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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,178)
  • 2005-2009  (1,178)
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (859)
  • Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques  (246)
  • Internationale Energieagentur  (73)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (1,178)
Datasource
Material
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264070608
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 403 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 403 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from short-term exposure to a test article (gas, vapour or aerosol/particulate test article) by inhalation. The revised Test Guideline describes two studies: a traditional LC50 protocol and a Concentration x Time (C x t) protocol. It can be used to estimate a median lethal concentration (LC50), non-lethal threshold concentration (LC01) and slope, and to identify possible sex susceptibility. This Test Guideline enables a test article quantitative risk assessment and classification according to the Globally Harmonized System for the Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. In the traditional LC50 protocol, animals are exposed to one limit concentration or to three concentrations, at least, for a predetermined duration, generally of 4 hours. Usually 10 animals should be used for each concentration. In the C x T protocol, animals are exposed to one limit concentration or a series of concentrations over multiple time durations. Usually 2 animals per C x t interval are used. Animals (the preferred species is the rat) should be observed for at least 14 days. The study includes measurements (including weighing), daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264073036
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La crise financière ; Réforme et stratégies de sortie
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La crise financière : Réforme et stratégies de sortie
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The financial crisis
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Internationaler Finanzmarkt ; Finanzkrise ; Welt ; Internationale Finanzpolitik ; Internationaler Kreditmarkt ; Finanzkrise ; Bank ; Insolvenz ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Erde ; Finanzkrise
    Abstract: The financial crisis required governments to make massive interventions in their financial systems. This book sets out priorities for reforming incentives in financial markets as well as for phasing out these emergency measures.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264048164
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Energy ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China’s coal, mined locally and available at a relatively low cost, has brought enormous benefits to energy consumers in China and to those outside the country who enjoy the products of its coal-based economy. Yet from another perspective, China’s coal use has a high cost. Despite progress, health and safety in the thousands of small coal mines lag far behind the standards achieved in China’s modern, large mines. Environmental degradation is a real and pressing problem at all stages of coal production, supply and use. Adding to these burdens, emissions of carbon dioxide are of concern to the Chinese government as it embarks on its own climate protection strategy. Technology solutions are already transforming the way coal is used in China and elsewhere. This study explores the context in which the development and deployment of these technologies can be accelerated. Providing a large amount of new data, it describes in detail the situation in China as well as the experiences of other countries in making coal cleaner. Above all, the report calls for much greater levels of collaboration – existing bi-lateral and multi-lateral co-operation with China on coal is found lacking. China’s growing openness presents many commercial opportunities. Establishing a global market for cleaner coal technologies is key to unlocking the potential of technology – one of ten major recommendations made in this study.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264060777
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Top of the class
    DDC: 371.262
    RVK:
    Keywords: Education ; PISA-Studie ; OECD ; Naturwissenschaften ; Unterricht ; Qualität
    Abstract: The rapidly growing demand for highly skilled workers has led to a global competition for talent. While basic competencies are important for the absorption of new technologies, high-level skills are critical for the creation of new knowledge, technologies and innovation. The OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) has taken an innovative approach to examining educational excellence, by directly assessing students’ knowledge, skills and attitudes and exploring how these relate to the characteristics of individual students, schools and education systems. Based on PISA survey results, this report examines who the highest performing students are, what the characteristics of the schools they attend are, to what extent they engage in science related activities outside of school, what their motivations and attitudes towards science are, and what their career intentions are.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264076389
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 455; The Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-alpha Transcriptional Activation Assay for Detection of Estrogenic Agonist-Activity of Chemicals
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 455: The Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-alpha Transcriptional Activation Assay for Detection of Estrogenic Agonist-Activity of Chemicals
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit un essai in vitro qui fournit des informations mécanistiques et peut être utilisé à des fins de dépistage et de mise en priorité. Le système utilise la lignée cellulaire hERalpha-HeLa-9903 provenant d’une tumeur cervicale humaine, transfectée de façon stable. Cette lignée cellulaire permet de mesurer la capacité d’une substance d’essai à induire la transactivation de l’expression du gène luciférase, médiée par le récepteur d’œstrogène alpha humain hERalpha. Les cellules sont exposées à 7 concentrations non cytotoxiques de la substance d’essai pendant 20-24 heures afin de provoquer la synthèse de produits de gènes rapporteurs. Quatre substances de référence sont incluses dans chaque essai : un estrogène fort (17bêta-estradiol, un faible (17alpha-estradiol), un très faible (17alpha-méthyltestostérone) et un témoin négatif (corticostérone). L’activité de l’enzyme luciférase est mesurée par un luminomètre. Une substance d’essai est considérée comme répondant positivement si la réponse maximale induite est égale ou excède 10 % de la réponse du témoin positif (1 Nm 17bêta-estradiol) dans au moins deux parmi deux, ou deux parmi trois expérimentations. Logiciel à utiliser pour les essais 425, 432, 455. Cliquer ici. Logiciel non couvert par l’Acceptation Mutuelle des Données.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060388
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Portugal
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2009 review of Portugal's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Portugal has made considerable efforts to strengthen its energy policy since the last IEA in-depth review in 2004. A large number of IEA recommendations have been successfully implemented, including greater diversification of the energy mix and increased energy policy co-ordination. A new National Energy Strategy, published in October 2005, identified three principal means for meeting Portugal’s policy goals: the promotion of renewable energy, increased energy efficiency and competition in energy markets. Over a short period of time, Portugal has become a leader in terms of renewable energy development. Well-designed incentive mechanisms and the adoption of ambitious targets ensure hydro, wind and other technologies will continue to grow. The National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency was enacted in 2008, and Portugal aims to implement energy efficiency measures equivalent to 9.8% of total final energy consumption by 2015. This plan complements a well developed and co-ordinated climate change policy. Further steps have been taken towards the liberalisation of energy markets, including the innovative creation of a single operator for the transport of natural gas and electricity, natural gas storage and operation of the Sines LNG terminal. Still, a number of challenges remain. Energy markets are not as competitive as policy makers may have wished, and energy research and development policy coordination needs to be strengthened. This review provides sectoral critiques of existing policy and recommendations for further improvements. It is intended to serve as an indispensable guide for Portuguese policy makers as they travel along the path to a more sustainable energy future.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264061996
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Electricity production is responsible for 32% of total global fossil fuel use, accounting for 132 EJ, and 41%, or 10.9 Gt of energy-related CO2 emissions. Improving the efficiency of electricity production therefore offers economic benefits and a significant opportunity for reducing dependence on fossil fuels, which helps to combat climate change and improve energy security.A set of indicators has been developed to analyse the energy efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels on a global level and for a number of key countries and regions.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264039544
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: This paper explores different measures of energy efficiency performance (“MEEP”) and considers the importance of so-called boundary definitions when measuring energy performance, and how these affect the appropriateness of country comparisons to guide policy decisions. The paper also addresses the limitations of both energy intensity and technology diffusion indicators as measures of energy efficiency performance. A case study on Japan’s iron and steel industry illustrates the critical role of proper boundary definitions for a meaningful assessment of energy efficiency in industry.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264060296
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (215 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation; Policy Guidance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo ; Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento; Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo : Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento: Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Keywords: Environment ; Development
    Abstract: Les objectifs de ce document d’orientation sont : i) expliciter les incidences du changement climatique sur les pratiques de développement et, par conséquent, la nécessité d’intégrer pleinement l’adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques des agences d’aide et des pays partenaires ; ii) recenser les approches qui permettent d’intégrer l’adaptation au changement climatique dans les politiques de développement aux niveaux national, sectoriel et des projets, tant en milieu urbain que rural ; et iii) indiquer comment les donneurs peuvent concrètement soutenir les efforts des pays partenaires pour réduire leur vulnérabilité face à la variabilité et au changement climatiques. S’il revient aux pays partenaires de jouer un rôle moteur dans le cadre d’efforts visant à intégrer l’adaptation au changement climatique dans le développement, les agences d’aide auront un rôle déterminant à jouer en soutenant ces efforts.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264088122
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Series Statement: IEA Technology Roadmaps
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide capture and storage ; Energietechnik ; Finanzierung ; Gesetz ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Szenario ; Reduktion ; Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Internationale Kooperation ; Umweltpolitik ; Global Kohlendioxid-Abscheidung und -Lagerung ; Energietechnik ; Finanzierung ; Rechtliche Regelung ; Entwicklungsperspektive und -tendenz ; Szenario ; Reduzierung/Rückgang ; Kohlendioxid ; Internationale umweltpolitische Zusammenarbeit ; Energy ; Erde
    Abstract: This energy technology roadmap on carbon capture and storage (CCS) identifies, for the first time, a detailed scenario for the technology’s growth from a handful of large-scale projects today to over three thousand projects by 2050. It finds that the next decade is a key “make or break” period for CCS; governments, industry and public stakeholders must act rapidly to demonstrate CCS at scale around the world in a variety of settings. The roadmap concludes with a set of near-term actions that stakeholders will need to take to achieve the roadmap’s vision.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789264054172
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (500 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nuclear Energy Outlook 2008
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Alors que la demande mondiale d’énergie continue à croître inexorablement, maints pays se trouvent confrontés à de sérieux défis en ce qui concerne la sécurité de leurs approvisionnements en énergie, l’envolée des prix de l’énergie et le changement climatique qui résulte de la consommation des énergies fossiles. De plus en plus, l’énergie nucléaire est considérée comme ayant un rôle à jouer dans la résolution de ces problèmes. Pour satisfaire l’intérêt renouvelé concernant l’énergie nucléaire, ces Perspectives de l’énergie nucléaire 2008 analysent les données et des statistiques les plus récentes en vue de présenter les projections jusqu’à l’horizon 2050 afin d’examiner des scénarios de croissance et leurs implications possibles sur l’exploitation future de l’énergie nucléaire. Elles offrent aussi des analyses inédites et des recommandations concernant les défis potentiels de demain. La situation actuelle de l’énergie nucléaire, ses évolutions prévues et ses répercussions sur l’environnement, les ressources en uranium et la sécurité d’approvisionnement, les coûts, la sûreté et la réglementation, la gestion des déchets radioactifs et le démantèlement, la non prolifération et la sécurité, les régimes juridiques, les infrastructures, la participation du public, les réacteurs et les cycles du combustible avancés, tels sont les principaux thèmes traités dans cette publication.
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 10 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: CELE Exchange, Centre for Effective Learning Environments no.2009/07
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Reconstruire les écoles après le tremblement de terre du Wenchuan : La Chine s'inspire de l'expérience de l'OCDE, de l'Italie et de la Turquie
    Keywords: Education ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Following the May 2008 earthquake in China, government officials visited the OECD, Italy and Turkey to draw lessons from international experience in seismic safety.
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  • 13
    Language: French
    Pages: 10 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: CELE Échanges, Centre pour des environnements pédagogiques efficaces no.2009/07
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rebuilding Schools after the Wenchuan Earthquake: China Visits OECD, Italy and Turkey
    Keywords: Education ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Suite au tremblement de terre en Chine en mai 2008, des représentants du gouvernement chinois se sont rendus à l’OCDE, en Italie et en Turquie pour tirer parti de l’expérience internationale en matière de sûreté sismique.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060364
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Spain
    Abstract: This review analyses the energy challenges facing Spain and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It finds that since the last IEA in-depth review in 2005, Spain has made significant progress in improving its energy policy. In Europe, the country is now leading in gas diversification and LNG development. Together with Portugal, it has set up the common Iberian electricity market, MIBEL, and has strong ambitions in developing it further. It has also become prominent in developing wind and solar energy technology, and succeeded in integrating large amounts of intermittent power in the electricity grid. Along with other IEA member countries, Spain has set ambitious climate and energy security targets. Achieving these will require a transition to a low-carbon economy. Spain will need to increase its efforts to reduce CO2 emissions, particularly in the transport but also the critical power sector. As fossil fuels still provide more than half of electricity,Spain will need to keep open all the options - including nuclear, renewables, and the technology of carbon capture and storage - for making its power sector less carbon-intensive. The country should also increase its efforts to limit peak electricity demand through energy efficiency. Spain has substantially de-regulated its electricity and gas tariffs, and developed a financial plan to end the large deficit that had built up under the previous tariff regime. Prices for many small electricity users, however, are still regulated and low enough to potentially distort the market. In addition, the still remaining subsidies for domestic coal production should be eliminated and replaced by direct social policy measures.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264055698
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (229 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Competitiveness and Private Sector Development
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sector specific sources of competitiveness in the Western Balkans
    RVK:
    Keywords: Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Branche ; Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Südosteuropa ; Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services ; Südosteuropa ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Investitionspolitik
    Abstract: The Western Balkan region benefits from a cost-competitive labour force and geographic and cultural proximity to EU markets. However, cost competitiveness as a source of differentiation is not sustainable. Cost levels are increasing gradually in some sectors, reducing firms’ profitability. In order to sustain competitiveness, the Western Balkans needs to move up the value chain, from investing in automated technology to producing higher-quality goods and enhancing its human capital. This report examines the apparel manufacturing, automotive components and business process and technology outsourcing sectors, focusing on market competitiveness factors, industry key success factors and policy recommendations.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264048096
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The PISA 2006 Technical Report describes the methodology underlying the PISA 2006 survey. It examines additional features related to the implementation of the project at a level of detail that allows researchers to understand and replicate its analyses. The reader will find a wealth of information on the test and sample design, methodologies used to analyse the data, technical features of the project and quality control mechanisms.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789264056275
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (475 p.)
    Edition: Second Edition
    Series Statement: PISA
    Keywords: Education ; Economics
    Abstract: The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) surveys collected data on students’ performances in reading, mathematics and science, as well as contextual information on students’ background, home characteristics and school factors which could influence performance. This publication includes detailed information on how to analyse the PISA data, enabling researchers to both reproduce the initial results and to undertake further analyses. In addition to the inclusion of the necessary techniques, the manual also includes a detailed account of the PISA 2006 database and worked examples providing full syntax in SPSS®.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/19
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 113 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.8
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness calls upon donor and partner countries to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of country systems in a way that guarantees ownership and sustainable results. Within this context, the current paper provides a synthesis of major elements and approaches of institutional assessment that may be applied to environmental management. It suggests that while a large number of diagnostic tools are in use, their level of elaboration is not sufficient for systemic sector-specific capacity assessments that would match partners’ and donors’ needs. In order to facilitate the improvement of these tools, the paper provides an inventory of core functions for environmental management. This inventory may be used by those involved in capacity assessments to consider more amply specifics of the environmental sector. Each function will need to be associated with benchmarks reflecting the multifaceted nature of institutional capacity. The evolving approaches to environmental management, as well as changes in the international and country context, impose the need to regularly update both the list of functions and complementary benchmarks.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/27
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.152
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine the economic impact of proposals to add a non-cost “premium” to international telecommunication charges. This work follows up on earlier OECD work which examined international traffic exchange. The paper concludes that attempts to use non-market methods, and distort prices, is likely to have negative implications for the provision of international telecommunication services and that competition is acting to more efficiently meet policy goals.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.160
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This primer aims to provide policy makers a broad-brush understanding of the various dimensions of digital identity management (IdM). Consistent with the Seoul Ministerial Declaration, it also aims to support efforts to address public policy issues for securely managing and protecting digital identities, with a view to strengthening confidence in the online activities crucial to the growth of the Internet Economy.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789264060906
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (445 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation; 15 Mexican States 2009
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: 15 Mexican States 2009
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Mexico
    Abstract: Aunque México ha presentado estabilidad macroeconómica en años recientes, el país aún padece de un estancamiento en el crecimiento de su productividad. En un contexto mundial, la competitividad de México a largo plazo necesitará mayor acción tanto en el sector público como en el privado para estimular la innovación y el crecimiento económico en todas las regiones del territorio nacional. En este informe se revisan tanto las políticas nacionales como estatales de México y la manera en que pueden fomentar mejor los sistemas de innovación regional; incluye una semblanza de 15 estados.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/08
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264076280
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 232; Collembolan Reproduction Test in Soil
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 232: Collembolan Reproduction Test in Soil
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice est destinée à évaluer les effets des substances chimiques sur la reproduction des collemboles dans le sol. Folsomia candida, qui se reproduit par parthénogénèse, est l’espèce recommandée, mais une autre espèce telle que Folsomia Fimetaria, dont la reproduction est sexuée, peut aussi être utilisée si les critères de validité sont remplis. Cette Ligne directrice peut être utilisée pour des substances solubles ou insolubles, mais elle ne s’applique pas aux substances volatiles. L’objectif est de déterminer les effets toxiques de la substance sur la mortalité des adultes et sur le taux de reproduction exprimé respectivement par la CLx et la CEx, ou par les valeurs CSEO/CMEO. Le nombre de concentrations d’essai varie en fonction des effets à mesurer. Pour une approche combinée visant à déterminer les CSEO/CMEO, huit concentrations formant une série géométrique, quatre réplicats pour chaque concentration et huit réplicats témoins sont utilisés. Dans chaque récipient d’essai, 10 juvéniles F. candida (ou 10 males et 10 femelles F. fimetaria) sont placés sur 30 g de sol artificiel modifié OCDE contenant 5 % de matière organique. La durée d’un essai de reproduction définitif est de 4 semaines pour F. candida et de 3 semaines pour F. fimetaria.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789264049055
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education
    Keywords: Education ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: With tertiary education increasingly seen as a fundamental pillar for economic growth, these systems must now address the pressures of a globalising economy and labour market. This book provides an overview of Korea's tertiary education system, including an account of recent trends and developments, an analysis of strengths and challenges, and recommendations for future policy development.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264071193
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 451; Carcinogenicity Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 451: Carcinogenicity Studies
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’objectif d’une étude à long terme de cancérogénèse est d’observer des animaux d’essai au cours de la majeure partie de leur durée de vie, pour suivre le développement éventuel de lésions néoplasiques durant ou après l’exposition à de diverses doses d’une substance d’essai par une voie d’administration appropriée. Cette Ligne directrice concerne principalement des essais sur rats et souris, et une administration orale. Les deux sexes sont employés. Chaque groupe de dose et groupe témoin contient au moins 50 animaux de chaque sexe. Trois niveaux de dose et un témoin sont employés au moins. La substance d’essai est administrée chaque jour par voix orale (dermale ou par inhalation), et le mode d’exposition est ajusté selon le profil toxicocinétique de la substance d’essai. La durée de l’étude est normalement de 24 mois pour les rongeurs. Pour des souches de souris spécifiques, une durée de 18 mois peut être plus appropriée. La clôture de l’essai est envisagée lorsque le nombre de survivants dans les groupes de dose la plus faible ou dans le groupe témoin tombe en dessous de 25%. Les résultats de ces études incluent des mesures (pesée, consommation de nourriture), et au moins, des observations quotidiennes détaillées, ainsi que l’autopsie générale et l’histopathologie.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264071209
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 452 ; Études de toxicité chronique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 452 : Études de toxicité chronique
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The objective of these chronic toxicity studies is to characterize the profile of a substance in a mammalian species (primarily rodents) following prolonged and repeated exposure. The Test Guideline focuses on rodents and oral administration. Both sexes should be used. For rodents, at least 20 animals per sex per group should normally be used at each dose level, while for non-rodents a minimum of 4 per sex per group is recommended. At least three dose levels should be used in addition to the concurrent control group. Frequency of exposure normally is daily, but may vary according to the route chosen (oral, dermal or inhalation) and should be adjusted according to the toxicokinetic profile of the test substance. The duration of the exposure period should be 12 months. The study report should include: measurements (weighing) and regular detailed observations (haematological examination, urinalysis, clinical chemistry), as well as necropsy procedures and histopathology.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264076884
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cities, towns & renewable energy
    RVK:
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung ; Stadt ; Energieversorgung ; Energieeinsparung ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Welt ; Energy ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Stadtökologie ; Energieversorgung ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Energieeinsparung
    Abstract: Local governments have the power to influence the energy choices of their citizens. Many cities and towns have already encouraged energy efficiency measures. Even so, as demand for energy services continues to grow, the energy infrastructure that every city and town depends on will need to be expanded, upgraded or replaced. This provides the opportunity to increase the deployment of renewable energy technologies and decentralised energy systems, and hence gain the multi-benefits of increased energy security, climate change mitigation and sustainable development, but also the social benefits of reduced air pollution, such as improved health and employment. Many combinations of policies have been employed to stimulate local renewable energy development. These policies include: local governance by authority; providing resources; enabling private actors; leading by example; allowing self-governance. Mega-city mayors, down to small-town officials, have successfully introduced such policies, although these vary with location, local resources and population. Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy – “ Yes In My Front Yard “ includes several case studies chosen to illustrate how enhanced deployment of renewable energy projects can result, regardless of a community’s size or location. The goals of this report are to inspire city stakeholders by showing how renewable energy systems can benefit citizens and businesses, assist national governments to better appreciate the role that local municipalities might play in meeting national and international objectives, and help accelerate the necessary transition to a sustainable energy future.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789264062238
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (143 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions; Review of Models
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions; Review of Models (Ukrainian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models (Ukrainian version)
    Keywords: Governance
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.167
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report gives an overview of sensor technology and fields of application of sensors and sensor networks. It discusses in detail selected fields of application that have high potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reviews studies quantifying the environmental impact. The review of the studies assessing the impact of sensor technology in reducing greenhouse gas emissions reveals that the technology has a high potential to contribute to a reduction of emissions across various fields of application. Whereas studies clearly estimate an overall strong positive effect in smart grids, smart buildings, smart industrial applications as well as precision agriculture and farming, results for the field of smart transportation are mixed due to rebound effects. In particular intelligent transport systems render transport more efficient, faster and cheaper. As a consequence, demand for transportation and thus the consumption of resources both increase which can lead to an overall negative effect.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264043428
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: The Inernational Energy Agency's periodic review of Luxembourg's energy policies and programmes. It analyses the energy challenges facing Luxembourg and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. Since the last review in 2004, Luxembourg has reformed its energy policies across all sectors, has fully liberalised its electricity and natural gas markets, and is actively participating in the development of the evolving Central West European regional electricity system. Luxembourg has also prepared a broad action plan on energy efficiency, improved the support system for renewable energy sources and revised taxes to mitigate climate change. The country’s energy policy in the coming decade will be shaped by the EU 2020 targets that call for substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and strong increases in renewable energy and energy efficiency. These targets will be hard to meet, given that roughly half of energy-related CO2 emissions come from transport fuel use by foreign truckers and motorists, and that Luxembourg’s potential for producing much more renewable energy is limited. Luxembourg is heavily dependent on oil. Although oil sources are well diversified by country of origin, more than 85% of oil stocks are held in neighbouring countries and often based on short-term leasing contracts. This leaves the country vulnerable to potential oil supply disruptions. Luxembourg should swiftly implement a plan to improve the security of oil supply.
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789264067233
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: This report assesses the current status of Korea’s innovation system and policies, and identifies where and how the government should focus its efforts to improve the country’s innovation capabilities. It finds that Korea has one of the highest rates of spending on R&D in the world, much of which is performed by private firms. It also has a highly educated labour force – as signalled by its impressive PISA performance and exceptionally high rates of tertiary level graduation – with a strong interest in science and technology. However, a number of bottlenecks persist that hamper Korea’s economic convergence with the leading OECD economies. These include a relatively weak SME sector and weak performance in services, as well as lagging capacities to conduct leading-edge research in many areas. Furthermore, Korea faces numerous threats in the mid term, notably increased levels of competition from China and other newly-industrialising economies, the lowest fertility rate in the OECD and an ageing society, and a continuing high dependency on imports of natural resources, particularly hydrocarbons. In the shorter term, the economic crisis offers its own challenges, with the need for some policy adjustments to deal with expected falls in business investment in R&D and growing levels of unemployment among the highly skilled.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789264043695
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Edition: Segunda edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Capital - OECD Manual 2009; Second edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mesure du capital - Manuel de l'OCDE 2009 ; Deuxième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Capital - OECD Manual 2009: Second edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mesure du capital - Manuel de l'OCDE 2009 : Deuxième édition
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: El capital –en particular el de tipo físico– juega varios roles en la vida económica: este constituye riqueza y provee de servicios en el proceso de producción. El capital es invertido, desinvertido y se deprecia llegando a ser obsoleto, y existe una cuestión de cómo medir todas estas dimensiones del capital en la industria y en las cuentas nacionales. El Manual del Capital revisado es la primera guía comprehensiva para los enfoques hacia la medición del capital. Este está dirigido a estadísticos, investigadores y analistas, y trata de dar asesoría práctica, mientras que provee una estructura teórica y un resumen de la literatura relevante. El Manual se presenta en tres partes –una primera parte–, con una descripción no técnica de los principales conceptos y de los pasos necesarios para la medición del capital; una segunda parte, dirigida a la implementación y una tercera parte, describiendo la teoría con una formulación matemática más completa del proceso de medición.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264060180
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (79 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy; China 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: China 2008
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: Welche Kriterien müssen die Innovationsergebnisse eines Landes erfüllen, und welcher Zusammenhang besteht zwischen ihnen und der Wirtschaftsleistung? Welches sind die Hauptmerkmale, Stärken und Schwächen des Innovationssystems eines Landes? Wie können die Regierungen die Innovationstätigkeit fördern? Die OECD-Prüfungen der Innovationspolitik bieten eine umfassende Analyse des Innovationssystems einzelner OECD-Mitglieds- und -Nichtmitgliedsländer, bei der die Rolle der Politik und der Regierung im Mittelpunkt steht. Sie geben zudem konkrete Empfehlungen zu der Frage, wie ein breites Spektrum von die Innovationsergebnisse der Länder beeinflussenden Politikmaßnahmen zu verbessern ist. Bei jeder Prüfung werden bewährte Praktiken identifiziert, aus denen andere Länder lernen können. China hat über einen mehr als zwanzig Jahre andauernden Zeitraum ein spektakulär hohes Wirtschaftswachstum zu verzeichnen. Gleichwohl ist China heute mit der großen Herausforderung des Übergangs von einem stetigen zu einem vom sozialen, wirtschaftlichen, ökologischen und umweltpolitischen Standpunkt her gesehen nachhaltigen Wachstum konfrontiert. Die Innovationstätigkeit wurde als eine Hauptantriebskraft für dieses neue Wachstumsmodell identifiziert, und die chinesische Regierung hat eine nationale Strategie initiiert, die bis zum Jahr 2020 eine innovationsinduzierte Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft entstehen lassen soll. Wird es China gelingen, die Herausforderung dieses Übergangs zu meistern? Welche Veränderungen werden hierzu im Bereich der Politikmaßnahmen und Institutionen erforderlich sein? Wie wird sich die Wandlung Chinas zu einer künftigen innovationsgestützten Volkswirtschaft auf die OECD-Länder sowie auf die weltweiten Systeme der Wissensproduktion, -verbreitung und -nutzung auswirken? Der vorliegende Bericht versucht Antworten auf diese Fragen zu finden, indem er den derzeitigen Zustand des nationalen Innovationssystems Chinas und seiner Investitionspolitik analysiert und besonders wichtige Verbesserungen empfiehlt, die sowohl im politischen als auch im institutionellen Umfeld erforderlich sind, damit es China gelingt, die Innovationstätigkeit durch einen marktorientierten Ansatz zu fördern.
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789264076334
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441; Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat ; Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai No. 441: Bio-essai de Hershberger sur le rat : Essai de dépistage à court terme de propriétés (anti)androgéniques
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Hershberger Bioassay is an in vivo short–term screening test. It evaluates the ability of a chemical to elicit biological activities consistent with androgen agonists, antagonists or 5 á-reductase inhibitors. The current bioassay is based on the changes in weight of five androgen-dependent tissues in the castrate-peripubertal male rat: the ventral prostate, seminal vesicle (plus fluids and coagulating glands), levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle, paired Cowper’s glands and the glans penis. In order to establish whether a test substance can have androgenic or antiandrogenic action, two – respectively three - dose groups of the test substance, plus positive and vehicle (negative) controls are normally sufficient. The test substance is administered by gavage or subcutaneous injection daily for 10 consecutive days. To test for antiandrogens, the test substance is administered together with a reference androgen agonist. Each treated and control group should include a minimum of 6 animals. The animals are necropsied approximately 24 hours after the last administration of the test substance. The tissues are excised and their fresh weights determined. A statistically significant increase (androgenic) or decrease (antiandrogenic) in the weights of two of the five tissues indicates a positive response in this assay.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789264075894
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Turning African Agriculture into a Business; A Reader
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Turning African Agriculture into a Business: A Reader
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Development
    Abstract: L’agriculture africaine est un géant endormi. Dans la plupart des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne, l’agro-industrie en est encore à ses balbutiements. Nombre d’entre eux paient désormais le prix fort pour leurs importations de denrées alimentaires et tentent de juguler les pressions inflationnistes. En raison de la vigueur attendue des prix alimentaires mondiaux à long terme, l’augmentation de la productivité des cultures vivrières devient une priorité absolue pour l’Afrique. Cela suppose d’investir massivement dans les infrastructures d’irrigation, d’entreposage et de transports, mais aussi de faciliter l’accès aux marchés des facteurs de production (engrais, semences, matériel agricole et crédit). Si un cadre contractuel donne de bons résultats dans le cas des cultures d’exportation, ce genre de dispositif est encore rare pour les cultures vivrières. Une implication accrue du secteur privé dans la conception et la mise en oeuvre de ce type de programmes de commercialisation pour les cultures vivrières devrait permettre d’assurer un développement durable des industries alimentaires locales. Les facilités actuelles de financement internationales – à l’instar de l’EPSA (Initiative pour le soutien renforcé au secteur privé en Afrique) – devraient être pleinement exploitées. L’aptitude de l’Afrique à libérer le potentiel de son agriculture commerciale dans les décennies à venir dépend aussi largement d’un soutien efficace et durable de la part de la communauté internationale du développement. Les conclusions résumées ici posent les jalons de futures discussions à l’échelle internationale sur le développement du secteur privé agricole en Afrique et la manière de sortir les petits paysans de la pauvreté.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789264049147
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (318 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Growing Unequal?; Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Croissance et inégalités ; Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Growing Unequal?: Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Croissance et inégalités : Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Hat die Einkommensungleichheit im Zeitverlauf zugenommen? Wer sind die Gewinner und wer die Verlierer in diesem Prozess? Sind alle OECD-Länder gleichermaßen von dieser Entwicklung betroffen? Inwieweit sind stärkere Einkommensungleichheiten die Folge größerer Disparitäten bei den persönlichen Erwerbseinkommen der Arbeitnehmer, und welche Rolle spielen dabei andere Faktoren? Wie wirkt sich schließlich die staatliche Umverteilung durch Steuer- und Transfersysteme auf diese Trends aus?Dieser Bericht liefert Befunde dafür, dass die Einkommensungleichheit während der letzten 20 Jahre in den OECD-Ländern fast überall zugenommen hat. Die Publikation enthält eine Reihe von Analysen über die Verteilung der wirtschaftlichen Ressourcen in den OECD-Ländern. Die Daten über Einkommensverteilung und Armut erstrecken sich zum ersten Mal auf alle 30 OECD-Länder zum Stand von Mitte der 2000er Jahre, während bis Mitte der 1980er Jahre zurückreichende Informationen über Trendentwicklungen für rund zwei Drittel der Länder vorliegen. Der Bericht beschreibt zudem Ungleichheiten in einer Reihe von Bereichen (wie Vermögen der privaten Haushalte, Konsumgewohnheiten, öffentliche Sachleistungen), die bei den herkömmlichen Diskussionen über die Verteilung der wirtschaftlichen Ressourcen unter Einzelpersonen und Haushalten in der Regel außer Acht gelassen werden.
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9789264056251
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (467 p.)
    Edition: Second Edition
    Series Statement: PISA
    Keywords: Education ; Economics
    Abstract: The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) surveys collected data on students’ performance in reading, mathematics and science, as well as contextual information on students’ background, home characteristics and school factors which could influence performance. This publication includes detailed information on how to analyse the PISA data, enabling researchers to both reproduce the initial results and to undertake further analyses. In addition to the inclusion of the necessary techniques, the manual also includes a detailed account of the PISA 2006 database. It also includes worked examples providing full syntax in SAS®.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/12
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789264070790
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 412; Subacute Inhalation Toxicity; 28-Day Study
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 412: Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice révisée a été conçue afin de caractériser pleinement la toxicité par inhalation de l’article d’essai, suite à une exposition répétée sur une période de temps limitée (28 jours), et de fournir des données pour l’évaluation quantitative des risques liés à l’inhalation. Elle a été mise à jour en 2017 afin de permettre de tester et caractériser les effets des nanomatériaux. Des groupes de rongeurs (5 mâles et 5 femelles) sont exposés 6 heures par jour pendant une période de 90 jours a) à la substance d’essai à trois niveaux de concentration ou plus, b) à de l’air filtré (témoin négatif), et/ou c) au véhicule (groupe témoin du véhicule). Les animaux sont exposés en général 5 jours par semaine, mais il est aussi permis de les exposer 7 jours par semaine. Des mâles et des femelles sont toujours utilisés, mais peuvent être exposés à des niveaux de concentration différents si l’un des sexes est connu pour être plus sensible à une substance d’essai donnée. Les résultats de l’étude incluent des mesures et des observations quotidiennes détaillées (hématologie et chimie clinique) ainsi qu’une autopsie générale, le poids des organes et de l’histopathologie. Afin de mieux caractériser la toxicité de la substance d’essai, la Ligne directrice laisse la possibilité d’inclure des groupes satellites (réversibilité), des lavages broncho-alvéolaires, la mesure de la charge pulmonaire pour les particules, des tests neurologiques et des évaluations histopathologiques ou de pathologie clinique supplémentaires.
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 2008 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/06
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264073159
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy ; Chile
    Abstract: Drawing on the experience of IEA member countries, this IEA review assesses Chile’s major energy challenges and provides recommendations. Six main themes emerge: the successful liberalisation of the power sector in the 1980s; the essential role played by the state in ensuring energy security; the re-formulation of Chile’s long-term energy policy; the proposed reorganisation of the institutional framework; greater independence for the system operators; and the need for a clear framework of regulation so that long-term investment decisions integrate social and environmental costs.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264073937
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The OECD Biotechnology Statistics – 2009 edition brings together the latest available economic and activity data on biotechnology and innovation, collected by OECD member and non-member countries. The report builds on the extensive work of the OECD and national experts to improve the comparability of biotechnology statistics. The results should provide a valuable source of information on biotechnology for policy makers, academics and business managers. The 2009 edition contains government survey data for 22 OECD countries and additional data for four non-member countries. The survey data provide results on the number of biotechnology firms, business expenditures on R&D, biotechnology employment, and sales of biotechnology goods and services.
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264063600
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: PISA
    RVK:
    Keywords: Education ; OECD ; PISA-Studie
    Abstract: The OECD’s PISA 2006 assessment of the science competencies of 15-year-olds offers the first comprehensive and internationally comparative knowledge base of students’ knowledge about the environment and environment-related issues. Green at Fifteen? presents an analysis of this knowledge base, including information on the sources of students’ awareness of environmental science, their attitudes towards the environment and how these attitudes interrelate with their performance in environmental science.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789282102329
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.144
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorisme et transport international ; Pour une politique de sécurité fondée sur le risque
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Terrorisme et transport international : Pour une politique de sécurité fondée sur le risque
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Security is critical to transport systems as they are often appealing targets for terrorist attacks. The significant costs of potential damage make effective security policies a key concern for transport decision makers. This Round Table examines the contribution economic analysis can make to improving security in aviation and maritime shipping by identifying methods for quantifying the benefits of security measures and assessing their effectiveness, and examining techniques to allocate resources targeting the highest risks.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264076327
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 438; Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 438: Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La méthode d’essai sur œil de poulet isolé (OPI) est une méthode d’essai in vitro pouvant être utilisée pour classer des substances parmi les substances « corrosives et fortement irritantes pour les yeux ». La méthode OPI utilise des yeux prélevés sur des poulets provenant d’abattoirs, où ils sont tués à des fins de consommation humaine, évitant ainsi le recours à ders animaux de laboratoire. L’œil est énucléé et placé sur un support d’œil, la cornée étant en position horizontale. La substance d’essai et les contrôles négatifs/positifs sont appliqués sur la cornée. Les effets toxiques pour la cornée sont estimés à partir d’une évaluation qualitative de son opacité, une évaluation qualitative de l’endommagement de l’épithélium sur la base de la rétention de fluorescéine, une mesure quantitative de l’augmentation de son épaisseur (gonflement), et une évaluation qualitative de l’endommagement morphologique macroscopique de la surface. Chacune de ces évaluations se traduit par un classement OPI, et la combinaison des classements correspondants fournit un classement d’irritation pour chaque substance.
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789264070400
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C ; Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque; Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 302C : Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque: Essai MITI modifié (II)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes the modified MITI test (II). This test permits the measurement of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and the analysis of residual chemicals in order to evaluate the inherent biodegradability of chemical substances which have been found by the Standard MITI Method (I) to be low degradable. An automated closed-system oxygen consumption measuring apparatus (BOD-meter) is used. Chemicals to be tested are inoculated in the testing vessels (six bottles with different quantities of test chemical) with micro-organisms. In order to check the activity of the inoculum, the use of control substances (aniline, sodium acetate or sodium benzoate) is desirable. During the test period, the BOD is measured continuously. Biodegradability is calculated on the basis of BOD and supplemental chemical analysis, such as measurement of the dissolved organic carbon concentration, concentration of residual chemicals, etc. The BOD curve is obtained continuously and automatically for 14 to 28 days. After the 14 to 28 days of testing, pH, residual chemicals and intermediates in the testing vessels are analysed.
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789264055711
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (370 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jobs for Immigrants (Vol. 2); Labour Market Integration in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Portugal
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Jobs for Immigrants (Vol. 2): Labour Market Integration in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Portugal
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium ; France ; Netherlands ; Portugal
    Abstract: Lorsque des immigrants arrivent dans un pays, ils sont confrontés à un marché du travail peu connu qui a ses propres exigences. Avoir une bonne maîtrise de la langue du pays hôte et une bonne connaissance des procédures de recherche d’emploi et du fonctionnement du marché du travail sont autant d’atouts qu’ils n’ont pas forcément. Les nouveaux immigrants ne sont pas les seuls à rencontrer ces difficultés, il en va de même pour leurs enfants même s’ils sont nés et ont été scolarisés dans le pays d’accueil. Cet ouvrage examine l’intégration sur le marché du travail des immigrés et de leurs enfants dans quatre pays de l’OCDE (Belgique, France, Pays-Bas et Portugal), et formule des recommandations propres à chacun de ces pays. Les pouvoirs publics se doivent de promouvoir l’enseignement des langues et la formation professionnelle, et d’encourager la diversité au travail. Pour leur part, les immigrés doivent accepter les exigences des employeurs des pays d’accueil. La viabilité des futures politiques migratoires et le recours accru à l’immigration dépendent en grande partie de l’aptitude des pays de l’OCDE et des immigrés à réaliser ces objectifs.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789264055582
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Finlande 2009
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Finlande 2009
    Keywords: Environment ; Finland
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive review of Finland's environmental programs and policies covers air and water management, nature and biodiversity, sustainable development, the environment-economy interface, the environment-social interface, and international commitments. The review includes relevant statistical information as well as a series of recommendations for strengthening environmental infrastructure, implementing environmental policy and integrating environmental concerns into economic decisions.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264043404
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This comprehensive review analyses the energy challenges facing the Netherlands in 2008 and provides critiques and recommendations for further policy improvements. It urges the government to provide policy continuity – such as in promotion regimes for renewable energy – to underpin a sustainable investment climate. It also highlights the need for closer co-ordination among national, regional and local authorities.
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789264075696
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Implementing energy efficiency policies 2009
    RVK:
    Keywords: Energieeinsparung ; Energiepolitik ; Welt ; Energy ; Bericht ; Internationale Energieagentur ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Energiepolitik ; Effizienz
    Abstract: This book presents 25 energy efficiency recommendations from the IEA which could, if implemented globally without delay, reduce global CO2 emissions by 8.2 gigatonnes per year by 2030 – equivalent to roughly two-times the amount of current EU CO2 emissions. This innovative book provides the first assessment of IEA member countries’ progress on implementing energy efficiency policy. Using a rigorous evaluation process, it finds that while these countries are implementing a full range of energy efficiency measures, their efforts fall short. Pressing energy, climate and financial challenges require even more energy efficiency policy action – particularly in the transport sector. To address this action gap, IEA member countries must urgently ramp up their energy efficiency policy efforts. The IEA and its member countries can play a critical role in promoting the Agency’s call for “Worldwide Implementation Now” (W.I.N.) of energy efficiency. What will it be? W.I.N or lose the opportunity?
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789264068735
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Electricity accounts for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO2-intensive capacity, the so-called “carbon lock-in”. Sectoral Approaches in Electricity – Building Bridges to a Safe Climate shows how the international climate policy framework could effectively support a transition towards low-CO2 electricity systems in developing countries. Sectoral approaches are intended to address sectors that require urgent actions, without waiting for countries to take nation-wide commitments. Earlier IEA publications have extensively reviewed developed countries’ efforts to steer generation away from carbon-intensive production modes, from dedicated support to low-carbon technologies to, increasingly, the reliance on CO2 pricing via emissions trading. Following the same logic, there are proposals seeking to use the international carbon market to drive changes at sectoral level in developing countries. This publication illustrates the pros and cons of such an approach in a few key emerging economies. It also asks how international climate policy could support and enhance ongoing efforts on end-use energy efficiency - an essential piece of the climate change/electricity puzzle.
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789264071230
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 453; Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 453: Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'objectif d'une étude combinée de toxicité chronique/cancérogénèse est l’identification des effets cancérigènes et chroniques dans des espèces mammifères, et la détermination des relations dose-effets à la suite d’une exposition prolongée et répétée. Le rat est typiquement utilisé dans cette étude. Pour les rongeurs, chaque groupe de dose et groupe témoin de la phase « cancérogénèse » contient au moins 50 animaux de chaque sexe, tandis que pour la phase « toxicité chronique », chaque groupe contient 10 animaux de chaque sexe. Au moins trois niveaux de dose et un témoin sont utilisés pour chacune des phases « cancérogénèse » et « Toxicité chronique ». Les trois voies d'administration principales sont les voies orales, cutanées, et l’inhalation. La Ligne directrice traite plus particulièrement de la voie orale. La durée de l'étude est normalement de 12 mois pour la phase « toxicité chronique » et de 24 mois pour la phase « cancérogénèse ». Le rapport d’étude inclut des mesures (pesée) et observations détaillées régulières (examen hématologique, analyse d'urine, chimie clinique), tout comme des procédures d'autopsie et l'histopathologie. Toutes ces observations permettent la détection des effets néoplasiques et la détermination du potentiel cancérigène, ainsi que la détermination de la toxicité générale.
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789264076235
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 230; 21-day Fish Assay; A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 230: 21-day Fish Assay: A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit un essai de dépistage in vivo de certaines substances actives sur le système endocrinien sur des groupes de poissons (composés de mâles sexuellement matures et de femelles reproductrices) exposés à une substance pendant une durée limitée de leur cycle biologique (21 jours). Cet essai couvre le dépistage de l’activité oestrogénique, androgénique, et l’inhibition de l’aromatase. L’essai a été validé sur le tête-de-boule (Pimephales promelas), le médaka japonnais (Oryzias latipes) et le poisson-zèbre (Danio rerio); cependant le poisson-zèbre ne permet pas de détecter l’activité androgénique. A l’issue de la période d’exposition de 21 jours, en fonction de l’espèce testée, un ou deux biomarqueur(s) sont mesurés chez les mâles et les femelles pour servir d’indicateurs des effets de la substance d’essai sur l’activité oestrogénique, androgénique ou sur l’inhibition de l’aromatase. Ces biomarqueurs sont la vitellogénine et les caractères sexuels secondaires. La vitellogénine est dosée chez le tête-de-boule, le medaka japonais et le poisson-zèbre tandis que les caractères sexuels secondaires sont mesurés chez le tête-de-boule et le medaka japonais uniquement.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264071216
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 452; Chronic Toxicity Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 452: Chronic Toxicity Studies
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’objectif des études de toxicité chronique est de caractériser le profil d’une substance dans des espèces mammifères (essentiellement rongeurs) à la suite d’une exposition prolongée et répétée. La Ligne directrice porte particulièrement sur les rongeurs et l’administration orale. Les deux sexes doivent être employés. Pour des rongeurs, chaque groupe de traitement contient au moins 20 animaux de chaque sexe, tandis que pour des non-rongeurs, un minimum de 4 animaux de chaque sexe par groupe est recommandé. Au moins trois niveaux de dose doivent être employés en plus du groupe témoin. Normalement, la fréquence de l’exposition est quotidienne, mais elle peut varier selon la voie choisie (orale, cutanée ou inhalation) et elle est ajustée selon le profil toxicocinétique de la substance d’essai. La durée de la période d’exposition est d’au moins 12 mois. Les résultats de ces études incluent des mesures (pesée), des observations détaillées régulières (examen hématologique, analyse d’urine, chimie clinique), ainsi que des procédures d’autopsie et l’histopathologie.
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789264068476
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (233 p.) , ill.
    Edition: Second edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mesure du capital - Manuel de l'OCDE 2009 ; Deuxième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Medición del capital - Manual OCDE 2009 ; Segunda edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mesure du capital - Manuel de l'OCDE 2009 : Deuxième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Medición del capital - Manual OCDE 2009 : Segunda edición
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Measuring capital
    RVK:
    Keywords: Kapitalstock ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Kapitalbildung ; Kapitalvermögen ; Kapitalertrag ; Messung
    Abstract: Capital - in particular of the physical sort - plays several roles in economic life: it constitutes wealth and it it provides services in production processes. Capital is invested, disinvested and it depreciates and becomes obsolescent and there is a question how to measure all these dimensions of capital in industry and national accounts. This revised Capital Manual is a comprehensive guide to the approaches toward capital measurement. It gives statisticians, researchers and analysts practical advice while providing theoretical background and an overview of the relevant literature. The manual comes in three parts - a first part with a non-technical description with the main concepts and steps involved in measuring capital; a second part directed at implementation and a third part outlining theory and a more complete mathematical formulation of the measurement process.
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264048751 , 9789264045743
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (241 p.) , ill.
    Edition: Fourth Edition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Définition de référence de l'OCDE des investissements directs internationaux 2008 ; Quatrième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCDE Definición Marco de Inversión Extranjera Directa ; Cuarta edición
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Définition de référence de l'OCDE des investissements directs internationaux 2008 : Quatrième édition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OCDE Definición Marco de Inversión Extranjera Directa : Cuarta edición
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD benchmark definition of foreign direct investment
    RVK:
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Statistische Methode ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Direktinvestition ; Auslandsinvestition ; Statistik ; Datenerhebung ; Richtlinie
    Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a major driver of globalisation. The OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment sets the world standard for FDI statistics. It provides a single point of reference for statisticians and users on all aspect of FDI statistics, while remaining compatible with other internationally accepted statistical standards. This edition introduces new analytical data breakdowns and statistical treatments that better reflect the realities of today’s world economy. The revised Benchmark Definition provides methods for classifying different types of FDI (e.g., mergers and acquisitions, greenfield investments) and for identifying the ultimate investor. The new edition now addresses the uses of FDI statistics, including globalisation indicators, and provides a chapter relating to the statistics on the activities of multinational enterprises.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789264060203
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Australia
    DDC: 331.3/40994
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Australien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Australien ; Jugendlicher Arbeitnehmer ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Abstract: Whatever the level of qualification, first experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. Getting off to a good start facilitates integration and lays the foundation for a good career, while a failure can be difficult to make up. This report contains - for Australia - a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, as well as a set of policy recommendations for further action.
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264061545
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (123 p)
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Japan
    Abstract: The report looks at the evolution of Japanese agricultural policy over the last several decades, but maintains its analytical focus on policies currently in place. In addition to reporting a wide variety of statistics, much of which were provided by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), use was made of the OECD PSE/CSE database and the OECD Policy Evaluation Model (PEM) for some of the analytical work.
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789264053656
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal; Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, Volume 2008
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce numero de la Revue économique de l'OCDE comprend des articles sur services assurés par les pouvoirs publics et distribution des ressources économiques des ménages, améliorer l’efficacité des dépenses de santé et les politiques structurelles.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264076266
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 231; Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 231: Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit un essai de métamorphose des amphibiens dans le but de dépister certaines substances pouvant intérférer avec le fonctionnement normal de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-thyroidien. L’essai a été validé sur le xénope (Xenopus laevis) qui est donc l’espèce recommandée dans la présente Ligne directrice. L’essai fait usage de trois niveaux de concentrations du produit chimique testé, ainsi que des témoins nécessaires, y compris un témoin-solvant au besoin. L’essai commence avec des têtards au stade de développement 51 sur l’échelle de Nieuwkoop et Faber, et s’étend sur une durée de 21 jours. Quatre cuves répliquats sont utilisés à chaque niveaux de traitement et pour le(s) témoin(s). Après 7 jours d’exposition, un sous-ensemble de têtards provenant de chaque niveau de traitement et du(des) témoin(s) est échantillonné pour mesurer la longueur du membre antérieur. A l’issue de la période d’exposition de 21 jours, le stade de développement, la longueur museau-cloaque et la longueur du membre antérieur sont mesurés chez tous les têtards restants. Un sous-ensemble de têtards provenant de chaque niveau de traitement, y compris du témoin, est fixé (in toto ou disséqué) pour l’évaluation histopathologique de la glande thyroide.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264066212
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.)
    Series Statement: Partnership for Democratic Governance
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Contracting out government functions and services
    Keywords: Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Outsourcing ; Politische Instabilität ; Politischer Konflikt ; Afghanistan ; Kambodscha ; Kongo (Demokratische Republik) ; Ruanda ; Südsudan ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Contracting-out
    Abstract: This second volume of the Partnership for Democratic Governance Series investigates whether ‘contracting out’ core government functions and services has been conducive to capacity development. Each case study discusses the evidence and emerging lessons of contracting out in fragile and post-conflict situations. The chapters contained in this publication first appeared as contributions to the Partnership for Democratic Governance's collaborative online platform, PDF Online. Through this platform, users are able to post comments on discussion papers, send messages to the authors and easily find ifnormation relevant to the topics covered in this publication. Selected as a 2009 Notable Document by the American Library Association Government Documents Round Table.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789264083646
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Green Growth; Overcoming the Crisis and Beyond
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Green Growth: Overcoming the Crisis and Beyond
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Dans le contexte du développement durable, les ressources naturelles et les services écosystémiques fournis par l’environnement sont essentiels à la croissance économique, au bien-être social et à la santé humaine. L’inaction face aux grands problèmes d’environnement comme le changement climatique pourrait être à terme lourde de conséquences économiques. Il importe que les mesures prises aujourd’hui par les gouvernements pour parer à la crise économique soient conçues de manière à favoriser à l’avenir – ou du moins à ne pas compromettre – une croissance durable et respectueuse de l’environnement sur le long terme.Le présent document de réflexion met en évidence des exemples de mesures qu’adoptent d’ores et déjà les gouvernements pour inscrire leurs stratégies de redressement économique dans une perspective plus « verte », et certains des grands enjeux qu’ils pourraient juger utile d’étudier plus avant concernant l’impact de ces stratégies sur l’environnement.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789264075993
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (218 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Mexico
    Abstract: Over the past decade, Mexico has made significant progress towards macroeconomic stability and has undertaken important structural reforms to further open the economy to trade and investment, and improve the functioning of markets for goods and services. However, potential gross domestic product (GDP) growth remains much too low to reduce widespread poverty and bridge the wide gap in living standards with wealthier OECD countries. One important reason for this is that Mexico has been slower than those in many competing newly industrialising economies to realise the importance of investment in innovation as a driver of growth and competitiveness. This book assesses the current status of Mexico’s innovation system and policies, and identifies where and how the government should focus its efforts to improve the country’s innovation capabilities.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789264060258
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: DAC Guidelines and Reference Series
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ressources naturelles et croissance pro-pauvres ; Enjeux économiques et politiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ressources naturelles et croissance pro-pauvres : Enjeux économiques et politiques
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Natural resources and pro-poor growth
    RVK:
    Keywords: Natürliche Ressourcen ; Armut ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Natürliche Ressourcen ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: This publication demonstrates that natural resources can contribute to growth, employment, exports and fiscal revenues in low-income countries, where natural capital constitutes a quarter of total wealth. It highlights the importance of policies encouraging the sustainable management of these resources. Moreover, it emphasises the need to address the political challenges of natural-resource management for long-term pro-poor economic growth. Part I provides an overview of the economics and politics of natural resources. It describes the unique features of natural resources and resulting management challenges, the role of sustainable natural resource management in supporting pro-poor growth, and the politics and governance of natural resources. It then offers recommendations for policy makers on how to support the approaches advocated in the paper. Part II examines these issues with respect to seven specific natural-resource sectors: fisheries, forests, wildlife and ecotourism, soil productivity, water security, minerals and renewable energy.
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789264059429
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (322 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; Chine 2009 ; Définir la frontière entre le marché et l'État
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : Chine 2009 : Définir la frontière entre le marché et l'État
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China
    DDC: 330.951
    RVK:
    Keywords: Regulierung ; China ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Reformpolitik ; Systemtransformation ; Demokratisierung ; Governance ; China ; China ; Regulierung
    Abstract: China has made enormous progress in developing the modern legal and regulatory foundation for the market economy. The private sector is now the main driver of growth, and new laws have gone a long way toward establishing private property rights, competition, and mechanisms for entry and exit comparable to those of many OECD countries. At the same time important challenges remain, including further clarification of the scope of state ownership, reform of relations among central and local governments, firmer establishment of the rule of law, and strengthening of regulatory institutions and processes. This review of China's regulatory system focuses on the overall economic context for regulatory reform, the government’s capacity to manage regulatory reform, competition policy and enforcement, and market openness. The review also examines the regulatory framework in the electricity, water and health care sectors. As for OECD countries, the review follows a multidisciplinary and highly interactive approach. A number of OECD instruments and policies are used in this assessment, although the review also takes into account the specific challenges faced by the Chinese authorities. The review includes a comprehensive set of policy recommendations.
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9789264056466
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Patent Statistics Manual
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: L’édition 2009 du Manuel de l’OCDE sur les statistiques de brevets intègre les développements récents du domaine. Elle fournit des lignes directrices pour l’utilisation des données de brevets à des fins de mesure de S&T, et des recommandations pour la compilation et l’interprétation des indicateurs de brevets dans ce contexte. Le manuel vise à montrer à quoi les données de brevets peuvent ou ne peuvent pas être utilisées, et comment compter les brevets de façon à maximiser l’information sur la S&T tout en minimisant le bruit et les biais statistiques. Enfin, il décrit comment les données de brevets peuvent être utilisées dans l’analyse d’un large spectre de thèmes liés au changement technique et à la prise de brevets, y compris les liens science-industrie, les stratégies de brevets des entreprises, l’internationalisation de la recherche, et la mesure de la valeur des brevets.
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9789264059771
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (102 p)
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The report analyses the retirement income systems of 18 Asian countries, including Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, the Philippines and Vietnam. It says that reform is needed because: coverage of formal pension systems is relatively low; withdrawal of savings before retirement is very common; pension savings are often taken as lump sums and often do not provide people with adequate income over their lifetime; pensions payments are not automatically adjusted to reflect changes in the cost of living. In OECD countries, an average of 70% of the working-age population are eligible for a pension. However in South Asia, just 7.5% of the working-age population are eligible and in East Asia 18%. Furthermore, few countries in Asia/Pacific have social pensions to provide safety-net retirement incomes for people who are not members of formal schemes. Only in India are social pensions significant, with around 10 to 15% of older people covered.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264044395
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (310 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Perspectives de l'OCDE sur les pensions privées 2008
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: As the role of private pension systems grows in importance, there is a need to monitor their development and review their performance in an international context, especially following the crisis in the financial markets in 2008. This first edition of the OECD Private Pensions Outlook provides essential data on assets, investments, membership, and industry structure based on the latest official statistics, as well as a framework for evaluating the trends shaping the pensions industry, based on the role of the private pensions in relation to the public pension system. It also provides comprehensive country profiles, describing private pension arrangements in individual OECD countries. This edition's special feature covers the implications for pensions and private pensions policy of the financial crisis. This publication includes StatLinks, URLs linking graphs and tables via the internet to Excel® table containing the underlying data.
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789264060555
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing Water for All; An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing - Key Messages for Policy Makers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing Water for All: An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing - Key Messages for Policy Makers
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Pour soutenir le développement humain et économique et préserver les écosystèmes, une gestion plus efficace des ressources en eau s’impose. Alors que l’utilisation de l’eau est source de pressions grandissantes et l’enjeu d’une concurrence de plus en plus vive, voire de véritables conflits dans certaines régions, cette nécessité est plus impérieuse que jamais. Des milliards de personnes sont aujourd’hui privées d’accès à des services d’approvisionnement en eau et d’assainissement pour cause de mauvaise gouvernance et d’investissements inadéquats...
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264049079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education
    Keywords: Education ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: With tertiary education increasingly seen as a fundamental pillar for economic growth, these systems must now address the pressures of a globalising economy and labour market. This book provides an overview of the Czech Republic's tertiary education system, including an account of recent trends and developments, an analysis of strengths and challenges, and recommendations for future policy development with a view to helping understand how the organisation, management and delivery of tertiary education can help achieve economic and social goals.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264062252
    Language: Ukrainian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (133 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions; Review of Models
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions; Review of Models (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models (Russian version)
    Keywords: Governance
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789264041844
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (159 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices et ouvrages de référence du CAD
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth; The Economics and Politics
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth: The Economics and Politics
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: Cette publication démontre que les ressources naturelles peuvent contribuer à la croissance, à l’emploi, aux exportations et aux recettes budgétaires dans les pays à faible revenu où le capital naturel représente un quart de la richesse totale. Elle souligne l’importance de l’adoption de mesures qui encouragent une gestion durable de ces ressources. Elle met enfin en évidence la nécessité de bien appréhender les enjeux politiques de la gestion des ressources naturelles pour favoriser une croissance économique à long terme qui profite aux pauvres. La partie I propose une vue d’ensemble des enjeux économiques et politiques de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles. Elle décrit les caractéristiques propres aux ressources naturelles et les difficultés de gestion qui en résultent, le rôle que peut jouer une gestion durable des ressources naturelles à l’appui d’une croissance pro-pauvres, et les enjeux politiques et en matière de gouvernance associés à ces ressources naturelles. Elle formule ensuite des recommandations à l’intention des responsables des politiques quant aux moyens à mobiliser pour concrétiser les approches préconisées dans la publication. La partie II analyse sept secteurs en particulier : la pêche, la forêt, la faune et la flore sauvages, l’écotourisme, la productivité des sols, la sécurité relative à l’eau, les ressources minérales et les énergies renouvelables.
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.158
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Product classifications are used by statistical offices and others for a number of measurement purposes. These include measurement of product usage, current and capital expenditure on products, domestic production, and trade in goods and services. They are therefore an important element of a set of statistical standards, with Information Economy (IE) standards no exception. This document presents the definition of information economy (IE) products developed by the WPIIS Classifications Expert Group. The product definitions complement the IE sector definitions that were released in early 2007. The latter are based on the 2007 revision of the UNSD’s International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC Rev. 4). The document includes two IE product definitions,3 ICT products and Content and media products. Each definition is a subset of the Central Product Classification (Version 2) developed by the United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD) and both are expressed in terms of 5-digit subclasses of the CPC. The CPC was finalised in December 2008.
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/07
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264059672
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (159 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Aid at a Glance 2008; Statistics by Region
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Aid at a Glance 2008: Statistics by Region
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264076297
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 437; Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 437: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La méthode d’essai d’opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l’identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l’œil (OPCB) est une méthode d’essai in vitro pouvant être utilisée pour classer des substances parmi les substances « corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l’œil ». La méthode OPCB utilise des cornées isolées provenant d’yeux de bovins abattus à des fins commerciales, évitant ainsi l’utilisation d’animaux de laboratoire. Chaque groupe de traitement (substance d’essai et témoins négatifs et positifs) est composé de trois yeux au minimum, dont la cornée a été prélevée et placée dans la chambre d’un porte-cornée. En fonction des propriétés physico-chimiques de la substance d’essai, différentes méthodes peuvent être utilisées pour l’appliquer, mais il est important que la substance recouvre bien la surface épithéliale. Les effets toxiques pour la cornée sont estimés à partir des mesures de son opacité et de sa perméabilité, qui une fois combinées, fournissent le score d’irritation in vivo (SIIV) pour chaque groupe de traitement. Une substance qui induit un SIIV≥ 55.1 est classée « corrosive ou fortement irritante ».
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789264007680
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linking Regions and Central Governments; Contracts for Regional Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linking Regions and Central Governments: Contracts for Regional Development
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; Spain
    Abstract: La décentralisation s’est accrue et cela a renforcé la responsabilité des niveaux de gouvernement infranationaux dans la fourniture d’un ensemble de biens et services publics. Cependant, il est très rare qu’ils agissent de manière indépendante. Cet ouvrage fournit un cadre analytique unique permettant d’évaluer les accords pluriniveaux, qui est ensuite appliqué à cinq cas nationaux de politique de développement régional : l’Allemagne, le Canada, l’Espagne, la France et l’Italie. Cette étude souligne l’importance des arrangements contractuels pour adapter localement les interdépendances entre acteurs publics, pour clarifier leurs responsabilités, établir un dialogue entre les parties et permettre l’apprentissage.
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9789264072992
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789264049611
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (250 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Poland 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Poland 2008; (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews: Poland 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews: Poland 2008: (Polish version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Poland
    Abstract: Bien que la Pologne ait réussi à maintenir depuis le milieu des années 90 une forte croissance, la deuxième plus élevée des pays de l’OCDE en 2006-2007, les disparités territoriales persistent et se creusent, surtout entre les grandes agglomérations et les zones rurales. Comme de nombreux pays de l’OCDE, la Pologne doit s’employer à trouver un juste équilibre entre l’aide aux pôles de croissance et le développement des régions en retard, en particulier les régions périphériques de l’Est -- les plus pauvres de l'Union européenne. Ce rapport étudie les multiples défis pour la politique de développement régional en Pologne, et formule des recommandations, en s’attachant en particulier aux problèmes de gouvernance.
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789264060548
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous ; Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous : Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Water is vital for human and economic development, and for maintaining ecosystems. However, billions of people lack access to water and sanitation services, mainly due to poor governance and inadequate investment and maintenance. The situation is becoming more urgent due to increasing pressure, competition and even conflict over the use of water resources. The OECD has been working for many years to address these challenges. The results of recent work are summarised in Managing Water for All: An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing, which emphasises the economic and financial aspects of water resources management and water service provision, the need for an integrated approach (including governance considerations) to address these complex policy challenges, and the importance of establishing a firm evidence base to support policy development and implementation. The report examines: strategic financial planning for water supply and sanitation that balances the key sources of revenues for the water sector – the“3Ts” of taxes, tariffs and transfers; the design and implementation of water pricing strategies that balance financial sustainability with other policy objectives; recent developments in private sector participation in the water sector; and trends and the future outlook of water use in agriculture. It considers both developing and OECD countries and offers concrete recommendations and checklists for action. The report is an invaluable resource for policy makers, academics, NGOs and all others interested in the challenges facing the water sector today. The key messages for policy makers are summarised in this volume.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264063785
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Measuring and assessing how much has been done by member countries over the years to follow their underlying principles is not an easy task. Each country is unique in terms of economy, geography, climate, energy resources, etc. Taking into account some of these specificities, the IEA Scoreboard 2009 compares what has been achieved by member countries in diversifying their energy mix, in promoting non-fossil fuels and energy efficiency, in encouraging research and development, and, more generally, in creating a policy framework consistent with their shared policy goals. Since the IEA Scoreboard 2009 is published in conjunction with the 35th anniversary of the IEA, 35 themes, ranging from diversification to prices, show how IEA countries have performed in their efforts to attain energy security, environmental protection and economic growth. This book, which combines statistical rigour with easy access and readability, is an ideal resource for anyone who would like to have a quick overview of energy development in IEA member countries over the last 35 years. The publication also includes selected energy-related statistics for over 140 countries, economies and regions in the world.
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264073173
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Transport, energy and CO 2
    DDC: 628.5/32
    RVK:
    Keywords: Verkehr ; Kraftstoff ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Welt ; Energy ; OECD ; Verkehrspolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Car ownership is set to triple by 2050, trucking activity will double and air travel could increase fourfold. This book examines how to enable mobility without accelerating climate change. It finds that if we change the way we travel, adopt technologies to improve vehicle efficiency and shift to low-CO2 fuels, we can move onto a different pathway where transport CO2 emissions by 2050 are far below current levels, at costs that are lower than many assume. The report discusses the prospects for shifting more travel to the most efficient modes and reducing travel growth rates, improving vehicle fuel efficiency by up to 50% using cost-effective, incremental technologies, and moving toward electricity, hydrogen, and advanced biofuels to achieve a more secure and sustainable transport future. If governments implement strong policies to achieve this scenario, transport can play its role and dramatically reduce CO2 emissions by 2050.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 99-115
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 17 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Travaux législatifs et réglementaires nationaux
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 99-115
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Belgium ; Brazil ; France ; Ireland ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Moldova, Republic of ; Romania ; Serbia ; Slovenia ; Switzerland ; Turkey ; United States
    Abstract: One amendment changes the funding of the activities of the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) whereby part of the fees is transformed into taxes. Besides taxes, fees and administrative fines, funding is possible by means of donations, legacies and extra fees.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 9, no. 3, p. 7-55
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 50 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cartels: Sanctions against Individuals
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 9, no. 3, p. 7-55
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Les sanctions infligées aux entreprises sont rarement suffisamment sévères pour avoir un effet dissuasif optimal sur les ententes ; les sanctions contre des personnes physiques peuvent les compléter. On ne dispose pas de données prouvant les effets dissuasifs de sanctions contre des personnes physiques et/ou évaluant si ces sanctions peuvent se justifier. Les pays ont tendance à accepter comme allant de soi que des sanctions individuelles, y compris des peines de prison, peuvent utilement faire partie de l'arsenal visant à faire appliquer la loi efficacement. Si un pays prévoit des sanctions individuelles, on peut argumenter que des peines de prison relativement courtes sont le moyen de dissuasion le plus efficace du point de vue du coût. Il y a cependant également des raisons pour prévoir dans certains pays des peines de prison plus longues: seules les peines plus longues prévues par la loi expriment comme il convient la condamnation des ententes injustifiables par une collectivité. Les sanctions infligées à des individus relèvent les niveaux de dissuasion; elles constituent également une puissante incitation à révéler des informations sur les ententes existantes et à coopérer aux enquêtes. Le droit international ne reconnaît pas le principe de double incrimination qui empêcherait les autorités de différents pays de poursuivre la même personne pour sa participation à la même entente. Néanmoins, lorsque des ententes font l'objet d'instructions dans un contexte multi-juridictionnel, les juridictions peuvent envisager des arrangements de sorte qu'une seule d'entre elles poursuive la personne.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 141-141
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Accords bilatéraux
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 141-141
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This article presents a selective list of bilateral agreements which have been concluded during the course of the first half of 2009.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 37-62
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2009, no. 1, p. 37-62
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: It is now time to invest in Africa. The prospects are good. Africa is already attracting growing flows of private resources, as a result of its greater political stability and economic reforms. Significant new investors are now engaging in Africa, from within and outside the continent. Development assistance and debt relief alone will not be sufficient to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Africa now needs more and sustainable investment, both domestic and foreign, in order to accelerate economic growth and progress in poverty reduction, and become better integrated into the global economy. We call for the fulfilment of commitments made at African and G8 Summits and other global fora, including support from development partners to help Africa mobilise more investment, and better focus on mobilisible domestic revenue sources and indigenous resources. Areas such as infrastructure, extractive industry, tourism, agribusiness and ICT are particularly important drivers of development, and require support from development partners.
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264076037
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation - Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described by this Test Guideline provides information that allows hazard assessment for short-term exposure to a test article by inhalation, and allows the substance to be classified according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). The test method is based on a stepwise procedure, each step using 3 animals of each sex (the preferred species is rat). Animals are exposed in inhalation chambers to a pre-defined concentration for 4 hours. Absence or presence of compound-related mortality of the animals at one step will determine the next step. Animals in severe pain or distress should be humanely killed. The starting concentration is selected from one of four fixed levels corresponding to GHS categories 1-4 for gases, vapours or aerosols. Animals are observed daily for clinical signs of toxicity for a total of at least 14 days. Animals' body weights should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy.
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789264077195
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. An Appraisal of the Chilean Fisheries Sector
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Chile
    Abstract: Chile es uno de los participantes más importantes del ámbito pesquero internacional. Este informe describe el reto que ha supuesto el complejo proceso de aprendizaje que el sector pesquero y acuícola chileno ha llevado a cabo y la evolución de sus políticas y sistemas de gestión. Pero durante los últimos cincuenta años el gobierno de los sectores industrial, artesanal y acuícola ha seguido diferentes trayectorias de desarrollo de políticas y la gestión actual refleja las presiones concretas a las que cada segmento del sector hace frente. Chile ha tenido que afrontar cuestiones de sobreinversión, severos descensos en los niveles de captura, disputas entre las partes implicadas, disminución del tamaño de las flotas y enfermedades acuícolas, entre otras. Y la evolución de las políticas continúa, con una serie de iniciativas en marcha para responder a los desafíos actuales. El Estado Chileno ha sido una de las principales fuerzas que se encuentran tras estos avances, sirviendo de base para un sector pesquero y acuícola sólido y robusto.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789264050815
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (318 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: What does PISA actually assess? This book presents all the publicly available questions from the PISA surveys. Some of these questions were used in the PISA 2000, 2003 and 2006 surveys and others were used in developing and trying out the assessment. After a brief introduction to the PISA assessment, the book presents three chapters, including PISA questions for the reading, mathematics and science tests, respectively. Each chapter presents an overview of what exactly the questions assess. The second section of each chapter presents questions which were used in the PISA 2000, 2003 and 2006 surveys, that is, the actual PISA tests for which results were published. The third section presents questions used in trying out the assessment. Although these questions were not used in the PISA 2000, 2003 and 2006 surveys, they are nevertheless illustrative of the kind of question PISA uses. The final section shows all the answers, along with brief comments on each question.
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789264066304
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This publication provides comments and illustrations of standards in force regarding the classification, presentation and marking of inshell hazelnuts in international trade under the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables set up by OECD in 1962. It is a valuable tool for both the Inspection Authorities and professional bodies responsible for the application of standards or interested in trade in Inshell Hazelnuts.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264056442
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de l'OCDE sur les statistiques des brevets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD patent statistics manual
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Patent ; Datenerhebung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Anleitung ; Patent ; Statistik
    Abstract: This 2009 edition of the OECD Patent Statistics Manual takes stock of the recent developments in the field. It provides guiding principles for the use of patent data in the context of S&T measurement, and recommendations for the compilation and interpretation of patent indicators in this context. It aims to show what patent statistics can and cannot be used for, and how to count patents in order to maximise information on S&T activities while minimising statistical noise and biases. Finally, it describes how patent data can be used in the analysis of a wide array of topics related to technical change and patenting activity including industry-science linkages, patenting strategies by companies, internationalisation of research, and indicators on the value of patents.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264076303
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 ; Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 : Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability test method (BCOP) is an in vitro test method that can be used to classify substances as 'ocular corrosives and severe irritants'. The BCOP uses isolated corneas from the eyes of cattle slaughtered for commercial purposes, thus avoiding the use of laboratory animals. Each treatment group (test substance, negative/positive controls) consists of a minimum of three eyes where the cornea has been excised and mounted to a holder. Depending on the physical nature and chemical characteristics of the test substance, different methods can be used for its application since the critical factor is ensuring that the test substance adequately covers the epithelial surface. Toxic effects to the cornea are measured as opacity and permeability, which when combined gives an In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS) for each treatment group. A substance that induces an IVIS superior or equal to 55.1 is defined as a corrosive or severe irritant.
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789264064072
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This report explores the educational performance and attitudes of males and females during childhood and adolescence. It opens with a general summary of gender differences measured outside of the PISA assessment programme and then considers the knowledge gained about gender-related issues from PISA 2000, PISA 2003 and PISA 2006 when reading, mathematics and science respectively were the major domains of assessment. Among the key findings: in reading in PISA 2000, females significantly outscored males in all countries; in mathematics in PISA 2003, males outscored females somewhat; in the combined science scale in PISA 2006, there was no overall significant difference observed between males and females. However, when examining the various science competencies, knowledge components and attitudes to science, there were some marked differences.
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789264060753
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Guidance Manual includes detailed explanations on how to implement the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended; copies of the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL (Annex A), including Appendices 3 and 4, and Appendix 8 which have been amended by C(2008)156; the updated consolidated lists of waste subject to the Green and Amber control procedures (Annexes B and C); other relevant information to facilitate the implementation of the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, such as applicable international transport agreements and a sample contract; and queries of the interactive database aiming to facilitate the paperwork of all parties involved in transboundary movements of wastes by providing the necessary information to complete the forms for the notification and movement documents. The database includes the information required by the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended and some practical information for each OECD member country (http://www2.oecd.org/waste).
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  • 97
    ISBN: 9789264079205
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Handbook on Deriving Capital Measures of Intellectual Property Products; (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Handbook on Deriving Capital Measures of Intellectual Property Products: (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Handbook on deriving capital measures of intellectual property products
    RVK:
    Keywords: Immaterialgüterrechte ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Economics ; Immaterialgut ; Immaterielles Wirtschaftsgut ; Messung ; System of National Accounts ; Kapitalbildung
    Abstract: The latest System of National Accounts (the 2008 SNA) explicitly recognises, for the first time, that expenditures on research and experimental development (R&D) should be recorded as capital formation. This is a natural extension to the 1993 SNA, which recommends recording many acquisitions of software and databases, mineral exploration, and entertainment, artistic and literary originals as capital formation, too. These products have a common characteristic, namely that their value reflects the underlying intellectual property they embody, which is why they are referred to collectively in this publication as intellectual property products (IPPs). But they also share another important characteristic: their measurement is not straightforward, and in the absence of clear guidance it is highly likely that estimates will not be comparable between countries. This Handbook is designed to provide that guidance by considering IPPs collectively, based on their common characteristics, by type, based on any specificities, such as data availability, and by detailed transaction - for example the valuation of IPPs that have been produced for internal use by their developers, the valuation of unsuccessful IPPs, and the production of IPPs produced and made freely available by government.
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  • 98
    ISBN: 9789264070783
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 ; Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation ; étude sur 28 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 : Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation : étude sur 28 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This revised Test Guideline 412 (TG 412) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a limited period of time (28 days), and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 5 male and 5 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 28 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test article. This guideline allows the study director the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical.
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  • 99
    ISBN: 9789264075962
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal on Budgeting, Volume 2009 Supplement 1; OECD Review of Budgeting in Mexico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal on Budgeting, Volume 2009 Supplement 1: OECD Review of Budgeting in Mexico
    Keywords: Governance ; Mexico
    Abstract: A lo largo de la última década, México ha experimentado una reforma económica y política significativa. Durante este periodo se han registrado importantes mejoras en la salud de las finanzas públicas que deja a México en mejor postura para soportar la actual crisis económica global. Desde 2006 el gobierno mexicano ha avanzado con la aprobación de una serie de leyes y reformas dirigidas a enfrentar los retos estructurales, mejorar la responsabilidad y transparencia fiscales, y crear un proceso y un marco presupuestarios más eficientes y transparentes en línea con las prácticas internacionales. El informe comenta las recientes reformas en México y los sistemas actuales para la formulación del presupuesto, la función del Congreso, la ejecución del presupuesto y la gestión financiera, así como la rendición de cuentas de los resultados (presupuesto basado en resultados). Además, el informe formula propuestas para futuras reformas.
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  • 100
    ISBN: 9789264044616
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (554 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Productivity measurement and analysis
    Keywords: Produktivität ; Arbeitsproduktivität ; Messung ; Economics ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Konferenzschrift ; Produktivität ; Produktivitätsmessung ; Produktivitätszuwachs
    Abstract: Productivity measurement and analysis are the main topics addressed in this book, which brings together contributions presented and discussed in two international workshops organized by the Statistics Directorate and the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI) of the OECD. The first workshop was organised jointly by the OECD with Fundaccion BBVA and the Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas and held in Madrid in October 2005, and the second one was organized jointly by the OECD and the Swiss Federal Statistical Office and the State Secretary for Economic Affairs of Switzerland and held in Bern in October 2006. The two workshops brought together representatives of statistical offices, central banks and other branches of government in OECD countries that are engaged in the analysis and the measurement of productivity developments at aggregate and industry levels.
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