rate shocks, and when the shock occurs, allowing exchange rates to adjust flexibly and implementing offsetting fiscal measures if scope is available.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417mb6dzp-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tackling labour mismatches and promoting mobility in Hungary (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1122
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Qualifikation ; Steuer ; Zweiter Arbeitsmarkt ; Bildung ; Wohnung ; Verkehr ; Ungarn ; Employment ; Economics ; Hungary ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Significant labour market mismatches and insufficient mobility penalise employment and productivity. Mismatches have above all a skills dimension, with an excess of low-skilled workers and a possible lack of skilled workers in certain domains. Reducing the high tax wedge on low salaries and avoiding excessive minimum wage increases would support demand for low-skilled labour. In the longer term, upgrading the labour supply requires improving educational outcomes, especially of disadvantaged students, and making the school-to-work transition less abrupt. To facilitate good matching and enhance sectoral mobility, a somewhat longer duration of unemployment benefits and an upscaled Public Employment Service would be of value, as well as greater focus on reintegration in the public works programme and more efficient and developed lifelong learning. Besides skills mismatches, important geographic mismatches are illustrated by high and persistent regional disparities in the unemployment rate. Mobility is hampered by the underdevelopment of the rental housing market, while there is room to enhance the efficiency of public transport to further support commuting.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Macroprudential policy tools in Norway : strengthening financial system resilience (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1126
    Keywords: Finanzmarktregulierung ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Immobilienmarkt ; Norwegen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Norway ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In Norway house prices have risen to high levels, associated with very strong credit growth, in a context of low interest rates. Such a combination was in many countries a contributory factor to the 2008- 09 crisis. The Norwegian authorities have been well aware of the problem. Below-target inflation and low interest rates abroad have kept policy interest rates low. “Macro-prudential” tools have been developed as additional policy instruments with a view to strengthen the banking system’s resilience to possible shocks and dampen systemic risk. This chapter notes that although authorities seem to have succeeded in containing over-heating pressures in the housing market, high levels of household indebtedness persist, a phenomenon which was an important factor in the last major Norwegian recession. The chapter also provides some longer run considerations on resource allocation in the housing market. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Norway (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-norway.htm).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2mm2vbhjk-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vulnerability of social institutions : lessons from the recent crisis and historical episodes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1130
    Keywords: 2000 - 2013 ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Vergleich ; Finanzkrise ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The recent economic crisis has provided a stress test for the vulnerability of social institutions. This paper assesses the vulnerability of social institutions in light of the current crisis, and surveys past episodes, when social institutions faced similar challenges. Public pay-as-you-go pension systems have generally weathered the crisis well, but private pension funds were severely affected by the financial crisis. While health care spending drifted up further in the early part of the crisis, it levelled off in 2010 and 2011, on average in the OECD, for an unprecedented two years with no spending growth. But, in countries hard hit by the crisis public outlays on health care declined considerably. Unemployment insurance expenditure increased during the crisis in most OECD countries. In some countries, spending rose considerably more than the number of unemployed, reflecting an extension or more generous benefits, while in others the increase was considerably smaller, pointing to adequacy problems of those unemployment insurance schemes. Five country case studies focusing on how social institutions absorbed shocks in the more distant past are also examined and lessons are drawn from these experiences.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz1592t3646-en
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparing the robustness of PAYG pension schemes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1134
    Keywords: Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Umlageverfahren ; Modellierung ; Simulation ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a framework for comparing a defined benefit (DB) and a defined contribution (DC) point schemes, which are both pay-as-you go (PAYG) financed. Two stylised PAYG pension schemes are modelled and simulated to compare their robustness to shocks. The same demographic developments (distribution of workers by age and revenue and distribution of survival rate by age) are applied to the two schemes. The impacts of different shocks (productivity, migration and longevity) on the two schemes are compared. Different policy reforms (increasing the contribution rate, diminishing the pension benefit, changing the up-rating and increasing the retirement age) to cope with the ageing shock are analysed and compared.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158w3ghmx-en
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Consequences of climate change damages for economic growth : a dynamic quantitative assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1135
    Keywords: 2060 ; Klimawandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; CGE-Modell ; Szenariotechnik ; Welt ; Environment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on the effects of climate change impacts on economic growth. Simulations with the OECD’s dynamic global general equilibrium model ENV-Linkages assess the consequences of a selected number of climate change impacts in the various world regions at the macroeconomic and sectoral level. This is complemented with an assessment of very long-run implications, using the AD-RICE model. The analysis finds that the effect of climate change impacts on annual global GDP is projected to increase over time, leading to a global GDP loss of 0.7% to 2.5% by 2060 for the most likely equilibrium climate sensitivity range. Underlying these annual global GDP losses are much larger sectoral and regional variations. Agricultural impacts dominate in most regions, while damages from sea level rise gradually become more important. Negative economic consequences are especially large in South and South-East Asia whereas other regions will be less affected and, in some cases, benefit thanks to adjustments from international trade. Emissions to 2060 will have important consequences in later decades and centuries. Simulations with the AD-RICE model suggest that if emissions continue to grow after 2060, annual damages of climate change could reach 1.5%-4.8% of GDP by the end of the century. Some impacts and risks from climate change have not been quantified in this study, including extreme weather events, water stress and large-scale disruptions. These will potentially have large economic consequences, and on balance the costs of inaction presented here likely underestimate the full costs of climate change impacts. More research is needed to assess them as well as the various uncertainties and risks involved. However, this should not delay policy action, but rather induce policy frameworks that are able to deal with new information and with the fact that by their nature some uncertainties and risks will never be resolved.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxb8kmf3-en
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  • 20
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    Unleashing the power of big data for Alzheimer's Disease and dementia research : main points of the OECD expert consultation on unlocking global collaboration to accelerate innovation for Alzheimer's Disease and dementia (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 233
    Keywords: Alterskrankheit ; Medizin ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: More than 35 million people worldwide had dementia in 2010, when annual costs were estimated at USD 604 billion; the number of people with dementia is expected to exceed 115 million by 2050. Alzheimer’s disease is today considered the prototype problem for the Grand Global Challenge in healthcare. Despite decades of intensive research, the causal chain of mechanisms behind Alzheimer’s has remained elusive as reflected in recent failures of well-designed clinical trials on promising investigational new drugs. The multi-factorial nature of the disease requires the collection, storage and processing of increasingly large and very heterogeneous datasets (behavioural, genetic, environmental, epigenetic, clinical data, brain imaging, etc.). No one nation has all the assets to pursue this type of research independently. In an effort to tackle this huge challenge, the OECD held a consultation on "Unlocking Global Collaboration to Accelerate Innovation for Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia" which looked at ways to harness developments in life sciences and information technologies to accelerate innovation in the prevention and treatment of the disease. This paper reports on the opportunities offered by the informatics revolution and big data. Creating and using big data to change the future of Alzheimer’s and dementia requires careful planning and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Numerous technical, administrative, regulatory, infrastructure and financial obstacles emerge and will need to be hurdled to make this vision a reality.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz73kvmvbwb-en
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  • 21
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    Consumer policy guidance on mobile and online payments (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 236
    Keywords: Elektronisches Geld ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD Committee on Consumer Policy has issued this policy guidance to boost consumer protection when using mobile and on-line payment systems and to identify ways in which policy makers and businesses can work together to strengthen consumer protection while spurring innovation in the marketplace. The guidance addresses a number of key issues in the emerging mobile and online payment area, including the need to establish minimum levels of consumer protection across payment mechanisms, enhanced privacy and child protection, and standards for transparent and accessible information disclosures
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz432cl1ns7-en
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  • 22
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    State-invested enterprises in the global marketplace : implications for a level playing field (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD corporate governance working papers 14
    Keywords: 1998 - 2012 ; Luftverkehr ; Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Bergbau ; Erdölindustrie ; Telekommunikationsdienst ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: State-owned and other state-invested enterprises (SIEs) have become more prominent in the global economy over the last decade. A growing role for state-invested enterprises in the marketplace is not in itself onerous. According to an OECD consensus, as expressed through the Organisation’s legal instruments, SOEs can be operated according to similarly high standards of governance, transparency and efficiency as private companies, in which case the ownership issue is moot. However, only some of the world’s most advanced economies, following decades of reform of their SOE sectors, have approached this point. Moreover, when SOEs operate across borders the challenges may multiply. With this background, this paper compares the difference between SIEs and non- SIEs in five sectors: air transportation, electricity, mining, oil & gas and telecommunication. The empirical analysis indicates that, in addition to any financing advantages, large state-invested enterprises also seem to benefit from an unusually favourable position in their home markets. A comparative analysis further shows that, in the course of the last ten years, SIEs have generally enjoyed higher rates of return than comparable private companies. The paper concludes that the growing role of state-invested enterprises in the international marketplace does not yet present a serious macroeconomic challenge. However, since it is likely to keep growing for some time, challenges need to be addressed relatively soon. This makes for a strong case for enhanced policy coordination and information sharing. If legally binding instruments cannot be developed in the near to medium-term to ensure competitive neutrality, consultation mechanisms could be established through which the main players in international trade and investment can exchange views on matters of common concern related to the state in the marketplace. The ultimate purpose would be ensuring that the international trade and investment environment remains open, non-discriminatory and offering a level playing field.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0xvfvl6nw-en
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  • 23
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    Changes in family policies and outcomes : is there convergence? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 157
    Keywords: Familienpolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents new information on trends in family and child outcomes and policies over the past decades, in order to assess whether there has been any convergence over time across OECD and EU countries. Important drivers of population structure such as life expectancy and fertility rates are becoming more similar across countries as are marriage and divorce rates. Increased educational attainment has contributed to greater female employment participation and convergence therein across countries. Child well-being outcomes show a more mixed pattern with improvements and convergence in infant mortality, but varying trends in child poverty across countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz13wllxgzt-en
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  • 24
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    Skills at work : how skills and their use matter in the labour market (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 158
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Fachkräfte ; Bildungsabschluss ; Qualifikation ; Anforderungsprofil ; Lohnstruktur ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Human capital is key for economic growth. Not only is it linked to aggregate economic performance but also to each individual’s labour market outcomes. However, a skilled population is not enough to achieve high and inclusive growth, as skills need to be put into productive use at work. Thanks to the availability of measures of both the proficiency and the use of numerous types of skills, the Survey of Adult Skills offers a unique opportunity to advance knowledge in this area and this paper presents and discusses evidence on both these dimensions with a particular focus on their implications for labour market policy. This paper explores the role played in the labour market by skill proficiency in the areas of literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments. It also shows how skills use, not only proficiency, affects a number of key labour market phenomena, such as the gender wage gap. Finally, the paper combines information on skill proficiency, educational attainment, skill use and qualification requirements to construct indicators of qualification and skills mismatch and to explore their causes and consequences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44fdfjm7j-en
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  • 25
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    Wage-setting in the hospital sector (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 77
    Keywords: Lohnbildung ; Gesundheitsberufe ; Krankenhaus ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines wage setting mechanisms for health workers in hospitals across eight different OECD countries. It describes similarities and differences and how fixed or fluid these approaches have been in recent years through health system reforms, labour market dynamics and economic pressures. Based on a review of grey literature and expert interviews with officials from the covered countries, it finds that prior to the economic downturn, several countries had signalled a shift to more local and flexible wage setting in the hospital sector but this ambition does not seem to have been realised in full for public sector hospitals in most OECD countries. Fiscal pressures have led to some “recentralisation” of wage setting, particularly in France, Portugal and the United Kingdom. While the extent of centralisation has been a question of considerable debate, the countries covered in this paper suggest that the benefits of centralised and/ or co-ordinated wage setting generally appear to have been given more attention by policy makers. The current research base on the effectiveness of different wage setting approaches is limited. Policy-making would benefit from developing a better understanding of the impact of wage setting on improved hospital performance and quality.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx56b8hqhl-en
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  • 26
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Netherlands (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 73
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Niederlande ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Netherlands ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MhAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MhAPs is possible and encouraged. The Dutch mental health system is highly institutionalised and has a large number of psychiatric beds compared to other OECD countries. Nonetheless, government reforms have aimed at shifting the axis of the system from bed-based hospital services to more integrated mental health services and community-based services. Structural changes to the Dutch mental health system, together with recent government policies that aim to improve access to mental health services, have led to decreasing the treatment gap for mental disorders but also to increasing the expenditures associated with mental health care up until 2011.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158z60dzn-en
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  • 27
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    Imagining more effective humanitarian aid : a donor perspective (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 18
    Keywords: Humanitäre Hilfe ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Welt ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper is intended to provoke debate, and stimulate further thinking and study, about humanitarian effectiveness, and what that will mean for donors and other stakeholders, in the run-up to the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016. Today’s humanitarian system is made up of many different moving parts. These different parts are guided by different standards and learning initiatives, all aimed at promoting an effective humanitarian response. However, the system itself does not yet have a core set of shared values, and it is not clear whether the overall humanitarian endeavour is fit for purpose or optimally configured, given the challenges of a changing global context, and the increasing complexity of crises. A common framework for humanitarian effectiveness, designed to promote collective responsibility and mutual accountability, would ensure that each actor would be held accountable for their contribution to the same characteristics of effectiveness – based on what they can control, what they can influence and where they advocate – no matter who was assessing them. No doubt, a shared understanding of humanitarian effectiveness will also stimulate change in the design, tools and approaches, and results measurement, within the humanitarian system.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx3d16snf7-en
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  • 28
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    Renewable energy policies and cross-border investment : evidence from mergers and acquisitions in solar and wind energy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2005 - 2011 ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Auslandsinvestition ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Energiewirtschaft ; Portfolio-Management ; Übernahme ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The study assesses the role of feed-in tariffs (FITs) and renewable energy certificates (RECs) in creating incentives for cross-border investments and for investments in particular technological portfolios via M&A. The analysis explores the dataset on M&As in alternative energy sources worldwide over 2005-2011. The results suggests that FITs encourage more diversified M&A than RECs. With respect to foreign investment, the study finds a linear relationship between FITs and cross-border M&As in the wind energy sector, but an inverted U-shaped relationship in the solar energy sector. One possible explanation for the latter may lie in reduced policy credibility due to the public finance implications of ‘generous’ FITs. Another possible explanation for this finding concerns the use of high solar FITs by countries whose natural conditions provide little comparative advantage in solar energy, suggesting that low profitability and limited potential of solar energy in those countries might have deterred the entry of foreign investors.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxv9f3r9623-en
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  • 29
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    Food Waste Along the Food Chain (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.71
    Keywords: Lebensmittel ; Lieferkette ; Abfallvermeidung ; Kommunale Abfallwirtschaft ; Öffentlichkeitsarbeit ; Datenerhebung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Reducing food losses and food waste is attracting growing public attention at the international, regional, and national levels, and is widely acknowledged to contribute to abating interlinked sustainability challenges such as food security, climate change, and water shortage. However, the pattern and scale of food waste throughout the supply chain remains poorly understood, despite growing media coverage and public concerns in recent years. This paper takes stock of available data on food waste and explores policies related to food waste in OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmftzj36-en
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  • 30
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    Modelling Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.70
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Agrarproduktion ; Anpassung ; Bewässerung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates how climate change can affect agricultural production and proposes some adaptation measures that could be undertaken to mitigate the negative effects of climate change while enhancing the positive ones. The paper stresses the importance of planned adaptation measures and highlights possible strategies for reducing risk and improving resilience. To quantify the possible effects of climate change and the effects of adaptation measures this study uses the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT). The analysis first explores the potential effects of climate change on yields and prices. It then goes on to analyse the potential impacts of two distinctive sets of adaptation strategies on yields, prices, and food security, namely: i) research and development (to develop new crop varieties that are better suited to changed climate conditions) and ii) changes in irrigation technology. Last, the analysis in this paper estimates the public and private investment needs in research and development (R&D) for developing new crop varieties, and further develops estimates of the cost of improving irrigation technologies in OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en
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  • 31
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    The Stringency of Environmental Regulations and Trade in Environmental Goods (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2014/03
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report assesses conceptually and empirically the extent to which the stringency of environmental regulations drives international trade in environmental goods. Many of the measures governments adopt to address issues such as local air and water pollution or GHG emissions take the form of regulations that aim to change the behaviour of firms or households. Compliance by private actors with those regulations in turn generates a growing market for environmental goods and services that is increasingly international in scope as more countries tighten their environmental regulations. Regulatory stringency thus spurs the development of a market for a whole range of equipment specifically meant for preventing and abating pollution, with important implications for international trade in such equipment. The different indicators of regulatory stringency considered in the present analysis generally support the notion that the stringency of environmental regulations positively affects countries’ specialisation in environmental products, even when considering specific sectors such as solid-waste management or wastewater treatment. While increased trade in environmental products is not an end in itself, the environmental benefits this entails can contribute to global improvements in environmental quality. By increasing demand for environmental products and technologies, environmental policy can complement trade policy in supporting pollution-reduction efforts not just domestically, but also abroad.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrjn7xsnmq-en
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  • 32
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    Investment treaties and shareholder claims : analysis of treaty practice (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/03
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment
    Keywords: investor-state dispute settlement ; foreign investment ; derivative action ; separate legal personality ; reflective loss ; investment treaties ; stockholders ; consistency of arbitral decisions ; access to justice ; shareholder claims ; international economic law ; overlapping claims ; shareholder rights ; creditors ; bilateral investment treaties ; related claims ; international arbitration ; comparative law ; creditors’ rights ; treaty shopping ; arbitrators ; international investment law ; settlement ; concurrent claims ; international investment ; reflective injury ; business corporations ; domestic impact of investment law ; investment arbitration ; stockholder remedies ; consistency ; competitive neutrality ; agency costs ; derivative loss ; corporate law ; international investment agreements ; judicial economy ; derivative injury ; shareholders ; shareholder remedies ; level playing field ; company law ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Advanced systems of domestic corporate law generally apply a “no reflective loss” principle to shareholder claims. Shareholder claims are permitted for direct injury to shareholder rights (such as voting rights). But shareholders generally cannot bring claims for reflective loss incurred as a result of injury to "their" company (such as loss in value of shares). Only the directly-injured company can claim. In contrast, shareholder claims for reflective loss have consistently been permitted under typical bilateral investment treaties (BITs) in recent years. This paper analyses investment treaty provisions relating to shareholder claims. It addresses (i) treaty regimes for shareholder recovery and company recovery of damages, including their consequences for investor protection and government liability; (ii) the interaction of reflective loss claims with treaty provisions that seek to limit multiple claims; and (iii) treaty provisions applicable to government objections to shareholder claims for reflective loss.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvk6shpvs4-en
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  • 33
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    Productivity measurement with natural capital and bad outputs (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1154
    Keywords: Natur ; Kapitalstock ; Produktivität ; Luftverschmutzung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Opportunitätskosten ; Energy ; Environment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a productivity growth measure that explicitly accounts for natural capital as an input factor and for undesirable goods, or “bads”, as an output of the production process. The discussion focuses on the extension of productivity measurement for bad outputs and estimates of their shadow prices, while the inclusion of natural capital is discussed in more depth in a companion paper. As bad outputs are the target of environmental policies, a productivity measure that does not take bad outputs into account will underestimate productivity growth, whenever countries devote some inputs to reducing bad outputs, thus improving the environmental impact of their production processes, rather than to increasing the production of goods and services. An adjusted productivity measures is needed in an analysis of the effect of bad outputs on productivity growth as otherwise the effectiveness of environmental policies in promoting production processes that make more efficient use of the environment will be wrongly assessed. Results suggest that the adjustment of the traditional productivity growth measure for bad outputs is small. While this partly hinges on the fact, that due to a lack of more comprehensive data, only a limited set of bad outputs are considered in this paper, namely CO2, SOX and NOX emissions, the relatively small adjustment of the traditional productivity growth measure is good news for two reasons. First, it implies that ignoring the bad outputs considered in this paper results in a relatively small bias of productivity measurement, and thus analysis based on traditional measures should be relatively reliable in this regard. Second, it also implies that the acceleration in productivity growth that would help to substantially reduce the bad outputs considered in this paper, without reducing output growth, should be possible to achieve.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh5t0ztd-en
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  • 34
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    Boosting the development of efficient SMEs in the Netherlands (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1157
    Keywords: KMU ; Unternehmensgründung ; Gründungsfinanzierung ; Kreditgeschäft ; Personalführung ; Niederlande ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Entrepreneurship is an important driver of economic growth, job creation and competitiveness. However, the small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) sector has been severely affected by the crisis, with access to bank finance being particularly difficult. Various government-sponsored schemes have been introduced to ease credit conditions. Developing alternatives to bank lending options for SME finance is important but will take time. Restructuring banks’ balance sheets is essential to step up bank lending to SMEs in the medium term. Beyond financing issues, boosting innovation would support productivity gains, and SME competitiveness and growth. Also, easing labour market regulation would further support SME development. A large share of small businesses consists of self-employed with no employees. The tax system should minimise distortions for the creation and expansion of businesses. Despite significant progress made in lowering barriers to entrepreneurship, there is scope to further reduce administrative burdens. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-netherlands.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxz9xztql6f-en
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  • 35
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    The internet economy : regulatory challenges and practices (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1171
    Keywords: Internet ; Electronic Commerce ; Regulierung ; Wettbewerb ; Verbraucherschutz ; Vergleich ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Internet has become an integral part of the everyday life of households, firms and governments. Its proper functioning over the long run is therefore crucial for economic growth and people’s wellbeing more generally. The success of the Internet depends on its openness and the confidence of users. Designing policies that protect society while allowing for Internet’s great economic potential to be fulfilled, is a difficult task. This paper investigates this challenge and takes stock of existing regulations in OECD and selected non-OECD countries in specific areas related to the digital economy. It finds that despite the regulatory difficulties, the Internet is far from being a “regulation-free” space as there are various industry standards, co-regulatory agreements between industry and the government, and in some cases also state regulation. Most of them aim at protecting personal data and consumers more generally. In many cases generally applicable laws and regulations exist that address privacy, security and consumer protection issues both in the traditional and the digital economy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxszm7x2qmr-en
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  • 36
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    Public financial management in infrastructure in Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 323
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.323
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Haushaltsplanung ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finanzreform ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Afrika ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: To what extent do budgetary processes and institutions hamper infrastructural development in Africa? To answer that question, this report analyses the answers of budget officials to questionnaires administered in 22 African countries: Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cabo Verde, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Republic of Sudan, Tunisia and Zimbabwe.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzmjr4qlhb-en
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  • 37
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    Skills and jobs in the internet economy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 242
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Wissensgesellschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Both generic and specialised ICT skills are becoming an important requirement for employment across the economy as the Internet becomes more engrained in work processes, but a significant part of the population lacks the basic skills necessary to function in this new environment. This paper examines the impact of the Internet on the labour market in this context. For example, between 7% and 27% of adults have no experience in using computers or lack the most elementary computer skills, such as the ability to use a mouse. In addition, the groups with the least ICT skills tend to be among the demographic groups at the most risk of losing jobs. Data also highlight a potential skills mismatch among those with the strongest ICT skills (youth) and those who actually use them at work (prime age and older adults).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvbrjm9bns-en
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  • 38
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    Exports and employment in China, Indonesia, Japan and Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 166
    Keywords: 1995 - 2009 ; Export ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Unternehmenskooperation ; China ; Japan ; Südkorea ; Employment ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic ; Indonesia ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the effects of exports on employment in China, Indonesia, Japan and Korea. It draws on input-output data for the period from 1995 to 2009 to estimate the effects on each industry's employment (i.e. direct effects) and on other industries' employment through intra-industry linkages (i.e. indirect effects). There are four major findings. First, at the aggregate level, the implied employment from exports increased in China, Japan and Korea. Second, at the industry level, exports and the shares of implied employment from exports increased in machinery-related industries such as Machinery (NEC), Electrical and Optical Equipment, and Transport Equipment in China, Indonesia and Korea. Third, although more than 80% of exports in the four study countries are from manufacturing industries, the employment effects are not limited to manufacturing industries. A significant number of workers in non-manufacturing industries depend upon manufacturing exports through vertical inter-industry linkages. Non-manufacturing industries account for between 40% and 60% of the implied employment from exports. Finally, in 2009, the share of implied employment from Chinese final demand exceeded that from the US final demand in both Japan and Korea. An implication of the overall results is that even in cases where an industry is not particularly directly export-oriented, the industry may still be subject to potential effects – positive or negative – of changes in export demand.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzqqw84vmp-en
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  • 39
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : computer and related services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 169
    Keywords: IT-Management ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for computer services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for computer services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.08 and 0.34, with a sample average of 0.18. Explicit barriers to trade in computer services are rare, but the sector is subject to a number of economy-wide restrictions facing all sectors. Among these, restrictions on movement of people (mode 4 in GATS terminology) make the largest contribution to the index value, followed by regulatory transparency issues. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4np1pjzt-en
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  • 40
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : legal and accounting services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 171
    Keywords: Rechnungswesen ; Rechtsberatung ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for the regulated professions of legal and accounting services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for legal and accounting services and captures de jure regulations in force in 2013. The STRI supports the view that legal and accounting services are subject to a relatively high level of regulation. Restrictiveness for legal services ranges from 0.11 to 0.73, with an average of 0.31. Accounting and auditing services show an average of 0.3 and STRI values ranging from 0.13 to 1. The results provide useful policy insights, particularly in order to identify priorities for reform at the national and international levels. Notably, in the case of legal and accounting services, easing a few prominent restrictions could result in a significantly more liberal and competitive market environment.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nkg9g24-en
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  • 41
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : distribution services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 173
    Keywords: Vertrieb ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for distribution services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for distribution services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.02 and 0.40, with a sample average of 0.13. It is observed that the regulatory profile differs across countries. Restrictions on foreign ownership and other market entry conditions significantly contribute to the results for almost half of the countries covered by the STRI. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4njvtfbx-en
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  • 42
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : audio-visual services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 174
    Keywords: Kommunikationsmedien ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for motion pictures, television and broadcasting and sound recording. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for audio-visual services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.06 and 0.72 for motion pictures, 0.07 to 0.78 for television and broadcasting, and between 0.05 and 0.37 for sound recording. The sample averages are 0.18 for motion pictures, 0.28 for television and broadcasting and 0.16 for sound recording. Limitations on foreign entry, including foreign equity limits contribute to about two thirds of the index values in television and broadcasting. In motion pictures screen quotas contribute to the indices in many of the countries with scores above average. Sound recording, i.e. music, is the most open of the three audio-visual services sectors where limitations on movement of people account for more than 40% of the index value. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nj4fc22-en
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  • 43
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    Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.163
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In most OECD countries, the gap between rich and poor is at its highest level since 30 years. Today, the richest 10 per cent of the population in the OECD area earn 9.5 times the income of the poorest 10 per cent; in the 1980s this ratio stood at 7:1 and has been rising continuously ever since. However, the rise in overall income inequality is not (only) about surging top income shares: often, incomes at the bottom grew much slower during the prosperous years and fell during downturns, putting relative (and in some countries, absolute) income poverty on the radar of policy concerns. This paper explores whether such developments may have an impact on economic performance. Drawing on harmonised data covering the OECD countries over the past 30 years, the econometric analysis suggests that income inequality has a negative and statistically significant impact on subsequent growth. In particular, what matters most is the gap between low income households and the rest of the population. In contrast, no evidence is found that those with high incomes pulling away from the rest of the population harms growth. The paper also evaluates the “human capital accumulation theory” finding evidence for human capital as a channel through which inequality may affect growth. Analysis based on micro data from the Adult Skills Survey (PIAAC) shows that increased income disparities depress skills development among individuals with poorer parental education background, both in terms of the quantity of education attained (e.g. years of schooling), and in terms of its quality (i.e. skill proficiency). Educational outcomes of individuals from richer backgrounds, however, are not affected by inequality. It follows that policies to reduce income inequalities should not only be pursued to improve social outcomes but also to sustain long-term growth. Redistribution policies via taxes and transfers are a key tool to ensure the benefits of growth are more broadly distributed and the results suggest they need not be expected to undermine growth. But it is also important to promote equality of opportunity in access to and quality of education. This implies a focus on families with children and youths – as this is when decisions about human capital accumulation are made -- promoting employment for disadvantaged groups through active labour market policies, childcare supports and in-work benefits.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en
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  • 44
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    Green Development Co-Operation in Zambia : An Overview (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Papers no.2014/03
    Keywords: Environment ; Zambia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Embracing green growth can secure strong, stable and sustainable development. Green growth recognises and integrates the value of natural capital into economic decision-making and development planning, which is critical to avoid natural capital depletion, the worst of climate change and social and national security risks (OECD, 2013). This is particularly true for developing countries, because of their dependence on natural assets and acute exposure and vulnerability to environmental risks, ranging from air, water and soil pollution, as well as natural resource scarcity and extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change. A green growth policy framework recognises and aims to address both micro- and macro-level pressures that countries face to grow their economies, while also managing environmental risks. In poorer developing countries, micro-level pressures may include lack of access to basic services such as shelter, fuel, water; while macro-level pressures are threats to stable livelihoods due to...
    DOI: 10.1787/5js6b25c2r5g-en
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  • 45
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    Greening Household Behaviour and Transport (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.77
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on personal transport choices. It presents the results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) survey where econometric techniques are applied. The report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication OECD (2014). The objective of the analysis is to understand the determinants of household choices in the following areas: the use of alternative modes of transportation car ownership, willingness-to-pay for an electric vehicles and the relative importance of environmental factors when buying a car. The results indicate that the choice of non-motorized modes of transportation is strongly correlated with the proximity of the destination and that attitudinal variables play only a minor role. The same is true for the use of public transport. Households that say that they trust information about environmental impact of products, are better educated about impact of private transport and are in favour of government actions to reduce CO2, tend to have a higher willingness to pay for electric vehicles.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrclmd0gjb-en
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  • 46
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    Greening Household Behaviour : Overview of Results from Econometric Analysis and Policy Implications (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.79
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Haushaltsstatistik ; Ökonometrie ; Australien ; Kanada ; Chile ; Frankreich ; Israel ; Japan ; Korea ; Niederlande ; Spanien ; Schweden ; Schweiz ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The second round of the OECD Survey on Environmental Policy for Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) was implemented in 2011. A publication providing an overview of the survey data from over 12 000 households in eleven countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) is available.1 Follow-up econometric analyses were conducted in each of the thematic areas covered (energy, food, transport, waste and water), as well as on cross-domain comparisons in environmental attitudes and behaviours.2 This report presents a synthesis of main results from econometric analysis using the data from the 2011 EPIC survey, as well as policy implications.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcllt1kq5-en
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  • 47
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    Intelligent demand : policy rationale, design and potential benefits (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 13
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy interest in demand-side initiatives has grown in recent years. This may reflect an expectation that demand-side policy could be particularly effective in steering innovation to meet societal needs. In addition, owing to constrained public finances in most OECD countries, the possibility that demand-side policies might be less expensive than direct support measures is attractive. Interest may also reflect some degree of disappointment with the outcomes of traditional supply-side measures. This paper reviews demand-side innovation policies, their rationales and importance across countries, different approaches to their design, the challenges entailed in their implementation and evaluation, and good practices. Three main forms of demand-side policy are considered: innovation-oriented public procurement, innovation-oriented regulations, and standards. Emphasis is placed on innovation-oriented public procurement.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8p4rk3944-en
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  • 48
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    Evaluation of industrial policy : methodological issues and policy lessons (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 86 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 16
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Industrial policy, broadly defined, covers a multitude of policy instruments and approaches. While there has been a recent revival of interest in industrial policy around the world, systematic evidence of efficacy is relatively scarce. This report brings together the work of an OECD expert group that has considered recent evidence from the evaluation of industrial policy. The report focuses on three specific policy areas, namely: support for R&D; capital market interventions (with a focus on risk capital); and public procurement for innovation. The report also examines three areas where packages of industrial policy measures are generally applied: sector approaches including public-private partnerships; policies towards clusters and business networks; and national industrial strategies. In many areas of industrial policy, evaluation faces particular methodological challenges. These challenges are outlined in the report, which concludes by drawing together the main policy lessons from the available evaluation evidence.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz181jh0j5k-en
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  • 49
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    State-owned enterprise governance : a stocktaking of reforms and challenges in Southern Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD corporate governance working papers 13
    Keywords: Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Organisatorischer Wandel ; Übernahme ; Corporate Governance ; Kapitalmarkttheorie ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; SADC-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; South Africa ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report is the first known stocktaking of its kind to provide a regional overview of state-owned enterprise (SOE) governance reforms and challenges across the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. Part One summarises the challenges and governance practices related to state-ownership across SADC economies; it draws conclusions on how to address common regional priorities. Part Two of the report is organised around country profiles providing a fact-based assessment of SOE reform policies and practices in 14 economies. The report was prepared at the request of the Southern Africa Network on Governance of State-Owned Enterprises – a regional cooperation initiative aimed at improving the corporate governance of SOEs, and mainly covering the member economies of the SADC region. The stocktaking was prepared based on information self-reported by authorities in participating economies and supplemented by desk research.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb5zntk5r8-en
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  • 50
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    The political economy of tax incentives for investment in the Dominican Republic : “doctoring the ball” (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 322
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.322
    Keywords: Steuerpolitik ; Anreiz ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Dominikanische Republik ; Development ; Dominican Republic ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Tax incentives can be a useful tool to stimulate investment in developing countries. However, in these countries interest groups often are able to exert considerable influence in its management, if not its design. From a power-based approach to the political economy of tax reform we find how interest groups work within the institutional framework to seek outcomes that best fit their objectives. When unsuccessful, they become powerful advocates of change. These power dynamics have important implications for the design and management of tax incentives in developing economies.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz3wkh45kmw-en
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  • 51
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    Policy challenges for the next 50 years (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (67 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 9
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Umweltbelastung ; Einwanderung ; Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Koordination ; Bildungschancen ; Hochschule ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Welt ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper identifies and analyses some key challenges that OECD and partner economies may face over the coming 50 years if underlying global trends relating to growth, trade, inequality and environmental pressures prevail. For example, global growth is likely to slow and become increasingly dependent on knowledge and technology, while the economic costs of environmental damages will mount. The rising economic importance of knowledge will tend to raise returns to skills, likely leading to further increases in earning inequalities within countries. While increases in pre-tax earnings do not automatically transform into rising income inequality, the ability of governments to cushion this impact may be limited, as rising trade integration and consequent rising mobility of tax bases combined with substantial fiscal pressures may hamper such efforts. The paper discusses to what extent national structural policies can address these and other interlinked challenges, but also points to the growing need for international coordination and cooperation to deal with these issues over the coming 50 years.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz18gs5fckf-en
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  • 52
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    The diesel differential : differences in the tax treatment of gasoline and diesel for road use (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 21
    Keywords: Benzin ; Dieselkraftstoff ; Mineralölsteuer ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Diesel and gasoline account for around 95% of energy used for road transport in the OECD and for the largest share of revenue from taxes on energy. In 33 out of 34 OECD countries, diesel fuel is taxed at lower rates than gasoline both in terms of energy and carbon content. To assess whether this difference is warranted from an environmental perspective, this paper examines the rationales for taxing both fuels, considering the externalities (including local air pollution, carbon emissions and other social costs related to road transport) associated with the use of each fuel and the fuel efficiency advantage of diesel vehicles. The revenue, distributional and competitiveness consequences of increasing tax rates on diesel are also briefly considered and the revenue effects of the tax treatment of diesel are shown to be significant. We conclude that the externalities associated with each fuel show that the lower tax rates that currently apply to diesel fuel are not justifiable from an environmental perspective. Reduction of the diesel differential is warranted. A gradual approach to removing the differential would allow the adverse distributional and competitiveness impacts to be mitigated during the transitional phase.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz14cd7hk6b-en
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  • 53
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    OECD forecasts during and after the financial crisis : a post mortem (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1107
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Wirtschaftslage ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Inflation ; Prognoseverfahren ; Finanzpolitik ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses the OECD’s projections for GDP growth and inflation during the global financial crisis and recovery, focussing on lessons that can be learned. The projections repeatedly over-estimated growth, failing to anticipate the extent of the slowdown and later the weak pace of the recovery – errors made by many other forecasters. At the same time, inflation was stronger than expected on average. Analysis of the growth errors shows that the OECD projections in the crisis years were larger in countries with more international trade openness and greater presence of foreign banks. In the recovery, there is little evidence that an underestimate of the impact of fiscal consolidation contributed significantly to forecast errors. Instead, the repeated conditioning assumption that the euro area crisis would stabilise or ease played an important role, with growth weaker than projected in European countries where bond spreads were higher than had been assumed. But placing these errors in a historical context illustrates that the errors were not without precedent: similar-sized errors were made in the first oil price shock of the 1970s. In response to the challenges encountered in forecasting in recent years and the lessons learnt, the OECD and other international organisations have sought to improve their forecasting techniques and procedures, to improve their ability to monitor near-term developments and to better account for international linkages and financial market developments.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz73l1qw1s1-en
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  • 54
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    Would a growth slowdown in emerging markets spill over to high-income countries? : a quantitative assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1110
    Keywords: 2010 - 2012 ; Außenhandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Spillover-Effekt ; Schwellenländer ; Industrieländer ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Growth in emerging market economies (EMEs) is set to durably slow from the rates observed over 2010-12 as cyclical effects fade, potential growth declines and external financing conditions tighten. Large negative current account balances make some EMEs vulnerable to sudden reversals in capital flows while exceptionally rapid credit expansions, as those observed in Brazil, China, Poland and Turkey over the past years, may have raised financial risk. This paper assesses recent developments and vulnerabilities in EMEs and uses macroeconometric model simulations to provide quantitative estimates of spillovers to highincome countries. The results suggest that for each slowdown of 2 percentage points in EMEs, highincome countries’ growth could be around ⅔ percentage points lower on average, with around ½ percentage point accounted for by trade. Experience with past EME crises suggests that this could be exacerbated by effects from exchange rates and by financial market turbulence. OECD countries which would be hit hardest include Belgium, Japan and the Netherlands, reflecting mainly strong trade linkages with EMEs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5m89p82d8-en
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  • 55
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    How to improve Israel's health-care system (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1114
    Keywords: Basisgesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Sterblichkeit ; Israel ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Israel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Israelis enjoy higher life expectancy and have a much younger demographic profile than most OECD countries. However, the demand for health care is expanding rapidly due to population growth and ageing. Also, the country’s wide socio-economic divides are reflected in differences in health outcomes. To date the health-care system, centred on four health funds, is widely acknowledged as providing a basket of universal services, with good quality primary and secondary care, while also accommodating demand for private health care. However, there are challenges and tensions in the system. Currently the authorities are having to rapidly expand the number of places in medical schools and nurse training because large cohorts of health-care professionals are heading for retirement. More broadly, there are concerns that the core notion of a universal basket of services is being eroded by co-payments and the increasing demand for the additional services and options provided by private insurance. Although the quality of care is generally good, in hospital care there is room to improve data and concern that overcrowding may become chronic. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- israel.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1sltwtb-en
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  • 56
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    Trade specialisation and policies to foster competition and innovation in Denmark (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1118
    Keywords: KMU ; Produktivität ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Internationaler Markt ; Marktanteil ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Regulierung ; Innovation ; Dänemark ; Economics ; Trade ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Danish productivity has grown only weakly over the past two decades, both historically and in relation to other countries, despite sound policies and institutions. At the same time, the country has lost export market shares. Denmark needs to continue its efforts to reap the benefits of globalisation, which would contribute to invigorating productivity growth. Fostering competition by removing regulatory barriers and improving public procurement would help. In addition, innovation policy needs to become more efficient and more in line with the growing importance of the service sector and knowledge-based capital. Small and medium-sized enterprises could be better integrated into global markets by improving their access to finance and developing the entrepreneurship culture. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Denmark (www.oecd.org/economic-surveydenmark. htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qt5h7m6g-en
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  • 57
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    The economic consequences of ageing : the case of Finland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1120
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Alternde Bevölkerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finnland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finland’s population is set to age rapidly in the coming decades. This will put pressure on public finances, while shrinking labour resources. Nonetheless, solutions exist to alleviate those pressures. Adjusting the pension age in line with the rise in life expectancy would reduce pension costs and increase older workers’ employment, provided it is accompanied by the removal of the pathways to early retirement. In order to allow people to work longer, labour market flexibility should be enhanced and lifelong training promoted further. Active labour market policies should be strengthened so as to increase the labour force participation of youth, childbearing age women and the long-term unemployed. Finally, ageing should not only be seen as a burden as it can also create opportunities for innovation and new markets and industries. Information and communications technologies, where Finland has a strong knowledge base, can help the elderly stay as autonomous as possible, which would contain long-term care costs and improve well-being. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Finland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- finland.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qt1dtnlt-en
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  • 58
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    Do resources flow to patenting firms? : cross-country evidence from firm level data (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1127
    Keywords: 2003 - 2010 ; Innovation ; Patent ; Unternehmenswachstum ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper exploits longitudinal data on firm performance and patenting activity for 23 OECD countries over the period 2003-2010 to explore the extent to which changes in the patent stock are associated with flows of capital and labour to patenting firms. While the finding that patenting is associated with real changes in economic activity at the firm level is in line with recent literature, new empirical evidence presented suggests that the impact of patenting on firm size is likely to be causal. Moreover, these data reveal important differences across OECD countries in the extent to which innovative firms can attract the complementary tangible resources that are required to implement and commercialise new ideas. In turn, the contribution of framework policies to explaining the observed cross-country differences in the magnitude of these flows is explored. While further research is required to establish causality, the results are consistent with the idea that well-functioning product, labour and capital markets; efficient judicial systems and bankruptcy laws that do not overly penalise failure can raise the returns to innovative activity. The paper also investigates the heterogeneous impacts of policies and finds that young firms – which are more likely to experiment with disruptive technologies and rely on external financing to implement and commercialise their ideas – disproportionately benefit from reforms to labour markets and more developed markets for credit and seed and early stage finance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2lpmk0gs6-en
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  • 59
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    An update of the OECD International Trade Equations (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1129
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Außenhandelselastizität ; Prognoseverfahren ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; Argentinien ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a detailed description of recent research to re-estimate and re-specify the international trade volume and price equations that are used in the OECD Economics Department to analyse and project international trade developments. The set of countries covered by the estimations has been significantly enlarged, with estimates of the factors affecting export performance, import penetration and trade prices presented for 41 countries, including countries that have recently joined the OECD (Chile, Estonia, Israel and Slovenia) and major emerging countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa). Reflecting the heterogeneity of countries included in the estimations, procedures for grouping them have been modified to allow for country specifics as much as possible. Structural breaks over the estimation period – which now typically covers the mid-1980s to 2012 and includes the global trade collapse of 2009 – are dealt with by the flexible modelling of deterministic trends, including the allowance for several rather than single trend reversals.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxbkrxmv-en
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  • 60
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    Overcoming vulnerabilities of health care systems (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1132
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Makroökonomik ; Schock ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Nachhaltigkeit ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the vulnerabilities of health care systems in OECD and BRIICS countries to adverse secular trends and large macroeconomic shocks. It identifies policies that can ally vulnerabilities considering the institutional setting of health care systems, such as the public-private mix and the main sources of revenues, and the need to balance economic sustainability with the adequacy of services.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en
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  • 61
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    Long-term patterns of trade and specialisation (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1136
    Keywords: 2060 ; Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Internationale Produktion ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Szenariotechnik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents descriptive evidence of specialisation trends and investigates empirically their causes and consequences, analysing the role of policies in this process. Then, based on the insights from the backward looking analysis, it draws global trade and specialisation scenarios up to 2060, taking into account international spillovers. The paper highlights that comparative advantage in terms of factor endowments matters for trade specialisation, although framework and trade policies also play a role. For instance, tariffs on intermediate inputs are found to adversely affect trade with this adverse effect found to have increased over time, likely reflecting expanding global supply chains magnifying the impact of tariffs. The forward-looking analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions, reflecting faster growth in these countries. Multilateral global trade liberalisation could raise world trade by 15% by 2060 relative to the status quo, whereas regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries only would raise world trade by 4% due to trade diversion.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158tbddbr-en
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  • 62
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    Approaches to protection of undisclosed information (trade secrets) : background paper (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (327 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 162
    Keywords: Geschäftsgeheimnis ; Immaterialgüterrechte ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of the available legal protection for trade secrets (undisclosed information) in a broad sample of countries. Drawing on national and international material, the paper develops and presents an indicator of the stringency of protection of trade secrets (the Trade Secrets Protection Index) and provides an assessment of variation in the available protection. The result is a finding that while the sample countries have some similarities, notably with respect to definition and scope of trade secrets, they have many more substantial dissimilarities with respect to implementation of protection for trade secrets. For example, differences are particularly pronounced in evidence gathering and discovery, protection of trade secrets during litigation, technology transfer requirements and the effectiveness of legal systems with respect to enforcement. This diversity is reflected in the wide range of scores in the Trade Secrets Protection Index. Such variation in the stringency of protection for trade secrets may influence firm-level decision-making and may have implications for some aspects of economic performance (in particular, in relation to innovation).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz9z43w0jnw-en
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  • 63
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    International cables, gateways, backhaul and international exchange points (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 232
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; Organisationsstruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on the development of backhaul and cross-border networks, which enable local networks to connect to the wider Internet. These local networks may cover a city, a region or even a country. To connect their networks to other networks around the world, operators need access to regional and international high-speed networks. The level of investment required in these networks varies and can be very different from region to region. In some parts of the world, the investment made around the turn of the century was characterised by a “boom and bust”, which fuelled an expansion in backhaul links and data centres. Since that time, investment has taken place at a more measured pace, reflecting growing demand from liberalised markets and leading to further expansion in areas such as mobile and broadband Internet access.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8m9jf3wkl-en
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  • 64
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    The internet in transition : the state of the transition to IPv6 in today's internet and measures to support the continued use of IPv4 (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 234
    Keywords: Breitbandkommunikation ; Internet ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report considers the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 alongside the use of network technologies to prolong IPv4 use in the face of depletion of further IPv4 protocol addresses, but it does not aim to address all issues surrounding the transition to IPv6 or to detail the economic incentives faced by various Internet actors. It first provides a status update of address management issues and the run-out of IPv4. It then describes the advantages and limitations of increased use of network address translation as one response to sustain the use of IPv4 in the face of IPv4 address exhaustion. It provides an overview of the IPv6 protocol; the advantages of IPv6 deployment as a response to IPv4 address exhaustion and the IPv6 transition plan compared to actual deployment to date. Finally, the report examines the choices facing individual actors, their potential consequences, and the policy implications on openness and innovation for the future of the Internet.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5sq5d7cq2-en
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  • 65
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    An evaluation of international surveys of children (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 146
    Keywords: Kinder ; Sozialer Indikator ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report evaluates sources of international child well-being data to assess their suitability for supplementing national and transnational data sources to inform policy. The review of the leading surveys of children (and surveys of households with children) summarises the information available from these sources and, as importantly, identifies the gaps in measuring child well-being outcomes not covered by data from these sources. The report then undertakes an in-depth evaluation of possible systematic bias in the underlying survey population to provide confidence in the reliability of outcomes measured from these international surveys. Based on the overall evaluation, the report concludes with recommendations for the use and improvement of international surveys for monitoring child well-being.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzmjrqvntf-en
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  • 66
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    The role of national ecosystem assessments in influencing policy making (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 60
    Keywords: Naturschutz ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Erneuerbare Ressourcen ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltökonomik ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: An ecosystem assessment is a social process through which the findings of science concerning the causes of ecosystem change, their consequences for human well-bring, and the management and policy options are evaluated. Ecosystem assessments can play an important role in synthesising and communicating complex information and can both inform and influence decision-making processes. This paper draws insights from experience with National Ecosystem Assessments (NEAs) recently undertaken in the UK, Japan, Spain, and Portugal, as well as other ecosystem assessments undertaken at regional and international geographical scales, and highlights lessons learned so that the impact of NEAs on policy can be enhanced. The paper concludes by identifying key issues needed to develop practical guidance for successful ecosystem assessments.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvl3zsbhkk-en
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  • 67
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    Integrated assessment of climate change impacts : conceptual frameworks, modelling approaches and research models (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 66
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a framework to include feedbacks from climate impacts on the economy in integrated assessment models. The proposed framework uses a production function approach, which links climate impacts to key variables and parameters used in the specification of economic activity. The key endpoints within climate impact categories are linked to the relevant connections for a range of sectors in the economy. The paper pays particular attention to the challenges of distinguishing between damages and the costs of adapting to climate change. The paper also reviews existing studies and available data that can be used to establish linkages between climate impacts and key variables within economic models. There is considerable heterogeneity across the timing and geographic distribution of changes in climatic variables, the consequent changes in key physical and biogeochemical “endpoints” that might occur over time and space, and the magnitude of the resulting damages that these effects are likely to impose on the range of sectors in the economy. The review underlines the uncertainty involved in each of these dimensions and the research needs for the future.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qcjsrvzx-en
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  • 68
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    Exploring potential data sources for estimating private climate finance (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 69
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Private Investition ; Schätzung ; Datenerhebung ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper reviews a number of commercial and public data sources to examine their potential for increasing coverage and understanding of the volume and characteristics of private climate finance beyond renewable energy projects. Such information is needed to assess progress towards the global transition to low-carbon, climate-resilient economies, as well towards the fulfilment of international commitments by developed countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The data sources investigated in this analysis are evaluated across four areas relating to their: (i) use of sectoral classification systems; (ii) coverage of private finance transactions and instruments; (iii) definitions and methods for categorising finance as private and identifying its geographic origin; and (iv) data access restrictions and methodological transparency. To provide a frame of reference, the paper distils corresponding definitions and methodologies used by key known data sources for tracking climatespecific finance as well as investments and finance more broadly...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz15qwz4hs1-en
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  • 69
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    Tax preferences for environmental goals : use, limitations and preferred practices (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 71
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Steuervergünstigung ; Steuerwirkung ; Steuerpolitik ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Environment ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews the use of tax preferences to achieve environmental policy objectives. Tax preferences involve using the tax system to adjust relative prices with a view to influencing producer or consumer behaviour in favour of goods or services that are considered to be environmentally beneficial. They take various forms, typically a partial or total exemption from a specified tax. Because tax preferences help to avoid or reduce costs for businesses or consumers, there are often pressures on governments to favour them over other instruments. As a result, they are sometimes used inappropriately, typically to address negative externalities for which they are not well suited. The paper suggests that the comparative advantage of tax preferences is in providing support for positive externalities, that is situations in which a subsidy would help to deliver more social benefits than would otherwise be the case. When designing tax preferences, care must be taken to ensure that they do not encourage technological lock-in, provide perverse incentives for environmentally harmful activities (the rebound effect), or reward producers or consumers for actions they would have taken anyway. Since tax preferences are a form of subsidy, they should be subject to the same degree of scrutiny and oversight as other forms of public expenditure.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwrr4hkd6l-en
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  • 70
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Finland (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (74 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 72
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Finnland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Finland ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MHAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MHAPs is possible and encouraged. Mental health disorders comprise one of the highest burdens of disease in Finland. The share of disability pensions granted due to mental disorders is high and while the rates of suicide have decreased in recent years, they are still above the OECD average. Consequently, tackling mental ill health is a government priority for Finland. The mental health system has undergone a number of reforms in recent years, and several innovative initiatives have been introduced. Whilst a number of challenges remain, the evolution of the mental health system has been promising, and holds lessons for other OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz1591p91vg-en
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  • 71
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    Metropolitan governance of transport and land use in Chicago (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/08
    Keywords: Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Stadtverkehr ; Kommunale Infrastruktur ; Öffentlicher Nahverkehr ; Ballungsraum ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Chicago (Ill.) ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; United States ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study aims to assess the degree of institutional fragmentation of transport and land use planning in Chicago and to assess the main challenges related to this institutional fragmentation. It provides an overview of local governments in metropolitan Chicago and mechanisms for metropolitan coordination, including organisations at the metropolitan scale, dealing with planning, land use and transport. Five main challenges related to institutional fragmentation in transport and land use planning are identified: a lack of (1) interconnectivity, (2) coherence across transit modes, (3) regional freight planning, (4) accountability and (5) implementation power of regional planning and transport objectives. These challenges are analysed. The concluding section suggests some avenues for reform that could be explored in order to overcome the challenges of metropolitan fragmentation in transport and land use in Chicago.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzjs6lp65k-en
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  • 72
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Scotland (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 74
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Schottland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United Kingdom ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MHAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MHAPs is possible and encouraged. Mental health is a priority area within the Scottish health care agenda. In the Scottish mental health system significant focus is given to recovery, service user involvement, anti-stigma initiatives, and suicide reduction strategies. Amongst the peculiarities, and strengths, of the Scottish mental health system are its focus on data collection, monitoring and evaluation, with a strong focus on improvement and delivery, as data collection and mental health indicators are turned into a management tool for policy makers. However, better indicators could be developed to monitor specialist mental health services delivered in the community.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158xmxkwj-en
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  • 73
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    Social Media Use by Governments : A Policy Primer to Discuss Trends, Identify Policy Opportunities and Guide Decision Makers (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Public Governance no.26
    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; Social Web ; Welt ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper takes a comparative snapshot of social media use in and by OECD governments. The focus is on government institutions, as opposed to personalities, and how they manage to capture the opportunities of new social media platforms to deliver better public services and to create more open policy processes. The analysis is based on a large amount of empirical data, including a survey of OECD governments on policies and objectives in this area. Major challenges are discussed, notably those related to the uncertainty of institutions on how to best leverage social media beyond “corporate” communications. The paper proposes tools to guide decision makers: a checklist of issues to be considered by government institutions, a set of potential indicators to appraise impacts, and a range of options for more in-depth policy analysis.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrcmghmk0s-en
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  • 74
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    Environment and regional trade agreements : emerging trends and policy drivers (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade and environment working papers 2014/02
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines trends in the use of environmental provisions in Regional Trade Agreements and identifies factors which may explain the presence or absence of these provisions. The report builds on work of the OECD Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment (JWPTE) and includes results of an informal survey of delegates. Analysis of the environmental provisions in RTAs reveals an encouraging upward trend. While basic provisions remain the most common types found in RTAs, the incidence of more substantive provisions has increased significantly in recent years. Among these, environmental co-operation has been the most common type. Several factors may have contributed to this evolution. These include countries extending their political mandates for RTAs, for example to include provisions for compliance with multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), as well as a general accumulation of experience with the use of environmental provisions.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0v4q45g6h-en
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  • 75
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    Investment treaty law, sustainable development and responsible business conduct : a fact finding survey (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment
    Keywords: bribery ; investor state arbitration ; investment treaties ; environmental law ; labour law ; ISDS ; corruption ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Investment treaty law – which is scattered over 3 000 international investment agreements adopted over a period of 50 years – is a crucial but complex basis for regulating international investment flows. Investment treaties are often thought to be silent on investors’ responsibilities to host societies and on their contributions to sustainable development. The present paper establishes a factual and statistical basis for understanding the relationship between investment treaty law and governments’ ability to advance the sustainable development agenda and promote responsible business conduct. The paper presents survey results of 2 107 investment treaties and 1 113 treaty-based arbitration cases in order to shed light on how (if at all) labour, environmental, human rights and anti-corruption considerations are referred to in investment treaties and investor-state arbitration cases based on them.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0xvgx1zlt-en
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  • 76
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    Overcoming skills shortages in Canada (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1143
    Keywords: Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Betriebliche Ausbildung ; Binnenwanderung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Kanada ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills shortages have developed in certain fields and regions in recent years. Earnings premiums for people in some professions, notably health, engineering and skilled trades have increased. And vacancy rates have risen for skilled trades, with the increase being particularly large in Alberta and Saskatchewan. While reforms have been implemented to strengthen adjustment so as to overcome these shortages, there is still room to go further by improving labour market information, increasing responsiveness of the education and training system to labour market demand, making the immigration system more reactive to current labour market conditions and reducing regulatory barriers to inter-provincial labour mobility. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of Canada (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-canada.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123fgkxjl-en
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  • 77
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    Women's role in the Swiss economy (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1144
    Keywords: Frauen ; Lohnstruktur ; Arbeitsmarktdiskriminierung ; Bildung ; Personalführung ; Schweiz ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Switzerland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Swiss women are now as well educated as their male counterparts. However, progress remains to be made in the job market where both the supply and price of female labour are below that of men. While the participation rate for women is high and rising, it is offset by a heavy incidence of part-time work, reflecting both personal preferences and factors that limit their labour supply. The lack and high cost of childcare options for parents, as well as burdensome marginal income tax rates for second earners, create disincentives to work more. A falling but persistent net (i.e. unexplained) wage gap of about 7% in favour of men, coupled with under-representation of women as managers and entrepreneurs, further reduce the incentive for women to take full advantage of their high levels of human capital. Priority should be given to removing those barriers by increasing public spending on childcare and out-of-school-hours care at the cantonal and municipal levels. Existing regulations regarding childcare provision should also be investigated to see whether a broader range of price and quality childcare options is feasible. The implicit tax penalty for married women should also be removed, as the Federal Council is currently considering. More flexibility in working arrangements could further alleviate women’s cost of reconciling work and family life. For instance, facilitating flexi-time, annualised hours, job-sharing, part-time and telework options for both women and men, and creating paternity and/or consecutive, take-it-or-leave-it parental leave could facilitate transition in and out of the labour market. Increasing competition in product markets should help reduce the wage gap by replacing old habits with the hunt for talent regardless of gender. Finally, a corporate governance code in favour of a more equal representation of women in leadership positions, and setting ambitious quantitative targets for women on boards combined with the “Comply or Explain” practise, or quotas, should help remove the so-called glass ceiling. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Switzerland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Switzerland).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123dzstkb-en
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  • 78
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    Making the best of new energy resources in the United States (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1147
    Keywords: 2007 - 2014 ; Rohstoffpolitik ; Energiereserven ; Bergbauerzeugnis ; Umweltbelastung ; Rohstoffsteuer ; USA ; Energy ; Taxation ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Since around 2007, the country has been enjoying an “energy renaissance” thanks to its abundant stocks of shale oil and gas. The resurgence in oil and gas production is beginning to create discernible economic impacts and has changed the landscape for natural gas prices in the United States, boosting competitiveness. In order to reap the benefits fully, significant investment is needed. Federal and state governments capture some of the resource rents, but there are potential opportunities to increase taxation and use the revenues to support future well-being. Taxing natural resource rents with profit taxes can be less distortionary than other forms of taxation, though only one state uses this form of tax. Production of shale resources, like other forms of resource extraction, poses a number of challenges for the environment. Respecting demands on water resources requires adequate water rights are in place while state and federal regulators need to monitor the environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing closely and strengthen regulations as needed. Natural gas is a potential “bridge fuel” towards a lower carbon economy, helping to reduce emissions by leading to a substitution away from coal. Flanking measures are desirable to counter natural gas hindering renewables and low prices stymieing innovation. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zbb8ksnr-en
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  • 79
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    Workplace stress in the United States : issues and policies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1150
    Keywords: Stress ; Gesundheit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite relative affluence, workplace stress is a prominent feature of the US labour market. To the extent that job stress causes poor health outcomes – either directly through increased blood pressure, fatigue, muscle pain, etc. or indirectly through increased rates of cigarette smoking – policy to lessen job stress may be appropriate. Focusing predominantly on the United States, this report reviews the literature on a variety of economic concerns related to job stress and health. Areas in which economists may provide valuable insights regarding job stress include empirical selection concerns in identifying the effect of stress on health; measurement error with respect to stress; the existence and magnitude of compensating differentials for stress; and the unique “job lock” effect in the United States created by a system of employer-provided health insurance. This report concludes with a brief discussion of US policies related to job stress. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States ).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb5t4532-en
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  • 80
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    Economic uncertainties and their impact on activity in Greece compared with Ireland and Portugal (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1151
    Keywords: 2008 - 2013 ; Risiko ; Privater Konsum ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Simulation ; Vergleich ; VAR-Modell ; Griechenland ; Portugal ; Irland ; Economics ; Greece ; Ireland ; Portugal ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Uncertainty faced by households and firms affects economic activity. The rise in uncertainty since the beginning of the sovereign debt crisis in Greece could be one factor that has contributed to the steep and long-lasting recession. This paper presents a brief empirical analysis quantifying this phenomenon and compares it with developments in Ireland and Portugal. Overall, this analysis shows that the uncertainty impact on growth has been relatively small in Greece between 2008 and 2013, although stronger than in Ireland or Portugal. This quantification appears to be robust to various specification changes of the vector auto regressive models developed for this exercise. This working paper relates to the 2013 Economic Survey of Greece (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/greece)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb5h7ff2-en
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  • 81
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    US long term interest rates and capital flows to emerging economies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1155
    Keywords: Zins ; Börsenkurs ; Wechselkurssystem ; Kapitalimport ; USA ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Following Chairman Ben Bernanke’s comments before Congress that the FOMC may ‘take a step down in the pace of asset purchases if economic improvement appears to be sustained’, US 10-year interest rates picked up sharply and gross capital flows to emerging market economies (EMEs) reversed. These events raised concerns that further increases in US interest rates could trigger sharp changes of capital flows that would be followed by financial crises in EMEs. To assess this possibility, this paper studies the association between US long term interest rates and cycles of capital flows to EMEs. It finds that, indeed, cycles in capital flows to EMEs are linked to global conditions, including global risk aversion and long term interest rates in the United States. In particular, higher US long term interest rates are associated with lower levels of gross capital flows to EMEs, and to a higher probability of observing sharp reversals in those flows. Episodes of net capital inflows, on the other hand, are mostly associated with domestic macroeconomic conditions. In particular, economies with relatively low levels of gross outflows, with a high ratio of short-term debt to international reserves or with weak domestic fundamentals are more vulnerable to the risk of a classic sudden stop à la Calvo. This Working Paper relates to the OECD Economic Survey of the United States 2014 (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-unitedstates. htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh67l733-en
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  • 82
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    Making the banking sector more resilient and reducing household debt in the Netherlands (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1156
    Keywords: Bank ; Eigenkapital ; Notleidender Kredit ; Immobilienpreis ; Hypothek ; Niederlande ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Dutch banks were put under heavy strains early in the global downturn and have comparatively weak financial buffers to cope with new shocks. Falling house prices have increased the share of households with negative home equity to nearly 35% for home-owning households and 40% for mortgage holders. Even though defaults have so far been limited, mortgage amortisation is low and risks are concentrated among younger borrowers who often do not have sufficient resources to cope with adverse shocks. Banks are very large relative to the size of the domestic economy, have sizeable cross-border exposures and rely significantly on wholesale funding. Resolution procedures should be strengthened to reduce the potential cost for the taxpayer and the regulator’s tools available to reduce risks should be expanded. In particular, banks should set aside sufficient provisions for expected losses and problem loans, which requires some harmonisation of the definition of non-performing loans across banks. Higher capital buffers would bolster financial stability and help ensure access to market funding while lowering its cost. Welcome measures have been taken to encourage household deleveraging, but deeper and broader steps are needed to bolster financial stability and improve consumer protection when the housing market starts to recover durably and over the medium term. The stock of existing mortgages should be gradually converted into amortising mortgages, the cap on the loanto- value ratio reduced significantly below 100% and housing subsidies to homeownership cut more decisively. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-netherlands.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxz9z0fhcwj-en
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  • 83
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    Promoting the financing of SMEs and start-ups in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1162
    Keywords: KMU ; Kreativsektor ; Unternehmensgründung ; Risikokapital ; Crowdfunding ; Business Angels ; Börsengang ; Entrepreneurship ; Übernahme ; Südkorea ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Korean government has made fostering a “creative economy” a top priority. The goal is to shift Korea's economic paradigm to one based on innovation in which new start-ups and venture businesses play a key role. However, the venture capital market is still at an early stage of development. To make venture investment a growth driver, it is important to expand the role of business angels, activate the merger-andacquisition market and foster entrepreneurship. A creative economy also depends on making SMEs, which account for 87% of employment, more dynamic. The productivity gap between large firms and SMEs, which benefit from a wide range of public support, is widening. SME policies should be streamlined and improved to promote market-based financing and reduce the negative effects of government funding programmes, which discourage the expansion of SMEs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx054bdlvh-en
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  • 84
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    Reducing the high rate of poverty among the elderly in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1163
    Keywords: Alternde Bevölkerung ; Altersarmut ; Altersvorsorge ; Grundbedürfnisse ; Südkorea ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: One-half of Korea's population aged 65 and over lives in relative poverty, nearly four times higher than the OECD average of 13%. Elderly poverty is thus an urgent social problem. The immediate priority is to target the Basic Old-Age Pension on the lowest-income elderly to ensure that they escape from absolute poverty. The Basic Livelihood Security Programme should be used to top up the income of poor elderly by further relaxing eligibility requirements. In addition, reforms are needed to develop an effective three-pillar system of retirement income based on the National Pension Scheme (NPS), company pensions and individual savings. Making the NPS more effective in reducing elderly poverty requires expanding its coverage, focusing on improved compliance among non-regular and self-employed workers, lengthening average contribution periods and maintaining the NPS replacement at around 50%, keeping it close to the OECD average. The increase in the contribution rate should begin as soon as possible, as delays would only make the necessary increase larger. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-korea.htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx054fv20v-en
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  • 85
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    Factors behind the decline in real long-term government bond yields (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1167
    Keywords: 1970 - 2014 ; Zins ; Öffentliche Anleihe ; Kapitaleinkommen ; Währungsreserven ; Geldpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper describes developments in real long-term interest rates in the main OECD economies and surveys their various determinants. Real long-term government bond yields declined from the 1980s to very low levels in the recent period, though they have not reached the historical lows of the 1970s. The decline in real interest rates has been driven by a combination of factors whose importance has varied over time. In the 1990s, the decline in inflation levels and in volatility was key. In the 2000s, purchases of US government bonds by official investors in emerging market economies, played an important role. More recently, quantitative easing and other unconventional monetary policy action, and possibly the Basel-III-induced increase in bank demand for safe assets, have been main drivers. Higher perceptions of risks after the last crisis do not seem to have put lasting downward pressures on government bond yields.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvgg7q1322-en
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  • 86
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    Investment gaps after the crisis (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1168
    Keywords: Finanzkrise ; Investitionsentscheidung ; Kapitalkosten ; Entscheidung unter Unsicherheit ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Bilanz ; Eurozone ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The downturn in fixed investment among advanced economies from the onset of the global crisis was unusually severe, widespread and long-lasting relative to comparable episodes in the past. As a result, investment gaps are large in many countries, not only in relation to past norms but also relative to projected future steady-state levels, with a gap of 2 percentage points of GDP or more in several countries. A significant proportion of this investment shortfall is attributable to soft demand conditions (the accelerator effect) but financial factors and heightened uncertainty have also played a role. In addition to continued support to demand from macroeconomic policies, the recovery in investment could be boosted by tackling longer-term policy issues that bear on investment decisions indirectly, by reducing financial fragmentation in the euro area and by undertaking growth-friendly structural reforms.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvgg76vqg1-en
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  • 87
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    A revival of the private rental sector of the housing market? : lessons from Germany, Finland, the Czech Republic and the Netherlands (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1170
    Keywords: Wohnungspolitik ; Immobilienfinanzierung ; Miete ; Wohnungsmarkt ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Deutschland ; Finnland ; Tschechien ; Niederlande ; Economics ; Czech Republic ; Finland ; Germany ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This Working Paper studies ways to stimulate the private rental sector (PRS) of the housing market – and compares experiences with policies and reforms in Germany, the Netherlands, Finland and the Czech Republic. Although in many countries the PRS has decreased in importance since the Second World War, there are signs of a growing importance and possible ‘revival’ of the PRS. A well-functioning PRS and neutrality in housing policies can improve the functioning of the housing market – by promoting residential mobility, increasing housing options for households and generating competitive supply and affordable prices. The PRS can have positive effects on the economy and labour mobility and reduce inefficiencies and risks of owner-occupied and social housing. Trade-offs between goals in housing policies, and regulatory impediments to a level playing field between segments of the housing market (owner-occupancy, social rental, private rental) are analysed. The article outlines policy options in promoting a well-functioning PRS: lessons are drawn on tenancy security, rent-setting regulations, social housing, demand subsidies, fiscal measures for rental and owner-occupied housing and barriers for PRS supply. Experiences from the countries show that it is hard to create a level playing field – there are inefficiencies in all four countries. Nonetheless, there are many positive experiences of stimulating the PRS: reforms in Finland and the Czech Republic stimulated the PRS to become a competitive and important part of the housing market, and Dutch policies are adapted to stimulate a level playing field. The ‘resilience’ of the German housing system during the economic crisis shows that the large PRS and tenure neutrality have important stabilising effects on the German economy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxv9f32j0zp-en
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  • 88
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    Better harnessing talent and knowledge to boost sustainable medium-term growth in Spain (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1172
    Keywords: Arbeitnehmerschutz ; Tarifverhandlungen ; Bildungspolitik ; Berufsbildung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Produktivität ; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ; Familienpolitik ; Wassermangel ; Klimawandel ; Ökosteuer ; Spanien ; Economics ; Spain ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Structural transformation towards a more knowledge-based economy will strengthen Spain’s medium-term growth prospects. To deal with long standing impediments to higher growth the government has a substantial structural reform programme touching on education, the labour market and the business environment. Areas of particular weakness to be tackled include the high number of poorly qualified long-term unemployed, skills mismatches and a high school drop-out rate, and insufficient innovation. Spain has done well in reducing the carbon emissions intensity of GDP growth but will need to do more to meet future targets and manage its scarce water resources. The resolution of acute banking and fiscal problems, and the cyclical upswing, provide a more solid platform for sustained growth. Raising trend growth will boost job creation, which is the most effective antidote to the strong rise in poverty and inequality that accompanied the sharp deterioration in the labour market during the crisis.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxszm4fwdjg-en
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  • 89
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    Measuring well-being and progress in countries at different stages of development : towards a more universal conceptual framework (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 325
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.325
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Gesundheit ; Zufriedenheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A wide range of voices around the world have stressed the need to understand development as a multidimensional phenomenon that involves and affects many aspects of people’s lives. Increasingly, it is recognised that current well-being and its long-term sustainability are the ultimate goals of development and that these notions better capture the human experience of development. The objectives of this paper are to explain why well-being matters in countries at different levels of development and to address measurement challenges in the context of developing countries. These objectives are pursued in four main steps. First, the paper offers a conception of well-being and illustrates its relevance in different development contexts. Second, it describes briefly how the measurement of well-being is implemented under the OECD Better Life Initiative for OECD countries. Third, it proposes ways in which the OECD framework can be adapted to specific development contexts and thereby made more universal, by suggesting relevant well-being dimensions and indicators that could be used to measure well-being in developing countries. Finally, it discusses the possible implications of the adapted framework for OECD work in developing countries, in particular its possible use in the Multi-Dimensional Country Reviews conducted by the OECD Development Centre for a range of non OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxss4hv2d8n-en
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  • 90
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    The economics of transition to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 244
    Keywords: Internet ; Informationsökonomik ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report makes the case that IPv6 represents an example of a platform; within the context of IPv6, the sides of the platform are Internet service providers, backbone providers, device manufacturers, content providers, and so forth. The net benefits to adopting the new platform are not distributed equally across sides. For some participants, such as backbone and transit providers and manufacturers of devices such as routers, the transition to IPv6 has been relatively swift. For these participants the benefits of adoption were clear, and adoption demonstrated the technical ability of the company and fitness of its network. For others, such as many content providers for the Web, enterprises contemplating deployment of IPv6 within internal firm networks, and providers of consumer electronics equipment such as DVD or Blu-Ray players or televisions, the transition has been slower. For them the benefits have not been as clear, and many legacy devices, networks, customers and suppliers have not transitioned.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt46d07bhc-en
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  • 91
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    Deep provisions in regional trade agreements : how multilateral-friendly? ; an overview of OECD findings (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 168
    Keywords: Handelsabkommen ; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Handelspräferenzen ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Over the past decade, an increasing number of economies have resorted to regional trade agreements (RTAs) as a means to further the market-opening and rule-making agenda. In this context, this paper addresses the question as to whether and how selected elements of RTAs could be used as ‘stepping stones’ for multilateralisation in the future. The report synthesizes the OECD work on RTAs by examining regional provisions that deepen (WTO-plus) and expand (WTO-beyond) multilateral commitments across a broad range of policy areas. It finds that WTO-plus measures are becoming more widespread and similar over time, suggesting that there may be growing receptivity and preparedness to endorse higher levels of commitments. The report distils a set of attributes that may be able to render WTO-plus provisions more amenable to multilateralisation, either through a bottom-up (RTA-driven) or top-down (WTO-driven) approach. It considers the degree of convergence, homogeneity, discrimination, enforceability and economic impact of selected measures in RTAs, with a view to moving towards a shared understanding of multilateral-friendly practices that can be promoted in regional negotiations.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvgfn4bjf0-en
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  • 92
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : telecommunication services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 172
    Keywords: Telekommunikationssektor ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for telecommunications. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for telecommunications and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.06 and 0.61, with a sample average of 0.22. Barriers to competition, reflecting inadequate regulation of incumbents with significant market power, and state ownership in some countries make the largest contribution to the index value, followed by restrictions on foreign entry. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nk5j7xp-en
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  • 93
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : transport and courier services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (98 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 176
    Keywords: Logistikdienstleister ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for transport and courier services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for transport and courier services and captures de jure regulations in force in 2013. The STRI supports the view that these services are subject to very different regulatory frameworks and, in some cases, to a relatively elevated degree of regulation. Indices for air transport covering measures affecting commercial establishment and accompanying movement of natural persons are on average quite high (0.43), with little variation across countries. A preliminary assessment of restrictiveness in cross-border trade in the sector shows that, while some progress in easing restrictions has been achieved through open skies agreements, significant limitations remain in place. The maritime transport sector is moderately open with an average STRI of 0.25. Foreign equity restrictions are still quite common in the sector and contribute significantly to the index. Most other sector-specific restrictions are found in the cabotage market and in ports. In road freight transport, the results confirm that the domestic road freight transport regime has been significantly liberalised over the years, and currently commercial establishment in the sector is largely affected by horizontal measures. The overall level of restrictiveness is relatively low with an average of 0.16, but exhibits pretty large variation. With respect to rail freight, the STRI also supports the view that considerable reforms have been undertaken in the sector in the past decades. The average level of restrictiveness is moderate at 0.22, although two countries maintain a statutory state-owned monopoly, which implies that the sector is completely closed to foreign suppliers. Finally, for courier services the results show that the overall level of restrictiveness is moderate with a sample average of 0.26. There is, however, large variation in STRI indices among countries. The elevated levels of restrictiveness are found in countries where foreign equity restrictions or statutory monopolies exist.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nd187r6-en
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  • 94
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    Mental health and work : achieving well-integrated policies and service delivery (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 161
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheit ; Arbeitsleistung ; Soziale Kosten ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Mental ill-health can lead to poor work performance, high sickness absence and reduced labour market participation, resulting in considerable costs for society. Improving labour market participation of people with mental health problems requires well-integrated policies and services across the education, employment, health and social sectors. This paper provides examples of policy initiatives from 10 OECD countries for integrated services. Outcomes and strengths and weaknesses of the policy initiatives are presented, resulting in the following main conclusions for future integrated mental health and work policies and services: More rigorous implementation and evaluation of integrated policies is necessary to improve labour market outcomes. Implementation cannot be left to the discretion of stakeholders only; Better financial incentives and clearer obligations and guidelines need to be provided to stakeholders and professionals to participate in integrated service delivery; Each sector has a responsibility to assure integrated services in line with client needs, in turn requiring much better knowledge about the needs of clients with a mental illness; More integrated provision of services within each sector – e.g. through employment advice brought into the mental health system and psychological expertise brought into employment services – appears to be the easiest and most cost-effective approach.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxsvvn6pq6g-en
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  • 95
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    Greening Household Behaviour and Waste (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.76
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Abfallvermeidung ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Ökonometrie ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focusses on the determinants of household waste generation, the separation of recyclables and waste prevention behaviours. It presents the econometric results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication « Greening Household Behaviour: Overview from the 2011 Survey - Revised edition » (2014)...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrclmxnfr8-en
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  • 96
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    Adjusting productivity for pollution in selected Asian economies (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2014, 01
    Series Statement: Cities and regions
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Multifactor productivity (MFP) is increasingly used in economic policy, not least to compute potential output. Most measures are based on a standard production function combining labour and capital, but do not incorporate the negative by-products of the production process such as air pollution that could have deleterious effect on health and productivity in the medium to long term (see for instance OECD (2014)). The failure to account for the costs of environmental damages and the benefits associated with emission reduction impart a bias to standard measures of MFP. Ignoring these dimensions can give a misleading idea of growth prospects over the medium to long term...
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvd5rq5lzv-en
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  • 97
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    Workshop on integrating omics and policy for healthy ageing : synthesis report (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 21 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 12
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The increase in the human life span is a testament to the economic, social and medical progress made over the course of the last century. However, an ageing population brings some new challenges both to healthcare systems and to medicine in terms of the increased manifestation of specific diseases primarily seen in the elderly. Biomedical innovation, and in particular research into “omics technologies”, offers the promise of new means of detection, prevention and treatment of age-related disabilities and diseases. But the development of these new technologies will not be without challenges, in particular with respect to the difficulty of translating technological advances into innovation in the clinical setting. This report provides a synthesis of a March 2013 workshop organised by the OECD and the Human Genome Organisation (HGO) which focused on latest advances in omics technologies for healthy ageing and the policies and practices needed to facilitate their responsible development and integration in medical research, innovation and health policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb0z52dc5c-en
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  • 98
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    Biobased chemicals and bioplastics : finding the right policy balance (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 96 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 17
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As OECD countries emerge from the global financial crisis, several countries have published their plans for the development of a future bioeconomy, an economy in which bio-based materials and production techniques will contribute significantly to economic and environmental sustainability. Such plans typically involve building a bio-based production industry in which fuels, energy and materials such as chemicals and plastics, almost always generated from fossil resources such as oil and natural gas, are incrementally replaced by equivalent or novel products generated from renewable resources. The realisation of this vision will require sustainably harnessing the vast biomass resource. The highest policy priorities at present are on several levels: allowing bio-based materials to compete for biomass on price with bioelectricity and biofuels; rectifying the highly distorting fossil fuel subsidies, heading off future competition for crude oil demand; and correcting for any excessive regulatory impacts. If governments wish to realise a successful bioeconomy in the future, the case for support for bio-based chemicals and plastics warrants serious attention.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwwfjx0djf-en
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  • 99
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    Dividing the pie in Brazil : income distribution, social policies and the new middle class (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1105
    Keywords: Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Einkommensverteilung ; Lohn ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Steuerpolitik ; Bildungspolitik ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Brasilien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Brazil ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Brazil has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty and inequality. This reduction is explained by strong growth but also by effective social policies. Besides growth, public services and cash transfers have played the biggest role, the latter notably through the successful “Bolsa Familia” programme. Among public services, improved access to education has played a major role, allowing more Brazilians to move into better-paid jobs. However, shortages in physical school infrastructure are limiting the hours of instruction that students receive. The high drop-out rate needs to be reduced through early interventions such as expanding early-childhood education, by reducing grade-repetition and through more tailored support for those at risk. The quality of teaching could also be raised through more in-service teacher training and stronger performance incentives for teachers. Performance of public services devoted to health and transports has been mixed. Public health services are widely available but suffer from underfunding and training places for medical staff need to be expanded. The public urban transport system suffers from a shortage of investment which is urgently needed to upgrade capacity. Regarding cash transfers, the success of “Bolsa Familia” and new programmes put in place under the umbrella of the “Brasil sem Miseria” programme is remarkable but transfer payments remain too heavily focused on pension benefits. Giving more priority to “Bolsa Familia” and “Brasil sem Miseria” while limiting the real growth of pension expenditures in the future would improve the effectiveness of social expenditures for reducing poverty and inequality. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Brazil (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/brazil).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6w1rt99p-en
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  • 100
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    Migration as an adjustment mechanism in the crisis? : a comparison of Europe and the United States (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 155
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Eurozone ; Europa ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The question of whether migration can be an equilibrating force in the labour market is an important criterion for an optimal currency area. It is of particular interest currently in the context of high and rising levels of labour market disparities, in particular within the Eurozone where there is no exchange-rate mechanism available to play this role. We shed some new light on this question by comparing pre- and post-crisis migration movements at the regional level in both Europe and the United States, and their association with asymmetric labour market shocks. We find that recent migration flows have reacted quite significantly to the EU enlargements in 2004 and 2007 and to changes in labour market conditions, particularly in Europe. Indeed, in contrast to the pre-crisis situation and the findings of previous empirical studies, there is tentative evidence that the migration response to the crisis has been considerable in Europe, in contrast to the United States where the crisis and subsequent sluggish recovery were not accompanied by greater interregional labour mobility in reaction to labour market shocks. Our estimates suggest that, if all measured population changes in Europe were due to migration for employment purposes – i.e. an upper-bound estimate – up to about a quarter of the asymmetric labour market shock would be absorbed by migration within a year. However, in the Eurozone the reaction mainly stems from migration of third-country nationals. Even within the group of Eurozone nationals, a significant part of the free mobility stems from immigrants from third countries who have taken on the nationality of their Eurozone host country.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb8p51gvhl-en
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