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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (18)
  • Field, Simon  (10)
  • Brys, Bert  (8)
  • Paris : OECD  (18)
  • [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Frontiers Media SA
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vocational education and training in Estonia (2019)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264313095
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (79 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Musset, Pauline Vocational education and training in Estonia
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; Estland ; Education ; Employment ; Estonia ; Estland ; Berufsausbildung
    Abstract: One of a series of studies on vocational education and training, this review assesses the vocational education and training (VET) in Estonia and provides policy recommendations. Estonia does very well in terms of student achievement on PISA, and the results from the Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) are also excellent. Unemployment levels are low. But despite recent reforms, VET remains relatively low status compared to general education, dropout rates are too high for comfort, and apprenticeships, despite recent efforts, fail to attract many young people. Suggested approaches to improve VET in Estonia include the expansion of work-based learning within all VET programmes and measures to increase the number of apprentices. Tackling dropout should be done by a set of complementary measures, including support in basic skills for those students lagging behind. Building pathways between VET and general education options can help improve the status of VET. More and better career guidance, especially before the key grade 9 transition point, is also needed.
    DOI: 10.1787/g2g9fac9-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Apprenticeship and vocational education and training in Israel (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264302051
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (89 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kuczera, Małgorzata Apprenticeship and vocational education and training in Israel
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Apprenticeship and vocational education and training in Israel
    Keywords: Betriebliche Ausbildung ; Berufsbildung ; Israel ; Education ; Employment ; Israel ; Israel ; Ausbildung ; Berufsbildung
    Abstract: One of a series of studies on vocational education and training, this review assesses the apprenticeship system and vocational education and training in Israel and provides policy recommendations. Israel has experienced strong economic growth over the last decade, and labour shortages are observed in many sectors and occupations. At the same time, inequity and disadvantage in some population groups are rising. This report suggests several ways in which Israel might reform its vocational and apprenticeship programmes so that they effectively support the Israeli economy by providing the skills in demand on the labour market, and improve life chances and social mobility of individuals. The report argues for an expansion and integration of apprenticeship programmes into the mainstream upper secondary system, and development of systematic work-based learning placements in selected school-based vocational programmes. Currently vocational education and training in Israel is fragmented and students and employers often find it difficult to navigate. To address this challenge, the report recommends creating a single strategic body that will plan and guide policy development on vocational education and training, and champion it within government. A relatively large share of adults in Israel has low basic skills, particularly among Arab Israelis and Haredi Jews. Addressing basic skills weaknesses in these populations should be a priority.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264302051-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Apprenticeship in England, United Kingdom (2018)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264298507
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (118 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kuczera, Małgorzata Apprenticeship in England, United Kingdom
    Keywords: Betriebliche Ausbildung ; Berufsbildung ; England ; Großbritannien ; Education ; United Kingdom ; England ; Berufsbildung ; Betriebliche Ausbildung
    Abstract: One of a series of studies on vocational education and training, this review focuses on the apprenticeship system in England and concludes with policy recommendations. England has launched a series of reforms that champion the institution of apprenticeship, and address some previous weaknesses. The reforms encourage more substantive apprenticeship programmes and a stronger funding framework. Despite these strengths, there is still some way to go to establish an apprenticeship system in England to match those of the strongest countries. This report suggests several ways in which reforms might be adapted to achieve higher quality and better outcomes. An effective apprenticeship system involves various elements such as the development of the apprentice in the workplace by the employer and the broader education of young apprentices. The report argues that England should consider introducing regulations and standards to ensure that these elements are part of all apprenticeship programmes, and that the recently introduced apprenticeship levy supports high-quality training. In comparison to other countries, England has relatively few young apprentices. The report suggests England could facilitate transition from school to work by making better use of apprenticeships targeting school leavers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264298507-en
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  • 4
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    Moving beyond the flat tax : tax policy reform in the Slovak Republic (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 22
    Keywords: Steuerreform ; Steuerpolitik ; Flat Tax ; Slowakei ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Slovak Republic was among the fastest growing OECD economies in the last decade. It is broadly recognised that the 2004 tax reform contributed to this success. Ten years after this fundamental reform, however, the time has come to re-evaluate some of the key characteristics of the Slovak tax system. The Slovak economy faces multiple challenges including an ageing population, a persistently high unemployment rate, significant regional disparities, skills gaps and risks related to the increasing international competition for mobile capital. Can the Slovak tax system in its present form prevail against these headwinds? The paper shows that the current tax system suffers from weaknesses that constrain its capacity to raise additional revenues and to create the conditions for inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Although measures have recently been introduced to address some of these challenges, additional tax reforms and a further strengthening of the tax administration will be needed. The OECD worked jointly with the Institute for Financial Policy (IFP) of the Slovak Ministry of Finance to provide an overall assessment of the Slovak tax system and recommendations for future tax policy reforms.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5js4rtzr3ws2-en
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  • 5
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    A skills beyond school review of Israel (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264210752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (94 p.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Musset, Pauline A skills beyond school review of Israel
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Qualifikation ; Israel ; Education ; Israel ; Israel ; Berufsbildung
    Abstract: Higher level vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. This report on Israel examines what type of training is needed to meet the needs of a changing economy, how programmes should be funded, how theyshould be linked to academic and university programmes and how employers and unions can be engaged. The country reports in this series look at these and other questions. They form part of Skills beyond School, the OECD policy review of postsecondary vocational education and training.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264210769-en
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  • 6
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    A skills beyond school review of South Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264223752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Field, Simon A skills beyond school review of South Africa
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Qualifikation ; Südafrika ; Education ; Employment ; South Africa ; Südafrika ; Berufsbildung
    Abstract: Vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. How can employers and unions be engaged? How can workbased learning be used? How can teachers and trainers be effectively prepared? How should postsecondary programmes be structured? This country report on South Africa looks at these and other questions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264223776-en
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  • 7
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    A skills beyond school review of the United States (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264202153
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (149 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Keywords: Education ; United States
    Abstract: This book examines vocational education and training programmes in the United States, including coverage of how they are changing, how they are funded, how they are linked to academic and university programmes and how employers and unions are involved.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264202153-en
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  • 8
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    A skills beyond school review of Germany (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264202146
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (106 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Postsekundäre Berufsbildung in Deutschland
    Keywords: Education ; Germany
    Abstract: This report examines vocational education and training programs in Germany including how they are changing, how they are funded, how they are linked to academic and university programmes and how employers and unions can be engaged.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264202146-en
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  • 9
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    A skills beyond school review of England (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264203594
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This book examines vocational education and training programmes in England, including coverage of how they are changing, how they are funded, how they are linked to academic and university programmes and how employers and unions are involved.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264203594-en
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  • 10
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    A skills beyond school review of Switzerland (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062665
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (106 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Keywords: Education ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Higher level vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. What type of training is needed to meet the needs of a changing economies? How should the programmes be funded? How should they be linked to academic and university programmes? How can employers and unions be engaged? This report on Switzerland looks at these and other questions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062665-en
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  • 11
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    Effective personal tax rates on marginal skills investments in OECD countries : a new methodology (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 16
    Keywords: Steuerwirkung ; Qualifikation ; Sozialversicherungsbeitrag ; Humankapital ; Einkommensteuer ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a new methodology to calculate effective tax rates on the marginal return on an investment in skills within a discounted cash-flow investment framework. This approach takes into account costs including forgone labour earnings and the direct costs of skills formation, as well as the earnings premium and the return of an alternative investment in capital income. The earnings premium necessary to pursue a skills investment is calculated endogenously. This framework can be used to analyse the financial incentives to invest in skills and the impact of different policies for financing post-secondary education and/or professional training. The paper looks in particular at the effects of personal taxes (possibly net of benefits received) on incentives to acquire skills by estimating the effective tax rate on the return on a marginal skill investment – that is, one where the resulting increase in earnings is just enough to make the investment financially worthwhile; this “margin” can span multiple years. This approach may be helpful to policymakers in assessing the impact of tax progressivity and/ or the withdrawal of benefits and the case for tax breaks for postsecondary education and training, and could be extended to compare the impact of tax breaks relative to other policy instruments to stimulate skills investments. The paper includes some illustrative calculations in order to demonstrate how to apply the methodology within the OECD's Taxing Wages framework for all OECD countries, which is left for follow-up work.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k425747xbr6-en
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  • 12
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    Average personal income tax rate and tax wedge progression in OECD countries (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 15
    Keywords: Einkommensteuertarif ; Steuerprogression ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The statutory progressivity of the income taxes paid by wage earners, net of the standard cash benefits they receive, depend on the design and interaction of personal income taxes, social security contributions (SSCs) and cash benefits. In order to capture their combined impact, this paper presents statutory tax progressivity indicators for the 34 OECD member countries on the basis of average effective income tax rates and tax wedges which are calculated using the OECD’s Taxing Wages framework. The analysis shows a decreasing pattern of tax progressivity across income levels. In some countries, the tax system becomes regressive when the SSC ceiling has been reached. Also, child benefits increase progressivity (especially at low income levels) and their effect is larger than the flattening impact of SSCs, except at top income levels. Reductions in SSCs targeted at low-incomes and dependant spouse allowances increase progressivity in some OECD countries. Income-splitting systems typically have the opposite effect.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k4c0vhzsq8v-en
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  • 13
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    Tax policy and tax reform in the People's Republic of China (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 18
    Keywords: Steuerreform ; Steuerpolitik ; China ; Taxation ; China, People’s Republic ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper compares the tax system in China with the tax system in OECD countries and the tax reforms China and OECD countries have implemented in the past. The analysis focuses on those taxes and tax issues which are currently on China’s reform agenda, including the consumption taxes (especially the integration of the “business tax” into the VAT), environmentally-related taxes, the personal income tax, fiscal relations between the central and sub-central levels of government and property taxes. The paper provides a (preliminary) analysis of the tax-to-GDP ratio and the tax mix in China as well as the average and marginal tax wedge on labour income, by applying the OECD’s Revenue Statistics and Taxing Wages methodology. Although a country’s culture, traditions and legal system play an important part in shaping its tax regime and how it can be reformed, the paper also reviews the general design issues on how to make the tax system in China more growth-friendly, simple and transparent, less distortive and fairer. The paper contains a detailed discussion and evaluation of each tax and considers possible directions for future tax reform in China.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k40l4dlmnzw-en
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  • 14
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    A skills beyond school review of Denmark (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173668
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (86 S.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: OECD reviews of vocational education and training
    Keywords: Education ; Denmark
    Abstract: Higher level vocational education and training (VET) programmes are facing rapid change and intensifying challenges. What type of training is needed to meet the needs of changing economies? How should the programmes be funded? How should they be linked to academic and university programmes? How can employers and unions be engaged? This country report on Denmark looks at these and other questions, and is part of the Skills beyond School series, OECD policy reviews of postsecondary vocational education and training.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173668-en
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  • 15
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    Trends in personal income tax and employee social security contribution schedules (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 12
    Keywords: 2000-2010 ; Einkommensteuer ; Einkommensteuertarif ; Sozialversicherungsbeitrag ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policymakers cannot directly adjust the tax burden of labour income, but they can reform the statutory elements of the tax system, which ultimately determine average and marginal tax rates. To shed light on the determinants of average and marginal personal tax rates, this paper discusses historical and cross-country trends in statutory personal income tax rates, the income thresholds where personal income tax and employee social security contribution rates apply, and other statutory provisions that shape the tax burden on labour income in OECD countries. Trends in the difference between statutory, average and marginal personal income tax rates are also analysed and graphically illustrated. The impact of employee social security contributions on top marginal personal tax rates is also discussed. The most pronounced trend that emerged from 2000 to 2010 in OECD countries is a reduction in top statutory personal income tax rates. This trend was accompanied by reductions in the threshold where the top rate applies, as well as reductions in the statutory rate applicable at average wage earnings.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k95qw9633vf-en
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  • 16
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    Tax reform trends in OECD countries (2011)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 18 S., 0,55 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 1
    Keywords: Steuerreform ; OECD-Staaten ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg3h0xxmz8t-en
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  • 17
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    Making fundamental tax reform happen (2011)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 34 S., 0,43 MB)
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 3
    Keywords: Rentenreform ; OECD-Staaten ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg3h0v54g34-en
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  • 18
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    Non-tax compulsory payments as an additional burden on labour income (2011)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 31 S., 0,67 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 8
    Keywords: Personalzusatzkosten ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Lohn ; Steuerwirkung ; OECD-Staaten ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kg3h0sn2g6k-en
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