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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (191)
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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    MNE Spillovers in Developing Asian and Latin American Countries : Trends and Policies (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-31
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 31 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-31
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This article explores the main trends of multinational enterprise (MNE) spillovers involving technology and human resources development, with special attention to policy implications, in the developing countries of Asia and Latin America with the Caribbean. Developing Asian countries have dynamically attracted foreign direct investment (FDI) and have been successful in instituting policy measures to enhance MNE spillovers, with positive impacts on domestic productivity. Latin American countries have lagged behind developing Asian countries as regards enhancing MNE spillovers. Despite a convergence of the inward FDI trend in the two regions, with the recent catching-up trend of Latin American countries, the latter region shows more limited spillovers. Selected research findings are surveyed and various policy measures suggested, particularly in relation to two policy issues: i) complementarity, co-ordination and synchronisation; and ii) targeting specific firms, industries and HRD (mostly in training and education).
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art7-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Economic resilience to shocks : The role of structural policies (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-38
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Résilience économique aux chocs : Le rôle des politiques structurelles
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-38
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Cyclical fluctuations in economic activity have moderated over time but the extent and dynamics of volatility remain different across OECD countries. A reason behind this heterogeneity is that countries exhibit different degrees of resilience in the face of common shocks. This paper traces divergences in resilience back to different policy settings and institutions in labour, product and financial markets. Using pooled regression analysis across 20 OECD countries over the period 1982-2003, the paper identifies the impact of policy settings on two dimensions of resilience: the impact effect of a shock and its subsequent persistence. Policies and institutions associated with rigidities in labour and product markets are found to dampen the initial impact of shocks but to make their effects more persistent, while policies allowing for deep mortgage markets lower persistence and thereby improve resilience. Combining these two dimensions of resilience, the paper then uses the estimated equations to derive indicators of resilience for the OECD countries concerned, based on their current or recent policy settings. Three groups of countries emerge. In English-speaking countries, simulations suggest shocks have a significant initial effect on activity but this impact then dies out relatively quickly. By contrast, in many continental European countries the initial impact of shocks is cushioned but their effect linger for longer, with the cumulated output loss tending to be larger than in English-speaking countries. Finally a few, mostly small, European countries combine cushioning of the initial shock with a fairly quick return to baseline.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art6-en
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    An Evaluation of Japanese Leading Indicators (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 217-233
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 17 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 217-233
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Japan
    Kurzfassung: This paper evaluates the performances of Japanese leading indicators in predicting business cycle turning points. We extract the business cycle component in leading indicators using the frequency selective filter proposed by Baxter and King (1999), and we try to clarify empirically whether or not the leading composite index and its component series truly lead the business cycle turning point dates officially determined by the Japanese government. We argue that if we utilize the evaluated properties of the component series, we may construct a composite leading indicator which has some desirable properties as requested. As an illustration we provide one such example.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2007-art12-en
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Improving the efficiency of health care spending : What can be learnt from partial and selected analyses of hospital performance? (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-33
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 34 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Améliorer l'efficacité des dépenses de santé : enseignements tirés d'analyses partielles et sélectives de la performance des hôpitaux
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-33
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: There are no ready-made data on hospital outputs and inputs which would allow comprehensive international comparisons of hospital efficiency to be carried out. This paper, therefore, relies on selected evidence to compare hospital efficiency in a sub-set of OECD countries, based on three different approaches relying on, respectively: i) unit costs for standard hospital treatments; ii) overall efficiency levels in a set of paired countries; iii) within-country dispersion in individual hospital efficiency. The analysis suggests substantial cross-country differences in hospital performance. Although country coverage varies between the different approaches, making it difficult to assess the extent to which comparisons provide a consistent picture of national efficiency levels, cross-checks between the different indicator sets tend to support the robustness of the country rankings.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art2-en
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Human capital formation and foreign direct : Investment in developing countries (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-40
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 40 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-40
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This article synthesises a selected literature on human capital formation and foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries. The aim is to take a bird’s eye view of the complex linkages between the activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and policies of host developing countries. In doing so, general trends, best practices and policy experiences are extracted to evaluate the current state of knowledge. The literature indicates that a high level of human capital is no doubt one of the key ingredients for attracting FDI, as well as for host countries to gain maximum benefits from their activities. Most developing countries, however, underinvest in human capital, and the investment that is actually taking place is unevenly distributed across countries and regions that have adopted different human resource development (HRD) policies. To improve human capital formation and thus to attract more FDI would therefore require a more coherent approach that takes host country constraints such as limited budgetary resources into account. One such approach is to provide strong incentives for MNEs and Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs) to participate in formal education and vocational training even for workers employed by domestic firms. This allows HRD to be flexible and demanddriven. Another policy option is to facilitate human resource development (HRD) for small and medium-sized domestic enterprises which usually do not invest sufficiently in training of employees although these enterprises stand to gain most from education and training. In addition, FDI promotion policies can target high value-added MNEs that are more likely to bring new skills and knowledge to the economy that can be tapped by domestic enterprises. Lastly, it is important that key components of HRD policies, i.e. formal schooling and vocational education and training policies (post-formal schooling), are well coordinated so as to equip students with knowledge and skills that will later be complementary to training opportunities provided in the labour market.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art4-en
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Partnership for Development: Investment in Africa (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 47-52
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 14 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 47-52
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The NEPAD founding statement of 2001 clearly identified the need to increase private capital flows to Africa, as an essential component of a sustainable long-term approach to filling the resource gap. It identified priorities including addressing risk perception, building public-private partnerships, and deepening capital markets. Successive statements by African governments have reinforced these priorities. The African Peer Review Mechanism includes ‘increased trade and investment among the participating countries’ and ‘increased co-operation in mobilising and attracting both domestic and foreign investment’ among its ‘high priority areas’...
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art40-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Examen du CAD par les pairs : États-Unis (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 7, no. 4, p. 101-220
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 139 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of the United States
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 4, p. 101-220
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Cet examen contient les principales conclusions et recommandations du Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) ainsi que le rapport établi par le Secrétariat en liaison avec des examinateurs représentant le Canada et le Royaume-Uni pour l’examen de l’aide des États-Unis qui a eu lieu le 7 décembre 2006. Le Comité a salué la sensible augmentation de l’aide publique au développement consentie par les États-Unis, laquelle a atteint le niveau record de 27.6 milliards USD en 2005. Il a aussi félicité les États-Unis d’avoir fait de la coopération pour le développement un des trois piliers de leur politique étrangère. Les principales recommandations concernent la nécessité de reconnaître expressément l’importance fondamentale de la lutte contre la pauvreté, d’adopter une position plus claire sur le rôle de la cohérence des politiques au service du développement, de poursuivre la délimitation des champs de compétences respectifs des instances militaires et des institutions oeuvrant dans le domaine du développement, et de prêter une plus grande attention aux objectifs d’efficacité de l’aide énoncés dans la Déclaration de Paris ainsi que l’utilité que pourrait revêtir l’élaboration conjointe par le Département d’État et l’USAID d’un plan stratégique global destiné à guider l’action humanitaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v7-art41-fr
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The macroeconomic policy challenges of continued globalisation (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-51
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 52 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Défis posés par la poursuite de la mondialisation en matière de politique macroéconomique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-51
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This article investigates the macroeconomic policy challenges associated with a prospective continuation of international trade and financial integration over the next two decades, making use of a global macroeconomic model newly developed by the OECD. The analysis has several important policy implications. First, with the shares of non-OECD economies in world output, trade, and capital markets rising substantially, global economic developments would become much more dependent on developments in these economies than they used to be. Second, the sustainability of existing global current account imbalances will depend in part on the future build-up and composition of international assets and liabilities. While the imbalances could be sustainable for some time if economic integration continues at its current pace, a slowdown of the globalisation process would raise the likelihood of a disruptive adjustment in financial markets. Third, the increase in trade and financial linkages implies that macroeconomic shocks in a given country or region have a larger impact on other economies in the future than they do today. Policymakers in the OECD may have to act more promptly and more vigorously to economic “shocks” in the non-OECD economies in order to limit the impact on OECD economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art5-en
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Partnership for Development: Infrastructure in Africa (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 1-25
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 34 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 1-25
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The NEPAD founding statement of 2001 identified infrastructure as a key sectoral priority. It proposed a programme including increased investment both in maintenance and in new infrastructure, new regulatory frameworks, and the promotion of public-private partnerships. NEPAD subsequently developed a Short-Term Action Plan designed to accelerate progress in this sector, and a Medium-Long Term Strategic Framework. Successive meetings of AU Ministers have underlined the importance of infrastructure to economic growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art42-en
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The incidence of carbon pricing : Norway, Russia and the Middle East (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-26
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 26 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les effets d'une taxe carbone sur la Norvège, la Russie et le Moyen-Orient
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-26
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Norway ; Russian Federation
    Kurzfassung: Russia, Norway and the Middle East are three regions that have distinct histories in energy policies. Current situations will make it more challenging for Russia and the Middle East to implement greenhouse gas abatement than it will be for Norway, even though all three are major energy producers. Relative to the world as a whole, Russia is most heavily impacted, with the Middle East less so but still significantly affected. Norway’s potential economic loss is only a little larger than the world average. This asymmetry implies that if the differences in impacts are not broadly understood, then international negotiations may be subjected to bargaining under asymmetric information. If so, they may not be able to reach agreement. The result reported here is thus a step in overcoming information asymmetries and facilitating successful negotiation. The results also have clear implications for the speed at which Russia undertakes energy market reforms, and for the manner in which Middle Eastern countries implement diversification of their economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art7-en
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Procédure américaine d'autorisation de nouveaux réacteurs : Bilan et perspectives (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 9-35
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 27 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Looking Backward, Moving Forward: Licensing New Reactors in the United States
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 9-35
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; United States
    Kurzfassung: On assiste depuis quelques années, partout dans le monde, à un regain d’intérêt pour le nucléaire comme composante du bouquet énergétique. Une combinaison complexe de facteurs est à l’origine de cette possible « renaissance du nucléaire » : sauvegarde de l’environnement grâce à l’absence d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre, amélioration de la fiabilité de l’exploitation des centrales, coût avantageux du combustible et de l’exploitation, mesures d’incitation des pouvoirs publics, pour ne citer que ces facteurs. Pour la première fois depuis une génération, les compagnies d’électricité envisagent sérieusement la construction de nouvelles centrales nucléaires de type commercial aux États-Unis.
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2008-5k9h367369r1
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Les déterminants des dépenses publiques de santé et de soins de longue durée (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 133-176
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 47 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The drivers of public expenditure on health and long-term care: An integrated approach
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 133-176
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Les dépenses publiques consacrées à la santé et aux soins de longue durée (SLD ci-après) sont un sujet de préoccupation pour les gouvernements de la plupart des pays de l’OCDE. Leur accélération récente exerce une pression sur les budgets publics, qui s’ajoute à celle résultant de la réforme incomplète des régimes de retraite et d’autres formes de dépenses sociales. Depuis un certain temps, les pays de l’OCDE limitent la croissance de ces charges en appliquant des politiques de maîtrise des coûts. Il s’agit surtout d’une modération des salaires, de contrôles des prix et d’un report des investissements concernant les soins de longue durée. Une large part de ces derniers est assurée par les familles hors des circuits officiels. Toutefois, les possibilités de contenir de cette façon les dépenses pour la santé et les soins de longue durée se réduisent.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art11-fr
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Réglementation des marchés de produits et convergence de la productivité (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 45-87
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 46 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Product market regulation and productivity convergence
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 45-87
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Ces dernières années, la réglementation des marchés de produits dans les pays de l’OCDE est globalement devenue moins restrictive pour la concurrence. Cela a entraîné une certaine convergence des politiques de réglementationþ; cependant, dans le même temps, la disparité des performances des pays de l’OCDE en termes de productivité s’est accrue. En effet, selon certains indicateurs, les taux de croissance et les niveaux de la productivité du travail se sont récemment mis à diverger. L’évolution récente de la théorie et les observations empiriques de la croissance donnent à penser que les environnements différents concernant la politique économique et le dispositif institutionnel peuvent en partie expliquer les disparités de productivité entre les pays (Acemoglu et autres, 2004, Aghion et Griffith, 2005, Nicoletti et Scarpetta, 2003).
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art9-fr
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Nonparametric Forecasting of the Manufacturing Output Growth with Firm-level Survey Data (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2007, no. 3, p. 317-331
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 15 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 3, p. 317-331
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: A large majority of summary indicators derived from the individual responses to qualitative Business Tendency Surveys (which are mostly three-modality questions) result from standard aggregation and quantification methods. This is typically the case for the indicators called balances of opinion, which are currently used in short term analysis and considered by forecasters as explanatory variables in many models. In the present paper, we discuss a new statistical approach to forecast the manufacturing growth from firm-survey responses. We base our predictions on a forecasting algorithm inspired by the random forest regression method, which is known to enjoy good prediction properties. Our algorithm exploits the heterogeneity of the survey responses, works fast, is robust to noise and allows for the treatment of missing values. Starting from a real application on a French dataset related to the manufacturing sector, this procedure appears as a competitive method compared with traditional algorithms.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2007-art15-en
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    DAC Peer Review of the United States (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 7, no. 4, p. 95-200
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 125 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examen du CAD par les pairs : États-Unis
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 4, p. 95-200
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This review contains the Main Findings and Recommendations of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and the report of the Secretariat. It was prepared with examiners from the United Kingdom and Canada for the Peer Review meeting held on 07 December May 2006. The review applauded the major increase in American official development assistance, which reached a record high of USD 27.6 billion in 2005. The Committee commended the United States for raising development to the status of one of three pillars of national foreign policy. Key recommendations included the need to explicitly recognise the key importance of poverty reduction, encouragement for a more explicit approach to the role of policy coherence for development, the need to persist in clarifying the lines of operational responsibility between military and development institutions, support for greater US attention to the Paris Declaration aid effectiveness agenda and encouragement for the joint Department of State and USAID development of an overarching strategic plan to guide humanitarian work.
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v7-art41-en
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  • 16
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    Online-Ressource
    La fiscalité et l'environnement des entreprises comme déterminants des investissements directs étrangers (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 9-44
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 39 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Taxation and business environment as drivers of foreign direct investment in OECD countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 9-44
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Dans quelle mesure les différences d’imposition des entreprises influent-elles sur les décisions d’investissement des entreprises multinationales (EMN) ? Depuis une dizaine d’années, on accorde un intérêt croissant à cette question, parallèlement à l’accroissement de la mobilité du capital et à l’internationalisation des entreprises. Les modèles standards portant sur les EMN prévoient que la fiscalité des entreprises peut influencer l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) en créant un effet de ciseaux entre la rentabilité des investissements avant et après impôt. Ce coin fiscal dépend cependant de la nature de l’investissement, à savoir s’il est additionnel ou s’il intervient dans le cadre de la création d’établissements entièrement nouveaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art8-fr
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  • 17
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    Dating EU15 monthly business cycle jointly using GDP and IPI (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2007, no. 3, p. 333-366
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 34 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 3, p. 333-366
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper aims at the production of a chronology for the EU15 business cycle by comparing parametric and non-parametric procedures on monthly and quarterly data as well in a combined approach. The main innovation is the joint use of the monthly series for the EU15 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the EU15 Industrial Production Index (IPI) from 1970 to 2003. The monthly IPI and the quarterly GDP at the EU15 level have been reconstructed starting from the available national series. The monthly GDP has then been computed using temporal disaggregation techniques. The obtained chronology is directly comparable to ones produced by several authors for the euro area.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2007-art16-en
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  • 18
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    Publicly provided services and the distribution of households' economic resources (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-38
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 45 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Services assurés par les pouvoirs publics et distribution des ressources économiques des ménages
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-38
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Conventional income distribution statistics subtract taxes from household income but do not take into account the distributional effects of the services financed through these taxes. As many of the functions of government are available to the population free of charge or at a subsidised rate, this means that income distribution figures exaggerate the degree of inequality in the distribution of resources. This article examines the extent to which this is the case, and assesses whether statements about the relative inequality prevailing in different countries are reliable. Estimates of the impact of government services on the static distribution of household income, based on two different approaches, show that publicly-provided goods and services significantly narrow the dispersion of income inequality across countries with only small changes in the ranking of individual countries, and that the effects are larger when looking at the extremes of the distributions.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art1-en
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  • 19
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    Review of Donors' Policies and Practices Related to Employment and Labour Markets (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 1-25
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 25 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 1-25
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of this review is to collect evidence on the instruments and modalities donors use to promoteemployment creation and to draw some preliminary lessons on what worked and what might need to be changed. These results will feed into the preparation of the Task Team’s two other outputs: i) a conceptual framework that gives greater centrality to employment issues in efforts to reduce poverty; and ii) a set of good practice papers that provide evidence-based examples of how donors can help improve employment outcomes in developing countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art38-en
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  • 20
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    Globalisation and employment in the OECD (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-34
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 34 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Mondialisation et emploi dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-34
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This article reviews some of the possible changes that may occur in the national labour markets of many OECD countries as a result of the internationalisation of production by multinational companies, with a particular focus on the impact of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) from OECD countries on employment in the home country of the investing firms. Existing studies suggest that the overall impact of trade and the internationalisation of production on aggregate labour market outcomes has been comparatively small, although particular skill and occupational groups have been affected more strongly. The empirical findings in the paper suggest that the aggregate employment impact of outward FDI varies across industries and countries. For manufacturing industries with strong commercial links with the non-OECD economies, there is evidence that domestic employment has become more sensitive to movements in domestic labour costs. At the country level, the growth of outward investment is found to have a significant positive effect on domestic employment growth in the United States. In contrast, there is a negative association in Japan, especially from outward investment in China.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art3-en
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  • 21
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    The Cyclical and Trend Behavour of Australian Investment and Savings (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2007, no. 3, p. 367-386
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 20 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 3, p. 367-386
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: A spectral analysis of the Australian time series for the investment and savings ratios on quarterly data over the period from September 1959 to December 2005 reveals that the major cyclical components of the savings and investment ratios cohere strongly. This suggests there is a medium to long term relationship between investment and savings. Further, the investment and saving ratios cohere strongly with the business cycle suggesting a procyclical pattern of investment and saving behaviour on Australian data. A subsequent long memory analysis reveals that the saving and investment ratios, the investment ratio and real GDP and the savings ratio and real GDP are fractionally cointegrated. The policy implications are explained.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-2007-5km7v18rmf8r
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  • 22
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    How Tight is the Labour Market? : Sources of Changes in the Aggregate Exit Rate from Unemployment across the Business Cycle (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 155-173
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 19 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 155-173
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: We decompose variations in the aggregate exit rate from unemployment to employment into two factors: i) Changes in the arrival rate of acceptable job offers; and ii) changes in the composition of the unemployment pool in terms of average employability. We argue that the former of these factors provides the basis for an informative labour market tightness indicator, while the latter yields valuable information regarding the design of optimal labour market policies across the cycle. Based on Norwegian register data, we find that individual monthly exit rates tend to double from a cyclical trough to a cyclical peak, ceteris paribus, but that crosssectional heterogeneity nevertheless explains 88 per cent of the overall variation in individual monthly exit probabilities during the period from 1989 to 2002.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2007-art9-en
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  • 23
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    Case Law (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 111-117
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 7 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Jurisprudence
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 111-117
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Canada ; Germany ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Canada Brunswick News Inc. v Her Majesty the Queen in the Right of the Province of New Brunswick denying release of nuclear power feasibility study (2008) Germany Judgement of the Federal Administration Court on the so-called “Biblis-obligations” (2008) United States Judgement of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims on the interpretation of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Standard Contract (2008) Summary Order of the U.S. Court of Appeals on petitions for revision of Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations (2008)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2008-5k9gw7rxdj9w
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  • 24
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    Personal Transport Choice (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 59-93
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 37 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 59-93
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: There are basically four means by which to reduce the negative environmental consequences of personal transport: by replacing personal vehicles with more environmentally-friendly ones; by replacing car journeys with public transport, walking or cycling and by car-sharing rather than solo driving; by making fewer journeys (e.g. telecommuting, internet shopping); and by travelling shorter distances.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art11-en
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  • 25
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    FDI and economic growth in less developed countries : A theoretical and empirical survey (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-31
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 31 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-31
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: During the 1960s and 1970s, foreign direct investment (FDI) and the activities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in less developed countries (LDCs) were generally viewed unfavourably, often being considered exploitative and as leading to worsening labour market conditions and job losses. However, there was a gradual shift in perception during the 1980s and 1990s, with increasing recognition of positive features of FDI such as technological spillovers and the increase in demand for domestic industry. Hence many countries, including LDCs, have introduced measures such as favourable tax treatment for foreign firms in order to attract FDI2. Against this background, FDI flows to LDCs have grown rapidly, increasing from 0.9 per cent of LDCs’ combined GDP in 1990 to a peak of 4.1 per cent in 1999, before declining slightly to 3.3 per cent in 2003 (World Bank, 2005). This article surveys the theoretical and empirical literature that describes the role of FDI in the economic growth of LDCs, and extracts its policy implications.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art5-en
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  • 26
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    Partnership for Development: Africa and International Trade (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 53-65
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 15 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 53-65
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The NEPAD founding statement of 2001 emphasised the importance of trade and within this a number of specific themes including diversification of production, enhanced international competitiveness, promotion of exports, and improvements in market access. The paper prepared by the NEPAD Secretariat for the 7th meeting of the APF in Moscow in October 2006 identified 4 main areas in which African efforts were focused: deepening of African integration; trade facilitation efforts; private sector participation in building trade-enabling infrastructure; and mainstreaming of trade and national development strategies...
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art41-en
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  • 27
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    Residential Energy Demand (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 95-115
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 23 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 95-115
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides a concise review of the empirical literature on residential energy demand. It also discusses the findings in the reviewed literature and their implications for the choice of policy instruments. While there is a plethora of studies on the technical possibilities, i.e. the potential energy savings that new technologies allow, it is plain that energy consumption also depends on our attitudes, preferences and income as well as relative prices1. Therefore, this review is based on the idea that energy demand is essentially driven by human behaviour and our main task is then to explore a range of empirical evidence that sheds useful light on our limited objective. Indeed, the literature on energy demand is impressively rich; already in the early years of the 1980s there were more than 2 500 papers available on this topic (Joerges, 1988 cited in Weber, undated). This brief review will focus mainly on the economics domain, a limitation to be true, although pointers will be given to findings in related fields.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art12-en
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  • 28
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    Inventories and Business Cycle Volatility : An Analysis Based on ISAE Survey Data (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 175-197
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 23 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 175-197
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The paper looks at an often debated issue – the decline observed in business cycle volatility – using qualitative data derived from Business Tendency Surveys. It concentrates on the manufacturing sector, providing evidence that volatility slowdown is attributable to a break in the Data Generating Process (Cecchetti, Flores-Lagunes and Krause, 2006) rather than to a long trend decline (Blanchard and Simon, 2001). Moreover, it shows that lower variance of the ISAE Confidence Indicator is mostly explained by the behaviour of firms' assessments of demand and inventories. In particular, inventories volatility has decreased, while volatility of production has instead increased with respect to that of demand. Both of these results are consistent with the claim that better inventories management should have a specific role in shaping the production decisions of the firms (Wen, 2005).
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2007-art10-en
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  • 29
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    Proposal to Use Health as a "Tracer Sector" for Tracking Progress on the Paris Declaration (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 1-26
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 26 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 1-26
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The health sector has always been an important recipient of global attention and external assistance. Humanitarian concerns about the health of the world’s poor, along with fears about the spread of epidemics such as HIV/AIDS, have made health a central pillar of most development policies. Over the last 30 years attention has increased with the emergence of new health threats - such as HIV/AIDS and pandemic influenza - and with recognition that health is a key determinant of economic growth, labor force productivity and poverty reduction. At the same time, health is increasingly viewed as a human right, the fulfillment of which places obligations on both developed and developing countries. Health has also been at the forefront of the debate on what aid effectiveness means from a sectoral perspective. In the mid-1990s health policymakers designed and pioneered sector-wide approaches (SWAps), which aimed to foster ownership, improve donor harmonization and aid predictability, and align policy behind a health-reform program agreed between government and donors. As this paper illustrates, aid effectiveness is particularly challenging in health. As with other sectors, difficulties are the result of inefficiencies in the global aid architecture and of poor country policies; however, problems in health are exacerbated by the inherent complexities of the sector itself. The large number and diverse nature of development partners active in health, the large unmet needs, the dependency on multiple sectors to achieve health outcomes, the major roles of the private sector in both financing and delivery, and the long-term recurrent nature of most health needs have created challenges for countries, but have also stimulated innovative ideas on how to move forward. As a result, the health sector may be a good "tracer" sector for OECD/ DAC to monitor overall harmonization and alignment progress.
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art37-en
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  • 30
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    Partnership for Development: Agriculture in Africa (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 101-123
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 25 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 101-123
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The NEPAD founding statement of 2001 identified agriculture as a sectoral priority. Key declarations include the 2003 CAADP Framework calling for 6% agricultural growth rates; the 2003 Maputo Declaration calling for 10% of public expenditure to be spent on agriculture and rural development within 5 years; the 2004 Sirte Declaration on ’The Challenges of Implementing Integrated and Sustainable Development on Agriculture and Water in Africa’; and the 2006 Abuja Declarations on Fertilisers (June) and Food Security (December)...
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art43-en
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  • 31
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    Waste Generation and Recycling (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 19-58
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 42 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 19-58
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: There are two serious failures that arise in the management of solid waste. The first relates to the existence of negative externalities in the individual decision-making over waste generation and disposal. When individuals decide on how much to consume and what to consume, they do not take into account how much waste they produce. Because the external costs of waste generation (such as air and water pollution) are ignored by individuals, more waste is produced and disposed of than is socially optimal. The second serious failure relates to the ways in which waste collection services are typically financed. More often than not, individuals pay for waste disposal in lump sums through general taxes or flat payments to local governments or private collectors. Hence, waste disposal costs are not fully reflected in the prices households face at the margin. Even if these flat charges included both the private and external costs of waste production and disposal, individuals would still face zero prices for additional waste produced, and would thus tend to produce (and dispose of) more waste than if they were to pay for the additional garbage according to its social marginal cost.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art10-en
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  • 32
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    Performance budgeting in the United States (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 8, no. 1, p. 1-13
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 13 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 8, no. 1, p. 1-13
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This article describes the history of performance management in the United States government, including the Budget and Performance Integration initiative (BPI), the Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART), and the dedicated Internet site www.ExpectMore.gov.
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v8-art3-en
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  • 33
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    Améliorer l'efficacité des dépenses de santé : enseignements tirés d'analyses partielles et sélectives de la performance des hôpitaux (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Improving the efficiency of health care spending: What can be learnt from partial and selected analyses of hospital performance?
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Il n’existe pas de données toutes faites sur les services fournis par les hôpitaux et les ressources qu’ils consomment qui permettraient d’effectuer des comparaisons internationales d’ensemble de l’efficacité des hôpitaux. Cet article s’appuie donc sur des indicateurs sélectifs pour comparer l’efficacité des hôpitaux dans un échantillon de pays de l’OCDE, sur la base de trois approches différentes, à savoir : i) les coûts unitaires pour des interventions hospitalières types ; ii) les niveaux d’efficacité globale entre pays pris deux à deux ; iii) la variabilité de l’efficacité entre hôpitaux d’un même pays. L’analyse montre des différences substantielles de performance entre pays. S’il est difficile d’évaluer dans quelle mesure ces comparaisons donnent une image cohérente des niveaux d’efficacité nationaux, car le nombre de pays couverts varie d’une approche à l’autre, des vérifications par recoupement des différents jeux d’indicateurs tendent à confirmer la robustesse du classement des pays.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-2-fr
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  • 34
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    Résilience économique aux chocs : Le rôle des politiques structurelles (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Economic resilience to shocks: The role of structural policies
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Bien que les fluctuations cycliques de l’activité se soient atténuées au cours des années récentes, leur ampleur et leur évolution continuent de différer sensiblement entre pays de l’OCDE. L’une des explications à cette hétérogénéité est que les pays affichent différents degrés de résilience à des chocs communs. Cet article explore la contribution des politiques et des institutions sur les marchés financiers, du travail et des biens et services à ces écarts de résilience. À partir de régressions sur un panel de 20 pays de l’OCDE portant sur la période 1982-2003, l’article identifie l’impact des politiques sur deux dimensions de la résilience : l’effet d’un choc à l’impact et sa persistance ultérieure. Il ressort que les politiques et les institutions entraînant des rigidités sur les marchés du travail et des biens et services atténuent l’impact initial d’un choc mais rendent cet effet plus persistant, tandis que des politiques favorisant le développement des marchés hypothécaires réduisent la persistance et ainsi améliorent la résilience. Combinant ces deux dimensions de la résilience, l’article utilise ensuite les équations estimées pour construire des indicateurs de résilience pour chacun des pays de l’OCDE concernés, sur la base de leurs politiques et de leurs institutions actuelles ou récentes. Cette analyse fait ressortir trois groupes de pays. Dans les pays anglophones, les simulations suggèrent que les chocs ont un impact initial significatif, mais que celui-ci se dissipe assez rapidement. A contrario, dans de nombreux pays d’Europe Continentale, l’impact initial des chocs est atténué, mais leurs effets se font ressentir plus longtemps et la perte de production cumulée tend à être plus élevée que dans les pays anglophones. Enfin, quelques petits pays Européens combinent à la fois un impact modéré des chocs et un retour relativement rapide à l’équilibre.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-6-fr
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  • 35
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    Mondialisation et hausse des prix à la consommation dans les pays de l'OCDE (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Globalisation and OECD consumer price inflation
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Au cours des 25 dernières années, l'inflation a considérablement diminué dans toutes les économies de l’OCDE. Pendant ce temps, la production de nombreux biens et services est devenue de plus en plus internationalisée et le niveau du commerce entre les pays de l’OCDE et les pays non membres a augmenté. Cet article étudie dans quelle mesure les changements observés dans le mécanisme d’inflation peuvent être attribués à l’intégration croissante des pays non membres de l’OCDE dans l’économie mondiale. Les résultats de l’analyse montrent que i) les prix d’importation jouent un rôle plus important dans la détermination des prix de consommation domestiques depuis le milieu des années 1990 ; ii) la sensibilité de l’inflation aux conditions économiques domestiques a diminué alors que la sensibilité aux conditions économiques extérieures a augmenté, en jouant à travers les prix d’importation ; et iii) la croissance forte du PIB dans les pays non membres au cours des cinq dernières années a contribué à l’augmentation des prix réels du pétrole et des métaux. Les simulations montrent que la globalisation a entraîné des pressions inflationnistes via des prix des matières premières plus élevés et des pressions désinflationnistes via des prix des importations des produits hors matières premières plus faibles. Le dernier effet semble avoir dominé dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-4-fr
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  • 36
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    Services assurés par les pouvoirs publics et distribution des ressources économiques des ménages (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Publicly provided services and the distribution of households' economic resources
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Les statistiques sur la distribution des revenus déduisent du revenu des ménages les impôts directs et cotisation sociales qu'elles acquittent sans pour autant tenir compte des services financés au moyen de ces impôts. Vu qu’un grand nombre des services assurés par les administrations publiques sont accessibles à la population gratuitement ou à des tarifs subventionnés, les statistiques sur la distribution des revenus surestiment le degré d’inégalité dans la distribution des ressources. Cet article examine l’ampleur du phénomène et évalue son influence sur les inégalités entre pays. Les estimations de l’effet des services publics sur la distribution statique du revenu des ménages obtenues à l’aide de deux approches différentes révèlent que la prise en compte de ces services réduit sensiblement les inégalités de revenu entre les pays sans pour autant modifier notablement leur classement, cet effet étant plus marqué aux extrémités de la distribution des revenus.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-1-fr
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  • 37
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    Thinking about America's defense : an analytical memoir (2008)
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    Details
    ISBN: 9780833044525 , 0833048627 , 9781282451056 , 1282451057 , 9780833048622 , 0833044524
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xxiv, 257 pages)
    Ausgabe: [S.l.] HathiTrust Digital Library 2010 Electronic reproduction
    Serie: Occasional paper 223
    Paralleltitel: Print version Kent, Glenn A., 1915- Thinking about America's defense
    Schlagwort(e): United States Biography Officers ; United States ; Generals Biography ; Strategic forces ; National security ; Military planning ; Generals ; Strategic forces ; National security ; Military planning ; TECHNOLOGY ; Military Science ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Political Freedom & Security ; International Security ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Political Freedom & Security ; General ; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING ; Military Science ; Armed Forces ; Officers ; Generals ; Military planning ; Military policy ; Military readiness ; Decision making ; National security ; Strategic forces ; Military Science - General ; Military & Naval Science ; Law, Politics & Government ; United States ; United States ; Biographies ; United States Military policy ; United States Defenses ; Decision making ; United States ; United States ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: "Lieutenant General Glenn A. Kent was a uniquely acute analyst and developer of American defense policy in the second half of the twentieth century. His 33-year career in the Air Force was followed by more than 20 years as one of the leading analysts at RAND. This volume is not a memoir in the normal sense but rather a summary of the dozens of national security issues in which Glenn was personally engaged over the course of his career. These issues included creating the single integrated operational plan (SIOP), leading DoD's official assessment of strategic defenses in the 1960s, developing and analyzing strategic nuclear arms control agreements, helping to bring new weapon systems to life, and many others. Each vignette describes the analytical frameworks and, where appropriate, the mathematical formulas and charts that Glenn developed and applied to gain insights into the issue at hand. The author also relates his roles in much of the bureaucratic pulling and hauling that occurred as issues were addressed within the government."--Publisher's website
    Kurzfassung: "Lieutenant General Glenn A. Kent was a uniquely acute analyst and developer of American defense policy in the second half of the twentieth century. His 33-year career in the Air Force was followed by more than 20 years as one of the leading analysts at RAND. This volume is not a memoir in the normal sense but rather a summary of the dozens of national security issues in which Glenn was personally engaged over the course of his career. These issues included creating the single integrated operational plan (SIOP), leading DoD's official assessment of strategic defenses in the 1960s, developing and analyzing strategic nuclear arms control agreements, helping to bring new weapon systems to life, and many others. Each vignette describes the analytical frameworks and, where appropriate, the mathematical formulas and charts that Glenn developed and applied to gain insights into the issue at hand. The author also relates his roles in much of the bureaucratic pulling and hauling that occurred as issues were addressed within the government."--Publisher's website
    Anmerkung: "Prepared for the United States Air Force , "Project Air Force , Includes bibliographical references , Use copy Restrictions unspecified star MiAaHDL , Electronic reproduction , Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002.
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  • 38
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    Partnership for Development: Finance for Development in Africa (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD papers Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 17-40
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2328
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 26 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 7, no. 12, p. 17-40
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: NEPAD’s founding statement in 2001 identified domestic savings and improvements in public revenue collection as key resources to be supplemented by official development assistance, debt relief and private capital flows. The statement further underlined that improved governance is a prerequisite for increased capital flows...
    DOI: 10.1787/oecd_papers-v7-art39-en
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  • 39
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    Les pouvoirs budgétaires des administrations infranationales : Une autonomie en trompe-l'oeil (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 177-217
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 52 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Less than you thought: The fiscal autonomy of sub-central governments
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 177-217
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Dans les pays de l’OCDE, les États infranationaux et les autres collectivités publiques territoriales ont accès à de multiples ressources budgétaires. Leur l iberté d’en disposer varie beaucoup, tout comme le pouvoir de ces « administrations infranationales » (AI) de formuler leur budget et de définir les résultats qu’elles attendent de leur action, par exemple l’efficience du secteur public, l’égal accès aux services publics ou l’orientation budgétaire à long terme. Il serait donc utile de disposer de données sur la structure des recettes des AI. Or, les indicateurs ont longtemps donné une image imprécise des modalités de financement des budgets territoriaux. L’indicateur le plus fréquemment utilisé est la part des AI dans le total des recettes fiscales, ce qui est une piètre mesure si l’on veut évaluer l’autonomie dont jouissent réellement les AI. Comme les finances publiques sont tributaires de la maîtrise des recettes budgétaires, il faut constituer un ensemble d’indicateurs affinés pour déterminer l’autonomie budgétaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art12-fr
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  • 40
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    Internet Business Tendency Surveys (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2007, no. 3, p. 387-399
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 13 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 3, p. 387-399
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The report summarizes the present survey practices in Europe and some countries on other continents. The study was launched on behalf of the European Commission and the OECD in April-July 2006. The aim of the project was to identify the state of present survey practices of the institutions that conduct business tendency surveys world-wide. The questionnaire that was sent to the executive institutions in 45 countries focused on the questions how and to what extent the Internet has been integrated in the institutes' survey practices. 32 institutes have responded to the questionnaire and provided information on their present survey techniques. Among them were all European Union countries (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom), two European non- EU countries Switzerland and Norway, as well as some non-European countries (Japan, South Africa and Brazil). The research findings indicate that Internet mode is becoming more and more imperative in Business Tendency Surveys, being a preferable survey mode by a significant proportion of companies, particularly in the service and the manufacturing sectors. The results of the study confirm that the Internet offers a well-suited platform for the harmonization of the data collection methods in the European Union and beyond.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2007-art17-en
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  • 41
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    Fiscal equalisation (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-22
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 22 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Péréquation financière
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-22
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: By Hansjörg Blöchliger and Claire Charbit Fiscal equalisation is a transfer of fiscal resources across jurisdictions to offset disparities in revenue raising capacity or public service cost. It covers on average 2.5% of GDP or 5% of total government expenditure across OECD countries. Equalisation reduces fiscal disparities by two-thirds on average and in some countries levels them virtually out. Strong equalisation comes at a price: on average, around 70% of a jurisdiction’s additional tax income must be dedicated to an equalisation fund. The equalisation rate is generally higher for jurisdictions with low fiscal capacity, reducing their tax effort and likely to slow down regional economic convergence. Cost equalisation is larger than revenue equalisation in terms of GDP despite smaller cost disparities, pointing at inefficiencies in the distribution formulae. Fiscal equalisation can be pro-cyclical but most countries succeed in reducing fluctuations of entitlements, sometimes at the cost of sub-central budget needs. Fiscal equalisation is very country specific, and data and analysis must be taken with care.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art8-en
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  • 42
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    Macroeconomic Forecasting : Debunking a Few Old Wives' Tales (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2007, no. 3, p. 287-316
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 3, p. 287-316
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The forecasting profession, especially when producing forecasts intended to support economic policy, does not currently enjoy a good reputation. Complaints are sometimes voiced about its lack of scientific discipline, which in turn implies that the forecast results may be viewed as arbitrary. At other times, it is the excessively mechanical nature of the forecasting process which is criticised, on the grounds that it prevents a proper evaluation of any information concerning changes that alter the functioning of the economic system. Moreover, the use of structural models is often deemed superfluous, or even dangerous, and reduced forms are suggested as a preferable alternative. Drawing on the actual forecasting experience at the Bank of Italy, this paper argues that these views stem largely from a biased perception of how forecasting works, what it consists of and which goals it pursues. In particular, forecasting does not simply amount to producing a set of figures: rather, it aims at assembling a fullyfledged view – one may call it a "story behind the figures" – of what could happen: a story that has to be internally consistent, whose logical plausibility can be assessed, whose structure is sufficiently articulated to allow one to make a systematic comparison with the wealth of information that accumulates as time goes by. This implies that the forecasts are not the result of a black-box process that completely lacks discipline; neither are they the outcome of a purely mechanical process that cannot take new information into account. This paper tries to show that forecasting can be rigorous, not mechanical, informative, and useful even in the face of unprecedented situations.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2007-art14-en
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  • 43
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    Réglementation des systèmes financiers et croissance économique dans les pays de l'OCDE (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 89-131
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 46 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Regulation of financial systems and economic growth in OECD countries: An empirical analysis
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2006, no. 2, p. 89-131
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Le fonctionnement du système financier peut avoir un impact décisif sur la croissance économique et sur la stabilité de l’économie. Il influe sur la croissance économique à long terme par son effet sur l’efficience de l’intermédiation entre épargnants et emprunteurs finaux ; par le degré auquel il permet une surveillance des utilisateurs de fonds externes, ce qui se répercute sur la productivité du capital utilisé ; enfin, par son incidence sur le volume de l’épargne, qui conditionne la capacité future de l’économie de générer des revenus. Le système financier agit sur la stabilité de l’économie en raison du fort pouvoir de levier de ses activités et de son rôle central dans le règlement de l’ensemble des transactions au sein de l’économie, de sorte que toute défaillance d’un segment risque de compromettre la stabilité du système dans son ensemble.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2006-art10-fr
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  • 44
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    Investment climate, capabilities and firm performance : Evidence from the world business environment survey (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-37
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 37 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-37
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The World Business Environment Survey (WBES) provided a unique look at the impact of the investment climate on enterprise performance, employing a standard core questionnaire to more than 10 000 firms in 80 countries between late 1998 and mid-2000. This paper examines results of a special module of the survey administered in 28 of the WBES countries that focused on issues of competition, trade and firm capabilities in terms of technology and worker education and training. It confirms that key attributes of the investment climate such as corruption, financing, tax administration, regulations and policy uncertainty all matter in explaining firm performance as measured by sales growth, employment growth and investment growth. Further, excessive labour regulation is negatively associated with both employment and investment growth. The new data on firm capabilities suggest that firm investments in technology and skills are also critically associated with firm performance. Investment in technological capacity strongly relates to sales growth, while international technological acquisition relates clearly to employment and investment growth. Training matters as well, and it is quite clear that investments in private training services are significantly associated with all dimensions of firm growth. What is equally clear is that public training bears no significant relationship with firm performance. Firms that make no investments in training appear disproportionately influenced by three types of market failure. This link has direct implications for governments as they shape technology policy and training policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art6-en
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  • 45
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    Current Period Performance of OECD Composite Leading Indicators (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 235-266
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 32 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 235-266
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the current period performance of the OECD composite leading indicators (CLIs) for 21 OECD Member countries and three zone aggregates for which CLIs are available for a longer time period. The main aim of the current analysis on CLIs is to further evaluate the quality of the indicator in order to identify areas where their reliability could be improved. The results show that first estimates of CLIs are revised frequently but the size of revisions is rather small for most countries and almost neglectable for zone aggregates and there is no evidence of bias. The OECD CLI is, however, designed to provide early signals of turning points (peaks and troughs) between expansions and slowdowns of economic activity. Forecasting turning points is one of the main objectives of the leading indicator technique, because predicting the timing of cyclical turning points is one of the least reliable activities in economic forecasting. The results provide evidence that first and second estimates of year-on-year growth rates give reliable signals of approaching cyclical turning points. Finally, the importance of smoothness of components in the calculation of first and second estimates of the CLI and the overall smoothness of the CLI itself is noted in the findings. The results support the argument that it is not enough to have timely components they also need to be smooth to guarantee small revisions. Overall, this study has shown that whilst it could be dangerous to draw conclusions on the directions up or down in growth rates from one or two months figures for several countries, the first and second estimates of the CLIs give early signals of approaching turning points which in most cases are not revised later.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-2007-5km7vgqh718t
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  • 46
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    The Economic Sentiment Indicator : Leading Indicator - Properties in Old and New EU Member States (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 199-215
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 17 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2007, no. 2, p. 199-215
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses the leading indicator properties of the Economic Sentiment Indicator (ESI) of the European Commission, as well as two of its subcomponents, for industrial production growth. For this purpose we perform correlation analysis, Granger causality tests, an assessment on the ability to predict turning points and an out-of-sample forecasting exercise. Within a panel setting we compare the characteristics of these indicators for two subgroups of EU countries: the EU-15 and the new EU member states. We show that the forecasting quality and the leading indicator properties are still slightly lagging behind in the group of new EU member states. This may be related to the general problem of data quality and the undergone history of structural change in these countries that makes the assessment of future economic prospects particularly difficult.
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2007-art11-en
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  • 47
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    Residential Water Use (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 153-180
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 153-180
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Although 72% of the earth surface is covered by water, less than 1% of the world’s fresh water is directly accessible for human uses. Given humans’ water consumption patterns and the world population growth rate, these fresh water reserves have been shrinking all over the world at an alarming rate. There are currently more than 800 million people facing water scarcity and the United Nations project that approximately 2 to 7 billion people will be left without water by 2050; moreover, in the next 20 years, the average global supply of water per person will drop by one-third (see United Nations, 2003 and 2006).
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art14-en
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  • 48
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    Economic opening and the demand for skills in developing countries : A review of theory and evidence (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-31
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 31 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-31
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: A policy reform such as trade liberalisation can accelerate structural change in an economy, causing an exogenous shift in relative factor demands. For some developing countries, the result may be an increase in skills demand associated with the adoption of newly available foreign technology and lower-cost imported capital goods. This demand shift may be permanent or only temporary, but in either case the skills supply should eventually increase in response to higher returns. One concern, however, is that with an initially highly skewed distribution of education the skilled labour supply adjustment may be prolonged; likewise any transitional increase in skill-based wage inequality.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art3-en
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  • 49
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    Looking Backward, Moving Forward : Licensing New Reactors in the United States (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 7-29
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 23 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Procédure américaine d'autorisation de nouveaux réacteurs : Bilan et perspectives
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 7-29
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Aresurgence of interest in new nuclear power generation as part of the energy mix has emerged around the world in the past few years. The reasons for this potential “nuclear renaissance” stem from a complex set of considerations, including the environmental benefits of no “greenhouse” gas emissions, the enhanced reliability of nuclear operations, advantageous fuel and operating costs and government incentives, among others. For the first time in a generation, electric generating companies are giving serious consideration to building new commercial nuclear power plants in the United States.
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2008-5k9h3nj73l9t
    URL: Volltext
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  • 50
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    The contribution of economic geography to GDP per capita (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-37
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'impact de l'économie géographique sur le PIB par tête dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-37
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This article examines how much of the dispersion in economic performance across OECD countries can be accounted for by the proximity to areas of dense economic activity. To do so, various indicators of distance to markets and transportation costs are added as determinants in an augmented Solow model, which serves as a benchmark. Measures of distance to markets are found to have a statistically significant effect on GDP per capita. And the estimated economic impact is far from negligible. The reduced access to markets relative to the OECD average could contribute negatively to GDP per capita by as much as 11% in Australia and New Zealand. Conversely, a favourable impact of around 6-7% of GDP is found in the case of two centrally-located countries: Belgium and the Netherlands. The paper provides also some tentative evidence that spending on R&D and human capital might have a stronger effect on GDP per capita in countries with a higher degree of urban concentration.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art9-en
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  • 51
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    Globalisation and OECD consumer price inflation (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-32
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 32 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Mondialisation et hausse des prix à la consommation dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 1, p. 1-32
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Over the past 25 years inflation has moderated considerably in all OECD economies. At the same time, the production of many goods and services has become increasingly internationalised and the level of trade between the OECD and non-OECD economies has risen markedly. This paper investigates the extent to which the observed changes in the inflation process can be attributed to the increasing integration of non-OECD economies into the global economy. The results of the analysis show that i) import prices have become a more important driver of domestic consumer prices since the mid-1990s; ii) the sensitivity of inflation to domestic economic conditions has declined whereas the sensitivity to foreign economic conditions has risen, working through import prices; and iii) the strong GDP growth in the non-OECD economies over the past five years has contributed to the growth of real oil and metals prices. A scenario analysis shows that globalisation has put upward pressure on inflation via higher commodity prices and downward pressure via lower non-commodity import prices with the latter effect having dominated in most OECD economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2008-art4-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 52
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    Environmentally Responsible Food Choice (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 117-152
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 117-152
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of this paper is to review and assess the role of relevant explanatory variables that influence individual purchase decisions for “environmentally responsible” food consumption. In particular, we provide a detailed review of the key empirical studies in the area of consumer demand for those foods which can be broadly considered as environmentally responsible products (ERPs). We give this definition because the choice of ERPs is a consequence of individual concerns towards environmental and health issues and consumers are directly and indirectly responsible for the environmental and health effects of their food consumption choices. The decision to purchase ERPs should reduce negative environmental effects from intensive agricultural practices, helping to preserve a public good like the environment. Consumption of ERPs should also curb health risks from chemicals for all the household members eating the food purchased in the shops. Therefore, the choice of ERPs reflects both “public” and “private” demands.
    DOI: 10.1787/gen_papers-v2008-art13-en
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  • 53
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    National Legislative and Regulatory Activities (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Nuclear law bulletin Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 119-134
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7378
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 16 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Travaux législatifs et réglementaires nationaux
    Titel der Quelle: Nuclear law bulletin
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 1968
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2008, no. 2, p. 119-134
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Belarus ; France ; Germany ; Hungary ; Indonesia ; Italy ; Montenegro ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Belarus Act on the Use of Atomic Energy (2008) France Safety guideline on final disposal of radioactive waste in a deep geological repository (2008) Decree concerning the procedures applicable to foreign spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste reprocessing (2008) Germany Amendment to the 1986 Act on Preventive Protection of the Public Against Radiation (2008) Order on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (2008) Act on the 2004 Protocols to Amend the Paris Convention and the Brussels Supplementary Convention; Act to Amend the Atomic Energy Act (2008) Hungary Energy Policy 2007-2020 Framework Strategy (2008) Indonesia Regulation on licensing of uses of ionizing radiation sources and nuclear materials (2008) Italy Implementing law on urgent provisions for economic development etc. (2008) Montenegro Law on the Environment (2008) Romania Decision on the organisational structure of the Nuclear Agency (2008) Decision on the selection of the investors of Units 3 and 4 of Cernavoda NPP (2008)Consolidated version the Civil Protection Law (2008) National strategy for preventing emergency situations (2008) National strategy for information sharing and communication in the event of an emergency (2008) Russian Federation Decree transferring responsibilities to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology (2008) Slovak Republic Transposition of Council Directive 2006/117/Euratom (2008) Ukraine Decree creating the state enterprise “Nuclear Fuel” (2008) Amendment to the law on radioactive waste management (2008) United Kingdom New Ministry for Energy and Climate Change (2008) United States Next generation nuclear plant licensing strategy (2008) Public health and environmental radiation protection standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada (2008) Inflation adjustment to the Price-Anderson Act (2008)
    DOI: 10.1787/nuclear_law-2008-5k9gw7rxbp8t
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  • 54
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    Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged : The Case of Kentucky (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher Education Management and Policy Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-16 | volume:20 | year:2008 | number:2 | pages:1-16
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Concurrence mondiale, engagement local : l'exemple du Kentucky
    Titel der Quelle: Higher Education Management and Policy
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-16
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:20
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-16
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The Commonwealth of Kentucky, a state with among the lowest levels of per capita income and education attainment in the United States, embarked on an ambitious set of higher education reforms in 1997 aimed at elevating the state to the national average of educational attainment by 2020. At the time of their enactment, the Kentucky reforms were widely cited as models for other states on how to achieve a stronger link between postsecondary education and the future quality of life and economy of the population. Ten years later, the Kentucky Chamber of Commerce Task Force on Postsecondary Education commissioned an independent review to determine the state’s progress toward achieving that goal and to identify the tasks and challenges that remain. The Kentucky postsecondary reforms were a complex and interrelated set of means and ends designed to transform the Commonwealth’s standard of living and quality of life. In broad terms, its intent was to develop a seamless, nationally recognised postsecondary education system that would both create a nationally competitive workforce and support the development of an economy that could employ that workforce. The focus of the reforms was not on higher education institutions, per se, but on increasing the capacity of institutions to contribute to the future of the state’s economy and quality of life. In this respect, the reforms reflect many of the themes of the recent OECD report Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v20-art13-en
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  • 55
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    Universités, innovation et développement régional : l'expérience américaine (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-16 | volume:20 | year:2008 | number:2 | pages:1-16
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Universities, Innovation and Regional Development: A View from the United States
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-16
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:20
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-16
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: La mondialisation induit une mutation profonde du développement économique, qui conduit les organismes chargés de promouvoir le développement à adopter une approche régionale fondée sur le savoir-faire propre de chaque région, en d’autres termes sur son avantage concurrentiel. La mondialisation accroît par ailleurs l’accent mis sur l’innovation, qui est désormais le principal moteur de la croissance économique – tant pour les entreprises que pour les régions et les pays. Or, les universités se situent à l’intersection de ces deux tendances profondes : ancrées à l’échelon régional, elles sont sans doute également le principal moteur de l’innovation. S’appuyant sur l’expérience récente de certains États américains, le présent rapport analyse ce point de convergence en tentant de répondre à trois questions essentielles : (1) En quoi la compétitivité régionale est-elle le nouveau cadre du développement régional ? (2) Comment améliorer la compétitivité des régions ? (3) Comment lier les efforts d’innovation menés dans les universités au développement régional ? La conclusion du rapport est la suivante : il est urgent de mettre en œuvre de nouveaux mécanismes pour assurer cette corrélation entre innovation universitaire et développement régional. Les politiques publiques peuvent promouvoir ces mécanismes en répondant aux besoins « jumeaux » qui sous-tendent le marché émergent de l’innovation régionale : les responsables politiques devraient ainsi encourager les universités à proposer l’innovation sous des formes facilement exploitables par les régions, tout en aidant ces dernières à déterminer quelles sont les innovations les plus indispensables à leur prospérité économique future.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v20-art10-fr
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  • 56
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    Concurrence mondiale, engagement local : l'exemple du Kentucky (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-20 | volume:20 | year:2008 | number:2 | pages:1-20
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged: The Case of Kentucky
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-20
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:20
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-20
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: En 1997, le Commonwealth du Kentucky, qui enregistrait alors l’un des revenus par habitant et l’un des niveaux d’instruction les plus bas des États-Unis, a initié une série de réformes ambitieuses de son système d’enseignement supérieur, en vue de rattraper le niveau moyen d’instruction américain d’ici 2020. Au moment de leur adoption, ces réformes ont souvent été citées en exemple par les États qui, comme le Kentucky, souhaitaient renforcer la contribution de l’enseignement supérieur à la qualité de vie et à l’économie futures de leur population. Dix ans plus tard, le Groupe de travail sur l’enseignement supérieur de la Chambre de commerce du Kentucky a chargé un comité d’évaluation indépendant de déterminer l’étendue des progrès réalisés sur la voie de cet objectif, et d’identifier les mesures et défis à venir. Les réformes de l’enseignement supérieur mises en œuvre dans le Kentucky ont été conçues comme un ensemble complexe et interdépendant de fins et de moyens visant à transformer les conditions et la qualité de vie de la population du Commonwealth. De façon générale, l’idée était de développer un système d’enseignement supérieur parfaitement intégré, reconnu à l’échelon national, mais surtout à même de générer une main-d’œuvre compétitive au niveau national et de promouvoir la croissance économique, de façon à créer des emplois pour cette main-d’œuvre. Ces réformes n’avaient donc pas pour objet central de développer les établissements d’enseignement supérieur in fine, mais d’accroître la capacité des établissements à contribuer à la prospérité économique et à la qualité de vie futures de l’État. En cela, ces réformes reflètent une grande partie des thèmes évoqués dans le récent rapport de l’OCDE intitulé Enseignement supérieur et régions : concurrence mondiale, engagement local.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v20-art13-fr
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  • 57
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    Universities, Innovation and Regional Development : A View from the United States (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher Education Management and Policy Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-13 | volume:20 | year:2008 | number:2 | pages:1-13
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Universités, innovation et développement régional : l'expérience américaine
    Titel der Quelle: Higher Education Management and Policy
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 20, no. 2, p. 1-13
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:20
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:1-13
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Globalisation is profoundly changing economic development, forcing development officials to adopt a regional approach founded on what a particular region does best or its competitive advantage. Globalisation has also placed a new premium on innovation as the critical fuel to economic success – for firms, regions and countries. Universities lie at the nexus of these two powerful trends: they are rooted in regions, and they are perhaps the most important engines of innovation. Drawing on recent experience in the United States, this paper explores this nexus by addressing three critical questions: (1) Why is regional competitiveness the new paradigm for regional development? (2) What must regions do to compete? (3) What can be done to connect university innovation with regional development? The paper concludes that new mechanisms are needed to connect university innovation with regional development. Public policy can encourage these mechanisms by addressing twin needs in the newly forming “market” for regional innovation: encouraging universities to make innovation available in ways that regions can easily tap, and helping regions understand which innovations are most critical to their economic future.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v20-art10-en
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  • 58
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    Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes: Netherlands 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264041295
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Serie: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Netherlands
    RVK:
    QG 430
    RVK:
    QV 221
    Schlagwort(e): Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Niederlande ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Netherlands ; Niederlande ; Jugendlicher Arbeitnehmer
    Kurzfassung: Improving the performance of youth on the labour market is a crucial challenge in OECD countries facing persistent youth unemployment. As labour markets become more and more selective, a lack of relevant skills brings a higher risk of unemployment. Whatever the level of qualification, first experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. OECD has launched a series of reports on the school-to-work transition process in sixteen countries including the Netherlands. Each report contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264041295-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 59
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    Guide de l'OCDE pour l'établissement de statistiques internationalement comparables dans le domaine de l'éducation : Concepts, normes, définitions et classifications (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030459
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (296 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics; Concepts, Standards, Definitions and Classifications
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Depuis plus de dix ans, l’OCDE développe et publie une large gamme d’indicateurs comparatifs qui fournissent un aperçu du fonctionnement des systèmes éducatifs. Ces outils donnent accès à des informations essentielles sur les rouages, l’évolution et l’impact des systèmes éducatifs, depuis la petite enfance, en passant par l’enseignement dans le cadre scolaire et jusqu'à la formation et l’apprentissage tout au long de la vie. Ils donnent à chaque pays la possibilité de voir son système éducatif à la lumière des résultats des autres pays. Les concepts, définitions, classifications et méthodologies, qui ont été élaborés pour guider les statistiques et les indicateurs, sont essentiels à la crédibilité et à la compréhension de ces comparaisons. Pour la première fois, ce guide rassemble ces méthodologies en un seul volume de référence, fournissant un outil inestimable tant aux utilisateurs qu’aux fournisseurs des statistiques de l’OCDE sur l’éducation. Le guide répond à des questions telles que « Qu’est-ce qu’un enseignant ? », « Que veut-on dire par "dépenses publiques d’éducation" ? », aussi bien qu’à des questions concernant l’utilisation des indicateurs, par exemple « Comment dois-je interpréter les dépenses par étudiant ? Que mesurent-elles ? ». Ce faisant, le guide vise à faciliter une meilleure compréhension des statistiques et des indicateurs de l’OCDE et permet donc une plus grande efficacité d‘utilisation aux fins d’analyse politique. De la même manière, il constitue une référence facilement utilisable sur les conventions et les standards internationaux afin que d’autres acteurs puissent continuer la collecte et l’assimilation des données sur l’éducation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264030459-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 60
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    Investissements en infrastructures de transport et productivité de l'économie (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282101278
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (123 p.)
    Serie: Tables Rondes CEMT no.132
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transport Infrastructure Investment and Economic Productivity
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Cette Table Ronde fait partie d’une série de manifestations scientifiques organisées pour réfléchir aux instruments qui permettent d’améliorer la planification des transports. En abordant les effets macroéconomiques des politiques d’infrastructures de transport, elle visait à dresser un inventaire des outils analytiques et empiriques qui servent à déterminer le volume global des dépenses publiques à engager dans l’investissement en infrastructures de transport. Les documents de référence ont été fournis par MM. David Canning (Université de Harvard), Charles Hulten (Université du Maryland) et Andreas Kopp (Centre conjoint OCDE-CEMT de recherche sur le transports).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282101278-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 61
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    Sustainable Development : Linking Economy, Society, Environment (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055742 , 9789264107090
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (142 p.)
    Serie: OECD Insights
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Le développement durable ; À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Umwelt im Zusammenhang betrachtet
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Strange, Tracey Sustainable development
    RVK:
    AR 14300
    RVK:
    AR 28000
    RVK:
    QC 347
    RVK:
    QT 000
    Schlagwort(e): Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Umweltverträglichkeit
    Kurzfassung: This book takes a careful look at the concept of sustainable development. What does it mean? How is it affected by production, consumption and globalisation? How it can be measured, and what can be done to promote it? The OECD produces data, research and policy recommendations on many issues related to sustainable development, including climate change, co-operation with developing countries and corporate social responsibility. OECD Insights: Sustainable Development draws on that expertise. It argues that to be sustainable, development has to be based on progress in three areas at once: the economy, society and the environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055742-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 62
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    Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes: Japan 2009 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056923
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Serie: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Japan
    RVK:
    QG 870
    RVK:
    QV 221
    Schlagwort(e): Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Japan ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Japan ; Japan ; Jugend ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Kurzfassung: Improving the performance of youth on the labour market is a crucial challenge in many OECD countries and first experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on Japan, one of a series of country studies, surveys the main barriers to employment for young people in Japan, assesses of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school to work in the country, and presents set of policy recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056923-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 63
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    Jobs for Immigrants (Vol. 2) : Labour Market Integration in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Portugal (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055605
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (334 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les migrants et l'emploi (Vol. 2) ; L'intégration sur le marché du travail en Belgique, en France, aux Pays-Bas et au Portugal
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les migrants et l'emploi (Vol. 2)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Jobs for immigrants ; Vol. 2: Labour market integration in Belgium, France, The Netherlands and Portugal
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitsmigranten ; Migranten ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Soziale Integration ; Belgien ; Frankreich ; Niederlande ; Portugal ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium ; France ; Netherlands ; Portugal ; Belgien ; Einwanderer ; Generation 2 ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Integration ; Frankreich ; Niederlande ; Portugal
    Kurzfassung: When immigrants arrive in a new country, they are confronted with new labour market requirements such as language proficiency, familiarity with job search procedures and work practices which they are not always able to satisfy. These obstacles affect not only new immigrants, but, surprisingly, their children too, even if the children are born and educated in the receiving country. This publication presents reviews of the labour market integration of immigrants and their children in four OECD countries (Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Portugal), and provides country-specific recommendations. Governments have a role to play in promoting language and vocational training, and encouraging diversity in the workplace. Immigrants themselves must accept the requirements of the host country employers. The viability of future migration policies, in particular greater recourse to immigration, will depend to a large extent on how successful OECD countries and immigrants are in achieving these objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055605-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 64
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    Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes: New Zealand 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264041868
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (158 p.)
    Serie: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als New Zealand
    Schlagwort(e): Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Neuseeland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; New Zealand ; Neuseeland ; Jugend ; Arbeitnehmer
    Kurzfassung: Improving the performance of youth on the labour market is a crucial challenge in OECD countries facing persistent youth unemployment. As labour markets become more and more selective, a lack of relevant skills brings a higher risk of unemployment. Whatever the level of qualification, first experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. Getting off to a good start facilitates integration and lays the foundation for a good career, while a failure can be difficult to make up. OECD has launched a series of reports on the school-to-work transition process in sixteen countries including New Zealand. Each report contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners.This report is based on the proceedings of a seminar and is published in English only. However, a French translation of the summary and main recommendations has been included in this volume.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264041868-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 65
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    Das emplois pour les jeunes/Jobs for Youth : Canada 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264046726
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Serie: Des emplois pour les jeunes/Jobs for Youth
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes; Canada 2008
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Canada
    Kurzfassung: Face à la persistance du chômage des jeunes, leur insertion dans l'emploi reste une préoccupation majeure des pays de l'OCDE. Le marché du travail est de plus en plus sélectif et un manque de diplômes accroît le désavantage comparatif. Quel que soit le niveau de diplôme, les premières expériences sur le marché du travail à la sortie de l’école conditionnent fortement la trajectoire professionnelle. Ce rapport sur le Canada analyse les principales barrières à l'emploi des jeunes et évalue la pertinence et l'efficacité des dispositifs existants pour faciliter la transition de l'école à l'emploi. Il présente également une série de recommandations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264046726-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 66
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    Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes: Norway 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264049208
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Serie: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Norway
    DDC: 331.3409599
    RVK:
    QG 440
    RVK:
    QV 221
    Schlagwort(e): Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Norwegen ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Norway ; Norwegen ; Jugendlicher Arbeitnehmer ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Kurzfassung: Improving the performance of youth on the labour market is a crucial challenge in many OECD countries and first experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on Norway, one of a series of country studies, surveys the main barriers to employment for young people in Norway, assesses of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school to work in the country, and presents set of policy recommendations. It finds that on most counts, the youth labour market in Norway performs well, but that the incidence of sickness and disability is unusually high, immigrant youth do not fare as well, and more needs to be done to ensure that all youth leave education with recognised qualifications.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264049208-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 67
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    Stockage définitif des déchets de haute activité : Calendrier de mise en œuvre (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264046580
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (144 p.)
    Serie: Développement de l'énergie nucléaire
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Timing of High-level Waste Disposal
    Schlagwort(e): Nuclear Energy ; Belgium ; Canada ; Czech Republic ; European Union ; France ; Germany ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Sweden ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Cette étude met en évidence les facteurs clés affectant le calendrier du stockage définitif des déchets radioactifs de haute activité. Elle analyse comment l'acceptation sociale, la robustesse technique, la prise en compte des aspects environnementaux et la faisabilité économique influencent les stratégies nationales concernant la gestion et le stockage définitif de tels déchets. À la lumière d’études de cas, elle présente aussi les approches stratégiques adoptées par différents pays pour répondre aux préoccupations du public et aux attentes de la société civile en matière de gestion à long terme des déchets radioactifs de haute activité. Les enseignements et conclusions de l'étude confirment l'importance d'informer toutes les parties prenantes et de les faire participer au processus de décision si l'on veut réussir la mise en œuvre des politiques de stockage définitif des déchets radioactifs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264046580-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 68
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    More Than Just Jobs : Workforce Development in a Skills-Based Economy (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264043282
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (256 p.)
    Serie: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als More than just jobs
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Australien ; Frankreich ; Deutschland ; Japan ; Südkorea ; Großbritannien ; USA ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; OECD ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik
    Kurzfassung: "Job placement” has been the traditional goal of labour and employment policies, but this report argues otherwise. To stay competitive in a globalised economy, governments must also strive to enhance the skills of workers, increase their productivity and provide upward mobility to immigrants and the disadvantaged. This report provides valuable insights into how labour policies can be expanded to meet economic development and social cohesion goals, while also reconciling national and local concerns. Studies from seven OECD countries are presented (Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States), each analysing attempts to expand workforce development policies and bridge the gap between national and local initiatives. Included are various types of government/private sector partnerships in the United States, regional training in France and Australia’s efforts to customise policies to local needs. Based on the country studies, the report then makes specific recommendations and suggestions on how workforce development policies can be expanded and improved.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264043282-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 69
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    Understanding Economic Statistics: An OECD Perspective (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264046986
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Understanding Economic Statistics; An OECD Perspective; (Czech version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Understanding Economic Statistics: An OECD Perspective: (Czech version)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Giovannini, Enrico, 1957 - Understanding economic statistics
    DDC: 337
    Schlagwort(e): Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Wissenschaftliche Methode ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics Statistical methods ; Economics ; Wirtschaftsstatistik
    Kurzfassung: Drawing on OECD statistics in particular, ‘Understanding Economic Statistics: an OECD perspective' shows readers how to use statistics to understand the world economy. It gives an overview of the history, key concepts and the main providers of economic statistics. A detailed chapter provides a comprehensive picture of the main statistical activities of the OECD. Finally, the book explores the crucial issue of quality assurance and the implications for public trust.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264046986-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 70
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    Eurostat-OECD Manual on Business Demography Statistics (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264041882
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (102 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Europäische Kommission. Statistisches Amt EUROSTAT - OECD manual on business demography statistics
    RVK:
    QH 238
    Schlagwort(e): Unternehmenserfolg ; Unternehmensgründung ; Lebenszyklus ; Statistische Methode ; Anpassung ; EU-Staaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Indikator ; Unternehmensentwicklung
    Kurzfassung: This joint Eurostat and OECD publication provides a detailed description of the sources and methods used by OECD countries to compile the business demography indicators, such as birth death and survival rates of businesses, published by OECD in Structural and Demographic Business Statistics (SDBS). Furthermore, these measures are key components of the Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme developed jointly by the OECD and Eurostat. It is the first manual of its kind that provides for an internationally comparable framework for these increasingly important measures and also provides recommendations for the measurement of indicators not hitherto covered in the SDBS publication, such as indicators of high-growth enterprises and young high-growth enterprises (gazelles).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264041882-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 71
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Norway 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264038080
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (268 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Norvège 2007
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Norvège 2007
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Norway
    Schlagwort(e): Regionales Wachstum ; Regionalpolitik ; Norwegen ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Norway ; Norwegen ; Regionalpolitik
    Kurzfassung: Few other countries feature the combination of very low population densities and difficult topography that hinders communication, in addition to a variety of contrasting climates. But the “Nordic welfare model” strives, with a good degree of success, to offer equal living conditions to all citizens by providing proper access to quality public services across the country. This comes, however, at great cost. This publication asks whether such a model can be sustainable in the long run, when population ageing and the reduction of petroleum reserves will reduce the leeway that the rapidly growing economy offers. It examines whether competitiveness and innovation could be further developed, given the high share of resource-based and traditional activities and whether urban policy could be better integrated into regional policy so as to better harness the energy of regional growth engines in different areas of the country, including the northern most parts. Lastly, it looks at whether impending regional reform could facilitate the necessary adaptations by transferring more power to regional councils.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264038080-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 72
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    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: United States 2007 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264030749
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The United States is the largest economy and energy user in the world. Significant developments have taken place in its energy policy since the last IEA review in 2002. Most important is the Energy Policy Act 2005 – a comprehensive energy legislation which has set new directions, including opening the way for a nuclear renaissance. Two closely connected challenges shape all debates on the nation’s energy policy path: how to increase security by reducing the dependence on imported supplies; and how to address growing emissions of greenhouse gases. This review takes an in-depth look at these issues and provides recommendations on how the United States can do more to answer the challenges of both improving its security of energy supply and lowering its emissions intensity, demonstrating the significant improvements that can already be realised through existing technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264030749-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 73
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    Space Technologies and Climate Change : Implications for Water Management, Marine Resources and Maritime Transport (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264054196
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This book examines the contributions that space technologies can make in tackling some of the serious problems posed by climate change. Focusing on examples of water management, marine resources and maritime transport, it sets out the rationale for further developing satellite systems to measure and monitor climate change and help mitigate its consequences. The report underlines the need to consider satellites not just as research and development systems, but as an important component of a critical communication- and information-based infrastructure for modern societies. The tool box for decision makers that concludes the book reviews different methodological options for deciding on investments in space-based earth observation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264054196-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 74
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Istanbul, Turkey 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264043831
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Istanbul, Turkey
    Schlagwort(e): Wirtschaftsförderung ; Megastadt ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Istanbul ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Turkey ; Istanbul
    Kurzfassung: Istanbul has established itself as the industrial, financial and logistics centre of the country, producing almost one-third of the national output and absorbing the bulk of foreign direct investment. And, on the international scale, Istanbul ranks among the fastest growing OECD metro-regions. This review finds, however, that Istanbul faces challenges that could hamper its ambition to become a Eurasian hub for finance, logistics, culture and tourism, as well as its development in general. Its economy is changing from one driven by labour-intensive activities to one based on knowledge industries, while traditional and labour-intensive sectors (e.g. textiles and its supply chain) are shifting only gradually and slowly to other complementary industry segments. Constraints on human capital development and the informal sector have hindered productivity levels and increased income disparities. Over-migration is putting a burden on Istanbul’s transport, public infrastructure and housing, and earthquake risk management. The scale and variety of these challenges necessitates improving local public management and implementing a national strategy to reduce regional disparities and to limit migration flows towards the megalopolis.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264043831-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 75
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    Accounting for One-off Operations when Assessing Underlying Fiscal Positions (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.642
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Frequent recourse to large one-off operations in a number of OECD countries has undermined the accuracy of cyclically adjusted fiscal balances as a measure of both the sustainability of public finance and the fiscal stance. This paper first provides detailed information on the nature and amount of these one-offs for 9 OECD countries. The paper then presents a new indicator – the “underlying” fiscal balance – which effectively eliminates the impact of one-offs and cyclical developments. One-offs are derived as the deviations from trend in net capital transfers, i.e. from widely available national account data. This approach provides a consistent treatment of one-offs both across countries and over time, avoiding the potential information biases which could result from an individual identification of one-offs.
    DOI: 10.1787/236220765316
    URL: Volltext
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  • 76
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    Indonesia: Growth Performance and Policy Challenges (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.637
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Indonesia
    Kurzfassung: Indonesia’s growth performance is improving, following a slow recovery from the 1997-98 financial crisis. Investment is picking up, despite considerable business-climate obstacles to entrepreneurship. Unemployment remains high, and labour informality is pervasive. Fiscal policy has been conducted responsibly and in an increasingly decentralised manner. Monetary policy is now carried out within a fully-fledged inflation-targeting framework. This paper argues that the main barriers to raising the economy’s growth potential are to be found on the supply side of the economy. Indonesia will need to improve the business environment and to make better use of labour inputs to put the economy on a higher growth trajectory. The country’s income gap relative to the OECD is sizeable, and several years of sustained growth will be needed to eliminate it. This Working Paper relates to the 2008 OECD Economic Assessment of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/indonesia).
    DOI: 10.1787/236831785800
    URL: Volltext
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  • 77
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    Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Central and Eastern Europe: Surveying the Surveyable (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.654
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper surveys recent advances in empirical studies of the monetary transmission mechanism (MTM), with special attention to Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Our results indicate that the strength of the exchange rate pass-through substantially declined over time mainly due to a fall in inflation rates and to some extent due to the so-called composition effect. The asset price channel is weak and is likely to remain weak because of shallow stock and private bond markets and because of low stock and bond holdings of domestic household. House prices may become an exception with higher levels mortgage lending and with high owner occupancy ratios. While the credit channel could be a powerful channel of monetary transmission - as new funds raised on capital markets are close to zero in CEE - it is actually not, as both commercial banks and non-financial corporations can escape domestic monetary conditions by borrowing from their foreign mother companies. The moderately good news is, however, that those banks and firms are influenced by monetary policy in the euro area because their parent institutions are themselves subjected to the credit channel in the euro area.
    DOI: 10.1787/230605773237
    URL: Volltext
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  • 78
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    The Impact of Hinterland Access Conditions on Rivalry between Ports (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/08
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the interaction between hinterland access conditions and port competition. Competition between ports is treated as competition between alternate intermodal transportation chains, while the hinterland access conditions are represented by both the corridor facilities and the inland roads. We find that when ports compete in quantities, an increase in corridor capacity will increase own port’s output, reduce the rival port’s output, and increase own port’s profit. On the other hand, an increase in inland road capacity may or may not increase own port’s output and profit, owing to various offsetting effects. Essentially, while more road capacity reduces local delays and moderates the negative impact of own output expansion, it induces greater local commuter traffic and may moderate the reduction by local commuter traffic in response to a rise in cargo traffic, both of which reduces own output and profit. Similarly, inland road pricing may or may not increase own port’s output and profit. Finally, case examples for selected ports and regions are discussed.
    DOI: 10.1787/235411150338
    URL: Volltext
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  • 79
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    The Relationship between Seaports and the Inter-Modal Hinterland in Light of Global Supply Chains (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/10
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: The seaport-hinterland interaction plays an increasingly important role in shaping supply chain solutions of shippers and logistics service providers. Scarcity concerns combined with concerns over the reliability of transport solutions have led seaports and hinterland corridors to take up a more active role in supply chains. This contribution looks at port developments and logistics dynamics in Europe and proposes some steps towards a further integration between seaports and the hinterland. The key point put forward in this paper is that the competitive battle among ports will increasingly be fought ashore. Hinterland connections are thus a key area for competition and coordination among actors. The paper approaches port-hinterland dynamics from the perspective of the various market players involved, including port authorities, shipping lines, terminal operators, transport operators (rail, barge, road and short sea) and logistics service providers. The paper will address the impact of horizontal and vertical relations in supply chains on the structure of these chains and on the relationships between seaports and the intermodal hinterland. Who takes or should take the lead in the further integration of ports and inland ports and what actions have been taken so far by the market players in this respect, will be examined. The incentives for market players to vertically or horizontally integrate will be analyzed against the backdrop of the nature of the market in which the various players operate.
    DOI: 10.1787/235371341338
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  • 80
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Portugal 2008 (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264008977
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (146 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews Portugal; (Portuguese version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews Portugal: (Portuguese version)
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Portugal
    Kurzfassung: In order to curb rising unemployment and to upgrade low value-added activities, the competitive edge lost in low-cost labour must be earned back through education and innovation. Regional policy stands as a key tool to achieve this shift in a relatively small yet diverse country with moderate economic growth and limited public spending capacity. This report analyses how a paradigm shift in regional policy, building on the knowledge of both public and private stakeholders in specific regions (ranging from dynamic urban areas on the coast to lagging inland areas), could help Portugal fully exploit its potential for sustainable development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264008977-en
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  • 81
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    Importance du prix du pétrole dans le prix du transport de marchandises (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 9 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2008/04
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Oil is the main component of transport fuel. As for now, however, crude oil price (FOB-Free on board) accounts for less than a fifth of transport costs. Operating costs, wages and taxes cause the remaining four fifths. Nevertheless, oil scarcity may raise fuel costs to such a level that transport companies and citizen may suffer significant adverse impacts. A multiplication by 8 of the price of oil (compared to 2007) would double road transport cost. Yet, the rise would be global, which would enable operators to shift the cost to their clients without suffering changes in competition. Still, small operators that would not be in a position to optimize truck loads and routes would be threatened. Major oil price rise would mainly affect two aspects of mobility: aviation and private motoring. Air companies have added a special oil charge to ticket cost while changes in private motoring, which uses approximately as much fuel as air per passenger – kilometre, may lead to a situation where only the wealthiest citizens may keep driving.
    DOI: 10.1787/235522325515
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  • 82
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Short-Term Distributional Effects of Structural Reforms : Selected Simulations in a DGSE Framework (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.648
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the short-term distributional effects of a number of tax and labour market reforms in the euro area, drawing on simulations using a micro-founded dynamic general equilibrium model. A heterogeneous household sector with two groups of consumers is considered. The first group maximises intertemporal utility over an infinite horizon in the presence of habit persistence. The second group is liquidity constrained and has no access to financial markets for intertemporal income transfers. It thus spends its disposable income entirely on current consumption. Although the examined reforms are estimated to boost aggregate consumption and output immediately after implementation, they have sizeable distributional effects. In particular, liquidity-constrained households may incur transitional losses after a cut in the benefit replacement ratio. Lowering employment and/or price adjustment costs could markedly reduce these short-term costs. A suitable compensation scheme could also reduce the uneven distribution of transitional losses, but at the expense of lower aggregate gains in the long run.
    DOI: 10.1787/234214803027
    URL: Volltext
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  • 83
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Reforming the Tax System in Japan to Promote Fiscal Sustainability and Economic Growth (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.650
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Japan
    Kurzfassung: Tax reform is an urgent priority, as Japan needs as much as 5% to 6% of GDP of additional government revenue just to stabilise public debt, which has risen to 180% of GDP. In addition to raising revenue, tax reform should promote economic growth, address the deterioration in income distribution and improve the local tax system. Additional revenue should be obtained primarily by increasing the consumption tax rate, currently the lowest in the OECD area, while broadening the personal and corporate income tax bases. The corporate tax rate, now the highest in the OECD area, should be cut to promote growth, while eliminating aspects of the tax system which discourage labour supply and distort the allocation of capital. Japan should also consider introducing an Earned Income Tax Credit to promote equity. The local tax system should be simplified, increasing reliance on existing taxes on property, income and consumption.
    DOI: 10.1787/230312273167
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  • 84
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    A Taxonomy of Instruments to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and their Interactions (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.636
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews alternative (national and international) climate change mitigation policy instruments and interactions across them. Carbon taxes, cap-and-trade schemes, standards and technology-support policies (R&D and clean technology deployment) in particular are assessed according to three broad costeffectiveness criteria, their: i) static efficiency, defined to cover not just whether the instrument is costeffective per se but also whether it provides sufficient political incentives for wide adoption; ii) dynamic efficiency, which implies an efficient level of innovation and diffusion of clean technologies in order to lower future abatement costs; iii) ability to cope effectively with climate and economic uncertainties. Multiple market failures and political economy obstacles need to be addressed in order to meet these criteria. In this regard, carbon taxes or cap-and-trade schemes appear to perform better than alternatives. However, their cost-effectivenes can be enhanced through targeted use of other instruments. There is therefore room for climate policy packages.
    DOI: 10.1787/236846121450
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Encouraging Labour Force Participation in Chile (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.608
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Chile
    Kurzfassung: Chile’s labour force participation is low by comparison with most countries in the OECD area, especially among females and youths. In the case of women, labour supply has risen steadily over time for prime-age and older individuals, against a background of relative stability for men. With regards to youths, participation rates are trending down, primarily as a result of rising school enrolment, especially for males, while remaining fairly low and stable over the years for young females. The main policy challenge in this area is to raise female labour supply further, for both prime-age individuals and youths, as a means of making a better use of labour inputs in support of long-term growth. This can be achieved essentially by removing provisions in the labour code that constrain the allocation of working time and by improving access to affordable child care for mothers with young children. Policies aimed at fostering human capital accumulation for the population as a whole would also contribute, because educational attainment is one of the most powerful determinants of labour force participation. This paper relates to the 2007 Economic Survey of Chile (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/chile).
    DOI: 10.1787/242103851837
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  • 86
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    Online-Ressource
    Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: United States (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264072015
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Serie: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.6
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; États-Unis
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : États-Unis
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; United States
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264072015-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    US Academic Libraries : Today's Learning Commons Model (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 8 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2008/04
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les bibliothèques universitaires aux États-Unis : un modèle adapté aux besoins d'aujourd'hui
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; United States
    Kurzfassung: In 2007, the author examined existing academic libraries in the United States to determine best practices for the design, implementation and service of learning commons facilities. A primary objective of this study was to discover how to create a higher education learning environment that sustains scholarship, encourages collaboration and empowers student learning. This article explains how to plan for a modern learning commons and presents the various components that comprise the space.
    DOI: 10.1787/245354858154
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  • 88
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    Online-Ressource
    Monetary Policy, Market Excesses and Financial Turmoil (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 17 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.597
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper addresses the question of whether and how monetary policy ease may lead to excesses in financial and real asset markets and ultimately result in financial dislocation. It presents evidence suggesting that periods when short-term interest rates have been persistently and significantly below what Taylor rules would prescribe are correlated with increases in asset prices, especially as regards housing, though no systematic effects are identified on equity markets. Significant asset price increases, however, can also occur when interest rates are in line with Taylor rules, associated with periods of financial deregulation and/or innovation. The paper argues that accommodating monetary policy over the period 2002-2005, in combination with rapid financial market innovation, would seem in retrospect to have been among the factors behind the run-up in asset prices and consequent financial imbalances -- the (partial) unwinding of which helped trigger the 2007 financial market turmoil. Moreover, the paper points out that in certain situations policy rates may be a rather blunt tool for dealing with both the build-up and aftermath of financial imbalances, raising the question whether “macro-prudential” regulation could be useful.
    DOI: 10.1787/244200148201
    URL: Volltext
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  • 89
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    Enhancing the Productivity of the Service Sector in Japan (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.651
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Japan
    Kurzfassung: Labour productivity growth in the service sector, which accounts for 70% of Japan’s economic output and employment, has slowed markedly in recent years in contrast to manufacturing. The disappointing performance is associated with weak competition in the service sector resulting from strict product market regulation and the low level of import penetration and inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI). Reversing the deceleration in productivity growth in the service sector is essential to raise Japan’s growth potential. The key is to eliminate entry barriers, accelerate regulatory reform, upgrade competition policy and reduce barriers to trade and inflows of FDI. Special attention should be given to factors limiting productivity growth in services characterised by either low productivity or high growth potential, such as retail, transport, energy and business services. Finally, it is essential to increase competition in public services, such as health and education, where market forces have been weak.
    DOI: 10.1787/230272412875
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Modernising Canada's Agricultural Policies (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.629
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Canada
    Kurzfassung: The agricultural sector in Canada is relatively large, compared to those in most other G7 countries. In recent years, the federal and provincial governments have undertaken a number of sectoral reforms to meet the competitiveness and environmental challenges that it faces. The federal government has tried to end a marketing monopoly in the barley market and may do so for wheat as well. The next generation of agriculture and agri-food policy is being finalised, and implementation of the first part of a new framework, Growing Forward, has begun. But a steady stream of ad hoc programmes in recent years has had significant budgetary costs and no doubt created moral hazard among farmers. There is scope for further liberalisation in supply-managed sectors, which are heavily protected and subsidised by consumers. Moreover, Canada’s bio-energy production, in particular the production of second-generation bio-ethanol (from cellulose), is under pressure in light of less costly bio-energy production overseas. Against this background, governments are striving to ensure the long-term viability of the sector. This Working Paper relates to the 2008 OECD Economic Survey of Canada (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/canada).
    DOI: 10.1787/240820753484
    URL: Volltext
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  • 91
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    Health Status Determinants : Lifestyle, Environment, Health Care Resources and Efficiency (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.627
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper aims to shed light on the contribution of health care and other determinants to the health status of the population and to provide evidence on whether or not health care resources are producing similar value for money across OECD countries. First, it discusses the pros and cons of various indicators of the health status, concluding that mortality and longevity indicators have some drawbacks but remain the best available proxies. Second, it suggests that changes in health care spending, lifestyle factors (smoking and alcohol consumption as well as diet), education, pollution and income have been important factors behind improvements in health status. Third, it derives estimates of countries’ relative performance in transforming health care resources into longevity from two different methods – panel data regressions and data envelopment analysis – which give remarkably consistent results. The empirical estimates suggest that potential efficiency gains might be large enough to raise life expectancy at birth by almost three years on average for OECD countries, while a 10% increase in total health spending would increase life expectancy by three to four months.
    DOI: 10.1787/240858500130
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  • 92
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    Online-Ressource
    Reforming the Polish Tax System to Improve its Efficiency (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.630
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Poland
    Kurzfassung: The Polish tax system is characterised by high social security contributions for both employers and employees. As a result, Poland has one of the highest tax wedges in the OECD, despite relatively low personal income tax rates. This, combined with a relatively high minimum wage and generous early-retirement and disability benefit programmes, contributes to low employment rates, in particular among low-skilled workers. The system also relies heavily on consumption taxes, whereas relatively little revenue is collected from such bases as environment externalities, inheritances and, in particular, property. One of the key implications of the tax structure is that the system as a whole is one of the least redistributive among OECD countries. This paper reviews the main features of the tax system and explores options to improve its efficiency, including possibilities to broaden existing tax bases as well as to shift the tax burden from labour towards less mobile and distorting sources such as property.
    DOI: 10.1787/240788685657
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  • 93
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    Online-Ressource
    The Euro Changeover in the Slovak Republic : Implications for Inflation and Interest Rates (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.632
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; El Salvador
    Kurzfassung: In January 2009, the Slovak Republic will adopt the euro and become the 16th member of the euro area. This paper investigates the implications of euro adoption in the Slovak Republic for inflation and interest rates with an attempt to quantify their likely size as well as their consequences for the general public. The empirical analysis – which makes use of the experience of the first-wave euro area countries – suggests that the cash changeover will most likely be associated with a moderate increase in consumer prices, estimated at around 0.3%. Policy measures to reduce this effect include public information campaigns, the conversion of publicly administered prices with the exact conversion rate and the reduction of administrative obstacles to increase supply. The minor purchasing power losses associated with this price increase will not be evenly distributed across the population with higher income households and families with children expected to be harder hit than others. Even though the exchange rate vis-à-vis the euro area will be irrevocably fixed, past appreciations of the koruna are still likely to pass-through to some downward pressure on consumer prices, with the cumulative effect estimated to amount to around 1.5% up to mid-2009. In the longer run, the Balassa-Samuelson effect and other factors affecting catch-up economies may raise the Slovak inflation rate above the euro area level. As capital markets have already fully priced in euro membership, no immediate effect on short- and long-term interest rates in the wholesale markets is to be expected for January 2009. In the longer run, euro adoption can be expected to foster financial integration, thereby leading to a convergence of Slovak retail interest rates towards euro area levels. This reduction in retail interest rates will benefit the general public with mortgage borrowers likely to reap the largest benefits. A potential risk of low real interest rates is the emergence of a boom-bust cycle; prudent fiscal policy and further structural reforms, including enhanced competition, would help to counter any such developments.
    DOI: 10.1787/240631807010
    URL: Volltext
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  • 94
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    Online-Ressource
    Strategies for Countries with Favourable Fiscal Positions (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.655
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The financial crisis and economic downturn are going to weigh on fiscal positions in OECD countries over the short to medium-term, both through the operation of automatic stabilisers and the enactment of discretionary fiscal stimulus packages. However, the strategic policy options facing OECD countries are mainly determined by the soundness of their underlying fiscal positions which vary substantially. This paper first describes how OECD economies are situated with respect to underlying fiscal balances and net government debt. A number of countries seem to enjoy favourable fiscal positions with underlying fiscal surpluses, low government debt or even positive net financial asset positions. When taking account, as far as possible, of implicit liabilities associated with ageing populations and resource-based revenues, fiscal positions still vary greatly across countries. The paper then examines the criteria involved in deciding whether government financial asset accumulation is in excess of needs and the use to which any excess government saving might be put, whether increasing public spending or reducing taxes. Finally, the determinants of the optimal size of the government balance sheet for any given desired net debt position are discussed.
    DOI: 10.1787/230123832406
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Fiscal Policy Responsiveness, Persistence, and Discretion (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.659
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: In this working paper, we decompose fiscal policy in three components: i) responsiveness, ii) persistence and iii) discretion. Using a sample of 132 countries, our results point out that fiscal policy tends to be more persistent than responding to output variations. We also found that while the effect of cross-country covariates is positive (negative) for discretion, it is negative (positive) for persistence, suggesting that countries with higher persistence have lower discretion and vice versa. In particular, while government size, country size and income have negative effects on the discretion component of fiscal policy, they tend to increase fiscal policy persistence.
    DOI: 10.1787/228864226783
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  • 96
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Tackling Business and Labour Informality in Chile (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.607
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Chile
    Kurzfassung: Informality often arises from disincentives associated with high taxes and a restrictive regulatory framework in both labour and product markets. About 20% of the Chilean population aged 15 years and above and working at least 20 hours per week did not have a formal labour contract in 2006. At the same time, nearly 11% of the potential value added tax base is estimated to have been undeclared in 2005. While Chile’s tax system is not particularly burdensome to business formality, there is scope for making product-market regulations less onerous to firms and the labour code more flexible, especially with regards to indefinite contracts and the allocation of working time. Low human capital remains an important obstacle to reducing labour informality. To the extent that informal businesses also hire informally, there is some room for designing policies to tackle business informality in conjunction with those aimed at boosting formal labour contracting. Chile is strengthening its social safety net through the introduction of unemployment insurance and by reforming existing health insurance and pension systems. An important policy question is whether the incentives for formality arising from more comprehensive social protection will be strong enough to compensate for the additional costs these contributory programmes entail. This paper relates to the 2007 Economic Survey of Chile (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/chile).
    DOI: 10.1787/242111325372
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  • 97
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    Online-Ressource
    Statistics, Knowledge and Policy 2007 : Measuring and Fostering the Progress of Societies (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264043244
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (564 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Statistics, Knowledge and Policy 2007
    DDC: 361.6
    RVK:
    QH 253
    Schlagwort(e): Gesellschaft ; Fortschritt ; Sozialer Wandel ; Statistische Methode ; Economics ; Konferenzschrift ; Gesellschaft ; Fortschritt ; Sozialer Wandel ; Statistik
    Kurzfassung: Is life getting better? Are our societies making progress? Indeed, what does “progress” mean to the world’s citizens? For a good portion of the 20th century there was an implicit assumption that economic growth was synonymous with progress: an assumption that a growing GDP meant life must be getting better. But we now recognise that it isn’t quite as simple as that. Access to accurate information is vital when we come to judge our politicians and hold them accountable. But access to a comprehensive and intelligible portrait of that most important of questions - whether or not life has got and is likely to get better - is lacking in many societies. The OECD’s 2nd World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policy 'Measuring and Fostering the Progress of Societies' held in Istanbul in June 2007 brought together a diverse group of leaders from more than 130 countries to debate these issues. These proceedings contain 40 papers presented at the Forum.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264043244-en
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  • 98
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    Reforming the Labour Market in Japan to Cope with Increasing Dualism and Population Ageing (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.652
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Japan
    Kurzfassung: The proportion of non-regular workers has risen to one-third of total employment. While non-regular employment provides flexibility and cost reductions for firms, it also creates equity and efficiency concerns. A comprehensive approach that includes relaxing the high degree of employment protection for regular workers and expanding the coverage of non-regular workers by the social security system would help to reverse dualism. Given that non-regular workers receive less firm-based training, it is also necessary to expand training outside of firms to support Japan’s growth potential, while enhancing the employment prospects of non-regular workers. Reversing the upward trend in non-regular employment may also encourage greater female labour force participation, which is essential given rapid population ageing that is already reducing Japan’s working-age population by almost 1% each year. Expanding childcare facilities and paying more attention to work-life balance would also boost female employment, while also raising Japan’s exceptionally low birth rate.
    DOI: 10.1787/230264641407
    URL: Volltext
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Market Mechanisms in Public Service Provision (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.626
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents a new set of institutional indicators that assess how sub-central governments harness market mechanisms such as tendering, outsourcing, user choice and competition, user fees and output-related funding when providing public services. Services put under scrutiny comprise primary, secondary and tertiary education, hospital care, childcare and elderly care, public transport, and waste collection. Results indicate that governments are often reluctant to apply market mechanisms when providing public services. “Technical” services such as transport or waste collection are more open to market mechanisms than “social” services like education or health care. Regulatory innovations such as tendering, competition or user choice are more advanced than financial innovations like user fees or output-related funding for service providers.
    DOI: 10.1787/241001625762
    URL: Volltext
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  • 100
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    Online-Ressource
    Maximising Mexico's Gains from Integration in the World Economy (2008)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.657
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: This paper discusses Mexico’s foreign trade and investment policies and provides specific recommendations to enhance the benefits of a closer integration in the world economy. Over the past two decades, Mexico has made significant progress in reducing barriers to trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), and this has boosted GDP per capita growth. Nevertheless, Mexico needs to make further progress in reforming its trade policy by further reducing MFN tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers so as to promote efficiency in the economy. Barriers to FDI remain high, particularly in some services and infrastructure sectors, such as telecommunications and domestic land transport. Restrictions to foreign ownership should be eased to attract higher inflows and thereby improve productivity. To broaden the benefits from FDI, supplier linkages between FDI investors and other firms in Mexico should be enhanced.
    DOI: 10.1787/230020040844
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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