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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (24)
  • 2015-2019  (24)
  • Paris : OECD  (24)
  • Entwicklungsländer  (13)
  • Industry and Services  (12)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (24)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264943483
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (156 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD reviews of digital transformation
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Kolumbien ; Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Colombia ; Digitalisierung
    Abstract: OECD Reviews of Digital Transformation: Going Digital in Colombia analyses recent developments of the digital economy in the country, reviews policies related to digitalisation and makes recommendations to increase policy coherence in this area. The report examines recent developments in infrastructures for the digital economy, telecom markets and related regulations and policies in Colombia. It reviews trends in the use of digital technologies by individuals, businesses and the government, and examines policies to foster diffusion. The report also examines opportunities and challenges raised by digitalisation for production, innovation, jobs and skills. The report reconsiders these policies in relation to their coherence among different domains and in order to foster synergies across government ministries, levels and institutions, based on the integrated policy framework of the OECD's Going Digital: Making the Transformation Work for Growth and Well-being project.
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 54
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.54
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In answer to the call expressed within the Addis Ababa Action Agenda to mobilise all available resources – domestic and foreign, public and private – in support of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Development Co-operation Directorate develops a new work stream on transition finance to explore the evolution and interaction of public (official development assistance and other official flows) and private (foreign direct investments and remittances) sources of finance across the development continuum – studying multiple stages of development: low income countries, middle income countries, fragile contexts, and different regions of the world. Its ultimate objective is to advise the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in preparing countries for transition (outlining the optimal financial mix and offering policy recommendations) and in building resilience. This paper introduces the concept of transition finance and initiates research to advise the DAC on its role as a major provider of development assistance among other public and private providers of financing for the 2030 Agenda.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264309791 , 9789264309814 , 9789264309807
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (211 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD skills studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD skills strategy Flanders
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Flandern ; Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Industry and Services ; Belgium ; Flandern ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Bildungspolitik
    Abstract: Better skills policies help build economic resilience, boost employment and reinforce social cohesion. The OECD Skills Strategy provides countries with a framework to analyse their skills strengths and challenges. Each OECD Skills Strategy diagnostic report reflects a set of skills challenges identified by broad stakeholder engagement and OECD comparative evidence while offering concrete examples of how other countries have tackled similar skills challenges. These reports tackle questions such as: How can countries maximise their skills potential? How can they improve their performance in developing relevant skills, activating skills supply and using skills effectively? What is the benefit of a whole-of-government approach to skills? How can governments build stronger partnerships with employers, trade unions, teachers and students to deliver better skills outcomes? OECD Skills Strategy diagnostic reports provide new insights into these questions and help identify the core components of successful skills strategies. This report is part of the OECD’s ongoing work on building effective national and local skills strategies.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 53
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.53
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Management ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: What have we learned from implementing results-based management in development co-operation organisations? What progress and benefits can be seen? What are the main challenges and unintended consequences? Are there good practices to address these challenges? To respond to these questions this paper reviews and analyses the findings from various evaluations and reviews of results-based management systems conducted by members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), the OECD/DAC Results Community Secretariat and other bodies in the past four years (2015-2018). It also draws on emerging lessons from new methods for managing development co-operation results. This analytical work aims to: identify recent trends in results-based management, explore challenges faced by providers when developing their results approaches and systems, select good practices in responding to these challenges that can be useful for the OECD/DACResults Community, considering new approaches, new technologies and evolving contexts. This body of evidence will inform the development of a core set of generic guiding principles for results-based management in development co-operation.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 48
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.48
    Keywords: Flüchtlinge ; Soziale Integration ; Öffentliche Sozialausgaben ; Entwicklungshilfe ; OECD-Staaten-seitig ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Protecting and supporting refugees is an important responsibility of the international community. The Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) was proposed in 2018 to establish a more predictable and equitable sharing of burdens and responsibilities among United Nations Member States when it comes to fulfilling these obligations. This working paper presents and analyses the findings of a survey circulated to members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) between July and September 2018. The survey investigated trends in official development assistance (ODA) and plans for future funding to programmes and projects that support refugees and their host communities, as well as other, non-funding efforts and responses that DAC members are making in support of refugees. The findings of this paper will establish a baseline for monitoring progress toward “funding and effective and efficient use of resources” as one of the key tools for meeting the commitments of the GCR. The paper examines some of the strengths and challenges of current donor practices, and recommends a set of priorities to guide future donor support and engagement in order to promote good donorship and to support the international community in meeting the GCR’s objectives.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD | Brüssel : European Union
    ISBN: 9789264280892 , 9789264297890 , 9789264273344
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (141 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD skills studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Supporting entrepreneurship and innovation in higher education in Hungary
    Keywords: Hochschule ; Hochschulpolitik ; Hochschulmanagement ; Gründungsausbildung ; Innovation ; Ungarn ; Education ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Hungary ; Ungarn ; Hochschule ; Hochschulpolitik ; Hochschulorganisation ; Innovation
    Abstract: This report presents evidence-based analysis of current strategies and practices in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Hungary towards a value-creating use of knowledge resources for innovation and entrepreneurship. The analysis and recommendations are highly relevant for policy makers and HEI leaders in other countries. Increased attention to innovation and entrepreneurship both from public policy actors and HEI leadership has triggered an incremental change process in the organisational culture of HEIs and a new approach to education and research for students and staff. HEInnovate is a joint initiative of the European Commission and the OECD to promote the innovative and entrepreneurial higher education institution across Europe and beyond (www.heinnovate.eu).
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD
    ISBN: 9789264287655
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (257 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik ; Weiterbildung ; Niederlande ; Education ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Netherlands ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Netherlands today is prosperous, but its future success is not assured. The Netherlands owes its success in no small part to actions it has taken in the past to develop a highly skilled population. Given the profound economic and social transformation that the Netherlands is currently undergoing, skills will be even more important for success in the future. The Dutch education system and the skills of the Dutch population are strong overall. Therefore many of the opportunities for further improving the skills outcomes of the Netherlands are to be found in areas of society where the government has more limited influence, such as the workplace and community. As a consequence, achieving the Netherlands’ skills ambitions will require a whole-of-society approach. The OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report: Netherlands identifies the following three skills priorities for the Netherlands - fostering more equitable skills outcomes, creating skills-intensive workplaces, and promoting a learning culture. These priorities were identified through the analysis of common themes that emerged from stakeholder perspectives on the most important skills challenges facing the Netherlands, and through the OECD’s analysis of the nine skills challenges identified and examined in the report.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264285668
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Development centre studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Youth aspirations and the reality of jobs in developing countries
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Karriereplanung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Industry and Services ; Entwicklungsländer ; Junge Arbeitnehmerin ; Junger Arbeitnehmer ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Karriereplanung
    Abstract: Many governments in developing countries are realising that good quality jobs matter for development. However, little attention has been paid so far to explore what actually matters for young people in terms of job characteristics and employment conditions. Today, in many developing and emerging countries, a key development challenge is that existing jobs do not live up to youth aspirations. This study revisits youth labour market performance and the quality of jobs in developing countries. It places youth employment preferences at the forefront and answers the following questions. What is the nature of youth careers aspirations and job-related drivers of job satisfaction? What shapes such employment preferences? How likely will young people be able to meet their job aspirations? What policy makers can do to reduce the gap between youth preferences and the reality of jobs? The study draws on the comprehensive data from school-to-work transition surveys in 32 developing and transition countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. It suggests a number of priority areas for policy makers to enhance youth well-being, raise labour productivity, and contain the chilling effects that unmet youth aspirations can generate on society.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 34
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.34
    Keywords: Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Klimaschutz ; Umweltkosten ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The private sector plays an important role in supporting green growth in developing countries. As a result, there is increasing emphasis for development co-operation providers to integrate private sector engagement (PSE) approaches into their programmes on green growth and climate change. This paper provides an overview of activities in this area, estimating that 22% of climate-related development finance supported PSE activities in 2013. It also presents a stock-taking of efforts to: mobilise private climate investment, promote green private sector development and harness skills and knowledge of private actors. The paper highlights some challenges and lessons learned, such as the need for PSE to target a wider range of environmental issues, the importance of investing in integrated approaches to enable the development of pipelines, and the need to align private sector approaches with national contexts. The findings in this paper contribute to the discussion on how development co-operation providers can improve the effectiveness of PSE approaches to promote green growth and climate action, and may be a useful starting point to guide evidence-based policy relevant research.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 32
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.32
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This Working Paper provides an analytical framework of development co-operation for private sector development (PSD) and a measurement to capture relevant Official Development Finance (ODF). PSD is defined as development co-operation which addresses relevant policies and institutions, market functioning and enterprise resources. It aims to improve the investment climate and productive capacity of the local private sector—particularly of small- and medium-sized enterprises—including through developing physical infrastructure. The analysis shows that development partners disbursed roughly a third of total ODF each on helping improve the investment climate, productive capacity, and physical infrastructure. For the investment climate, large amounts were allocated to macro-economic stability and public governance. To boost productive capacity, support to financial services – particularly to commercial banks that on-lend to SMEs and investments in equity funds – was particularly high. Finally, for physical infrastructure, about half the ODF went to transport, particularly roads, and a third to energy.
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 35
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.35
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Theorie-Praxis-Verhältnis ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Statistische Daten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development commits the international community to support the modernisation and strengthening of national statistical capacities and systems in developing countries and to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely, reliable and disaggregated data to measure their progress against the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper, informed by a survey circulated among DAC members between February and April 2017, presents DAC members’ policies and practices to support national statistical capacities and systems in developing countries. It highlights some of the main challenges that DAC members face in relation to making data work for sustainable development, notably in co-ordinating their support for statistics to avoid duplication and find synergies, in mobilising more resources, and in using quality data for development co-operation decision-making, programming, monitoring and reporting. The findings presented in this paper will inform the analysis of the 2017 Development Co-operation Report on Data for Development which will be published in October 2017. The report will provide guidance to providers of development assistance on how to best support developing countries to have and use quality and timely data for enabling delivery of the SDGs.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789279576539
    Language: German
    Pages: 180 Seiten
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: Dieses Kompendium umfasst 20 Fallstudien mit politischen Maßnahmen und Programmen zum Thema inklusives Unternehmertum. Angestrebt wird damit, nachhaltige Unternehmensgründungen von sozialen Gruppen zu unterstützen, die in Bezug auf das Unternehmertum unterrepräsentiert oder am Arbeitsmarkt benachteiligt sind. Zu diesen Gruppen gehören insbesondere junge Menschen, Frauen, Ältere, Arbeitslose, Zuwanderer, ethnische Minderheiten und Menschen mit Behinderungen. Jede der beschriebenen Fallstudien enthält einen Überblick über Programmziele und bereits durchgeführte Aktivitäten. Zudem schildert jede Beschreibung die Herausforderungen, auf die man gestoßen ist, sowie Schlüsselfaktoren für eine erfolgreiche Übertragung des Ansatzes auf einen anderen Kontext. Geeignete Maßnahmen auf nationaler, regionaler und lokaler Ebene können einen wichtigen Beitrag zu sozialer Inklusion sowie zu wirtschaftlichem Wachstum leisten. Durch die Förderung des Unternehmertums wird es Menschen aus sozial benachteiligten Gruppen ermöglicht, Arbeitsplätze für sich selbst und andere zu schaffen. Das vorliegende Kompendium zeigt die Arten von politischen Ansätzen auf, die bei der Überwindung dieser Probleme Wirkung zeigen, und erörtert die Schlüsselfaktoren für ihre erfolgreiche Umsetzung.
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 26
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.26
    Keywords: 2012 - 2014 ; Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: According to the 2015 DAC Survey on mobilisation, USD 36.4 billion was mobilised from the private sector in 2012-14 through official development finance interventions in the form of guarantees, syndicated loans and shares in collective investment vehicles (development-related investment funds). Overall flows followed an upward trend over the period covered by the survey, with guarantees mobilising the largest share (59%). Multilateral development banks took the lead in mobilising finance mostly through guarantees, followed by the national development finance institutions. Middle-income countries received the largest share of the amount mobilised, mainly targeting the energy, industry and banking sectors. Of the total amount mobilised, 19% was climate-related, most of it focusing on climate change mitigation. This working paper provides more details about the Survey results.
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 30
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.30
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Infrastrukturfinanzierung ; Entwicklungsorganisation ; Entwicklungsbank ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper provides a broad picture of official financial flows for infrastructure development in developing countries by bilateral and multilateral development partners. Multilateral development banks are further examined in a special section. The paper offers an overview volumes and distributions of financial flows, including those channelled to private sector operations and those mobilised from the private sector by guarantees, syndicated loans and collective investment vehicles. This report, which builds on previous work on the topic, will contribute to research and policy dialogue on filling the financial gap in infrastructure in developing countries. It will also support the monitoring of Sustainable Development Goal 9 and the discussions of the G20 on infrastructure development.
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 327
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.327
    Keywords: Exportdiversifizierung ; Wirtschaftsstruktur ; Industrialisierung ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Most low-income countries export mainly unprocessed commodities. Yet, in their pursuit of structural transformation, they also seek a more diversified economic structure, including developing a strong manufacturing sector to create jobs and spur innovation as in more advanced economies. What is the best way for them to promote economic diversification? Should countries aim straight for anufacturing? Should they focus on the products most in line with their already-known and used endowments? Should they follow some sort of ladder of activities towards a well-diversified economy? Or should they simply lean back and let the markets sort it out? Finally, do the answers vary depending on the country? A body of recent research suggests that a country’s diversification process would tend to move along pathways of “nearby” products: the “new” products it specialises in would build on the existing productive capabilities and knowledge used to produce the “old” ones. It would follow then that low-income, raw commodity exporting countries should build on their naturalresource endowments. This would not always imply moving downstream and transforming those resources locally. Depending on learning processes, capabilities and the types of endowments, value addition at the local level may or may not make economic sense.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Internet ; Informationsverhalten ; Japan ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Japan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The rise in Internet usage among young people has seen a corresponding increase in international concern regarding their online safety. In February 2012, the OECD Council adopted a “Recommendation on the Protection of Children Online”. The Recommendation called for governments to support evidence-based policies for the protection of children, including surveys to better understand Internet usage by children and the evolving risks, and programmes to increase awareness of this issue. In line with this Recommendation, the Japanese government has inititated efforts to develop improved indicators to measure Internet literacy among youth. This report describes the results of the Internet literacy indicator development project and constitutes a feasibility study for the development of Internet literacy among youth in different countries. The project formulated an Internet Literacy Assessment Indicator for Students (ILAS), which targeted 15-year-old students to measure their ability to utilise the Internet safely and securely. In 2011, a formative evaluation was conducted for a sample of 569 first-year high-school students from 14 high schools. In 2012, the study conducted a revised nationwide test on a broader sample of 2 464 students from 23 high schools. Evaluation of the results of the ILAS test system confirmed its reliability and validity, attesting to its value as a useful and practical assessment system for measuring youth Internet literacy.
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/05
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Umwelttechnik ; Innovation ; Patent ; Statistik ; Vergleich ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Patent data provide an increasingly used means to analyse innovation performance worldwide including in countries with incomplete data coverage, such as some developing countries. This paper discusses the specific issues associated with using patent data for measuring and analysing innovation in narrow technological fields, such as many environment-related technologies. To improve cross-country comparability of patent statistics, the paper advocates the use of indicators based on patent family size because they are more flexible and can be adapted to various applications. The paper also examines certain idiosyncratic characteristics of patent databases and proposes approaches to mitigate potential biases in empirical cross-country analyses. While doing so is particularly important for analyses of narrow technological fields such as many environment- and climate-related technologies, some of these issues are relevant for patent analysis more broadly.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/07
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2004 - 2014 ; Stahlindustrie ; Edelstahl ; Export ; Außenhandelsstruktur ; Produktentwicklung ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines changes in the steel-related export structure of the ten largest steelmaking economies between 2004 and 2014, in terms of the steel products exported and the market destination for those exports. To shed light on how exporters’ patterns of specialisation have changed in the period since 2004, indices of “Revealed Comparative Advantage” (RCA) are developed for a number of low, medium and high value-added steel products, indicating that export specialisation patterns may be changing noticeably as some steel producers in emerging economies move up the value chain and begin exporting more sophisticated steel products. The paper also assesses the role of innovation, as measured by patents, in determining the export structure of countries, and finds a positive correlation between innovation activity and export specialisation in higher value-added steel segments.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 1996 - 2011 ; Wissenschaftler ; Forschung ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the factors that influence the international mobility of research scientists using a new measure of mobility derived from changes in affiliations reported by publishing scientists in a major global index of scholarly publications over the period 1996-2011. Using a gravity-based empirical framework, our research shows that measures of geographic and socioeconomic and scientific distance correlate negatively with scientist mobility between two countries. Scientific collaboration appears to be a major factor associated with the mobility of scientists. The analysis shows that the mobility of scientists particularly relies on flows of tertiary-level students in the opposite direction, from destination to origin country. This provides strong evidence that brain circulation is a complex and multi-directional phenomenon. For a majority of country pairs (dyads) in our sample, the mobility of scientists is generally better described by commensurate knowledge flows in both directions, rather than one dominating the other. The analysis also shows that mobility can be positively influenced by convergence in economic conditions and resources dedicated to R&D, as well as reduced visa-related restrictions.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/04
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Most of the projections of the cost of meeting climate change mitigation targets hinge crucially upon assumptions made about the cost and timing of the development of breakthrough technologies. However, very little is known about the conditions which are likely to give rise to breakthrough technologies. This paper seeks to uncover attributes of inventions – as reflected in patent data – which serve as “leading indicators” of subsequent technological and market development in climate change mitigation technologies. The role of industrial generality emerges as being robustly correlated with subsequent technological diffusion, whether measured as subsequent patent counts, commercial applicability, or attractiveness to risk finance. The indicator of closeness to science shows also a positive association with later technological diffusion. Originality and radicalness have more ambiguous results. This work can be seen as a foundation for the future development of a methodology providing guidance to policymakers in the choices made with respect to public support for different technological fields.
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 25
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The main objective of this study is to offer an overall picture of support by multilateral and bilateral development partners to development country infrastructure. By presenting an overview of the scale, distribution, and modality of development co-operation for infrastructure, the report is expected to contribute to discussions and further research in international fora on how to fill the financing gap, particularly by mobilising the private sector. However, the report does not generally make assessments against development objectives nor provide policy recommendations. The methodology mainly involved analysing the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC)’s Creditor Reporting System data on Official Development Finance (ODF) for the infrastructure sectors (water and sanitation, transport, energy, and communications). Desk research was also conducted on gaps in infrastructure financing as well as support by major development partners that do not report to the DAC at the activity level.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2015/06
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Unternehmensgründung ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Unternehmenswachstum ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The report provides a description of start-up dynamics exploiting the richness of the recently collected DynEmp v.2 database. The contribution of new firms in terms of new jobs to the existing workforce can be expressed as a combination of four different elements: the start-up rate; the average size of firms at point of entry; the survival rate; and the average growth rate of survivors. This decomposition shows that the four elements interplay in very different ways, even across economies with similar aggregate start-up contributions. The most homogenous component across countries is the survival rate, which is equal to just above 60% after three years from entry, to about 50% after five years, and to just over 40% after seven years. Furthermore, in most countries the probability of exiting is highest at the age of two, and decreases (linearly) beyond that age. When looking at employment growth of surviving businesses, it is found that the large majority of surviving micro start-ups do not grow; however, the tiny proportion of small start-ups which do grow creates a disproportionate amount of jobs.
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 179
    Keywords: Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Vorleistungen ; Investition ; Handelsabkommen ; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Entwicklungsländer ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Although global value chains (GVCs) are often considered a defining feature of the current wave of globalisation, little is known about: i) what drives GVC participation; ii) what the benefits associated to growing participation are; or iii) how developing countries engage and benefit from GVCs. This paper tackles these questions empirically. The evidence indicates there are important benefits to be had from wider participation in terms of enhanced productivity, sophistication and diversification of exports. Structural factors, such as geography, size of the market and level of development are found to be key determinants of GVC participation. Trade and investment policy reforms as well as improvements of logistics and customs, intellectual property protection, infrastructure and institutions can, however, also play an active role in promoting further engagement. A more in-depth analysis of GVC participation and policy context in five developing sub-regions in Africa, the Middle East and Asia highlights key differences and similarities, and can be a starting point for policy makers in the regions to assess their countries’ GVC engagement and to consider policy options.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers 74
    Keywords: perishable product ; Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Pflanzenschutz ; Landhandel ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Trade facilitation matters. Estimates of trade friction costs from border and custom procedures are relatively high. Trade facilitation to allow for the speedy movement of traded goods may be more important for agricultural, especially perishable, products than for other goods because of their time sensitivity, especially for developing countries. Data suggest that many countries across the geographic and income spectrum have improved their performance on several trade facilitation variables. Concurrently, agricultural trade has grown substantially, especially from low and lower middle income countries. The data suggest that further improvements to trade facilitation in many low and lower middle income countries are needed for them to catch up with best practices. Impediments to trade remain, as indicated by the relatively high tariff equivalent of trade costs, especially on agricultural products.
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