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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (4,568)
  • HBZ
  • 2015-2019  (4,563)
  • 1960-1964  (5)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (4,568)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Social Contracts and World Bank Country Engagements : Lessons from Emerging Practices (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: World Bank emphasizes the importance of social contracts to eliminate poverty and boost shared prosperity. In the 2014 World Bank Group Goals, the World Bank calls for social contracts that prioritize the poor while creating the conditions for equitable growth. This learning-oriented evaluation generates lessons from the World Bank's experience using social contract diagnostics to help countries reshape their social contracts. It does this by:(i) evaluating the quality and value added of social contract diagnostics; (ii) assessing how social contract diagnostics are translated into operations; (iii) identifying the risks and challenges of integrating social contract diagnostics into operations; and (iv) drawing lessons on how to overcome these challenges. At the country level, this evaluation identified 21 Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs) that use a social contract framing to diagnose and explain complex development challenges such as entrenched inequalities, poor service delivery, weak institutions, and why decades of policy and institutional reforms promoted by external development actors could not fundamentally alter countries' development paths
    DOI: 10.1596/32621
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rwanda Country Program Evaluation FY09-17 : An Independent Evaluation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's positioning in relation to Rwanda's Vision 2020 goal of rapidly attaining Middle-Income Country (MIC) status reflected many of the elements that are critical to realizing the country's goal: (i) Under a first pillar of promoting economic transformation for sustained growth, it supported infrastructure (notably energy and transport); the business environment (including skills development); the financial sector (including rural finance); and in the latter years the urban sector. (ii) Under a second pillar of reducing social vulnerability and raising the productivity and incomes of the poor, it supported agriculture; health (initially); and social protection-including demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants. (iii) A third accountable governance pillar aimed to strengthen central and decentralized public financial management (PFM). This evaluation assesses the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group's country program in Rwanda over the period FY09-17. The report aims to inform future partnership frameworks between the World Bank Group and the Rwandan Government. The report is also of interest to individuals and organizations working with countries striving to consolidate economic progress after a successful transition from conflict, or countries striving to reach middle-income country (MIC) status
    DOI: 10.1596/32076
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Results and Performance of the World Bank Group 2018 : An Independent Evaluation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: This report provides a retrospective assessment of the Bank Group's results and performance acrossits project and program portfolio. This is relevant for understanding the stock of achievements to date and the foundations on which the Bank Group is delivering on the Forward Look and its ambitious capital package. The report synthesizes trends in Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) ratings and identifies explanatory factors behind portfolio performance. Each of the three Bank Group institutions assesses results differently because of their differing reporting periods, operating models, and clients. The supplementary file contains four appendixes and the remaining, more specialized topic appendixes of the Results and Performance of the World Bank Group (RAP) report. This report is IEG's annual review of the development effectiveness of the World Bank Group (WBG). The report synthesizes trends in ratings, and identifies explanatory factors behind portfolio performance. This report provides a retrospective assessment of the World Bank Group's results and performance across its project and program portfolio. This is relevant for understanding the stock of achievements to date and the foundations on which the Bank Group is delivering on the Forward Look and its ambitious capital package. The four key appendixes for Results and Performance of the World Bank Group 2018 are included with the main file
    DOI: 10.1596/32324
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    IDA Regional Window Program 2003-17 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The International Development Association (IDA) Regional Window Program was developed as a funding mechanism to provide additional financing resources to co-finance projects that help low-income countries achieve their regional integration objectives. The main objective of this synthesis report is to inform policy decisions on the International Development Association (IDA) Regional Window Program in the context of the IDA18 mid-term review and the IDA19 replenishment. The report contains information on (a) the achievements of the program, and (b) key findings and conclusions for the consideration of IDA Deputies. This synthesis is derived primarily from IEG's thematic evaluation, Two to Tango: An IEG Independent Evaluation of World Bank Group Support to Fostering Regional Integration and is complemented by findings from other existing thematic evaluations such as Grow with the flow: World Bank Group support to Trade Facilitation, project-level evaluations and validations, and project performance assessment reports
    DOI: 10.1596/31567
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Maternity, Paternity, and Parental Leaves in Europe : Comparison of Family-Related Leave Policies and Key Legal Provisions with Implications for Kosovo (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Maternity, paternity, and parental leave policies and associated benefits play a significant role in ensuring financial protection at the time of pregnancy, child birth and child raising, and in shaping women's ability to participate in employment, specifically to get a job and to remain in the labor market after starting a family. This note summarizes the main principles of extending maternity, paternity and parental leave and benefit policies globally and in Europe, highlights new policies and measures, and compares key characteristics such as leave duration and financing in the European countries (EU ad European Free Trade Association (EFTA) member states and Western Balkan countries). This could inform policy making and help assess existing policies and reforms, including in Kosovo
    DOI: 10.1596/34956
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bangladesh - Beyond Connections : Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) in the World Bank, in consultation with multiple development partners, has developed the Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) to measure and monitor energy access in terms of attributes and tiers. The MTF defines energy access as one that is adequate, available when needed, reliable, of good quality, affordable, legal, convenient, healthy, and safe for all required energy applications across households, productive enterprises, and community institutions. As part of the stock-taking exercise on measuring access using MTF, ESMAP has launched detailed data collection activities in seventeen countries, including Bangladesh. Findings of this report are based on nationally representative data on access to electricity and cooking solutions
    DOI: 10.1596/35267
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unlocking Private Sector Investment for Low-Carbon Transition in South Africa : Assessing Investment Climate for Climate Investments (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Abstract: Just energy transition is key to South Africa's inclusive and sustainable growth. It is necessary to unlock large pools of private capital and attract foreign investment to drive low-carbon transition. Despite downside risks, South Africa has strong macroeconomic fundamentals and commitment to improving the overall investment climate. Climate change poses considerable systematic risks, thus needs to be urgently integrated into macroeconomic policy and planning. Harness transition opportunity invest in resilient infrastructure and create market for low-carbon technologies to boost growth and strengthen the macro investment climate. Implement carbon tax effectively and raise policy ambition, supported by a fiscal framework conducive for climate investments, as well as invest tax revenues to support just transition. The current energy crisis presents an opportunity for sector reform, regulatory changes, and use of innovative financial solutions to promote low-carbon private sector investments. The World Bank has developed this discussion paper in response to the government of South Africa's request to analyze ways in which private capital flows can be catalyzed and leveraged for low-carbon investments. The focus of this paper is on electricity generation sector and the industry sector
    DOI: 10.1596/35269
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mapping Poverty in Sudan (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Inequality ; Living Standards ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This report aims to map poverty and inequality in Sudan and would be representative of the 18 states and 131 localities of Sudan. The poverty mapping technique is based on a small area estimation (SAE) technique developed by the World Bank to derive estimates of geographic poverty and inequality. It combines data from the 2014-15 National Household Budget and Poverty Survey (NHBPS) and the 2008 Population and Housing Census data to build spatially disaggregated poverty maps. Although household surveys usually include measures of income and wealth, they are not representative beyond the state level. Yet, allowing lower levels of disaggregation is important for policy interventions, particularly for countries like Sudan that have state governments, which manage the activities of the state while reporting to the federal government. This study uses a model of household expenditure from a survey data set to estimate household welfare at the lower levels and apply it to the census data set which does not provide information on household income or expenditure. These maps illustrate the information gains provided by SAE, show there is a substantial spatial heterogeneity within the localities, and highlight the small areas most likely to exhibit the highest risk of poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/36102
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Shocks and Household Welfare in Sudan (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Environment ; Inequality ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rainfall ; Resilience
    Abstract: The Sudanese economy has faced several shocks over the years, sometimes resulting in devastating impacts on the economy and the welfare of Sudanese households. The sources of these shocks vary, ranging from weather-related shocks such as droughts and floods to the global financial crisis and commodity price hikes. In the absence of effective social protection programs, exposure of households to frequent shocks lowers their ability to escape poverty, pushing households slightly above the poverty line back into poverty and sliding poor households deeper into poverty. This paper applies this framework to examine the impact of shocks on the welfare of Sudanese households and explore coping strategies typically utilized by households to mitigate the negative effects of shocks. The paper uses the 2009 National Baseline Household Survey (NBHS) and the 2014-15 National Household Budget and Poverty Survey (NHBPS) to document the main types of shocks that Sudanese households are exposed to and describe the profile of Sudanese households likely to be vulnerable and/or resilient to shocks. To complement this analysis, the paper uses the most recent round of the data collected in 2014/15 (containing information on idiosyncratic shocks) together with data on covariate shocks such as rainfall and conflict obtained from other sources to estimate the impact of shocks on household welfare. Since the impact of shocks on household welfare is likely to be multidimensional, various indicators of household welfare such as consumption, poverty status, assets, dietary quality, and diversity are considered in the paper. Results from the analysis are used to highlight the state of social protection in Sudan and discuss the need for an expansion of the existing system
    DOI: 10.1596/36099
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    High-Growth Firms : Facts, Fiction, and Policy Options for Emerging Economies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813702
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (190 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Remarkably, a small fract ...
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1368-9
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Beyond the Gap : How Countries Can Afford the Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813641
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (196 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Sustainable Infrastructure
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Beyond the Gap: How Countries Can Afford the Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet aims to shift the debate regarding investment needs away from a simple focus on spending more and toward a focus on spending better on the right objectives, using relevant metrics. It does so by offering a careful and systematic approach to estimating the funding needs to close the service gaps in water and sanitation, transportation, electricity, irrigation, and flood protection. Exploring thousands of scenarios, this report finds that funding needs depend on the service goals and policy choices of low- and middle-income countries and could range anywhere from 2 percent to 8 percent of GDP per year by 2030.Beyond the Gap also identifies a policy mix that will enable countries to achieve key international goals-universal access to water, sanitation, and electricity; greater mobility; improved food security; better protection from floods; and eventual full decarbonization-while limiting spending on new infrastructure to 4.5 percent of GDP per year. Importantly, the exploration of thousands of scenarios shows that infrastructure investment paths compatible with full decarbonization in the second half of the century need not cost more than more-polluting alternatives. Investment needs remain at 2 percent to 8 percent of GDP even when only the decarbonized scenarios are examined. The actual amount depends on the quality and quantity of services targeted, the timing of investments, construction costs, and complementary policies.Finally, investing in infrastructure is not enough; maintaining it also matters. Improving services requires much more than capital expenditure. Ensuring a steady flow of resources for operations and maintenance is a necessary condition for success. Good maintenance also generates substantial savings by reducing the total life-cycle cost of transport and water and sanitation infrastructure by more than 50 percent
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1363-4
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    China's High-Speed Rail Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (98 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Over the past decade, China has built 25,000 km of dedicated highspeed railway-more than the rest of the world combined. What can we learn from this remarkable experience? China's High-Speed Rail Development examines the Chinese experience to draw lessons for countries considering investing in high-speed rail.The report scrutinizes the planning and delivery mechanisms that enabled the rapid construction of the high-speed rail system. It highlights the role of long-term planning, consistent plan execution, and a joint venture structure that ensures active participation of provincial and local governments in project planning and financing.Traffic on China's high-speed trains has grown to 1.7 billion passengers a year. The study examines the characteristics of the markets for which high-speed rail is competitive in China. It discusses the pricing and service design considerations that go into making high-speed rail services competitive with other modes and factors such as good urban connectivity that make the service attractive to customers.One of the most remarkable aspects of the Chinese experience is the rapid pace of high-quality construction. The report looks at the role of strong capacity development within and cooperation among China Railway Corporation, rail manufacturers, universities, research institutions, laboratories, and engineering centers that allowed for rapid technological advancement and localization of technology. It describes the project delivery structures and incentives for delivering quality and timely results.Finally, the report analyzes the financial and economic sustainability of the investment in high-speed rail. It finds that a developing country can price high-speed rail services affordably and still achieve financial viability, but this requires very high passenger density. Economic viability similarly depends on high passenger density
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1425-9
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Port Development and Competition in East and Southern Africa : Prospects and Challenges (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (182 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Port Development and Competition in East and Southern Africa analyzes the 15 main ports in East and Southern Africa (ESA) to assess whether their proposed capacity enhancements are justified by current and projected demand; whether the current port management approaches sufficiently address not only the maritime capacity needs but also other impediments to port efficiency; and what the expected hierarchy of ports in the region will be in the future. The analysis confirms the need to increase maritime capacity, as the overall container demand in the ports in scope is predicted to begin exceeding total current capacity by between 2025 and 2030, while gaps in terms of dry and liquid bulk handling are expected even sooner. However, in the case of many of the ports, the issue of landside access-the ports' intermodal connectivity, the ease of international border crossing, and the port-city interface-is more important than the need to improve maritime access and capacity. The analysis finds that there is a need to improve the operating efficiency in all of the ESA ports, as they are currently less than half as productive as the most efficient ports in the matched data set of similar ports across the world, in terms of efficiency in container-handling operations. Similarly, there is a need to improve and formalize stakeholder engagement in many of the ports, to introduce modern management systems, and to strengthen the institutional framework to ensure the most efficient use of the infrastructure and to be able to attract private capital and specialist terminal operators. Finally, given the ports' geographic location and proximity to main shipping routes, available draft, and the ongoing port-and-hinterland development, the book concludes that Durban and Djibouti are the most likely to emerge as the regional hubs in ESA's future hub-and-spoke system
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1410-5
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (97 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: This report provides an up-to-date overview of existing and emerging carbon pricing instruments around the world, including international, national and subnational initiatives. It also investigates trends surrounding the development and implementation of carbon pricing instruments and how they could accelerate the delivery of long-term mitigation goals. This edition also discusses the relation between policies that put an explicit price on carbon and policies that put an implicit price on carbon
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1435-8
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  • 15
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    Online Resource
    Protecting All : Risk Sharing for a Diverse and Diversifying World of Work (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464814280
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (290 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Human Development Perspectives
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: "Socially inclusive growt ...
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1427-3
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  • 16
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    Integracion comercial como un camino al desarrollo? (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464815164
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: After a period of rapid economic growth associated with high commodity prices, the Latin America and Caribbean region has again entered a phase of lackluster performance. Overall this slowdown seems moreself-inflicted than imported, and the outlook for the region is not encouraging either. A tepid exportresponse constrains the prospect of growing through external demand whereas limited fiscal space leaveslittle room to stimulate domestic demand. The outlook could deteriorate further if the internationalenvironment became less conducive. This report explores whether inward-looking development strategies could be one of the reasons for slowgrowth in Latin America and the Caribbean. Trade barriers are higher than in other developing regions, and while numerous preferential trade agreements have been signed, many of them are intra-regional. Thereport shows that South-North agreements are associated with increases in economic complexity and faster economic growth than South-South agreements. It illustrates the point by assessing the economic, social, spatial and environmental impacts of two major: South-North agreements signed over the last year
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1517-1
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  • 17
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    Ideas for Action 2019 : Financing and Implementing Sustainable Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (124 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Ideas for Action is a youth competition on initiatives to implement the Sustainable Development Goals launched in November 2014 by the World Bank Group and the Zicklin Center for Business Ethics Research at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. The 2019 winners (3 top teams, 4 runners-up, and 11 honorable mentions) were selected from more than 3,000 proposals submitted by more than 21,000 team members from 142 countries.This year witnessed an unparalleled level of growing recognition with a 50 percent increase in proposals over 2018. The winning proposals were selected through a rigorous selection process that judged the projects on depth and clarity, significance of impact, originality and creativity, and feasibility. The teams had to showcase a strong proposal that presented a potential for impact on a large number of people with a practical roadmap for implementation. In addition to young staff members, reviewers included executives from Firmenich, Flour Mills of Nigeria, the German-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, PepsiCo, the Wharton School, and the World Bank Group. Other competition partners included the International Labour Organization, Hemofarm, the World Bank Group's Youth to Youth Community (Y2Y) and Youth Summit, Knowledge Wharton, and the United Nations Youth Assembly.Youth participation in the 2030 Development Agenda is crucial. This initiative is a knowledge-sharing platform that empowers young professionals with the support and tools needed to engage in the conversation with leading professionals in the global development industry and the private sector. Through their use of technology-such as rainwater harvesting, reusable plastics, mobile apps, and devices-young people have ideas to make an exponential impact. The goal is to support truly workable and actionable results by connecting leading schools of finance and management with governments around the world to build partnerships that bolster these ideas into effective implementation. This book recognizes the incredible talent and spirit that these young people bring to the global development conversation
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1484-6
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  • 18
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    Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2019 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464813887
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2019 presents indicators that measure the laws, regulations and bureaucratic processes that affect farmers in 101 countries. The study covers eight thematic areas: supplying seed, registering fertilizer, securing water, registering machinery, sustaining livestock, protecting plant health, trading food and accessing finance. The report highlights global best performers and countries that made the most significant regulatory improvements in support of farmers
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1387-0
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  • 19
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    Rethinking Power Sector Reform in the Developing World (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464814433
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (356 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Sustainable Infrastructure
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: During the 1990s, a new p ...
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1442-6
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  • 20
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    Playing to Strengths : A Policy Framework for Mainstreaming Northeast India (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: It is widely agreed that, over the past decade, accelerating infrastructure investments in India's North Eastern Region (NER) and neighboring countries, along with connectivity agreements with Bangladesh, hold immense promise for unlocking NER's economic potential. Other global trends, such as the growing incomes and consumer awareness in India and neighboring countries; a rising preference for fresh, healthy, safe, environmentally friendly, and socially responsible products; the growing role of services in manufacturing; and increasing demand for skilled resources are also very favorable for NER. Together, these developments can help NER showcase its strengths in agriculture and services, thereby developing value chains in these sectors, which will lead to sustainable, better-paying job opportunities for the people of NER. In this context, the World Bank, in consultation with stakeholders--government, private sector, and academia--analyzed two cross-cutting constraints that are encountered across all value chains and sectors in NER: connectivity and logistics, and product standards and quality infrastructure. To ground the policy in specific contexts, the team studied four sectors in depth: fruits and vegetables, spices, bamboo and related products, and medical tourism. Playing to Strengths lays out an initial policy framework for NER that integrates demand and supply and shows that, even with a low base in manufacturing, NER can leverage its strengths in agriculture and services to step up its growth. However, implementing this framework will require a different approach to doing business compared with the existing ecosystem and its associated value chains, which are mostly geared to local and/or price-conscious consumers. In capitalizing on its advantages, NER will not only accelerate its own development, but also will play an increasingly critical role in the government of India's "Act East" policy
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1505-8
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  • 21
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    Transition to Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) Payments for Health : Lessons from Case Studies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: This book examines how nine different health systems--U.S. Medicare, Australia, Thailand, Kyrgyz Republic, Germany, Estonia, Croatia, China (Beijing) and the Russian Federation--have transitioned to using case-based payments, and especially diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), as part of their provider payment mix for hospital care. It sheds light on why particular technical design choices were made, what enabling investments were pertinent, and what broader political and institutional issues needed to be considered. The strategies used to phase in DRG payment receive special attention. These nine systems have been selected because they represent a variety of different approaches and experiences in DRG transition. They include the innovators who pioneered DRG payment systems (namely the United States and Australia), mature systems (such as Thailand, Germany, and Estonia), and countries where DRG payments were only introduced within the past decade (such as the Russian Federation and China). Each system is examined in detail as a separate case study, with a synthesis distilling the cross-cutting lessons learned. This book should be helpful to those working on health systems that are considering introducing, or are in the early stages of introducing, DRG-based payments into their provider payment mix. It will enhance the reader's understanding of how other countries (or systems) have made that transition, give a sense of the decisions that lie ahead, and offer options that can be considered. It will also be useful to those working in health systems that already include DRG payments in the payment mix but have not yet achieved the anticipated results
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1521-8
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    Opportunities for Environmentally Healthy, Inclusive, and Resilient Growth in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Approximately 4.1 million people live in the three states of the Yucatan Peninsula: Quintana Roo, Yucatan, and Campeche. Some 30 municipalities are in a coastal territory of almost 2,000 linear kilometers, from the oil fields of the Gulf of Mexico to the world-renowned beaches of Cancun, just north of the second-largest barrier reef in the world. The peninsula's natural assets also include notable Mayan temples. With poverty far from eliminated, and with economic development opportunities beckoning in agriculture, manufacturing, and hydrocarbon development, the region is under growing risks from environmental hazards. Oil spills, hurricanes, coral bleaching, extreme flooding, and erosion have all been experienced in this region over the past decade. Based on preliminary identification of environmental priorities, Opportunities for Environmentally Healthy, Inclusive, and Resilient Growth in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula explores selected topics that aim to inform decision making in the region. A general context of integrated coastal zone management is used to explore issues, constraints, and potential solutions, and the role of geomorphology is examined with a view to identifying how shore management plans can contribute to improved coastal management. Economic studies find that the main environmental health risks in the peninsula result in more than 1,000 premature deaths every year and in more than 9.36 million days lost to illnesses. These risks generate substantial economic losses, representing 2.2-3.3 percent of gross regional income. Scenarios relating to the economic cost of extreme weather events generate similar levels of damages: 1.4-1.5 percent of GDP in 2020 and 1.6-2.3 percent of GDP in 2050. A social accounting matrix examines the social and environmental interconnectedness to the various parts of the economy, and an institutional analysis considers the mandates of existing institutions in the states, and of the contribution that regulatory measures may make to environmentally sustainable development without undermining economic growth prospects
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1357-3
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    The Mobility of Displaced Syrians : An Economic and Social Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464814020
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (278 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: The war in Syria, now in its eighth year, continues to take its toll on the Syrian people. More than half of the population of Syria remains displaced; 5.6 million persons are registered as refugees outside of the country and another 6.2 million are displaced within Syria's borders. The internally displaced persons include 2 million school-age children; of these, less than half attend school. Another 739,000 Syrian children are out of school in the five neighborhood countries that host Syria's refugees. The loss of human capital is staggering, and it will create permanent hardships for generations of Syrians going forward.Despite the tragic prospects for renewed fighting in certain parts of the country, an overall reduction in armed conflict is possible going forward. However, international experience shows that the absence of fighting is rarely a singular trigger for the return of displaced people. Numerous other factors-including improved security and socioeconomic conditions in origin states, access to property and assets, the availability of key services, and restitution in home areas-play important roles in shaping the scale and composition of the returns. Overall, refugees have their own calculus of return that considers all of these factors and assesses available options.The Mobility of Displaced Syrians: An Economic and Social Analysis sheds light on the 'mobility calculus' of Syrian refugees. While dismissing any policies that imply wrongful practices involving forced repatriation, the study analyzes factors that may be considered by refugees in their own decisions to relocate. It provides a conceptual framework, supported by data and analysis, to facilitate an impartial conversation about refugees and their mobility choices. It also explores the diversified policy toolkit that the international community has available-and the most effective ways in which the toolkit can be adapted-to maximize the well-being of refugees, host countries, and the people in Syria
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1401-3
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    Gender in Waiting : Men and Women Asylum Seekers in European Reception Facilities (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: This paper explores how men and women experience their time waiting for a response to applications for international protection, in asylum seekers' reception centers in Italy and Greece. The experience of waiting in camps can be characterized as one of extended uncertainty, during which women and men live lives in a new environment, with limited physical and social interactions with local communities. Qualitative data collected in early 2017 reveals that these prolonged waits generate various vulnerabilities, some compounding those already caused by trying journeys, which include gender-specific vulnerabilities. In addition, the paper provides an overview of the aspirations men and women asylum seekers hold as they look at the future. These aspirations are informed by pre-existing gender and social norms, but their development appears to be influenced also by the time in waiting. Specifically, aspirations seem constrained for all by the high levels of uncertainty and duration of the legal process, as well as by limited information, and barriers to interactions with local communities. Thus, men and women miss out on opportunities to qualify or broaden their aspirations, as they wait. Taking into account the different challenges and opportunities men and women asylum seekers face may be helpful in devising more targeted and thus effective policies with regards to asylum seekers during this period in waiting
    DOI: 10.1596/31209
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    A Destiny Shaped by Water : A Diagnostic of Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene and Poverty in Niger (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Poverty Diagnostic (PD) in Niger is part of a global initiative to improve evidence on the linkages between WASH and poverty. The Diagnostic provides a detailed analysis of sector status, strengths, and weaknesses to inform the attainment of the new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that aim for universal access to safely managed water supply and sanitation
    DOI: 10.1596/31162
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    Guinea-Bissau Public Expenditure Review : Managing Public Finance for Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: Guinea-Bissau is a small state in West Africa with a population of around 1.8 million. It is rich in natural resources (fisheries, forestry and agriculture) and biodiversity. Economic activity is, however, dominated by the production and sale of unprocessed cashew, which is also the main source of income for more than two thirds of households. Guinea-Bissau is host to a large variety of ethnic groups, languages and religions, with communal and ethnic-based violence remaining low. The country has a history of political and institutional fragility dating back to its independence from Portugal in 1973. Since independence, four successful coups have been recorded, with another 16 coups attempted, plotted, or alleged. Political fragility has been manifesting itself in frequent government turnover. Political instability has been responsible for large drops in output and government expenditure. After almost three years of political gridlock, a new consensus government came to power in April 2018. In sum, Guinea-Bissau has been caught in a vicious cycle of poor governance, fragmented elites, weak public sector capacity, and a poorly diversified economy. The objective of the Guinea-Bissau Public Expenditure Review (PER) is to analyze government expenditure, fiscal revenue, and public financial management in selected sectors (education, health, and security). The PER is a follow-up to the World Bank's (2017) Public Expenditure Analysis that provided an overall review of public finances in Guinea-Bissau (see Annex I). It contains a wide range of analyses, with some chapters examining public spending trends and outcomes, while others are more process oriented and place a strong emphasis on PFM systems, at macro- and micro-levels. The education and health chapters go beyond the confines of traditional World Bank PERs-namely the efficiency, effectiveness, and equity of spending. Both of these chapters also review the PFM systems in the respective line ministries with a view to identifying options for reform. Further, the PER analyzes the fiscal implications of continuing to spend over 15 percent of the budget on the security sector and nearly 9 percent of GDP on wage and nonwage compensation
    DOI: 10.1596/31225
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    Kyrgyz Republic Economic Update No. 8, Fall/Winter 2018 : Weak Growth Despite Emerging Regional Opportunities (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Real GDP growth slowed to 3.1 percent in January-November 2018 from 3.7 percent in the same period of 2017. This deceleration was the result of slower growth in both gold production and non-gold industry. Export performance remains weak, largely on account of a sharp slowdown in gold exports, and in spite of trade opportunities within the Eurasian Economic Union. Attracting private investment remains a challenge. Recent developments point to limited progress in addressing structural issues over the past few years. While the Kyrgyz Republic was able to avoid an external shock driven recession in 2014-15, the economy remains vulnerable to external economic shocks given its high dependence on an undiversified export base, workers' remittances, and foreign aid.The fiscal position has improved with a strong tax revenue performance and cuts to capital outlays. This has helped keeping public debt under control following a sharp increase in 2014-15. With inflation pressures low, the monetary policy stance remains relaxed. The National Bank reduced its policy rate by 25 basis points to 4.75 percent in May 2018 to support economic growth and has maintained a managed float of the exchange rate.Going forward, real GDP growth is forecast to accelerate slowly to 3.9 percent by 2020 supported by all the major sectors - industry, agriculture, construction and services. On the demand side, growth is projected to be driven by private consumption, investment and exports. The economy will continue to benefit from large remittance inflows and firming external demand. Strong remittances will support average consumption growth of around 3 percent in 2018-20. However, the current account deficit is projected to remain elevated at about 9 percent of GDP, reflecting structural constraints, the significant import content of public investment, and an indirect feed-through effect of remittances via imports. To rebuild fiscal buffers, the authorities are committed to reducing the deficit to 3 percent of GDP by 2020
    DOI: 10.1596/31237
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    Why should we care about care? Supply and Demand Assessment of Care Services in Georgia : A Mixed Methods Study (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: Only 58 percent of Georgian women ages 15 and above participate in the labor market, a slightly higher share than the Europe (51 percent) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (51.3 percent) average but 20 percentage points lower than the share among men in the country. Moreover, the gender gap in labor force participation has been constant and around 18 to 20 percentage points over the last decade. Married women living in households with children under age six are at a higher disadvantage in the labor market; only 50 percent of them participate in the labor force compared to 84 percent of men with similar characteristics.The conflicting demand on women's time for care and work activities represents a fundamental barrier to economic participation and generates a vicious circle of low labor market attachment and prominence of the care provider role that leads to increased vulnerability and gender-based inequalities. About 60 percent of working-age women not looking for a job in Georgia cite family responsibilities as the main reason (the share is 67 percent among married ones). In the case of men, this percentage is 21 percent. Georgia cannot afford to underutilize a large share of women whose lifetime productivity in the labor market is currently reduced by informal and at-home care provision. In fact, for Georgia, it has been estimated that differences in labor market activity rates between men and women amount to potential economic losses in gross domestic product per capita of approximately 11 percent (Cuberes and Teignier 2016a, 2016b). Policy options to appropriately address the challenges identified in this note include the expansion ofpublicly and privately provided childcare centers in both urban and rural areas, establishment ofeducation and accreditation programs to prepare caregivers and care entrepreneurs, development of aplan to increase quality of services with attention to costs, and design of eldercare system considering the impacts on care recipients, the active aging promotion objective of age-related policies, as well as the impacts on informal and family care providers and their ability to contribute to sustained economic growth
    DOI: 10.1596/31253
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    Bhutan Development Report, January 2019 : A Path to Inclusive and Sustainable Development (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Bhutan has a strong track record of reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity, primarilysupported by the state, which has played a large role in the country's development accomplishments.Growth has been driven mainly by the public sector through hydropower development. Statedominance is also reflected in the existence of a large number of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).However, the dependence on hydropower has resulted in a weak private sector and also createdmacroeconomic vulnerabilities. The high import content of hydropower construction widened theexternal imbalance and increased indebtedness. In addition, tax collection at 14 percent of grossdomestic product (GDP) in 2017/18 is low by international standards. The government has taken important steps to develop the nascent private sector through investments in infrastructure and improvements in the investment climate. It has also invested heavily in education and health. Despite these laudable investments, available jobs remain vacant, while educated youthremain unemployed. While hydropower will remain dominant in the foreseeable future, Bhutan'sdemographic transition requires more concerted efforts to develop the private sector
    DOI: 10.1596/31236
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    Lao PDR Economic Monitor, January 2019 : Macroeconomic Stability Amidst Uncertainty (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Although decelerating from 6.9 percent the previous year, economic growth in 2018 is estimated to remain robust at 6.5 percent. The slowdown in growth in 2018 has been partly due to a combination of the following domestic factors : (i) the severe floods that hit the country during July - September 2018, which adversely affected agricultural production and damaged infrastructure in several provinces; (ii) the weak performance of the mining sector despite higher commodity prices; and (iii) continued fiscal consolidation, which contributed to slower credit growth. These downside factors offset the gains from the industry sector driven by the expansion of construction activities and electricity exports, coupled with robust growth in wholesale and retail trade. There is evidence of increasing job creation between 2010 and 2017. According to the 2017 Labor Force Survey, wage jobs are estimated to have gradually increased since 2010. This has resulted in 28 percent of households situated mostly in urban areas reporting an increase in income. As a result, ownership of consumption goods among the more affluent households increased faster than in poorer, mainly rural, households. Therefore, while poverty is still expected to decline modestly, inequality is likely to have increased. The government intends to remain on the path of fiscal consolidation, with the deficit estimated to decrease to 4.7 percent of GDP in 2018 from 5.3 percent in 2017, owing to some improvement in revenue collection and expenditure restraint. Improved revenue performance has been primarily driven by higher excise revenues due to increasing oil imports coupled with a higher price of oil. Other drivers include an increase in income taxes, dividend earnings, and other non-tax revenues. Strengthened revenue administration, such as the use of electronic tax payment platforms, has also supported revenue mobilization for certain tax types. Public outlays have been rationalized through tighter control of the public wage bill and downward adjustment of non-wage current spending. These measures offset higher interest payments and the increase in capital spending financed by external loans. Fiscal consolidation is estimated to have slowed the accumulation of public debt in 2018, though not enough to reverse the rising debt-GDP ratio, which is estimated to increase from 60.1 to 60.6 percent of GDP between 2017 and 2018
    DOI: 10.1596/31243
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    Macro and Micro Features of Successful Economic Convergence : The Case of Poland (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper examines the patterns of growth of Poland, and its transition into high-income status over the past two decades from a macro and micro perspective. It benchmarks Polish performance with that observed in established high-income countries, and with that of others that have been trapped in middle--income levels and examines the role that integration into the EU had on growth. The analysis reveals, first, that Poland's growth process has been accompanied by a process of diversification of assets, including institutions, physical and human capital. Second, that the progressive integration into the EU bloc boosted growth and productivity because of three keyfactors: (i) increased openness to trade, investment and talent, (ii) increased domestic competition, and regulatory harmonization with EU, (iii) increased certainty in reforms, through a commitment to EU-institutions. Third, that for full convergence to high-income levels, Polish firms need to increase their innovative capacities. The paper extracts lessons applicable to other economies trapped in middle-income levels, as well as to Poland itself to consolidate growth looking forward
    DOI: 10.1596/31207
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    Investment Protection Along the Belt and Road (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper examines the level of investment protection for selected countries along the Belt andRoad Initiative (BRI), based on coding the textual content of 17 investment laws and 648international investment agreements (IIAs). We find substantial heterogeneity in the levels ofprotection provided in the reviewed laws and IIAs, and consequently along the same BRI corridorsand projects. Moreover, the current lack of effective enforcement - as shown by past treatyviolations and lack of efficient domestic court systems - poses an additional layer of risk forinvestors. Substantive improvements and harmonization in standards of treatment and recoursemechanisms in these legal instruments can help reduce investment risks. Given the scale of plannedinvestments, to minimize dispute risks, BRI governments will need to ensure full understandingof their law and treaty commitments and strengthen the capacity to enforce them
    DOI: 10.1596/31247
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    Financing Climate Change Adaptation in Transboundary Basins : Preparing Bankable Projects (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Water, climate and finance know no borders. This brings challenges and opportunities: The majority of freshwater worldwide flows in transboundary basins and most climate change impacts are felt through the water cycle. Transboundary cooperation in climate change adaptation is crucial for preventing mal-adaptation and making adaptation in shared basins more effective. However, many basins struggle in accessing funds for climate change adaptation. River basin organizations can play a valuable role in this fund-raising process. Understanding the special risks and complexities of transboundary river basin projects is critical to preparing bankable project proposals that will attract public and private financing partners. This report highlights the challenges and opportunities countries face in accessing financial resources for climate adaptation in transboundary river basins. Outlining basic characteristics and criteria for the preparation of bankable project proposals, the report is a guide for those working on climate change adaptation in transboundary river basins
    DOI: 10.1596/31224
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    Innovating Bureaucracy for a More Capable Government (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Improving government capa ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31284
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    Sri Lanka Development Update, February 2019 : Demographic Change in Sri Lanka (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Sri Lanka is facing a challenging macroeconomic landscape. The post-conflict high growth momentum has decelerated. A volatile global environment and structurally weak competitiveness continue to weaken growth and external sector performance. High interest costs mask limited fiscal improvement. While outlook remains stable conditional on political stability and reform implementation, the balance of risks is downward tilted. The country is vulnerable to global financial market conditions due to large refinancing requirements. Although some important reforms were carried out, the process has slowed down due to a challenging political environment
    DOI: 10.1596/31261
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    Economic Empowerment of Women through Resilient Agriculture Supply Chains : A Geospatial and Temporal Analysis in Southwestern Bangladesh (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: The purpose of this report is to present the findings from a study on the Economic Empowerment of Women through Resilient Agriculture Supply Chains: A Geospatial and temporal Analysis in Southwestern Bangladesh. Recognizing that a common weakness in transport corridors has been the lack of participation and limited benefits accruing to the communities through which a corridor passes, World Bank investments in transport infrastructure are increasingly complemented by activities that facilitate the competitiveness of micro and small enterprises and economic opportunities for women and other disadvantaged people and integrate gender-responsiveness into trade facilitation and logistics initiatives. This geospatial and temporal value chain analysis in southwestern Bangladesh adopts a five-step methodology which overlays economic and initial enterprise analysis along this transport corridor, analyzes human capital (with particular focus on women) and the labor force along transport corridors, considers risk management in the value chain analysis, evaluates the economic structure of a value chain, and restructures the opportunities and gaps in areas where agglomerated economic activities were identified. The report includes a total of four components: chapter one, Identification and characterization of agricultural products that are representative of women driven, small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs). Chapter two, a geographical diagnosis of the population's sociodemographic and infrastructure conditions, and identification of constraints and opportunities regarding women-driven SMEs. Chapter three, value chain analysis for three agriculture products (fisheries, floriculture, and dairy) selected from chapter one. Analyses are represented in two formats: a) diagrams, and b) visualizations of spatial distribution. Chapter four, economic agglomeration and barriers for women-driven SME participation
    DOI: 10.1596/31262
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    Cambodia : Joint Bank-Fund Debt Sustainability Analysis 2018 Update (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Abstract: The Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) using the revised joint IMF/WB Debt Sustainability Framework for Low Income Countries (LIC-DSF) shows that Cambodia remains at low risk of external debt distress. All debt burden indicators are projected to remain under their indicative thresholds under the baseline and the shock scenarios. While the overall risk of debt distress is low, the analysis indicates that debt sustainability is vulnerable to export and growth shocks, and the materialization of contingent liabilities. Furthermore, the public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to rise by more than 10 percentage points during the next decade due to projected large fiscal deficits in the medium term. These findings reinforce the importance of implementing reforms to increase the economy's resilience to external shocks and encourage export and economic diversification. Efforts to mobilize fiscal revenue, to strengthen the Public Investment Management framework (including for PPPs) and further enhance monitoring of PPP and financial sector risks, as well as introduction of a debtbased fiscal anchor, are necessary to ensure debt sustainability in the medium term
    DOI: 10.1596/31299
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    Malawi Country Environmental Analysis (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: Malawi currently faces an environmental cycle of decline and degradation. The challenges it faces are complex and interrelated, but there are two underlying drivers behind this decline. Population growth places huge demands on natural systems with more land being converted to agriculture and more forests being harvested for the wood fuel supply. Climate change magnifies these impacts by putting greater strain on land and forests due to increased incidents of natural disasters and extreme weather events. Proximate drivers of environmental degradation include weak land tenure security, unsustainable land management practices (driven in part by poorly designed and targeted agricultural subsidies), chronic shortages of public funding for environmental management, and weak institutions, particularly those at decentralized levels. The Malawi Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) compiles and reviews existing analyses on Malawi's environment and natural resources (ENR) and explores what this evidence means for poverty and economic development. The CEA also identifies 10 strategic recommendations to address the degradation of natural resources and the environment and to promote improved environmental management, investment, and expenditure practices
    DOI: 10.1596/31326
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    Climate Auctions : A Market-Based Approach to National Climate Action (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: With the Paris Agreement and most of its detailed rulebook now finalized, countries and subnational actors face the challenge of translating climate targets and strategies into action and determining how to finance these actions. Through the Pilot Auction Facility for Methane and Climate Change Mitigation (PAF), the World Bank developed an innovative financial mechanism - climate auctions - which stimulates private investment in projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Climate auctions offer price guarantees to companies that can deliver eligible climate results in the future. These price guarantees are allocated through a transparent, efficient auctioning process, which maximizes the climate impact of scarce public funds. In the near-term, countries can utilize climate auctions to spur significant investments in low-carbon activities and mobilize finance at the scale and pace necessary to achieve their national climate targets, laying the groundwork for longer-term carbon pricing and greater climate ambition. This policy brief is intended to inform policymakers and public funders about why climate auctions are an effective tool for achieving climate outcomes, focusing on how policymakers can utilize auctions to accelerate NDC implementation and raise climate ambition. It also outlines how climate auctions work and where they are most effective. The policy brief was produced by staff of the World Bank with external contributions from the Rocky Mountain Institute
    DOI: 10.1596/31322
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    Kazakhstan Reversing Productivity Stagnation : Country Economic Memorandum (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: After experiencing exceptional economic growth in the 2000s, Kazakhstan's economy has slowed sharply since the global financial crisis, putting development achievements at risk. The economic slowdown has been caused by sharply lower commodity prices, and structural degradation of the economy. Kazakhstan's productivity growth has steadily fallen over the past two decades. Falling within-sector productivity improvements are the driving force behind Kazakhstan's productivity slowdown. The private sector is significantly constrained and does not exhibit many important features of healthy private sectors worldwide. Empirical evidence suggests that business entry rates are relatively low in Kazakhstan, even controlling for the structure of economy. The evidence shows that new (and small) firms are more productive than older (and larger) firms. The corrosive patterns must be corrected to revive productivity, which is essential for higher economic growth - since higher investment cannot substitute for productivity growth in the long run. The first policy imperative is to level the playing field for all firms - well-connected or otherwise. The second policy is to strengthen the rule of law and to deal more aggressively and comprehensively with corruption. Third, the governments will need to introduce structural changes in the economy to boost private investment and reduce a disproportionately large role of the state in the economy
    DOI: 10.1596/31348
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    Promoting Tax Compliance in Kosovo with Behavioral Insights (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: As in many countries, tax collection is a development challenge in Kosovo. Kosovo is one of the poorest and youngest countries in Europe in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and both demographics and statehood. The lack of an independent monetary policy - given that Kosovo has adopted the euro as the national currency - means that ensuring the sustainability of fiscal policy is critical. However, limited tax revenues hamper the government's ability to address economic cycles. Between 2011 and 2017, total government revenue amounted to about 14 percent of GDP, below the average of 19 percent among countries in Europe and Central Asia. Unlike other countries, Kosovar government relies on taxes for more than 85 percent of its revenues. Mobilizing tax revenues is therefore critical. The Tax Administration of Kosovo (TAK) requested assistance from the World Bank and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) to address this challenge using an evidence-based approach. To this end, the World Bank and GIZ applied behavioral insights to promote tax compliance among specific groups of taxpayers. Three experiments were designed, implemented, and evaluated in 2018 that involved sending behaviorally informed reminders using letters, e-mails, and short messaging service (SMS) messages to various groups of taxpayers to induce timely and honest declarations and payments. The short-term objective of these trials was to increase the number and timeliness of tax declarations. Simple, behaviorally designed messages were effective in inducing tax declaration. Messages helped raise the tax declaration rate by an average of around 3 percentage points during a period of between four and six weeks. Among personal income tax (PIT) declarations, this represents a 59 percent increase in compliance, equivalent to over 200 more annual tax declarations among participants. The likelihood of payment rose in many instances, and no significant difference was found in the amounts of taxes paid. Lessons from the tax experiments in Kosovo highlight the benefits of rigorous impact evaluation and the need to establish processes that help integrate tax collection functions and data systems
    DOI: 10.1596/31357
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    Breaking the Cycle of Roma Exclusion in the Western Balkans (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: The Roma are the largest ethnic minority in Europe, as well as one of the most deprived and socially excluded groups. Because of the lack of high-quality data, research on Roma inclusion to inform evidence-based policies is scarce, and accurate data on programs implemented in the Western Balkans are needed. This report aims to fill this knowledge gap and inform policy making by relying on data from the 2011 and 2017 rounds of the Regional Roma Survey (RRS), the most comprehensive survey to date on living conditions and human development outcomes among marginalized Roma households in the Western Balkans, as well as non-Roma neighboring households. The results show that marginalized Roma in the Western Balkans do not have the endowments and assets they need nor the ability to use the assets they have efficiently and intensively to generate economic gains and climb the socioeconomic ladder. Gaps with respect to non-Roma neighbors are especially wide in education and labor markets, and, in general, there is generally little improvement between the two survey years in access to services and economic opportunities. The report provides policy directions, highlighting gender and discrimination as cross-cutting policy areas. It also suggests a pragmatic approach towards generating evidence-based policies through better monitoring and evaluation and collection of ethnically-disaggregated administrative data. Finally, a comprehensive and integrated lifecycle approach is also encouraged
    DOI: 10.1596/31393
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    The Cost of Coastal Zone Degradation in West Africa : Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal and Togo (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: West Africa's coastal areas host about one third of the region's population and generate 56 percent of its GDP. They are home for valuable wetlands, fisheries, oil and gas reserves, and high tourism potential. However, these areas are affected by severe pressures: rapid urbanization along the coast has increased the demands on land, water, and other natural resources; man-made infrastructure and sand extraction have contributed to significant coastal retreat; moreover, climate change and disaster risks are exacerbating these threats. As a result, coastal areas are undergoing alarming environmental degradation leading to deaths (due to floods, air and water pollution), losses of assets (houses, infrastructure) and damages to critical ecosystems (mangroves, marine habitat). This study estimates in monetary terms the Cost of Environmental Degradation (COED) in the coastal areas of Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Togo. Specifically,it values the impacts of degradation that occur during one year, as a result of three major factors: flooding, erosion, and pollution (from water, air and waste). The final results are expressed in 2017 prices. They are reflected in absolute (USD) and in relative terms, as percentage of the countries' GDP. Overall, the COED of the four countries is estimated at about USD 3.8 billion, or 5.3 percent of the countries' GDP in 2017. Flooding and erosion are the main forms of degradation, accounting for more than 60 percent of the total cost. Moreover, coastal degradation causes over 13,000 deaths a year, primarily due to air and water pollution, and to floods
    DOI: 10.1596/31428
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    Examining the Experts : A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Expert Witnesses in Court Systems of the Western Balkans (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Keywords: Gerichtsbarkeit ; Rechtsprechung ; Experten ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Südosteuropa ; Serbien ; Montenegro ; Nordmazedonien ; Bosnien-Herzegowina
    Abstract: This Report examines if and how expert witnesses impact the integrity, impartiality and efficiency of adjudication in four countries-Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The report is part of a broader World Bank initiative to raise awareness of reform opportunities and inform policy dialogue on efficiency of justice, quality of justice and access to justice across countries in the Western Balkans, with a view to improving the performance of their justice systems. The Report provides an objective review of the performance of the justice system in the selected countries and recent achievements and opportunities for reform vis a vis the role of expert witnesses in trials. Recognizing the formative role that expert witnesses play in the trial process, the report provides recommendations on how to leverage and improve the role of expert witnesses in trials with a view to enhancing the overall quality, efficiency and performance of the justice system
    DOI: 10.1596/31426
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    Fiscal Implications of Free Education : The Case of Tanzania (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Tanzania became one of the first low-income countries to abolish fees for lower secondary education (grades 8-12) in 2015. One of the pledges of a new, reformist government, the policy built on the country's previous experience of abolishing primary fees in 2002. The new Fee-Free Basic Education Policy (FFBEP) extended the abolition of formal fees to lower secondary education, and prohibited both primary and lower secondary schools from levying informal fees, such as for inspections. The introduction of FFBEP has already enabled a large increase in the proportion of students entering primary school, and the proportion transitioning to secondary level. Over the next few years more than a million additional lower secondary places will be required to meet the increase in demand. This rapid expansion of lower secondary education is a boon for access and an important step for Tanzania to achieve its goal of attaining middle-income status by 2025. However, such a pace of expansion poses a significant fiscal challenge. Careful planning is required at this stage to develop a model of lower secondary education which can be scaled up in a sustainable way. In partnership with the government of Tanzania, the authors have developed a simulation model to estimate the fiscal impacts of various policy parameters with relevance to the implementation of FFBEP at lower secondary level. The findings presented in this note are based on the simulation tool developed for use by the government
    DOI: 10.1596/31466
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    Country Partnership Framework for the Republic of Armenia for the Period FY19-FY23 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Partnership Frameworks
    Abstract: The country partnership framework (CPF) for FY19-FY23 outlines a program of support to the Government of Armenia's vision for a just, inclusive, and citizen-centric Armenia. The World Bank Group (WBG) strategy will capitalize on the new momentum for deeper reforms and commitment to good governance brought about by recent political changes in Armenia to support a rebalancing of the economy toward a new growth model. The CPF presents to focus on: (i) boosting export enablers and firm competitiveness; (ii) enhancing human capital and equity; and (iii) sustainably managing environmental and natural resources. The CPF will seek opportunities under each focus area to incorporate key elements of good governance and inclusion: public accountability and transparency, citizen engagement, gender equity, spatial equity, and digital connectivity. The CPF focus areas were informed by extensive stakeholder consultations with the government, development partners, the private sector, and civil society; by the development challenges and opportunities highlighted in the government program and the WBG's systematic country diagnostic (SCD) for Armenia
    DOI: 10.1596/31444
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    Nutrition-Sensitive Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: This document summarizes evidence and guidance on project design and results framework indicators for nutrition-sensitive water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) operations and WASH components of other sector and subsector projects. The current body of evidence on the links between WASH and nutrition provides important clues as to what nutrition sensitive enhancements are needed to achieve greater impacts on early child nutrition and human capital. Six principles are outlined that aim to address some of the limitations that are found with conventional WASH interventions. A set of results framework indicators are proposed to support nutrition-sensitive WASH monitoring and evaluation in water supply and sanitation lending operations and for WASH components of projects in other sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/31429
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    Ethiopia Economic Update 7 : Special Topic - Poverty and Household Welfare in Ethiopia, 2011-16 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Ethiopia's real gross domestic product (GDP) growth, while still strong, decelerated to 7.7 percent in FY2018. A slowdown in industrial growth, mainly driven by lower growth in construction due to foreign exchange shortages and higher prices of imported construction materials, coupled with weaker performance of the manufacturing and the agriculture sectors, explains to a large extent the growth deceleration. Services sector exhibited strong growth in FY2018 while manufacturing underperformed. Poverty in Ethiopia deceased substantially over the past decade, although by less than what would have been expected based the country's on strong economic growth. This special topic complements the government's interim report on 2015-2016 poverty analysis study, by taking a closer look at some of the household-level welfare trends between 2011 and 2016
    DOI: 10.1596/31503
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    Nigeria Biannual Economic Update, April 2019 : Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene - A Wake-up Call (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Nigeria's emergence from recession remains slow: real GDP grew by 1.9 percent in 2018. While this was above the 0.8 percent growth of 2017, it was below the population growth rate, government projections and pre-recession levels. The oil and gas sector reverted to contraction from the second quarter of the year and the non-oil economy was thus the main driver of growth in 2018. While agriculture slowed down significantly due to conflict and weather events, whose effects were not counteracted by direct interventions by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), non-oil, non-agricultural growth, which remained negative up to the third quarter of 2017 strengthened through 2018 - but remained weak - with services (primarily ICT) resuming as the key driver. As the oil sector is not labor-intensive, and the non-oil economy was still relatively weak, nearly a quarter of the work force was unemployed in 2018; and another 20 percent under-employed. With 3.9 million net entrants into the labor force (now 90.5 million people) during 2018 (up to September) (4.5 percent growth), but virtually no growth in the stock of jobs, unemployment rose by 2.7 percentage points since end-2017, and more than doubled compared to the pre-recession levels (9.9 percent in Q3 of 2015)
    DOI: 10.1596/31514
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    Republic of Cabo Verde Public Expenditure Review : Revisiting the Efficiency of Public Spending to Reduce Debt and Improve Education and Health Outcomes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: This Public Expenditure Review (PER) was prepared by the World Bank at the request of the Ministry of Finance of Cabo Verde. With a debt-to-GDP ratio of 126 percent in 2017, Cabo Verde is the most indebted country in Sub-Saharan Africa. The country is also at a high of risk of external debt distress. As part of fiscal consolidation efforts to reduce debt, this PER identifies measures to boost fiscal revenues and improve the efficiency of public spending with emphasis on health and education. The report recommends tax policy measures to stem revenue loss from ineffective tax expenditures while strengthening revenue administration and tax compliance. There is space to reduce spending inefficiencies on goods and services, wages and salaries yielding potential fiscal savings. Investment in human capital is prioritized in Cabo Verde but there is scope to improve efficiency and outcomes. In education, reducing repetition rates and addressing human resources issues are key to avoiding waste and improving outcomes. In health, the report recommends measures to improve the allocation of resources to health units. If implemented, these measures could result in combined fiscal savings of at least 2.5 percent of GDP. Finally, continued rationalization of central government fiscal support to State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) is required to support a gradual reduction of the debt-to-GDP ratio over the medium term. The report includes five chapters. Chapter one discusses the key drivers of fiscal balances and public debt in Cabo Verde and explores different options to put debt on a downward trajectory. Chapters two and three analyzes in detail the respective performances of fiscal revenues and spending over 2010 to 2017. Chapters four and five reviews public spending in the health and education sectors with emphasis on efficiency. Equity issues as also covered in chapters four and five
    DOI: 10.1596/31527
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    Air Quality Management in Poland (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Despite significant effor ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31531
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    Is Tobacco Taxation Regressive? : Evidence on Public Health, Domestic Resource Mobilization, and Equity Improvements (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Tobacco taxes are recognized as an effective policy tool to reduce tobacco consumption and improve health outcomes; however, policy makers often hesitate to use them because of their possible regressive effects. This report assesses the ability of taxes on tobacco to improve future health and welfare outcomes, with a focus on their distributional impact and effects on the poor. In addition to adverse consequences on health and quality of life of smokers and their family members, tobacco-related illnesses cost billions of dollars in medical expenditures and losses in human capital and productivity, imposing heavy economic tolls on households and governments. Developing countries bear a high and increasing share of the economic burden of tobacco. However, traditional analyses often overlook the many economic benefits of reducing tobacco consumption. This report presents empirical findings using an extended cost benefit analysis (ECBA) methodology, to incorporate a more comprehensive view of the costs and benefits of increasing prices of tobacco on household welfare, and to assess their distributional impact by accounting for different consumer behaviors across income groups. Evidence for several countries shows that large price shocks on cigarettes can generate progressive and welfare-improving medium and long-term net impacts, that particularly improve welfare of lower-income households. Large shares of societies-and particularly the poor-can benefit from positive income gains by reducing tobacco-related medical expenses and avoiding premature deaths. Moreover, additional fiscal revenues generated may be used to further enhance measures to control tobacco and promote equity. Ultimately, the benefits and distributional impact of raising taxes on tobacco will depend on the ability of policy to understand and to leverage consumers' responses toward quitting tobacco, and to target comprehensive interventions to help the most vulnerable groups
    DOI: 10.1596/31575
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    AFCW3 Economic Update, Spring 2019 : Digitizing Agriculture - Evidence from E-Voucher programs in Mali, Chad, Niger, and Guinea (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The agricultural sector i ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31576
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    Mexico Gender Assessment (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: gaps that a country faces, across different domains, better informs policy design. To that effect, this report seeks to identify where progress has been achieved in increasing opportunities and outcomes for women and men in Mexico and where further policy action is required. It focuses on three areas that are critical for gender-equal access to opportunities: (a) endowments, such as health and education; (b) economic opportunities, such as access to labor, land, and financial markets; and (c) agency, including norms, representation, and freedom from violence. The report takes advantage of the existing literature as well as different sources of publicly available data for the country and aims to provide a panorama of the prevailing gender gaps and areas for work to close those gaps, covering a wide range of outcomes. As such, it seeks to serve as a guiding document for policy action and dialogue, further research, and public discussion
    DOI: 10.1596/31619
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    Investigating Nutrition-Sensitive WASH : Nurturing the 'Early Years' of Life with Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene--Evidence and Policy Levers for Bangladesh (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Bangladesh made a number of laudable development achievements in the early millennium but can and should do more to improve human capital and the wellbeing of its population. Coupled with impressive achievements in poverty reduction and economic growth are meeting many of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)-such as reaching nearly universal access to primary education, gender parity in primary and secondary education, ensuring food security, lowering infant, child, and maternal mortality rates, improving immunization coverage, and increasing access to improved water sources. Nurturing a child's early years can help nations boost human capital to become more diverse, competitive economies. Improving early childhood development requires multi-sectoral action. Advancements in early childhood development will not be possible without improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). This report will discuss several analyses that demonstrate the importance of WASH in nurturing the early years. The report begins with an examination of progress in achieving human development outcomes, many of which are specifically used to measure early childhood development and human capital. The next section will present a poverty risk model used to measure differences in WASH-related disease burden among wealth groups and populations with and without access to basic water and sanitation services. The third section discusses WASH deprivations in community health centers that reduce quality of care, and the fourth section measures the unique environmental exposures from inadequate WASH faced by slum dwellers, an often neglected yet high-risk population for poor health and undernutrition. The proceeding four sections then present original econometric analyses linking various components of WASH to childhood stunting, early childhood skills, infant mortality, and school enrollment. The final section concludes and provides recommendations on how Bangladesh's WASH sector can prioritize the early years in future investments
    DOI: 10.1596/31617
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    Gulf Economic Monitor, Issue 4 : Building the Foundations for Economic Sustainability (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The economies of the GCC recovered in 2018 despite signs of weakness in the global economic outlook, reinforcing the perception that GCC economies' fortunes are still inextricably tied to oil. Global growth slowed in 2018, as trade tensions be-tween the U.S. and China escalated, and goods trade slowed markedly. However, the steady increase in oil prices until October 2018 lifted growth in the GCC economies, from an average of -0.2 percent in 2017 to 2.0 percent in 2018. Two of the region's largest economies Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, as well as Oman, emerged from recession in 2018. Growth outturns were driven by higher oil production in the second half of 2018, higher capital investment made possible due to the rise in oil revenues, and higher domestic demand. Fiscal and external balances improved, also tracking oil sector performance. GCC countries' fiscal balances improved in 2018, aided by the average increase in oil prices and progress with non-oil revenue mobilization in some countries. This allowed most countries to reduce fiscal deficits while actually increasing spending in some cases. Saudi Arabia, for example was able to halve its overall fiscal deficit in 2018 while simultaneously increasing total spending by 10.8 percent. Other countries also demonstrated procyclicality in fiscal policy, as spending increased across the GCC. Saudi Arabia and the UAE implemented a 5 percent VAT in early 2018, and Bahrain followed in early 2019. Oman introduced excise taxes on tobacco products, energy drinks and soft drinks in mid-2018 and increased corporate income tax
    DOI: 10.1596/31653
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    Cambodia Economic Update, May 2019 : Recent Economic Developments and Outlook (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Preliminary estimates show real growth achieved a four-year high of 7.5 percent in 2018, compared to 7.0 percent in 2017. Driven primarily by rapid expansion of exports and robust internal demand, the economy performed better-than expected. Exports burgeoned as external demand, especially in the United States and European Union markets, strengthened. Garment and footwear exports which account for more than two-thirds of total merchandise exports, recorded a five-year high,rising by 17.6 percent in 2018, up from 8.3 percent in 2017. Upbeat consumer confidence led to a surge in imports. Motor vehicles and steel imports, which gauge domestic consumption and construction demands, rose by 50 percent and 48 percent, respectively. The current account deficit widened to 10.4 percent of GDP in 2018, from 9.7 percent of GDP in 2017, but remained fully financed by foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI is estimated to have reached a record high of more than 3.0 billion US dollars or 13.4 percent of GDP in 2018. Burgeoning exports and strong FDI inflows have contributed to further accumulation of gross international reserves, which in 2018 reached 10.1 billion US dollars or about six months of prospective imports
    DOI: 10.1596/31641
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    Making Inroads for Women : A Qualitative Study on Constraints and Opportunities of Women's Equal Participation in the Roads Sector in Malawi (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: The study aims to understand the constraints to women's equal participation in the roads sector inMalawi to inform the development of interventions to promote gender equality in the sector. The study adopts a career cycle approach that allows to identify and describe the barriers to career progression for women in the roads sector at each stage in the career cycle focusing on: attraction, selection, retention, and advancement. The study employs qualitative research methods consisting of focus group discussions with women and girls along the career cycle in the roads sector and key informant interviews. The study has yielded insights into the multiple and overlapping factors embedded in the socialization, learning and hiring processes that result inhigh rates of attrition of women in the engineering and roads-related technical field at different stages of the career cycle, often called the '*leaky pipeline'* in policy discussions about women in STEM. From secondary school through university and vocational schools, female students report less confidence and aspiration in engineering and vocational training in the roads sector. At the selection stage, women face gender bias in hiring and difficult work environment, representing an exodus of talent among women who could otherwise become the next generation of architects, engineers, and roads sector contractors. At the retention and advancement phase women confront a difficult work environment where women are sidelined from career advancement opportunities, face sexual harassment and have difficulty balancing work and family obligations in a sector wheremany of the opportunities are in remote locations. The roads sector in Malawi offers opportunitiesfor women: opportunities in the forms of generating substantial incomes, designing transport infrastructure to foster socio-economic development, and providing role models for the young women of the future. Increasing the gender balance in the roads sector requires a comprehensive and multi-sectoral approach and one that needs to address the underlying causes that subtly results in gender stereotypes and gendered occupational cultures and career choices. The table summarizes the key study findings and core set of actions to help women overcome the obstacles at different stages of the career cycle targeting women at all age groups
    DOI: 10.1596/31656
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    Shedding Light on Female Talent in Lebanon's Energy Sector (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Abstract: This policy brief aims to contribute to filling the knowledge gap and presenting a sex-disaggregated snapshot of the distribution of students across energy related higher education educational programs as well as the traditional Science, Technology, Education, and Math (STEM) fields, in tertiary education institutions across Lebanon's different regions. The objective is to better understand the supply side of female talent, starting with high skilled workers, available to enter the energy job market in Lebanon and propose recommendations when talking about opportunities for women to work in the sector. While the focus is on assessing the high skilled workforce, the recommendations point to the need to focus also on supporting a middle-skills talent pool where most of the jobs in the sector are likely to be created
    DOI: 10.1596/31608
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    Future of Food : Harnessing Digital Technologies to Improve Food System Outcomes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Digital technologies have significant potential to improve efficiency, equity, and environmental sustainability in the food system. A range of digital technologies are already leading to: better informed and engaged consumers and producers, smarter farms, and improved public services. Adoption of digital technologies varies significantly across countries, with lower current adoption rates in low-income countries. Increasing adoption will require addressing supply-side factors, such as rural network coverage and availability of digital applications, and demand-side factors, including skills and knowledge, trust, affordability, and complementary investments. While digital technologies have significant potential they also pose several risks that need to be addressed including: an overconcentration of service provider market power; lack of data privacy; exclusion; and cybersecurity breaches. These risks cut across all segments of the economy, including the food system. In addition, digital technologies should not be viewed as a panacea. Other investments are needed to address the multiple constraints farmers face and to realize the potential benefits of digital technologies
    DOI: 10.1596/31565
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  • 61
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    Drivers of the Gender Gap in Pensions : Evidence from EU-SILC and the OECD Pension Model (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This paper explores trends and drivers behind the gender gap in pensions (GGP) in Europe, focusing on countries with notionally defined contribution (NDC) schemes: Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, and Sweden. Based on current gender gaps on the labor market, the paper relates the progressivity of pension systems and the coverage of child care related spells to the GGP. It shows that NDC countries do not stand out as a group compared to other European countries in terms of pension outcomes for women. Nevertheless, NDC countries differ significantly from one another. Choices of indexation of pensions in payment and survivors' pension options have a strong impact on genderinequalities. Still, labor market differences are the most important driver of the GGP
    DOI: 10.1596/31625
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  • 62
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    Bridging Partner Lifecycle Earnings and Pension Gaps by Sharing NDC Accounts (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Sweden's gender pension gap is about 33 percent at retirement, reflecting the gender earnings gap - itself a reflection of a structural gender difference in low-pay jobs for women and men and career advancement opportunities. The individual nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) account data examined show that the allocation of time to informal care work in the home versus formal market work is the main determinant of the gaps. A case is presented for sharing accounts as the default, making the cost of women's time in home care explicit and negotiable, reducing the minimum guarantee pension's role as an implicit tax-financed spousal subsidy. The paper also analyzes the likelihood of needing a guarantee and the effect of sharing under various circumstances
    DOI: 10.1596/31649
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  • 63
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    The Latvian NDC Scheme : Success Under a Decreasing Labor Force (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Latvia introduced a nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) scheme in 1996 as it transitioned to a market economy. Despite a 20 percent decline in the working-age population from 1994-2016, the ratio of contributors to old-age pensioners rose from 1.6 to 2.1 given a steady increase in formal labor force participation and 5-6 percent real per capita wage growth. Projections show that long-term financial balance will be maintained through 2070, despite the threat of a projected 50 percent decline in the working-age population. Budgeted reserves will cushion the continued transition into a two-pillar public pension scheme. Latvia's most important long-term policy challenge is to create the domestic investments and economic growth to reward younger workers for remaining in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31648
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  • 64
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    The Greek Pension Reforms : Crises and NDC Attempts Awaiting Completion (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Greece's current pension system relies almost exclusively on the state and remains staunchly pay-as-you-go (PAYG) and defined benefit (DB). This paper offers a radical proposal for change: (i) a new multi-pillar notional and financial defined contribution (NDC and FDC) pension system for all generations first insured after 1993, with contribution rates for primary pensions reduced by 50 percent; and (ii) a transitional system for those first insured before 1993. The proposal's robustness is tested actuarially for the period up to 2060. Though financing the legacy cost would be challenging, the quantitative exercise indicates that a radical pension reform, especially if implemented as a part of an overall recovery package, could set the country on a more favorable growth trajectory
    DOI: 10.1596/31630
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  • 65
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    The Norwegian NDC Scheme : Balancing Risk Sharing and Redistribution (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: The main goals of reforming the Norwegian old-age pension system toward nonfinancial defined contributions (NDC) in 2011 were to improve long-run fiscal sustainability and labor supply incentives. Maintaining much of the redistributive effects of the former public pension system was also an important concern. Econometric analyses reveal the 2011 reform's significant effects on postponing retirement. Results from a dynamic microsimulation model show that the reform is expected to have substantial effects on old-age pension expenditures in the long run without any large negative distributional effects. Macroeconomic analyses indicate that the reform is likely to make a great fiscal impact in the long run, and higher employment plays an important role in this aspect
    DOI: 10.1596/31629
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  • 66
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    Sweden : Adjoining the Guarantee Pension with NDC (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This paper analyzes old-age incomes in Sweden from a pension policy perspective, focusing on both the economic position of elderly citizens and the redistributive effects of the pension system's different parts. The empirical analyses show that each subsequent cohort that reaches retirement age faces higher relative poverty risks than previous cohorts. The relative decline in the value of the guaranteed minimum pension vis-a-vis the real income growth of wage earners brings to the forefront the issues of indexation of the guarantee and the ceiling on the means-tested housing benefits like the basic safety net for pensioners
    DOI: 10.1596/31626
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  • 67
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    Chile's Solidarity Pillar : A Benchmark for Adjoining Zero Pillar with DC Schemes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: In 2008, Chile introduced a New Solidarity Pillar (NSP) designed to eliminate the incidence of poverty among elderly adults by setting a floor at around forty percent of the minimum monthly income for the poorest sixty percent of the population. This paper describes the NSP's main characteristics and the main results achieved during its first seven years of operations: coverage, fiscal cost, poverty reduction, and the system's role in reducing the significant gender gap in pensions. Its effects on incentives to contribute are discussed, as well as the literature that has attempted to measure these effects. Finally, the main challenges facing the NSP and the implications for other countries under defined contribution pension schemes are summarized
    DOI: 10.1596/31638
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  • 68
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    Cambodia Education Sector : Public Expenditure Tracking and Quality of Service Delivery Survey (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS) and the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), together with key Development Partners, conducted a Public Expenditure Tracking Survey (PETS) and Quality of Service Delivery Survey (QSDS) for the education sector in Cambodia. PETS identify resource use and leakages by examining flows of funds and materials from the central government to local service providers via regional and local governments. QSDS are multi-purpose surveys that examine the efficiency of frontline service delivery and the dissipation of resources by collecting information on service providers and various agents in the system. Several PETS were conducted in Cambodia in the 2005-2013 period. They generally found leakage to be low but the timeliness and consistency of funds delivery to service providers to be poor. This PETS-QSDS will assist the Royal Government of Cambodia in its aim to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public service delivery through several key reforms. The educational structure of schooling in Cambodia is six years of primary, followed by three years of lower secondary then three years of upper secondary. Prior to primary, there is at least one year for pre-school education. Cambodia also has technical and vocational education, which commences after completion of grade 9. Higher education commences after grade 12
    DOI: 10.1596/31679
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  • 69
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    Hopes, Costs and Uneven Burden : The Impacts of Labor Influx from Road Projects on Women and Girls in Rural Malawi (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: This study attempts to explore the impacts of labor influx related to roads construction on poor rural communities in Malawi with particular attention to the impacts on girls and women
    DOI: 10.1596/31715
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  • 70
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    Poland : Development of Capital Markets and Pension Funds (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Abstract: Poland's capital markets can play a crucial supporting role to the ongoing economic development and efficient allocation of credit. Capital markets will become increasingly important to meet the long-term funding needs of strategic sectors, including large, medium and small entities. Expansion and diversification of capital market instruments and hedging tools will also be essential to provide adequate investment and risk management vehicles to much needed long-term savings. While capital market offers different sources of financing, this note focuses primarily on the fixed income markets. This technical note is structured as follows. Section II covers each of the main market segments, including money markets, government and non-government bond markets and derivatives markets. Section III provides an examination of the investor base, the current participation of the different investor segments in the bond markets, and recommendations to reach broader and more effective investor diversification. The Section IV is focusing on the critical reform of the Employee Capital Plan (PPK), as one critical group of institutional investors
    DOI: 10.1596/31708
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  • 71
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    Timor-Leste Economic Report, April 2019 : Moving Beyond Uncertainty (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Timor-Leste Economic Report provides an up-to-date assessment of key economic developments, presents the World Bank's forecasts and outlook for Timor-Leste and provides an in-depth examination of selected policy issues relevant to Timor-Leste. The TLER is intended for a wide audience, including policymakers, business leaders, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Timor-Leste's evolving economy
    DOI: 10.1596/31706
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  • 72
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    The Power of Dung : Lessons Learned from On-Farm Biodigester Programs in Africa (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Abstract: Over half the world's population cooks primarily with wood, charcoal, coal, crop waste, or dung. This share is currently increasing or stagnant in most regions. Dependence on solid fuels is one of the world's major public health challenges, causing more premature deaths than HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined. The use of solid fuels and stoves also imposes significant economic costs on societies that can least afford them and contributes to adverse environmental and climate change effects. Traditionally the area of improving access to modern energy services has fallen in the realm of energy experts. However, a new study conducted by the World Bank between 2017-2019 asks the question: Does Agriculture have a role to plan in improving access to modern cooking services? The report: "The Power of Dung: Lessons Learned from On-Farm Biodigester Programs in Africa" examines on-farm biodigester programs in selected countries in Africa and examines the success factors of the programs. One of the report's most important findings is that reframing the promotion of biodigesters from one providing clean cooking solutions (energy) to one providing improved fertilizers (agriculture) increases the attractiveness of the solutions among farmers
    DOI: 10.1596/31716
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  • 73
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    Decision Maker's Guides for Solid Waste Management Technologies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers
    Abstract: The Decision Maker's Guides for Solid Waste Management Technologies were created to help mayors and decision makers understand the various technologies and when they would be appropriate based on local circumstances. Mayors are often approached by different solid waste management technology vendors and these guides aim to provide objective guidance and critical considerations. They offer insights into implementing environmentally sound treatment and disposal solutions. The guides include: (i) A basic description of what each technology is and how it works; (ii) Key considerations when thinking about pursuing a specific technology; (iii) Financial implications and suggestions for reducing and recovering costs; (iv) Examples of where the technology has succeeded and failed; and (v) Questions to ask the solid waste vendor to assess appropriateness of the technology and vendor for the local context
    DOI: 10.1596/31694
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  • 74
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    Administrative Requirements and Prospects for Universal NDCs in Emerging Economies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Many public policies are impossible to implement without adequate administrative systems in place. This is true for modern pension schemes and in particular, notional defined contribution (NDC) schemes. Today these systems must be digital yet most pension systems predate computerization and must find a way to bridge past and present. The shift from defined benefit (DB) to NDC brings particular challenges in recordkeeping. This paper briefly reviews the administrative requirements of NDCs and offers a simple checklist for countries considering this type of reform. The last section describes a universal NDC scheme that harnesses the modern digital infrastructure that may allow developing countries to overcome the limitations of traditional contributory systems and their reliance on payroll taxes
    DOI: 10.1596/31704
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  • 75
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    Information and Financial Literacy for Socially Sustainable NDC Pension Schemes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: This paper is centered on the complementary roles played by pension communication/information and financial literacy for a sustainable and equitable nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) system at both the micro and macro socioeconomic level. The paper presents new evidence on: (i) the concern of public opinion about pensions in five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), as approximated by Google Trends data; (ii) the relationship between measures of online search volume and coverage by traditional media (i.e., national newspapers); and (iii) the volume and framing of newspaper coverage for a specific reform (i.e., the 2011 Italian reform). On the demand (users) side, the paper considers pension literacy as an element to increase the effectiveness of reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/31703
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  • 76
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    Address Presenting the Sixth Annual Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the substantial growth of Bank activities, totaling 21 loans extended to 11 different countries in fiscal year 1951. Technical assistance for preparation and execution of loan projects is increasingly significant to Bank lending operations. He reported on completion of economic survey missions to Turkey, Guatemala, Cuba, and Uruguay and progress with five others. He noted that the Bank broadened its base in the private capital markets which provide the bulk of the loan funds, including public offerings of bonds in the United Kingdom and Switzerland. The Bank expects to issue bonds in the American market more regularly. He warned against overlending to countries that are not ready to put the capital to work. He reacted to proposals for an international finance corporation to stimulate private enterprise and to make equity investments. He reiterated the fundamental principles of development. He concluded by saying that the Bank's objective is to protect and enlarge the freedom of the individual, and that is surely worth all the energy the Bank can devote to its achievement
    DOI: 10.1596/31733
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  • 77
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    Address Presenting the Fourth Annual Report (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the plight of the underdeveloped member countries. Bank has greatly enlarged its knowledge of their economic problems and needs, their capacity to absorb and service external loans, and the merits of particular development projects. He discussed the most constructive contributions the Bank can make to the progress of development, especially in the least advanced countries, is to help make available to them the experience of other nations. He closed on a note that the Bank can start on the way towards equilibrium, it may find the effects of returning confidence highly cumulative and the difficulties dispelled more quickly than they dared hope
    DOI: 10.1596/31726
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  • 78
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    Address before the Bankers' Club of Chicago, January 10, 1951 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, echoed the Gordon Gray report regarding the importance of giving the underdeveloped countries a greater opportunity to raise their standard of living. He emphasizes the gradual nature of the development process and describes the obstacles which have to be overcome to accelerate it. He gives examples of Bank lending in support of development. He makes a case for providing grants instead of loans in some situations. He concludes that the United States and other industrial countries, in their own self-interest, should make additional financial and technical assistance available to the less developed countries of the world
    DOI: 10.1596/31731
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  • 79
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    Address before the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the fifth annual report and a supplemental statement to show what Bank was doing to enlarge the freedom of men. He described the Bank functioning effectively as a pool of both the government and private resources. He spoke about the bonds of International Bank that are well established in the America securities market. He warned of inflation risks and equipment shortages due to the Korean War. He spoke of the need for international coordination of the many sources of financing and aid
    DOI: 10.1596/31732
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  • 80
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    Address at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Political Science (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Eugene Meyer, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the marriage partnership between politics and economics in which divorce is an impossibility. The essential objective and the operation of the Bank which is to promote the international flow of long-term capital and to assure funds for the reconstruction of devastated areas and the development of resources in member countries. The Bank does not compete with private banks, but rather serves to promote foreign investment. It is empowered to extend credit from its own capital, borrow capital, and issue loan guarantees. World stability is threatened by a starvation for the materials with which to reconstruct. He stressed the need for settling the labor disputes without the disastrous strikes which bring about world starvation. The Bank can play the accelerating role of reconstruction and development for which it was established
    DOI: 10.1596/31687
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  • 81
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    Address before the Foreign Policy Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1, 1948 (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: John J. McCloy, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the prospects for success by the European Recovery Program and the role of Bank in it. He commented on the world leadership role of the United States. He reviewed the five loans the Bank has made to date. He concluded by discussing South America countries and their needs for technical assistance and advice in connection with their development
    DOI: 10.1596/31698
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  • 82
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    Zambia Health Sector Public Expenditure Tracking and Quantitative Service Delivery Survey (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Gesundheitswesen ; Reform ; Gesundheitskosten ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Sambia
    Abstract: Zambia's health sector has continued to evolve with the government undertaking several reforms aimed at improving the performance of the sector to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their precursor, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Amid the ongoing reforms, the health sector has recorded a number of achievements, but some challenges remain. This Public Expenditure Tracking and Quantitative Service Delivery Survey (PET-QSDS) assesses the financing and delivery of health services, and whether the reform objectives have been made. This was achieved by reviewing the flow of financial and other resources in the public health sector from administrative units to service delivery points at the facility level. The data were collected from administrative units, health workers, and patients to gauge the various dimensions of the health system that include financial flows, management of infrastructure, human resources for health, and patient management. Specifically, the issues which were reviewed are: Availability, adequacy, and timeliness of resources for service delivery; implementation of some key policy reforms such as user fee removal and adherence to policy guidelines; donor resource coordination, ownership, and fragmentation at the district level; assessment of human resources management at the district and facility levels; and comparison of staff satisfaction, absenteeism, and service delivery in districts implementing the Results-based Financing (RBF) model and non-RBF districts
    DOI: 10.1596/31783
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  • 83
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    Nepal Development Update : Investing in People to Close the Human Capital Gap (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Nepal is estimated at 7.1 percent in FY2019, driven mainly by the service and agriculture sectors. The service sector is likely to grow by 7.5 percent due to a boost in the retail, hotel, and restaurant subsectors, driven by an uptick in tourist arrivals and remittance-fueled private consumption. Agriculture is estimated to grow by 5 percent in FY2019, well above its 30-year average of 3.1 percent, due to good monsoons, increased commercialization, availability of fertilizers and seeds, and improved irrigation facilities. Industrial growth is also likely to be strong at 8.1 percent, well above its 30-year average of 5 percent, mainly due to improved power availability from increased electricity generation. Private investment and consumption are likely to be the main contributors to growth on the demand side. However, public investment is projected to contract due to a slowdown in post-earthquake reconstruction and delays in national pride projects like Melamchi water supply and Upper Tamakoshi hydroelectric
    DOI: 10.1596/31802
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  • 84
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    Accountants as Catalysts for Growth in the Western Balkans : Initial Assessment of SME's Financial Management and Financial Governance (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: Good financial management ...
    DOI: 10.1596/31836
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  • 85
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    Leveraging ICT Platforms to Foster Citizen Engagement For Enhanced Public Accountability : The Korean Experience (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: This learning note aims to document the experience of the Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea (BAI) and the online administrative appeals hub system of Korea's Central Administrative Appeals Commission (CAAC) in leveraging ICT platforms for citizen engagement. The note both analyzes participatory practices and examines how the use of ICT platforms contributed to enhance public outreach by making citizen engagement in public accountability more cost-effective, scalable, transparent, and inclusive. The learning note targets accountability institutions (such as supreme audit institutions, anti corruption agencies,and so on), as well as representatives from civil society organizations and citizens around the world interested in knowing more about the experience of Korea, including the challenges and opportunities, in leveraging ICT tools to foster citizen engagement for enhanced public accountability
    DOI: 10.1596/31837
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  • 86
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    Lessons Learned in Financing Rapid Response to Recent Epidemics in West and Central Africa : A Qualitative Study (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: In the wake of the 2014 Ebola Virus Disease (Ebola) crisis, the international development community, including the World Bank Group (WBG), have taken various institutional and operational steps to improve the advice, investments, and financing instruments to support both the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency responses to infectious disease outbreaks. Several World Bank instruments have been developed or adapted to more promptly deliver financial resources. The objective of the study is to inform the design and implementation of financing for rapid response to outbreaks through an analysis of lessons learned from recent outbreaks in West and Central Africa. This report will explain the methodology used to collect and analyze study data. It will then review the background, findings, and observations on mobilizing domestic and external funds for response in light of the evolution of epidemics in West Africa, Nigeria, and Democratic Republic of the Congo. The report summarizes the recent changes and key remaining challenges globally and in select countries summarized by the four selected themes (governance, effective financing, efficient use of resources, and preparedness). This report then offers conclusions and recommendations from this qualitative study
    DOI: 10.1596/31838
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  • 87
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    Exploring the Diversity of Young People Not in Employment, Education or Training : The Gender Profile of NEETs in Georgia and Armenia (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: The analysis presented in this study points to persistent and high numbers in Georgia and Armenia of youth who are jobless and/or economically inactive and with limited access to learning and/or training opportunities, and these figures are among the highest in the ECA region. As many as 31 percent youth aged 15-29 in Georgia and 33 percent in Armenia are not in employment, education, or training (NEET). In Georgia, the phenomenon is mostly urban, whereas in Armenia it's both rural and urban. NEET rates are consistently higher among female than male youth, pointing to the fact that being female is a risk factor itself for labor market exclusion, and gender disparities. In addition to gender gaps, there are important gender differences in the condition of those who are NEET: economic inactivity - in the form of homemaking and/or caregiving work - is the most prevalent condition among NEET women, whereas unemployment is the most common status among NEET men. With regards to education, Georgia and Armenia stand out as cases where higher educational attainment does not necessarily prevent young people from becoming NEETs, and the NEET rate among higher education graduates is even bigger (particularly among women) than for those with lower education. This is a strong sign of mismatch between the demand and supply side of labor market. The economies of these countries are not able to create an adequate supply of skilled jobs for graduates, and there is persistent subsistence low-productivity employment the agriculture sector
    DOI: 10.1596/31833
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  • 88
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    Myanmar's Urbanization : Creating Opportunities for All (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: Urbanization in Myanmar is still in an early phase with slightly less than one-third of the population living in cities. This presents an enormous opportunity for the country. Cities are engines of growth and prosperity, which facilitate industries to grow jobs, services and innovations. Cities are also fundamental to lifting people out of poverty through increased employment opportunities and incomes to citizens. No country has reached middle income status without urbanizing. That being said, the way that cities urbanize is important to growth, poverty and livability. If adequate investments are not made in basic infrastructure and services, urban planning, and in ensuring a governance and financing structure that can deliver for residents, cities instead can end up with major problems of congestion, pollution, sprawl, and inequality which can create or worsen social divisions, and potentially contribute to crime and violence. The report, Myanmar's Urbanization: Creating Opportunities for All aims to understand urbanization in Myanmar drawing on the growing literature on the topic in Myanmar, especially for Yangon. It uses an inclusive urbanization lens and proposes a set of priority policy areas for urgent attention that will help to ensure the benefits of urbanization are widely realized given the projected growth of cities. An inclusion lens is particularly important in Myanmar as the country transitions from a complex history that has been characterized by decades of economic and political isolation, conflict, and underdevelopment. Inclusive urbanization is reliant on three keydimensions; economic, social and spatial. Economic inclusion refers to equitable access to employment and income-generating activities in a city, and resilience to shocks. Spatial inclusion refers to equitable and affordable access to land, housing, infrastructure and basic public services. Social inclusion relates to individual and group rights, equity, security and dignity. Such aspects of social inclusion and exclusion are relevant to groups who are often marginalized inday-to-day urban life
    DOI: 10.1596/31824
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  • 89
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    Vulnerability and Protection of Refugees in Turkey : Findings from the Rollout of the Largest Humanitarian Cash Assistance Program in the World (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Vulnerability and Protection of Refugees in Turkey: Findings from the Rollout of the Largest Humanitarian Cash Assistance Program in the World assesses the targeting performance and benefit level design of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) program for refugees in Turkey. It also provides a comprehensive look at the vulnerability of ESSN eligible households using a multidimensional lens, drawing from novel representative data. The ESSN provides monthly cash transfers to help the most vulnerable refugees meet their basic needs, and complement Turkey's response to the crisis. With near 4 million refugees, Turkey hosts more refugees than any other country in the world. The program is funded by the European Union member states, and implemented nationwide in partnership with the Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Services, the World Food Programme, and the Turkish Red Crescent. The study finds that the vulnerabilities of the ESSN refugee population are multiple and complex. Refugees in the ESSN program suffer from a shortage of resources today, but also resort to coping strategies that cripple their resource-generating capacity tomorrow. The ESSN targeting criteria are relatively effective in selecting the most vulnerable refugees, but exclude a share of the poor. This issue is starting to get addressed by decentralized allowances targeted with community-level information. The ESSN cash transfer value is found to be adequate to support basic needs. An untargeted design would have minimized exclusion errors, but would reach everybody with smaller transfers, insufficient to meet basic needs. Future analysis will focus on the impact of the transfers on household welfare
    DOI: 10.1596/31813
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  • 90
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    Stronger Power : Improving Power Sector Resilience to Natural Hazards (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: The power sector is both highly vulnerable to natural hazards and a priority for any country'srecovery and reconstruction. After Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico in 2017, most of the power gridwas down. One year and tens of billions of dollars later some customers were yet to be reconnected to the main grid. This type of long and widespread power outage has major consequences on people's health and well-being, for instance through lacking access to refrigeration for food and medicine, and on the ability of firms to produce and provide people with goods, services, jobs, and income. In most countries, the power system is designed to cope with high-frequency but relatively low impact events. Low-frequency, high-impact events - such as many natural disasters - are rarely considered fully, and the implementation of planned management measures is often patchy. Furthermore, the power system is a special kind of infrastructure due to the heterogeneity of the generation assets and its wide spatial distribution. The latter means that power systems are often exposed to natural hazards and sometimes to more than one hazard, leading to high repair costs when disasters strike. This paper, prepared as a sectoral note for the Lifelines report on infrastructure resilience, investigates the vulnerability of the power system to natural hazards and climate change, and provides recommendations to increase its resilience. It first describes how power outages are often the consequence of natural disasters and outlines the main vulnerabilities of the power sector. It then proposes a range of approaches and solutions for building a more resilient power sector - from increased robustness to greater flexibility - showing that the additional cost of resilience is not high if resources are well spent. Finally, it describes how emergency preparedness and disaster recovery encompass not only technical aspects, like asset strengthening or criticality analysis, but also "softer" skills, like governance, regulatory or capacity building, and education
    DOI: 10.1596/31910
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  • 91
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    Water Infrastructure Resilience : Examples of Dams, Wastewater Treatment Plants, and Water Supply and Sanitation Systems (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Water systems are a special kind of infrastructure systems because they perform a dual role: theyprovide water services while also reducing risks to other services from natural hazards such asfloods and droughts. This report aims to inform water system managers on the importance of andmeasures to build the resilience of water service provision to natural hazards and climate riskswhile ensuring that water systems can safeguard service provision by reducing their exposure tothe risks associated with natural hazards. When choosing resilience measures, water systemsmanagers should consider the following six principles while also incorporating the concept ofdecision making under deep uncertainty: 1) knowing the system through network analysis andcriticality assessment; 2) improving maintenance to reduce vulnerability and improve resilience;3) involving users for active demand management; 4) working with nature to manage and respondto risks; 5) developing and improving contingency management; and 6) applying innovation whereappropriate. In addition, since water systems reduce the risks associated with certain naturalhazards to other services like power, transport and water itself, such safeguard services shouldbe accounted for when making the case for resilience investments in water systems
    DOI: 10.1596/31911
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  • 92
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    Impact of Cigarette Price Increase on Health and Financing Outcomes in Vietnam (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This paper is part of additional efforts supported by the World Bank Global Tobacco Control Program to inform the Government of Vietnam on options for tobacco taxation by providing estimates of the impact of cigarette price increase across five income groups for the period 2020-2022 under two scenarios. Vietnam is an important country for global tobacco control, and currently has about 15 million males who smoke. to support government efforts to strengthen tobacco controlpolicies, most notably through a substantial increase in the excise tax of tobacco, weconducted an extended cost-effectiveness analysis to examine the distributional impactof a 32 percent and a 62 percent increase in cigarette prices under Scenario A and Scenario B,respectively. In conclusion, we found that higher cigarette prices would particularly benefit the poorest income quintile of the population, in terms of deaths averted, life-years saved, out of pocket expenditures for treating tobacco-attributable diseases, catastrophic health expenditures, and extreme poverty averted. The additional tax burden is, however, borne mostly by the top income group in the 62 percent price increase scenario. Thus, tobacco taxes are an effective way to improve health and reduce poverty in Vietnam
    DOI: 10.1596/31948
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  • 93
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    Mexico : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This country brief provides an overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation in Mexico
    DOI: 10.1596/31962
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  • 94
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    Living Conditions and Settlement Decisions of Recent Afghan Returnees : Findings from a 2018 Phone Survey of Afghan Returnees and UNHCR Data (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: This report is the result of a collaboration between the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice of the World Bank Group (WBG). Repatriation or the return of refugees to their country of origin has been rarely studied, and data on their socio-economic outcomes is sparsely available. In such a context, the World Bank and UNHCR teams attempted to make good use of the existing data sources and complemented it with new data collection methods to better understand the patterns and characteristics of recent Afghan refugee returns. More specifically, the team attempted to analytically connect insights between different data sources to explore (albeit imperfectly) questions of selection among Afghans who remained in Pakistan and those documented returnees who returned to Afghanistan
    DOI: 10.1596/31944
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  • 95
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    Myanmar : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/31952
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  • 96
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    Costa Rica : Overview of Tobacco Use, Tobacco Control Legislation, and Taxation (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This brief provides an overview of tobacco control legislation, use, and taxation in the country. Costa Rica ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2008. General Law for the Control of Tobacco and its Harmful Effects on Health was adopted in March 2012, and it regulates smoke-free places; tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship, as well as tobacco packaging and labeling in line with FCTC guidelines. This law also sets several norms on tobacco taxation, and it substantially increased the tax burden for cigarettes. In 2012, cigarette prices in Costa Rica increased by 49 percent, and in 2013, the tobacco excise revenue increased by 96 percent. Tobacco taxation and other tobacco control policies in Costa Rica were very successful in terms of public health. The prevalence of smoking both among adults and adolescents declined, and after 2012, the rates of decline increased. In 2015, only 5.8 percent of the adult population smoked daily. In 2018, cigarette production in the country was closed. The tobacco industry claimed that the closure had been caused by increased cigarette smuggling. However, there are no independent estimates of illicit cigarette share on the market, while the tobacco industry used to exaggerate the volumes of smuggled cigarettes. The difference in cigarette prices between Costa Rica and neighboring countries is rather small and is unable to encourage large smuggling. Thus, the observed illicit cigarette sales are likely caused by the factors, which are not related directly to tobacco taxation
    DOI: 10.1596/31964
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  • 97
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    Liberia Domestic Revenue Mobilization Policy Notes (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Following general elections in Liberia in 2017, a new government was formed with a mandate to achieve ambitious development objectives. Following a nationwide consultative process, the new medium-term national development plan, Pro-Poor Agenda for Prosperity and Development (PAPD)-2019-2023 was developed focusing on: strengthening public institutions; accelerating infrastructure investments for productive capacity; improving productivity in the real sector through enhanced economic diversification; increasing investment in human capital (youth employment, health, and education); and improving competitiveness, while safeguarding macroeconomic and debt sustainability. The focus of fiscal policy should be twofold, raising revenues while sustaining deficit at financeable level. In such a tight fiscal situation, the imperative is to secure equal or improved quality of public services by prioritizing and improving the composition of expenditure, enhancing efficiency, and expanding the resource envelope by stepping up the revenue mobilization efforts. Sustaining pro-poor development agenda, will likely require a political resolve to reduce the share of government resources devoted to high paid public servants and discretionary expenditures, as well as improve the efficiency and transparency of government spending. Otherwise, the financing gap created by an announced decline in grants and other forms of external assistance may be difficult to close
    DOI: 10.1596/31990
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  • 98
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    Supply-Side Readiness of Primary Health Care in the Philippines (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Health indicators in the Philippines currently lag well behind what will be expected given the country's level of economic development. Immunization rates are at their lowest point in 10 years, maternal mortality remains very high, one in three Filipino children suffer from malnutrition, and the noncommunicable disease (NCD) burden is growing. The resulting epidemiologic profile is complex, and an adequate response requires a robust primary health care system. With the introduction and subsequent expansion of the social health insurer, administered by the Philippine health insurance corporation (PhilHealth), the central government has sought to ensure access to a number of high-priority health services, including at the primary level. However, much of the responsibility for implementing the publicly funded health system is at the local level, where capacity and resources differ. This paper seeks to understand the extent to which basic service delivery units (specifically rural health units (RHUs)) have the capacity to deliver the primary health care services mandated by the government
    DOI: 10.1596/32021
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  • 99
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    Forest-Smart Mining : Offset Case Studies (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Despite its relatively modest footprint, mining is an important driver of deforestation and degradation in tropical forests, often as a result of indirect impacts from associated infrastructure, unplanned development, and in-migration. The World Bank program on extractive industries in forest landscapes aims to ensure that this sector does not erode forest capital, but rather enables client countries and the World Bank Group to make better-informed decisions about minimizing trade-offs and maximizing benefits from forest-smart mining. This document presents five detailed case studies: (1) ArcelorMittal's iron ore project in Liberia, (2) Newmont's Akyem project in Ghana, (3) Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee and Guinea Alumina Corporation's bauxite projects in Guinea, (4) wildlife works' carbon offset project in Kenya, and (5) Aston Coal's Maules Creek coal mine in Australia. Together, they highlight the spectrum of challenges faced by those aiming to implement enduring offsets. The selection of studies was based on their different types of forest landscapes, inclusion of World Bank Group projects, variety of minerals, and availability of data, which constrained the geographical spread of case studies. Section one gives introduction. Section two presents the key lessons learned. The detailed case studies are presented in sections three to seven. Section eight summarizes some practical challenges that may undermine the successful implementation of offsets. Finally, section nine offers some concluding observations
    DOI: 10.1596/32027
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  • 100
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    Forest-Smart Mining : Identifying Factors Associated with the Impacts of Large-Scale Mining on Forests (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Minerals play a vital role in society, both in everyday life and in technologies required for a greener economic future. While circular economic approaches are developing fast, continued rising demand and the limitations of recycling mean mining for new raw materials is set to remain an important part of mineral production for the foreseeable future. As an industry, mining plays an important role in more than 80 countries worldwide and, when managed well, contributes to many of the global development goals. However, when managed poorly, the sector can lead to various negative social, environmental, and economic impacts potentially occurring across the mining life cycle. Change in the mining sector tends to be slow, with activity largely driven by long-term commodity price cycles and projects being conducted at increasingly larger scales. But when projects do occur, they can play a key role in the future development of an area. This report focuses on large-scale mining (LSM), with the stated outcome being the identification of good and bad practices and or enabling conditions related to promoting forest-smart LSM based on a series of case studies
    DOI: 10.1596/32025
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