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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (28)
  • 2015-2019  (28)
  • Paris : OECD  (28)
  • Economics  (15)
  • Entwicklungsländer  (13)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transition finance : introducing a new concept (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 54
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.54
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In answer to the call expressed within the Addis Ababa Action Agenda to mobilise all available resources – domestic and foreign, public and private – in support of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Development Co-operation Directorate develops a new work stream on transition finance to explore the evolution and interaction of public (official development assistance and other official flows) and private (foreign direct investments and remittances) sources of finance across the development continuum – studying multiple stages of development: low income countries, middle income countries, fragile contexts, and different regions of the world. Its ultimate objective is to advise the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in preparing countries for transition (outlining the optimal financial mix and offering policy recommendations) and in building resilience. This paper introduces the concept of transition finance and initiates research to advise the DAC on its role as a major provider of development assistance among other public and private providers of financing for the 2030 Agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/2dad64fb-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Learning from results-based management evaluations and reviews (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 53
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.53
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Management ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Entwicklungsländer ; OECD-Staaten ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: What have we learned from implementing results-based management in development co-operation organisations? What progress and benefits can be seen? What are the main challenges and unintended consequences? Are there good practices to address these challenges? To respond to these questions this paper reviews and analyses the findings from various evaluations and reviews of results-based management systems conducted by members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), the OECD/DAC Results Community Secretariat and other bodies in the past four years (2015-2018). It also draws on emerging lessons from new methods for managing development co-operation results. This analytical work aims to: identify recent trends in results-based management, explore challenges faced by providers when developing their results approaches and systems, select good practices in responding to these challenges that can be useful for the OECD/DACResults Community, considering new approaches, new technologies and evolving contexts. This body of evidence will inform the development of a core set of generic guiding principles for results-based management in development co-operation.
    DOI: 10.1787/3fda0081-en
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cost-benefit analysis and the environment : further developments and policy use (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062382 , 9789264085169 , 9789264298804
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (454 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Atkinson, Giles, 1969 - Cost benefit analysis and the environment
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Umweltökonomik ; Environment ; Governance ; Economics ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Umweltökonomik ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Umweltökonomie
    Abstract: This book explores recent developments in environmental cost-benefit analysis (CBA). This is defined as the application of CBA to projects or policies that have the deliberate aim of environmental improvement or are actions that affect, in some way, the natural environment as an indirect consequence. It builds on the previous OECD book by David Pearce et al. (2006), which took as its starting point that a number of developments in CBA, taken together, altered the way in which many economists would argue CBA should be carried out and that this was particularly so in the context of policies and projects with significant environmental impacts. It is a primary objective of the current book not only to assess more recent advances in CBA theory but also to identify how specific developments illustrate key thematic narratives with implications for practical use of environmental CBA in policy formulation and appraisal of investment projects. Perhaps the most significant development is the contribution of climate economics in its response to the challenge of appraising policy actions to mitigate (or adapt to) climate change. Work in this area has increased the focus on how to value costs and benefits that occur far into the future, particularly by showing how conventional procedures for establishing the social discount rate become highly problematic in this intergenerational context and what new approaches might be needed. The contribution of climate economics has also entailed thinking further about uncertainty in CBA, especially where uncertain outcomes might be associated with large (and adverse) impacts.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264085169-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Skills strategy implementation guidance for Portugal : strengthening the adult-learning System (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264298705
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (185 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD skills studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Skills strategy implementation guidance for Portugal
    Keywords: Erwachsenenbildung ; Portugal ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Portugal ; Portugal ; Erwachsenenbildung
    Abstract: Raising skills is critical to Portugal’s economic success and social well-being. As globalisation and digitalisation are transforming how people work, how societies function and how individuals interact, Portugal needs to equip its entire population with strong skills so that they can benefit from new opportunities. Portugal has put education and skills at the forefront of the political agenda for many years, but more than half of adults have not completed upper secondary education. With the population ageing rapidly and a growing skills divide between generations, Portugal needs to further strengthen its adult-learning system. To make change happen, Portugal will need a clear vision for the adult-learning system and a strong partnership between all stakeholders – all levels of government, education and training providers, employers, trade unions, the non-profit sector and learners. This report outlines areas where the accessibility, flexibility and quality of the adult-learning system can be improved, where governance and financing mechanisms can be strengthened, and provides examples of international and national good practice to help achieve these objectives. The report provides a series of concrete actions to help Portugal improve the adult-learning system and in turn enhance economic growth and social cohesion.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264298705-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Financing refugee-hosting contexts : an analysis of the DAC’s contribution to burden- and responsibility-sharing in supporting refugees and their host communities (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 48
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.48
    Keywords: Flüchtlinge ; Soziale Integration ; Öffentliche Sozialausgaben ; Entwicklungshilfe ; OECD-Staaten-seitig ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Protecting and supporting refugees is an important responsibility of the international community. The Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) was proposed in 2018 to establish a more predictable and equitable sharing of burdens and responsibilities among United Nations Member States when it comes to fulfilling these obligations. This working paper presents and analyses the findings of a survey circulated to members of the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) between July and September 2018. The survey investigated trends in official development assistance (ODA) and plans for future funding to programmes and projects that support refugees and their host communities, as well as other, non-funding efforts and responses that DAC members are making in support of refugees. The findings of this paper will establish a baseline for monitoring progress toward “funding and effective and efficient use of resources” as one of the key tools for meeting the commitments of the GCR. The paper examines some of the strengths and challenges of current donor practices, and recommends a set of priorities to guide future donor support and engagement in order to promote good donorship and to support the international community in meeting the GCR’s objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/24db9b07-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    In-depth Analysis and Recommendations (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264302549
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (179 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Multi-Dimensional Review of Panama volume 2
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Series Statement: Multi-dimensional review of Panama
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Multi-dimensional review of Panama ; Volume 2: In-depth analysis and recommendations
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Multi-dimensional review of Panama ; Volume 2: In-depth analysis and recommendations
    Keywords: Panama Economic conditions ; Panama Economic policy ; Congresses ; Panama Social conditions ; Congresses ; Panama Economic policy ; Electronic books ; Education ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Development ; Economics ; Panama
    Abstract: Panama has achieved socio-economic improvements in recent decades thanks to strong economic growth and consequent poverty reduction. Its growth model is characterised by a dual economy in which a small number of activities, including those related to the Canal and Special Economic Zones, have exhibited high productivity growth but limited job creation. Panama should now embark on a new reform agenda to become a sustainable and inclusive high-income country. This report urges greater productivity in sectors that contribute to job formalisation to reduce disparities in income and among regions. As developing these policies requires further resources, taxation system and private sector involvement through public-private partnerships should also be reinforced. Focusing on skills and jobs, regional development and development financing, the volume provides analysis and recommendations on three areas which are key for Panama.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264302549-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Youth aspirations and the reality of jobs in developing countries : mind the gap (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264285668
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Development centre studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Youth aspirations and the reality of jobs in developing countries
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Karriereplanung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Industry and Services ; Entwicklungsländer ; Junge Arbeitnehmerin ; Junger Arbeitnehmer ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Karriereplanung
    Abstract: Many governments in developing countries are realising that good quality jobs matter for development. However, little attention has been paid so far to explore what actually matters for young people in terms of job characteristics and employment conditions. Today, in many developing and emerging countries, a key development challenge is that existing jobs do not live up to youth aspirations. This study revisits youth labour market performance and the quality of jobs in developing countries. It places youth employment preferences at the forefront and answers the following questions. What is the nature of youth careers aspirations and job-related drivers of job satisfaction? What shapes such employment preferences? How likely will young people be able to meet their job aspirations? What policy makers can do to reduce the gap between youth preferences and the reality of jobs? The study draws on the comprehensive data from school-to-work transition surveys in 32 developing and transition countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. It suggests a number of priority areas for policy makers to enhance youth well-being, raise labour productivity, and contain the chilling effects that unmet youth aspirations can generate on society.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264285668-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dare to share : Deutschlands Weg zur Partnerschaftlichkeit in Familie und Beruf (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263420
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (236 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Edition: Überarbeitete Ausgabe
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dare to share
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Germany ; Deutschland ; Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf
    Abstract: Was sind die Hintergründe und entscheidenden Fragen bei der Förderung einer partnerschaftlichen Aufgabenteilung in Familie und Beruf in Deutschland? Dieser Bericht soll die Politikverantwortlichen in Deutschland darin bestärken, die wichtigen seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre eingeleiteten Reformen weiterzuführen, um die Vereinbarkeit von beruflichen und familiären Pflichten für Väter und Mütter zu verbessern. Für die Familien heißt das: „Mehr Partnerschaftlichkeit wagen“. Die deutschen Erfahrungen werden dabei im internationalen Vergleich untersucht, u.a. mit Blick auf Frankreich und die nordischen Länder, die seit langem eine Politik zur Förderung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf sowie zur Stärkung der Geschlechtergleichstellung verfolgen. Der Bericht beginnt mit einem Übersichtskapitel, in dem erklärt wird, warum und wie sich Partnerschaftlichkeit für Familien, Kinder sowie Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft insgesamt auszahlt. Vorgestellt werden aktuelle Daten, Politiktrends sowie detaillierte Analysen der ausschlaggebenden Faktoren für die Aufteilung von bezahlter und unbezahlter Arbeit, einschließlich der Frage, wie mehr Partnerschaftlichkeit in Familie und Beruf zu höheren Geburtenraten führen kann. Außerdem werden Politikmaßnahmen zur Förderung der Partnerschaftlichkeit untersucht, wobei sich der Blick sowohl auf nach wie vor bestehende Unzulänglichkeiten als auch auf die Fortschritte richtet, die mit den seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre eingeleiteten Reformen erzielt wurden. Der Bericht enthält eine Reihe von Politikempfehlungen, deren Ziel es ist, Eltern eine ausgewogenere Aufteilung beruflicher und familiärer Pflichten zu ermöglichen.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263420-de
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Engaging the private sector for green growth and climate action : an overview of development co-operation efforts (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 34
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.34
    Keywords: Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Klimaschutz ; Umweltkosten ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The private sector plays an important role in supporting green growth in developing countries. As a result, there is increasing emphasis for development co-operation providers to integrate private sector engagement (PSE) approaches into their programmes on green growth and climate change. This paper provides an overview of activities in this area, estimating that 22% of climate-related development finance supported PSE activities in 2013. It also presents a stock-taking of efforts to: mobilise private climate investment, promote green private sector development and harness skills and knowledge of private actors. The paper highlights some challenges and lessons learned, such as the need for PSE to target a wider range of environmental issues, the importance of investing in integrated approaches to enable the development of pipelines, and the need to align private sector approaches with national contexts. The findings in this paper contribute to the discussion on how development co-operation providers can improve the effectiveness of PSE approaches to promote green growth and climate action, and may be a useful starting point to guide evidence-based policy relevant research.
    DOI: 10.1787/85b52daf-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development co-operation for private sector development : analytical framework and measuring official development finance (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 32
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.32
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This Working Paper provides an analytical framework of development co-operation for private sector development (PSD) and a measurement to capture relevant Official Development Finance (ODF). PSD is defined as development co-operation which addresses relevant policies and institutions, market functioning and enterprise resources. It aims to improve the investment climate and productive capacity of the local private sector—particularly of small- and medium-sized enterprises—including through developing physical infrastructure. The analysis shows that development partners disbursed roughly a third of total ODF each on helping improve the investment climate, productive capacity, and physical infrastructure. For the investment climate, large amounts were allocated to macro-economic stability and public governance. To boost productive capacity, support to financial services – particularly to commercial banks that on-lend to SMEs and investments in equity funds – was particularly high. Finally, for physical infrastructure, about half the ODF went to transport, particularly roads, and a third to energy.
    DOI: 10.1787/ded2028f-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Data for development : DAC member priorities and challenges (2017)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 35
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.35
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Theorie-Praxis-Verhältnis ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Statistische Daten ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development commits the international community to support the modernisation and strengthening of national statistical capacities and systems in developing countries and to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely, reliable and disaggregated data to measure their progress against the Sustainable Development Goals. This paper, informed by a survey circulated among DAC members between February and April 2017, presents DAC members’ policies and practices to support national statistical capacities and systems in developing countries. It highlights some of the main challenges that DAC members face in relation to making data work for sustainable development, notably in co-ordinating their support for statistics to avoid duplication and find synergies, in mobilising more resources, and in using quality data for development co-operation decision-making, programming, monitoring and reporting. The findings presented in this paper will inform the analysis of the 2017 Development Co-operation Report on Data for Development which will be published in October 2017. The report will provide guidance to providers of development assistance on how to best support developing countries to have and use quality and timely data for enabling delivery of the SDGs.
    DOI: 10.1787/6e342488-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Amounts mobilised from the private sector by official development finance interventions : guarantees, syndicated loans and shares in collective investment vehicles (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 26
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.26
    Keywords: 2012 - 2014 ; Privatwirtschaft ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: According to the 2015 DAC Survey on mobilisation, USD 36.4 billion was mobilised from the private sector in 2012-14 through official development finance interventions in the form of guarantees, syndicated loans and shares in collective investment vehicles (development-related investment funds). Overall flows followed an upward trend over the period covered by the survey, with guarantees mobilising the largest share (59%). Multilateral development banks took the lead in mobilising finance mostly through guarantees, followed by the national development finance institutions. Middle-income countries received the largest share of the amount mobilised, mainly targeting the energy, industry and banking sectors. Of the total amount mobilised, 19% was climate-related, most of it focusing on climate change mitigation. This working paper provides more details about the Survey results.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jm3xh459n37-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Official development finance for infrastructure : with a special focus on multilateral development banks (2016)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 30
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.30
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Infrastrukturfinanzierung ; Entwicklungsorganisation ; Entwicklungsbank ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This working paper provides a broad picture of official financial flows for infrastructure development in developing countries by bilateral and multilateral development partners. Multilateral development banks are further examined in a special section. The paper offers an overview volumes and distributions of financial flows, including those channelled to private sector operations and those mobilised from the private sector by guarantees, syndicated loans and collective investment vehicles. This report, which builds on previous work on the topic, will contribute to research and policy dialogue on filling the financial gap in infrastructure in developing countries. It will also support the monitoring of Sustainable Development Goal 9 and the discussions of the G20 on infrastructure development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9e93790e-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparing profit shares in value-added in four OECD countries : towards more harmonised national accounts (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/03
    Keywords: profit share ; quasi-corporations ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Privatwirtschaft ; Selbstständige ; Rentabilität ; Vergleich ; Frankreich ; Deutschland ; Italien ; USA ; Economics ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This article gives methodological guidance on how best to compare the share of profits in value-added across countries using national accounts. Such comparisons are often based on accounts for institutional sectors such as non-financial corporations. It turns out that these are less internationally comparable than is usually assumed. The main issue is the allocation of certain types of self-employed workers to the corporations’ sector of some countries, most notably Germany and Italy. The consequence is that the measured gross operating surplus of corporations is overstated and has to be adjusted for international comparisons. If this is not feasible, it is preferable to rely on industry accounts, focus on a subset of industries and impute a labour compensation to self-employed workers for international comparisons. Profit shares in France, Germany, Italy and the United States are then much more similar than what the accounts for non-financial corporations suggest. The claim of a global increase in the profit share in the last decades is at best debatable for Germany and not backed with the evidence presented in this paper for France and Italy. It is only for the United States that we can confirm such an increase.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js0bsm2g0lt-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inclusive growth : the OECD measurement framework (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/06
    Keywords: 1995 - 2012 ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Soziale Integration ; OECD-Staaten ; China ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the Measurement Framework of the OECD Inclusive Growth Initiative, a horizontal project that the OECD launched in 2012 to develop a new vision of economic growth that can translate in higher living standards for all. This measurement framework builds on the equivalent income approach to develop an indicator of Multidimensional Living Standards (MDLS) that combines monetary (income) and non-monetary (health and jobs) benefits from economic growth and aggregates them across individuals with different characteristics. The paper discusses estimates of MDLS for 29 OECD countries and China in the period 1995-2012. It finds that between 1995 and 2007 living standards of the median household have increased in all countries under study and have gone up the most in countries where they were initially lower. The convergence in living standards has been driven by convergence in all underlying dimensions, namely income, unemployment and to a lesser extent, longevity. Between 2007 and 2012 living standards of median households hardly grew and several countries witnessed receding living standards. The bulk of the loss is explained by rising unemployment, while median household income growth has remained broadly stable.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppxjqhg4-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Explaining diversification in exports across higher manufacturing content : what is the role of commodities? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 327
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.327
    Keywords: Exportdiversifizierung ; Wirtschaftsstruktur ; Industrialisierung ; Rohstoffwirtschaft ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Most low-income countries export mainly unprocessed commodities. Yet, in their pursuit of structural transformation, they also seek a more diversified economic structure, including developing a strong manufacturing sector to create jobs and spur innovation as in more advanced economies. What is the best way for them to promote economic diversification? Should countries aim straight for anufacturing? Should they focus on the products most in line with their already-known and used endowments? Should they follow some sort of ladder of activities towards a well-diversified economy? Or should they simply lean back and let the markets sort it out? Finally, do the answers vary depending on the country? A body of recent research suggests that a country’s diversification process would tend to move along pathways of “nearby” products: the “new” products it specialises in would build on the existing productive capabilities and knowledge used to produce the “old” ones. It would follow then that low-income, raw commodity exporting countries should build on their naturalresource endowments. This would not always imply moving downstream and transforming those resources locally. Depending on learning processes, capabilities and the types of endowments, value addition at the local level may or may not make economic sense.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs8sq91p9x-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of pro-growth policies on the economic stability of firms, workers and households (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 12
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Stabilisierungspolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic policies shape how much people earn but also how stable their income and jobs are. The level of earnings and the degree of economic stability both matter for well-being. Micro-level data indicate that, across OECD countries, economic instability is much greater at the level of individuals than at the aggregate level. The present study investigates the effects on micro-level stability of policies that boost growth. Movement from less to more productive processes and firms is at the heart of economic growth, which suggests possible trade-offs between growth and micro-level stability. The analysis indeed finds policy changes that boost growth but increase micro-level instability: reducing the progressivity or size of social transfers (including unemployment benefits) as well as moving from very to moderately tight restrictions on the competition for goods and services and on the dismissal of regular workers. However, the analysis also uncovers that moving to highly competitive policies generally reduces micro-level instability.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js3777tdqjf-en
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  • 18
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    Finance and inclusive growth (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 14
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Lohnstruktur ; Einkommensverteilung ; Kapitalbeteiligung ; Gini-Koeffizient ; Finanzmarktregulierung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Bankinsolvenz ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Aktienmarkt ; G20-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finance is a vital ingredient for economic growth, but there can also be too much of it. This study investigates what fifty years of data for OECD countries have to say about the role of the financial sector for economic growth and income inequality and draws policy implications. Over the past fifty years, credit by banks and other intermediaries to households and businesses has grown three times as fast as economic activity. In most OECD countries, further expansion is likely to slow rather than boost growth. The composition of finance matters for growth. More credit to the private sector slows growth in most OECD countries, but more stock market financing boosts growth. Credit is a stronger drag on growth when it goes to households rather than businesses. Financial expansion fuels greater income inequality because higher income people can benefit more from the greater availability of credit and because the sector pays high wages. Higher income people can and do borrow more, so that they can gain more than others from the investment opportunities that they identify. The financial sector pays wages which are above what employees with similar profiles earn in the rest of the economy. This premium is particularly large for top income earners. There is no trade-off between financial reform, growth and income equality in the long term. In the short term, measures to avoid accumulating too much credit can, however, restrain growth temporarily. A healthy contribution of the financial sector to inclusive growth requires strong capital buffers, measures to reduce explicit and implicit subsidies to toobig- to-fail financial institutions and tax reforms to promote neutrality between debt and equity financing
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js06pbhf28s-en
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  • 19
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    Comparing happiness across the world : does culture matter? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/04
    Keywords: Zufriedenheit ; Sozialer Indikator ; Vergleich ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The issue of cultural bias in subjective well-being data is often raised, but rarely well-documented. This paper reviews the main barriers to interpreting national differences in subjective well-being, noting the challenge of distinguishing between cultural bias (understood as measurement error) and cultural impact (where culture plays a more substantive role in shaping how people experience their lives). Several methods are then used to attempt to quantify the role of culture in subjective well-being, drawing on multiple waves of the Gallup World Poll, conducted in over 150 countries and territories. Regression analysis is used to identify country-specific fixed effects, which capture unexplained variance in subjective well-being at the country level, over and above a basic set of socio-economic and demographic controls. These country fixed effects then become the subject of three further investigations. The first examines whether survey measures of “cultural values” are able to explain the size and direction of country fixed effects; the second considers the evidence for international differences in “appraisal styles” (e.g. a more positive or negative outlook on life in general); and the third explores the “cultural transmission” of subjective well-being, focusing on the experiences of migrants to separate the effects of culture from those of broader life circumstances. The paper shows that, although life circumstances explain well the overall pattern of cross-country variation in subjective well-being, a gap is observed for some countries. Culture may account for some 20% of the country-specific unexplained variance. This combined effect of “cultural impact” and “cultural bias” is small when compared to the role of objective life circumstances in explaining subjective well-being outcomes.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppzd9bs2-en
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  • 20
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    Towards a distribution-sensitive better life index : design, data and implementation (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/07
    Keywords: Sozialer Indikator ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Better Life Index was introduced by the OECD as a tool to chart the multi-dimensional well-being of OECD member countries, Brazil and the Russian Federation. However, the Better Life Index relies only on aggregate country-level indicators, and hence is insensitive to how multi-dimensional well-being outcomes are distributed within countries. This paper discusses how a distribution-sensitive Better Life Index could be designed and implemented. Based on five concrete recommendations for the design of the index, a family of indices is suggested. These indices are shown to be decomposable in interpretable building blocks. While a rich and comprehensive micro-level data set is necessary to implement the distribution-sensitive Better Life Index, no such data set is currently available for all OECD member countries. The paper proposes a ‘synthetic’ data set that relies on information about macro-level indicators and micro-level data from the Gallup World Poll. The implementation of the distribution-sensitive Better Life Index is illustrated with this synthetic data set. While the small sample size and other survey features of the Gallup World Poll imply a number of potential biases, illustrative calculations based on this synthetic data set indicates that, when taking distribution into account, Nordic countries are top-ranked whereas Greece, the Russian Federation and Turkey occupy the bottom positions. The results indicate sizeable losses due to multi-dimensional inequality for OECD member countries. Moreover, there are large differences in the level and composition of multi-dimensional inequality.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppx9xh8q-en
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  • 21
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    Measuring educational inequalities in mortality statistics (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/08
    Keywords: Bildungsniveau ; Sterblichkeit ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: All OECD countries are faced with substantial inequalities in health status between socioeconomic groups within their populations. One aspect of these inequalities for which data are routinely available in many countries is inequalities in mortality by level of education: people with a lower level of education typically have considerably higher death rates and lower life expectancy than people with a higher level of education. The OECD recently started a project to generate measures of the distributions of ages at death by educational level, gender and cause of death for as many countries as possible. This working paper aims to highlight the most important methodological issues to be faced when trying to create valid statistics on mortality by level of education, and to highlight how different methodologies may affect results and comparisons. Topics covered include study designs (e.g. use of cross-sectional census-unlinked versus longitudinal census-linked data), data harmonization issues (e.g. use of a common educational classification scheme), and data analysis issues (e.g. choice of a summary measure of inequalities in mortality). The paper ends with a number of recommendations for data analysts.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppx182zs-en
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  • 22
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    Official development finance for infrastructure : support by multilateral and bilateral development partners (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 25
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The main objective of this study is to offer an overall picture of support by multilateral and bilateral development partners to development country infrastructure. By presenting an overview of the scale, distribution, and modality of development co-operation for infrastructure, the report is expected to contribute to discussions and further research in international fora on how to fill the financing gap, particularly by mobilising the private sector. However, the report does not generally make assessments against development objectives nor provide policy recommendations. The methodology mainly involved analysing the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC)’s Creditor Reporting System data on Official Development Finance (ODF) for the infrastructure sectors (water and sanitation, transport, energy, and communications). Desk research was also conducted on gaps in infrastructure financing as well as support by major development partners that do not report to the DAC at the activity level.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs3sbcrvzx-en
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  • 23
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    How should one measure economic insecurity? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/01
    Keywords: Wirtschaftliche Sicherheit ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: People feel economically insecure when they perceive a significant hazard or danger looming in the future, which they are unable to insure against, avoid or ignore. While all OECD countries devote significant resources to mitigate economic insecurity, no consensus exists on the best way to measure it. The paper reviews the pros and cons of the main approaches proposed by the literature and identifies a number of criteria than an ideal measure of economic insecurity should satisfy. It advocates the construction of household level sub-indices for the hazards identified in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (i.e. unemployment, illness, widowhood, disability and old age) and their aggregation to an over-all summary measure of economic insecurity, discussing what could be done with existing data and what additional information should be collected.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4t78q9lq7-en
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  • 24
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    Beyond GDP : is there a law of one shadow price? (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2015/05
    Keywords: Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Verfügbares Einkommen ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Sterblichkeit ; Opportunitätskosten ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper builds a welfare measure encompassing household disposable income, unemployment and longevity, while using two different sets of “shadow prices” for non-income variables. The valuations of vital and unemployment risks estimated from life satisfaction data (“subjective shadow prices”) and those derived from model-based approaches and calibrated utility functions (“model-based shadow prices”) are shown to be broadly consistent once a number of conditions are fulfilled. Subjective shadow prices appear to be inflated by the downward bias on the income variable in life satisfaction regressions conducted at the individual level, while the latter bias is largely removed when running regressions at the country level. On the other hand, model-based shadow prices are typically underestimated as: i) the valuation of the unemployment risk is assumed to take place under the veil of ignorance (i.e. for a representative agent that has no information on her current or future unemployment situation); ii) the standard model relies on a Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) utility function, which has no specific relative risk aversion parameter for unemployment and vital risks; iii) the Value of Statistical Life that is used in standard calibration pertains to the adult lifespan while life expectancy at birth covers the entire lifetime.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqppxzss47-en
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  • 25
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    Structural reforms and income distribution (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 13
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.13
    Keywords: Strukturpolitik ; Einkommensverteilung ; Vergleich ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides new empirical evidence on the effects of structural policies on household disposable incomes at different income levels. More specifically, it investigates the extent to which structural policies have differential long-run impacts on GDP per capita and on household incomes at different points of the distribution. One aim is to verify whether policy decisions may face tradeoffs between objectives of economic efficiency and equity. Many growth enhancing structural reforms are found to deliver stronger income gains for households at the lower end of the distribution compared with the average household, an indication that they may reduce inequality in disposable incomes. Such is the case of reducing regulatory barriers to domestic competition as well as to trade and FDI; stepping-up job-search support and activation programmes. Conversely, other reforms involve trade-offs between the efficiency and equity objective. This is the case of the tightening of unemployment benefits for the long-term unemployed, which is found to lift GDP per capita and average household incomes, but also to reduce disposable incomes at the lower end of the distribution.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js3777lbxzn-en
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  • 26
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    Prudent debt targets and fiscal frameworks (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy paper 15
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.15
    Keywords: Öffentliche Schulden ; Finanzpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The sharp rise in debt experienced by most OECD countries raises questions about debt indicators and the prudent government debt level countries should target. It also raises questions about the fiscal frameworks needed to reach the prudent debt level and to accommodate cyclical fluctuations along the convergence path towards a prudent debt target. The objective of this paper is to define long-run prudent debt targets for OECD countries and country-specific fiscal rules. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of government liabilities and assets and formulates recommendations for debt indicators. It also reviews the different linkages between government debt and the economic activity. The lessons from these analyses are combined with an assessment of the uncertainties surrounding the development of macroeconomic variables to define a prudent debt target. Different fiscal rules are compared with regard their impact on fiscal discipline and the risk of recession for country-specific fiscal rules recommendations.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jrxtjmmt9f7-en
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  • 27
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    Participation of developing countries in global value chains : implications for trade and traderelated policies (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 179
    Keywords: Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Vorleistungen ; Investition ; Handelsabkommen ; Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Entwicklungsländer ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Although global value chains (GVCs) are often considered a defining feature of the current wave of globalisation, little is known about: i) what drives GVC participation; ii) what the benefits associated to growing participation are; or iii) how developing countries engage and benefit from GVCs. This paper tackles these questions empirically. The evidence indicates there are important benefits to be had from wider participation in terms of enhanced productivity, sophistication and diversification of exports. Structural factors, such as geography, size of the market and level of development are found to be key determinants of GVC participation. Trade and investment policy reforms as well as improvements of logistics and customs, intellectual property protection, infrastructure and institutions can, however, also play an active role in promoting further engagement. A more in-depth analysis of GVC participation and policy context in five developing sub-regions in Africa, the Middle East and Asia highlights key differences and similarities, and can be a starting point for policy makers in the regions to assess their countries’ GVC engagement and to consider policy options.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js33lfw0xxn-en
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  • 28
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    Agricultural specific trade facilitation indicators : an overview (2015)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers 74
    Keywords: perishable product ; Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Pflanzenschutz ; Landhandel ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Trade facilitation matters. Estimates of trade friction costs from border and custom procedures are relatively high. Trade facilitation to allow for the speedy movement of traded goods may be more important for agricultural, especially perishable, products than for other goods because of their time sensitivity, especially for developing countries. Data suggest that many countries across the geographic and income spectrum have improved their performance on several trade facilitation variables. Concurrently, agricultural trade has grown substantially, especially from low and lower middle income countries. The data suggest that further improvements to trade facilitation in many low and lower middle income countries are needed for them to catch up with best practices. Impediments to trade remain, as indicated by the relatively high tariff equivalent of trade costs, especially on agricultural products.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js4wzp09q6f-en
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