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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (978)
  • Würzburg UB
  • HBZ
  • Online Resource  (978)
  • Book
  • Image
  • 1995-1999  (930)
  • 1975-1979  (48)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (978)
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  • Online Resource  (978)
  • Book
  • Image
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Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
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Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in Mexico 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789164180315
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; Mexico
    Abstract: OECD's 1999 review of regulatory reform in Mexico. It finds that regulatory reform has been key to the transformation of the Mexican economy over the past 15 years. Formerly inward-looking and heavily regulated, the Mexican economy today is relatively open and market-based. The rapid pace, broad scope, and depth of regulatory reforms exceed those of most OECD countries. These reforms have already produced major benefits for Mexico, not least by increasing economic flexibility so that Mexico rebounds more quickly from economic crises. But benefits of reforms have been slowed by the macroeconomic crises of the 1990s. Sustained attention is needed now to complete and implement reforms to establish conditions for vigorous market competition and entry, while strengthening the capacity of the Mexican state to use high quality and transparent regulatory instruments in carrying out public policies. A multi-year period of policy stability supportive of market-led growth could produce enduring and broad-based benefits for Mexican consumers and businesses. Mexico was one of the first OECD countries to request a broad review by the OECD of its national regulatory practices and domestic regulatory reforms. This report -- the result of intensive assessment by the OECD and review by its Member countries -- is unique in that it presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the macroeconomic context, the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and integration of market openness principles in regulatory processes, and in sectors such as telecommunications. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer-term based on best international regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789164180315-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pologne (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Poland
    Keywords: Governance ; Poland
    Abstract: Le 2 avril 1997 l’Assemblée nationale a adopté une nouvelle Constitution. Elle a remplacé la loi constitutionnelle sur les relations mutuelles entre le pouvoir législatif et le pouvoir exécutif et sur les collectivités locales, connue sous le nom de « Petite Constitution ». La nouvelle Constitution a été approuvée par référendum populaire le 26 mai 1997, signée par le Président et publiée le 16 juillet 1997. Elle est finalement entrée en vigueur le 17 octobre 1997. Elle était en discussion depuis 1989, mais plusieurs tentatives antérieures visant à adopter un nouveau texte avaient échoué. En vertu des dispositions de la nouvelle Constitution, des amendements ne peuvent être proposés que par un minimum d’un cinquième du nombre officiel de députés du Sejm, par le Sénat, ou par le Président de la République. Un projet d’amendement de la Constitution doit obligatoirement être adopté par le Sejm à la majorité d’au moins deux tiers des voix et en présence d’au moins la moitié du nombre officiel de députés ; pour le Sénat il faut une approbation à la majorité absolue des voix en présence d’au moins la moitié du nombre officiel de sénateurs. Si des changements doivent être apportés aux chapitres I, II ou XII de la Constitution, leurs promoteurs peuvent demander la tenue d’un référendum populaire de confirmation. La Pologne a traditionnellement fait partie de la tradition juridique continentale. Même du temps du communisme, le pays n’a pas rompu avec cet héritage juridique. Le système juridique polonais repose sur une hiérarchie de normes de droit.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk186mgzmv-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Les activités extra-scolaires au Royaume-Uni (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.1999/11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Study Support in Extra Time in the United Kingdom
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Le Royaume-Uni a lancé au printemps 1999 un grand projet pour accroître l’utilisation des bâtiments scolaires. Les bonnes écoles des secteurs public et privé ont toujours offert des activités récréatives et scolaires en dehors des heures de classe. Le gouvernement a décidé maintenant d’investir 200 millions de livres sterling provenant de la Loterie nationale pour permettre aux écoles des zones défavorisées dont les élèves ont de faibles résultats scolaires de développer ce type d’initiatives.
    DOI: 10.1787/446845854274
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Update on Asset Management Plans in the United Kingdom (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.1999/15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le point sur les projets de gestion des actifs au Royaume-Uni
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Government, because of its commitment to education, is making significant additional capital funding available to the schools sector. Over the next three years, through various policy initiatives, about GBP 6 billion will be available to clear the maintenance backlog and improve school buildings. It is important that this money is used efficiently and as effectively as possible. Local Education Authorities (LEAs) will be responsible for preparing the Asset Management Plans, which will cover all types of state-funded schools in their boundaries. An AMP will provide an agreed basis for local decisions on spending priorities.
    DOI: 10.1787/444022103374
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Implementing the OECD jobs strategy : assessing performance and policy; unemployment in the OECD area, 1950 - 2000 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264173684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: The OECD Jobs Strategy
    Series Statement: The OECD jobs strategy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Implementing the OECD jobs strategy
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. ;La stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi : Évaluation des performances et des politiques
    Keywords: OECD ; Beschäftigungspolitik
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173682-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Towards lifelong learning in Hungary (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264173609
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Towards lifelong learning in Hungary
    RVK:
    DV 2840
    RVK:
    QX 800
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift 1998 ; Ungarn ; Bildungswesen ; Ungarn ; Berufsbildung
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173606-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Latvia (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Public Management Profiles no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lettonie
    Keywords: Governance ; Latvia
    Abstract: Latvia is a parliamentary republic first established on 18 November 1918, whose constitution (Satversme) was adopted on 15 February 1922. Its de facto sovereignty and independence ended with the USSR’s occupation as from 1940 and were restored by the Declaration of the Renewal of the Independence of the Republic of Latvia dated 4 May 1990 and the 21 August 1991 declaration re-establishing de facto independence, both of which proclaimed the authority of the Satversme. The Satversme was fully reinstated on 6 July 1993 when the parliament (Saeima) convened after the first democratic elections since the 1930s. On 17 June 1999, the 100-member Saeima cast 53 votes for Vaira Vike-Freiberga, who became the first woman to be elected president in the former Soviet Union.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk1863p7zt-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Changement climatique : Pour une mobilisation mondiale (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264274440
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Les stratégies des pouvoirs publics pour faire face au changement climatique doivent inclure des partenariats pour une coopération technologique, des partenariats avec les collectivités locales et des stratégies de communication. Ces thèmes se sont dégagés de la réunion de 1997 du Forum de l'OCDE sur le changement climatique. L'ouverture du Forum à des représentants des milieux financiers, des compagnies d'assurances et du secteur des entreprises "vertes", ainsi qu'aux autorités locales, aux organisations non gouvernementales de protection de l'environnement et à des experts des pays en développement, a permis un renouveau de la réflexion à l'approche de la conférence de Kyoto et de la troisième Conférence des Parties. Cet ouvrage propose un choix d'exposés présentés à la réunion et le rapport du rapporteur. Il permet de mieux cerner le rôle des pouvoirs publics et donne ainsi une première analyse des meilleurs moyens d'obtenir une mobilisation mondiale pour faire face au changement climatique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264274440-fr
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The social sciences at a turning point? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264172920
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. The social sciences at a turning point?
    RVK:
    QB 100
    RVK:
    MP 5000
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift 1998 ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Politikberatung
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172920-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Electronic Commerce : Initial Survey of Unilateral Liberalisation and Facilitation Measures (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 14 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.45
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper reports initial results from a Secretariat survey of recent unilateral liberalisation and facilitation measures relevant to the growth of Internet-based electronic commerce that have been undertaken by Governments in both OECD and non-OECD member economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/236541807682
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Environmental requirements for industrial permitting (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264172580
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Bd. 1 - 3
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Environmental requirements for industrial permitting
    Keywords: OECD ; Industrie ; Konzession ; Umwelt
    Note: Erschienen Bd. 1 - 3
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172586-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Markets Are There For Transport by Inland Waterways? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180031
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.108
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quels marchés pour les transports par voies navigables ?
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Despite the fact that the freight transport market in Europe almost doubled in volume over the period 1970 to 1995, growth in the inland waterway sector has remained stagnant. Until now the waterways have primarily been used to transport goods produced by sectors that have been hard hit by industrial restructuring. However, the past does not necessarily hold the key to the future. Waterways can be readily incorporated into logistics chains in which regular supply streams and low transport costs are more important than speed. The transportation of hazardous materials and container transport also offer promising markets. The Round Table identified a number of policy measures which could help to promote development in the inland waterways sector (discontinuation of scrapping policies, support for the grouping of enterprises and the creation of co-operatives, incentives for private-sector investment). Reading the proceedings of this Round Table offers an opportunity to look at the inland waterways in a wholly new light which shows that there is a genuine future for this mode provided that operators are prepared to become entrepreneurs.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180031-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Policy Reform and Growth Prospects in Emerging African Economies (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.145
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: We assess the prospects for growth of African economies up to the year 2010 by modelling structural and policy determinants of growth, under different scenarios for changes in the exogenous factors and economic policies which shape the projections. To this end we estimate a growth model for 39 African economies, during seven five-year periods from 1960 through 1995. The model emphasises two engines of growth: i) investment and ii) growth of exports. Using a composite indicator of “emerging economies” iiset up on the basis of the economic performance, quality of policies and political stability of African countries ppwe identify 14 African economies that stand better chances to achieve a lasting improvement in their policies and growth performance in the years ahead. These “emerging economies” can be mostly found in the Southern-Eastern and the Western parts of Africa. Our growth simulations involve two policy scenarios: a baseline scenario which extends policy trends observed ...
    DOI: 10.1787/886414788068
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La réforme des fonds de pension : Leçons d'Amérique Latine (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pension Reform: Lessons from Latin America
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Les réformes des régimes de retraite en Amérique latine ont eu des effets bénéfiques, cependant surestimés. • Tous les pays, Membres ou non Membres de l'OCDE, peuvent tirer profit des approches et des premiers résultats des réformes de « deuxième génération ». • Une capitalisation partielle est réalisable. Elle peut être financée de diverses manières et permettre de mieux diversifier les risques. • Des coûts administratifs élevés et l'uniformité des placements rendent les nouveaux systèmes improductifs. Une réglementation appropriée des régimes de retraite limiterait ces effets négatifs.
    DOI: 10.1787/046835250765
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Accounts for Agriculture : 1999 Edition = Comptes économiques de l'agriculture : Edition 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264074262
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (340 p.) , ill.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264074262-en-fr
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    UEM : Faits, défis et politiques (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264272606
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (238 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. EMU; Facts, Challenges and Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. EMU: Facts, Challenges and Policies
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: Le lancement de l'euro jette les bases d'une intégration économique sans précédent rassemblant 11 pays, 16 % du PIB mondial et 290 millions d'habitants. Pour la première fois l'OCDE étudie la « zone euro » comme une entité à part entière et analyse la préparation minutieuse qui a mené à la monnaie unique ainsi que les enjeux soulevés par son introduction. La convergence macro-économique déjà réalisée et le cadre institutionnel désormais en place ne doivent pas faire oublier qu'il subsiste nombre d'incertitudes.Une articulation des politiques monétaire et budgétaire qui soit à la hauteur des enjeux reste à définir. La capacité de l'UEM à absorber les chocs économiques doit en outre être revue et renforcée. Plus particulièrement, une flexibilité accrue du marché du travail apparaît primordiale afin de compenser la perte d'autonomie monétaire qu'implique la participation à l'UEM et ainsi éviter que les ajustements ne s'effectuent davantage au détriment de l'emploi. Un chapitre spécial de cet ouvrage aborde les obstacles que constituent encore le manque de mobilité des travailleurs et la trop grande rigidité des modes de fixation des salaires. Les enjeux des années à venir résident dans ces questions, et cet ouvrage les aborde à la lumière des analyses les plus éclairantes que permet la réflexion économique contemporaine. Sa vocation n'est pas de donner des recettes figées, mais plutôt de dégager, sur la base d'analyses et de chiffres inédits, les lignes d'action les plus favorables au succès de l'union monétaire. Une lecture exigeante et sans complaisance, qui s'adresse à tous ceux qui souhaitent comprendre les mécanismes économiques à l'oeuvre.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264272606-fr
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Educational Building and Decentralisation in Mexico (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.1999/02
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Construction des écoles et décentralisation au Mexique
    Keywords: Education ; Mexico
    Abstract: The Administrative Board of the Federal School Construction Programme (CAPFCE) has been in existence for 54 years, but it was only in 1977 that initial efforts were made to transfer responsibility for educational building to the administrations of the 32 states of Mexico. The CAPFCE is now a body that sets standards, exercises technical supervision and provides financial assistance.
    DOI: 10.1787/468031431237
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    After-Hours Use of Schools (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 7 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.1999/10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'utilisation des équipements scolaires en dehors des heures de classe
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Experience in a number of OECD countries today continues to demonstrate how after-hours use of schools can improve student success through more study time, add value to the formal curriculum through extra-curricular activities, provide adults with opportunities for personal development or learning and offer the wider population a well-situated structure that can be the centre of community life. This article describes current practice in Belgium, Canada, France, Ireland, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.
    DOI: 10.1787/451061402610
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Online Advertising and Marketing Directed Toward Children (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.46
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La publicité et le marketing en ligne visant les enfants
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: OECD Committee on Consumer Policy Forum Session on Online Advertising and Marketing Directed toward Children, intended to provide information on how OECD Member countries are dealing with issues related to children and the Internet.
    DOI: 10.1787/236506677507
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The School 2001 Project in Pendao, Portugal (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.1999/12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le projet d'école 2001 à Pendao, au Portugal
    Keywords: Education ; Portugal
    Abstract: This article is an extract from a presentation made by Isabel Mendinhos to the PEB Steering Committee in June 1999. The project she describes, School 2001, concerns a school for lower secondary education, School E.B. 2,3 Professor Galopin de Carvalho in Pendao, Portugal where she teaches. A new school, based on a innovative project and eagerly awaited by the school community, is soon to be constructed. This provided the ideal moment to reflect on and plan for multimedia and computer equipment, networking and the needs of a disadvantaged student population and to improve a deprived environment.
    DOI: 10.1787/446580316201
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  • 21
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    Online Resource
    Building Infrastructure Capacity for Electronic Commerce : Leased line developments and pricing (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.41
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper focuses on the capacity requirements and price development for telecommunication infrastructure for business-to-business electronic commerce.
    DOI: 10.1787/236587114810
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Indicators of Industrial Activity: 1998 Supplement : Sources and Methods: Quantitative Indicators (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174467
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This publication provides a detailed description of the Sources and Methods which were used in the compilation of the quantitative indicators published in the now discontinued quarterly Indicators of Industrial Activity, which was a unique source of short-term industrial statistics broken down by industrial sectors in OECD member countries. The indicators selected are indices of output, deliveries, new orders, unfilled orders, producer prices and employment. The statistics are classified according to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174467-en
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  • 23
    Online Resource
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    Une école modèle en Albanie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.1999/05
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Albanian Model School
    Keywords: Education ; Albania
    Abstract: L’école, dont la construction doit être terminée sous peu à Paskuqan, une banlieue de Tirana, a été créée pour répondre aux besoins actuels et nouveaux de la communauté. La structure, permanente et modulable, conçue pour stimuler l’acquisition de connaissances, est le fruit d’une collaboration étroite entre des spécialistes de l’enseignement et du bâtiment. Le Projet albanais pour le développement de l’éducation (AEDP) de la Fondation Soros a financé cette école, assurant les huit premières années d’enseignement, dans le cadre de son programme plus vaste destiné à promouvoir le système éducatif du pays.
    DOI: 10.1787/456671771430
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  • 24
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    Qualité et internationalisation de l'enseignement supérieur (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273368
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quality and Internationalisation in Higher Education
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L'internationalisation fait désormais partie intégrante des missions d'enseignement, de recherche et de services publics de bon nombre d'universités et d'établissements d'enseignement supérieur. En outre, les institutions opèrent sur un marché mondial où l'assurance et l'évaluation de la qualité sont devenues des questions particulièrement délicates et mobilisatrices. Cet ouvrage examine certaines des difficultés rencontrées pour assurer la qualité de l'internationalisation. Il offre un cadre de nature à aider les établissements à concevoir et passer en revue leurs propres stratégies et politiques. Des experts de renommée internationale y analysent un environnement en pleine mutation, notamment à travers des études de cas portant sur l'Australie, les États-Unis, la Finlande, le Kenya, le Mexique et la Pologne. On trouvera également dans cette publication la primeur d'un nouvel instrument : le processus d'examen de la qualité de l'internationalisation (IQRP - Internationalisation Quality Review Process). Il s'agit d'un outil de travail indispensable aux administrateurs et chefs d'établissements qui souhaitent développer la dimension internationale de leurs programmes et services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273368-fr
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    The Economic Effects of Employment-Conditional Income Support Schemes for the Low-Paid : An Illustration from a CGE Model Applied to Four OECD Countries (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.224
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Problems of unemployment and low pay amongst the low-skilled and those with little work experience are severe in many OECD countries. Employment-conditional schemes are policy instruments designed to increase the employment prospects of the low-skilled as well as to support their living standard. In this paper a simple CGE model is developed to simulate the impact of the introduction of an employmentconditional scheme in four OECD countries. The simulated policy package is graduated on gross earnings with both “phase-in” and “phase-out” regions. The advantage of the CGE approach is to allow assessing the direct and indirect effects of the financing of the policy scheme on both labour demand and supply. The simulations suggest that employment effects on targeted households are significant while the impact on aggregate employment is modest. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of the policy package is found to depend crucially on the earnings distribution, the levels of taxes on ...
    DOI: 10.1787/083815484206
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  • 26
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173804
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Turquie 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Turquie 1999
    Keywords: Environment ; Turkey
    Abstract: This review of Turkey's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173804-en
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  • 27
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    The Globalisation of Industry in the OECD Countries (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1999/02
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mondialisation des industries dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The most highly internationalised industries are thought to be more competitive than the rest, since their high exposure to international competition forces them to strive constantly to become more efficient and they are in a position to take advantage of all the opportunities that arise in world markets. But to determine whether this is in fact the case, each country’s industries must first be classified in terms of their degree of globalisation. This report proposes a method for classifying each country’s manufacturing industries by their extent of globalisation, using a set of indicators. The results obtained show that the degree of globalisation is more closely linked to the characteristics of industrial sectors than to the country’s specialisation. These results could be improved significantly if some of the proposed indicators were available ...
    DOI: 10.1787/426820521745
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  • 28
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    Poverty Dynamics in Four OECD Countries (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.212
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study examines the dynamics of poverty for four OECD countries (Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States). It provides information on patterns of poverty, which groups stay in poverty the longest, and household/individual characteristics and life-course events which appear to be most closely associated with transitions into and out of poverty and the length of time individuals stay in poverty. The analysis finds that the number of people touched by poverty over a six year period is significantly larger that the poverty rate might suggest, but the share of those staying poor for a long time is much smaller. The data suggest that longer-term poor are concentrated among women, lone parents and older single individuals. The study finds that employment status is the main factor affecting transitions into and out of poverty and the duration of poverty ...
    DOI: 10.1787/578476770227
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  • 29
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    School Science Laboratories : Today's Trends and Guidelines (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.1999/03
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Laboratoires de sciences dans les établissements scolaires : Tendances actuelles et lignes directrices
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Science laboratories in schools are expensive to equip and maintain. Specific pedagogical needs, new technology and safety requirements contribute to the costs. In an effort to get the most efficient use of facilities, some countries are rethinking school labs with a move toward more flexible approaches.
    DOI: 10.1787/467124308827
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  • 30
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    Proceedings of the Workshop on the Physics and Fuel Performance of Reactor Based Plutonium Disposition : 28 - 30 September 1998, OECD Development Centre, Paris, France (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Workshop on the Physics and Fuel Performance of Reactor Based Plutonium Disposition (1998 : Paris) Proceedings of the Workshop on the Physics and Fuel Performance of Reactor-Based Plutonium Disposition
    RVK:
    UN 5200
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift 1998 ; Plutonium ; Mischoxide ; Kernbrennstoff
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173385-en
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  • 31
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    Foreign Direct Investment and International Trade : Complements or Substitutes? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1999/03
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement étranger direct et le commerce international : Sont-ils complémentaires ou substituables ?
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The relationships between trade and foreign investment (FDI) are at the core of globalisation. Analytical work has recently been developed by OECD in order to explore the nature of these links in quantitative terms. This report combines the previous more technical work developed over the last three years. This empirical work revealed the complexity of these links but, at the same time, showed the main and positive influence of foreign direct investment on international trade particularly after the mid– 1980s. Empirical results show that foreign direct investment abroad stimulates the growth of exports from countries of origin and consequently this investment is complementary to trade ...
    DOI: 10.1787/788565713012
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  • 32
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    Le projet d'école 2001 à Pendao, au Portugal (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.1999/12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The School 2001 Project in Pendao, Portugal
    Keywords: Education ; Portugal
    Abstract: Cet article fait suite à une présentation d’Isabel Mendinhos au Comité de direction du PEB en juin 1999. Le projet décrit, École 2001, concerne l’École E.B. 2,3 Professor Galopim de Carvalho, un établissement du premier cycle secondaire où elle enseigne, à Pendao, au Portugal. Une nouvelle école, fondée sur un projet novateur et très attendue par la communauté scolaire, va prochainement voir le jour. Ce projet de construction était l’occasion idéale de planifier, après mûre réflexion, l’équipement multimédia et informatique. Par ailleurs, cette école doit répondre aux besoins d’une population d’élèves déshérités et améliorer un environnement peu favorable.
    DOI: 10.1787/442445877233
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  • 33
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    Estimating Prudent Budgetary Margins for 11 EU Countries : A Simulated SVAR Model Approach (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.216
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper, a structural VAR model is estimated for 11 EU countries in order to assess the effect on the government deficit ratio of four independent economic disturbances: supply, fiscal, real private demand and monetary shocks. Based on the estimated distribution of these shocks, stochastic simulations are performed to derive estimates of cyclically-adjusted budget balances that would have to be maintained to avoid breaching the Stability and Growth Pact’s 3 per cent of GDP deficit limit over different time horizons and with varying degrees of confidence. In order to capture the movement in the deficit stemming from automatic stabilisation, fiscal policy shocks are turned off during the simulations. The results suggest that, for the majority of countries, if governments were to aim for a cyclically-adjusted budget deficit between 1.0 and 1.5 per cent of GDP, the actual deficit would, with a 90 per cent likelihood, remain within the 3 per cent limit over a three-year horizon ...
    DOI: 10.1787/475132665781
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  • 34
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    Foreign Portfolio Investors Before and during a Crisis (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.210
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Different categories of foreign portfolio investors in Korea have differences as well as similarities in their trading behavior before and during the currency crisis. First, non-resident institutional investors are always positive feedback traders, whereas resident investors were negative feedback (contrarian) traders before the crisis but switch to be positive feedback traders during the crisis. Second, individual investors herd significantly more than institutional investors. Non-resident (institutional as well individual) investors herd significantly more than their resident counterparts. Third, differences in the Western and Korean news coverage are correlated with differences in net selling by non-resident investors relative to resident investors ...
    DOI: 10.1787/522265260065
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  • 35
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Russian Federation 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180116
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Fédération de Russie 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Fédération de Russie 1999
    Keywords: Environment ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This review of the Russian Federation's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180116-en
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  • 36
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    Québec : contrat de performance énergétique dans le milieu scolaire - Nouvelles règles du jeu (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.1999/16
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quebec Energy Performance Contracts for the School System: New Rules of the Game
    Keywords: Education ; Canada
    Abstract: Cet article fournit un bref aperçu des nouvelles règles pour les contrats de performance énergétique dans le milieu des commissions scolaires de la Province de Québec. Il aborde les sujets suivants : le parc immobilier du réseau des commissions scolaires ; la performance énergétique des commissions scolaires ; la réglementation en ce qui a trait à l’octroi de contrats de construction ; les nouvelles règles d’octroi de contrats de performance énergétique dans le réseau de l’éducation.
    DOI: 10.1787/435046285211
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  • 37
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Denmark 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172548
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Danemark 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Danemark 1999
    Keywords: Environment ; Denmark
    Abstract: This review of Denmark's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172548-en
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  • 38
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    Le point sur les projets de gestion des actifs au Royaume-Uni (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.1999/15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. An Update on Asset Management Plans in the United Kingdom
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Soucieux de sa mission éducative, le gouvernement augmente en ce moment considérablement les subventions d’équipements allouées au secteur scolaire. À travers divers dispositifs, près de six milliards de livres britanniques seront débloqués au cours des trois prochaines années pour financer des travaux d’entretien en retard et pour rénover des bâtiments scolaires. Il est important que ces fonds soient utilisés avec le maximum d’efficience et d’efficacité. Les autorités scolaires locales (LEA) auront pour tâche d’établir les Projets de gestion des actifs, qui couvriront les écoles publiques, toutes catégories confondues, situées sur leur circonscription. Un AMP offrira une base concertée à partir de laquelle pourront être déterminées, au niveau local, les priorités en matière de dépenses.
    DOI: 10.1787/438622501763
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  • 39
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    Gender, Human Capital and Growth : Evidence from Six Latin American Countries (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 96 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.151
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Technical Paper reports on a body of research conducted for the OECD Development Centre by Donald J. Robbins. It examines the patterns and determinants of rapidly rising educational attainment in six Latin American countries — Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico and Uruguay — all of which illustrate the sweeping transformations in growth, demographics and education now occurring in much of the world. It finds that rising per capita output, through a mechanism which induces women to join the labour force and interacts with falling family size, acts as the key factor leading to mounting educational achievement. This in fact highlights the role of women in basic household microeconomic decisions with powerful economic and social effects — decisions about female labour-force participation and family shifts from notions of “quantity” (large families) to those of “quality” (fewer children, with more investment in health and education). It carries important implications ...
    DOI: 10.1787/484068456030
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  • 40
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    Estonie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estonia
    Keywords: Governance ; Estonia
    Abstract: L’Estonie est une démocratie constitutionnelle disposant d’une constitution écrite. La Constitution de la République de l’Estonie et la loi portant son application ont été adoptées par voie de référendum le 28 juin 1992 et sont entrées en vigueur le lendemain. Depuis son adoption la Constitution n’a fait l’objet d’aucun amendement. Des versions en anglais de la Constitution et de bien d’autres lois et décrets sont disponibles à l’adresse suivante : http://www.legaltext.ee (Centre estonien de traduction et de soutien législatif). La Constitution pose le principe de la continuité juridique de la République de l’Estonie, dont l’indépendance a été proclamée le 24 février 1918, qui fut ensuite occupée par l’Union soviétique le 17 juin 1940 pour être annexée ensuite à cette dernière le 6 août 1940. La Constitution reflète l’idée de restauration juridique, qui a servi de base au retour à l’indépendance et à la libération vis-à-vis de l’Union soviétique le 21 août 1991. Le Riigikogu a récemment entamé l’examen des résultats d’une étude effectuée par la Commission gouvernementale d’experts sur la révision constitutionnelle. Si les propositions de la Commission sont adoptées, elles ne changeraient pas les principes de base de la Constitution mais renforceraient le système de gouvernement parlementaire et constitutionnel. Les propositions les plus importantes concernent la création d’un conseil constitutionnel distinct, le renforcement du contrôle civil exercé sur les forces de défense, et l’attribution des compétences d’un médiateur au Chancelier législatif. Il est en outre possible que des amendements soient nécessaires du fait de l’adhésion de l’Estonie à l’Union européenne ; ces amendements ont trait à un principe de base de la Constitution, le principe de souveraineté.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk1837b1mn-fr
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  • 41
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    Pension Reform : Lessons from Latin America (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme des fonds de pension : Leçons d'Amérique Latine
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • There are benefits from Latin American pension reform, but they have been overestimated. • The approaches taken in second-generation reforms and their still early results hold lessons for OECD and non-OECD countries alike. • A partial shift to funding is feasible and can be financed in different ways; partial funding of pensions can lead to greater risk diversification. • High administrative costs and uniformity of investment portfolios make the new systems inefficient; pension regulation has to be designed and implemented to lessen these negative effects.
    DOI: 10.1787/056345037755
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  • 42
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    Au lendemain de la crise asiatique : Comment gérer les flux de capitaux ? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.16
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. After the Great Asian Slump: Towards a Coherent Approach to Global Capital Flows
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Le repli massif des capitaux étrangers investis en Asie — plus de 10 pour cent du PIB des pays en crise — les place devant un problème de transfert. Pour favoriser la relance en Asie, les pays créanciers devraient impliquer leurs banques domestiques dans les opérations de sauvetage financier, ce qui réduirait les aléas de moralité dans les activités de prêt du secteur privé. • Pour les pays d’Asie, la priorité est de résoudre le problème du surendettement domestique. Financer le coût budgétaire inhérent à la restructuration exige que les gouvernements des pays asiatiques élargissent la base d’imposition tout en adoptant une politique d’abondance monétaire. • Les pays en développement doivent s’assurer du bon équilibre financier des établissements bancaires et non bancaires et être plus exigeants sur la qualité des capitaux étrangers investis. Toutefois, une réglementation « à la chilienne » ne peut être efficace que dans un contexte politique approprié. • Pour évoluer vers un système financier international moins vulnérable aux crises, il importe d’agir sur les risques excessifs pris par les banques. Les Accords de Bâle induisent des distorsions favorisant les prêts bancaires à court terme qui devraient être corrigées.
    DOI: 10.1787/044360821141
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    Albanian Model School (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.1999/05
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Une école modèle en Albanie
    Keywords: Education ; Albania
    Abstract: The school soon to be completed in Paskuqan, a suburb of Tirana, was created to meet the present and changing needs of the community. The long-lasting, flexible structure designed to stimulate learning is the result of a close collaboration between pedagogical and building experts. The Albania Education Development Project (AEDP) of the Soros Foundation has financed the school – for pupils in the first eight years of education – as part of its larger programme to foster the country’s educational system.
    DOI: 10.1787/464056163471
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  • 44
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    Economic and Social Impact of E-commerce : Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 169 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.40
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This book represents one of the first analyses of the role of e-commerce in the broader economy, and addresses such issues as the impact of e-commerce on employment and on society as a whole, as well as its contribution to economic growth and efficiency.
    DOI: 10.1787/236588526334
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  • 45
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    Energie : les cinquante prochaines années (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273160
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Energy; The Next Fifty Years
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Energy: The Next Fifty Years
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Les combustibles fossiles vont-ils rester longtemps la source d'énergie prédominante ? L'énergie nucléaire a-t-elle un avenir ? Quelles technologies énergétiques se profilent à l'horizon ? Quelles sont les implications du rôle grandissant joué par les pays en développement en tant que producteurs et consommateurs d'énergie ? Comment évitera-t-on à l’avenir les crises énergétiques internationales ? Quelle influence la société de l'information aura-t-elle sur les modes de production et de consommation d'énergie ? Enfin, quelles conséquences les accords internationaux de protection de l'environnement destinés à assurer un avenir énergétique durable auront-ils à long terme ? Les efforts tendant à assurer des ressources énergétiques durables entrent aujourd’hui dans une phase décisive. A l'horizon 2050, le paysage énergétique pourrait être complètement bouleversé. On disposera d’une palette de sources d'énergie classiques et nouvelles très diversifiée. Les systèmes de transport, le logement et les autres infrastructures atteindront sans doute des niveaux sans précédent d'efficacité énergétique. Et les populations pourront enfin bénéficier de modes de vie respectueux de l'environnement. Des décennies seront toutefois nécessaires pour parvenir à une utilisation durable de l'énergie. Cet ouvrage passe en revue les choix qui façonneront la scène énergétique au cours des cinquante prochaines années et analyse certaines des questions clés -- d'ordre économique, social, technologique ou écologique -- auxquelles les décideurs publics et privés doivent s'attaquer sans tarder.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273160-fr
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  • 46
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    Tax Reform in Switzerland (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.222
    Keywords: Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: There have been a number of tax reforms in Switzerland in recent years aimed at enhancing economic efficiency and equity. This paper sets these reforms in the context of the forces shaping tax policy in Switzerland and the main features of the Swiss tax system and suggests areas where further reforms could be beneficial. These include applying more equal tax treatment to different forms of savings, moving to a flat-rate tax on corporate profits in all cantons and making greater use of environmental taxes. It is recognised that Switzerland’s highly decentralised federal structure and system of direct democracy can slow reforms, although these features also increase the legitimacy of reforms, reducing the risk of policy reversals ...
    DOI: 10.1787/721511652676
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  • 47
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    The Economics and Politics of Transition to an Open Market Economy : China (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.153
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China is considered to be a particularly successful example of a gradual approach to transition from a command economy to a market economy. This paper reviews the initial conditions, the calendar of reform steps, and the political preconditions for liberalisation. It argues that gradualism was rather the result of a political balancing act between orthodox and reform–minded elements in the Chinese Communist Party than a deliberate approach towards facilitating transition. Economic liberalisation was considered as an instrument for safeguarding the power of the Party, but opinions differed on the degree of liberalisation needed to achieve this goal. Thus, the pace and the direction of the reform process were very much a function of the composition of the leadership of the Party at any given time ...
    DOI: 10.1787/322178001745
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  • 48
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    Ageing and Care for Frail Elderly Persons : An Overview of International Perspectives (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.38
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper examines the various constraints which OECD Member countries must now deal with, faced with the prospects of rapid growth in the number of frail elderly persons. It pays particular attention to recent trends in disability. Most of the available cross-country evidence shows trends towards better functional health in older populations, although the magnitude of the gains and their significance need further assessment. In this context, this paper advocates an “active ageing” approach to long-term care policies. It provides some rough estimates of the macroeconomic costs of long-term care. It also presents some indicators of public/private financing and institutionalisation rates. The public costs of providing long-term care are estimated to be relatively modest as a proportion of GDP (of the order of 1 or 2 per cent or less). However, much care for the frail elderly is provided through informal care-giving arrangements which are not reflected in official figures.
    DOI: 10.1787/313777154147
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  • 49
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    The Use of Financial Market Indicators by Monetary Authorities (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.223
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In a new and changing environment for monetary policy, an interesting issue to examine is the use of financial market indicators by monetary policy authorities. With this in mind, the OECD canvassed a number of major central banks to get their views. This paper presents a synthesis of the responses and respects the confidentiality of individual central banks. Its main conclusions are as follows. In principle, financial market variables can provide additional information regarding the shocks that strike the economy, such as their perceived size and source as well as the process of feeding through the economy. A complementary function is to gauge market anticipations and reactions to policy changes, including the credibility of policy objectives. Regarding policy setting, monetary authorities are clearly aware of the dangers of mechanically targeting this information, which could lead to circularities. However, in some cases, they seem to find financial market indicators useful in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/853022881453
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  • 50
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    Bulgaria (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Public Management Profiles no.15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bulgarie
    Keywords: Governance ; Bulgaria
    Abstract: The Republic of Bulgaria was restored in January 1990, following amendments to the communist-inspired constitution, which put an end to the single-party rule of the Bulgarian Communist Party, and the conclusion of the round table agreement between the communist government and representatives of the democratic opposition. The new Bulgarian Constitution was adopted by the Grand National Assembly in July 1991. It marked the return to multi-party democracy. Since the beginning of democratic transformation in Bulgaria, four general parliamentary elections have been held, including the elections to what was then called the Grand National Assembly of June 1990, and elections to the national assembly in October 1991, December 1994 and, most recently, April 1997. The next parliamentary elections are scheduled for spring 2001. Presidential elections were held in January 1992 and November 1996. The next elections for the presidency will be held in autumn 2001. Democratic local government elections took place in October 1991 and in November 1995. The next round of local elections will take place in the autumn of 1999.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk181vkgzq-en
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  • 51
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    The Future of the Global Economy : Towards a Long Boom? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174016
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale de demain ; vers un essor durable ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen; Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global; Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale de demain : vers un essor durable ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen: Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global: Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: As the 20th century draws to a close, powerful forces of change are converging that could set the stage for a long, sustained economic boom in the next few decades -- the transition to a knowledge-based society with its potentially huge productivity gains; the emergence of more deeply integrated, global markets for goods, services, capital and technology; and a fast-growing environmental awareness that could greatly accelerate the shift to new, less resource-intensive production and consumption patterns. The result could be several decades of above-average economic growth, substantial increases in income and wealth, and significant improvements in well-being across the world. But what will it take to unleash these dynamic forces? Not only will it call for a range of initiatives to establish the rules and frameworks for guiding the transition to a sustainable global knowledge economy, but above all, it will require exceptional efforts among decision makers in government, business and society at large to encourage continuous innovation, creativity and high levels of investment, and to promote bold new approaches to closer international co-operation and institution building. Inevitably some countries will benefit more than others, but a long boom with all its wealth creating capacity would offer a unique opportunity to reverse the trends of the last decades towards deepening inequality and exclusion. This book reviews the forces driving economic and social change in today's world. It asesses the likelihood of a long boom materialising in the first decades of the 21st century and explores the strategic policies essential for making it happen.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174016-en
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  • 52
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    Stadtentwicklungspolitik in Deutschland : Auf dem Weg zur Nachhaltigen Städtischen Entwicklung (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264573192
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Urban Policy in Germany; Towards Sustainable Urban Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La politique de la ville en Allemagne ; Vers un développement urbain durable
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Urban Policy in Germany: Towards Sustainable Urban Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La politique de la ville en Allemagne : Vers un développement urbain durable
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Germany
    Abstract: Deutschland leistet im Bereich der Stadtentwicklungspolitik seit langem Pionierarbeit. Es hat sich eine nachhaltige städtische Entwicklung zum Ziel gesetzt, um die vielfältigen wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und umweltbezogenen Herausforderungen, vor die sich die Städte gestellt sehen, in den Griff zu bekommen. So sind integrierte Politikkonzepte und innovative Maßnahmen eingeführt worden, um die Wiederbelebung der Stadtzentren zu fördern und mit dem Wachstum der Vorstädte, dem zunehmenden Kfz-Verkehr und dem sozialen Wandel fertig zu werden. Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung analysiert diese Initiativen unter Berücksichtigung der für Deutschland spezifischen Merkmale, d.h. seines föderalen Systems, des Vereinigungsprozesses und der polizentrischen Städtestruktur.Über die für Deutschland spezifischen Merkmale und Schlußfolgerungen hinaus plädiert diese Studie für ein integriertes und zukunftsorientiertes multisektorales Konzept, das sich nicht allein an wirtschaftlichen Erwägungen orientiert und konkrete Antworten auf die Kernfrage liefert, wie die Stadt der Zukunft aussehen soll.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264573192-de
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  • 53
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    Gouvernance participative : Le chaînon manquant dans la lutte contre la pauvreté (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.17
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Participatory Governance: The Missing Link for Poverty Reduction
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Renforcer le pouvoir des populations défavorisées est un élément déterminant pour lutter efficacement contre la pauvreté. • Une approche participative reposant sur la demande accroît l'efficience et l'efficacité. • L'obligation de rendre des comptes est le pivot de la gouvernance participative. • Pas de véritable gouvernance participative sans un réel développement des capacités.
    DOI: 10.1787/885576515325
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  • 54
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    STI Revue, Volume 1999 Numéro 1 : Le village mondial de la recherche (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273795
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. STI Review, Volume 1999 Issue 1; Special Issue on The Global Research Village
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. STI Review, Volume 1999 Issue 1: Special Issue on The Global Research Village
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273795-fr
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  • 55
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    Bulgarie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bulgaria
    Keywords: Governance ; Bulgaria
    Abstract: La République de Bulgarie a été rétablie en janvier 1990 après les amendements apportés à la constitution d’inspiration communiste qui ont mis fin au régime de parti unique du Parti communiste bulgare, et la conclusion de l’accord résultant d’une table ronde entre le gouvernement communiste et les représentants de l’opposition démocratique. La nouvelle constitution bulgare a été adoptée par la Grande Assemblée nationale en juillet 1991. Elle a marqué le retour à une démocratie pluripartite. Depuis le commencement de la transformation démocratique en Bulgarie, quatre élections législatives générales ont eu lieu, à savoir les élections à ce que l’on a alors appelé la Grande Assemblée nationale de juin 1990, puis les élections à l’assemblée nationale en octobre 1991, décembre 1994 et dernièrement avril 1997. Les prochaines élections législatives sont prévues pour le printemps 2001. Les élections présidentielles ont eu lieu en janvier 1992 et novembre 1996. Les prochaines élections présidentielles se dérouleront en automne 2001. Les élections démocratiques locales ont eu lieu en octobre 1991 et novembre 1995, et les prochaines élections locales se dérouleront en automne 1999.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk181rr836-fr
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  • 56
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    Profils de gestion publique dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale : Slovaquie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Slovakia
    Keywords: Governance ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: La Slovaquie a été créée comme État souverain indépendant le 1er janvier 1993. Depuis la dissolution de la République fédérative tchèque et slovaque, la Slovaquie s’est principalement attachée à transformer une économie centralisée en économie de marché, à réformer l’administration publique, à adopter des lois constitutionnelles et des textes garantissant les libertés et les droits fondamentaux, à harmoniser son système juridique pour le rendre conforme aux normes de l’Union européenne, à mettre l’accent sur la coopération avec l’Union européenne dans les domaines de l’économie, de la culture, de la défense et de l’action humanitaire, et à devenir membre de l’Union européenne. Les premières élections législatives ont eu lieu en septembre 1994.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk18807whd-fr
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  • 57
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    After the Great Asian Slump : Towards a Coherent Approach to Global Capital Flows (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.16
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Au lendemain de la crise asiatique : Comment gérer les flux de capitaux ?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • The unprecedented withdrawal of foreign private capital from Asia, more than 10 per cent of GDP in the crisis countries, confronts them with a transfer problem. Creditor governments should induce their home banks into financial rescue operations to reduce moral hazard in private-sector lending, and to encourage Asia’s recovery. • The resolution of Asia’s domestic debt overhang must be the overriding policy concern for Asia’s governments; paying the inevitable fiscal cost in Asia’s restructuring process requires tax-base broadening, supported by easy monetary policy. • Progress towards a less crisis-prone international financial system will hinge on how to correct the excessive risk taking by banks. Regulatory distortions through the Basle Accord which bias bank lending towards the short term should be corrected. • Developing countries should strengthen bank and non-bank balance sheets and raise the quality of inflows; Chile-type regulatory measures, however, will only be effective in an appropriate policy context.
    DOI: 10.1787/103552636186
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  • 58
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    Les besoins en bâtiments scolaires dans la communauté flamande de Belgique (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.1999/08
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Needs Analysis in Belgium's Flemish Community
    Keywords: Education ; Belgium
    Abstract: Confrontée à des besoins croissants en matière de constructions scolaires et à un grave manque de ressources, la Communauté flamande de Belgique a entrepris une enquête sur les besoins à tous les niveaux de l’enseignement. Cet article présente la méthodologie utilisée pour cette enquête, ses conclusions et ses conséquences pour la politique de constructions scolaires de la communauté flamande.
    DOI: 10.1787/448682773308
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  • 59
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    Roumanie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Romania
    Keywords: Governance ; Romania
    Abstract: Depuis la révolution de décembre 1989, la Roumanie est revenue à des traditions démocratiques, à un système de partis multiples et à une économie de marché. Des élections législatives et présidentielles démocratiques ont eu lieu en 1990, 1992 et 1996. Les dernières élections législatives ont été remportées par la Convention démocratique de Roumanie (CDR), alliance du Parti national chrétien paysan et démocrate, du Parti national libéral, du Parti écologiste roumain et de diverses organisations et formations de la société civile.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk1870k8mn-fr
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  • 60
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    Trade and competition policies : exploring the ways forward; [a Conference on Trade and Competition was held 29 - 30 June 1999 at the OECD] (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264174044
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Trade and competition policies
    RVK:
    QM 230
    RVK:
    QR 300
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; Konferenzschrift ; OECD ; Außenhandel ; Internationaler Wettbewerb
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174047-en
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  • 61
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    Deciphering Codes of Corporate Conduct : A Review of their Contents (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.1999/02
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Evidence of public concerns about globalisation is pervasive -- in the newspapers, on the Internet and more formal discussions of public policy. The business community has been attempting to position itself with respect to these concerns. Indeed, voluntary efforts to define and implement appropriate standards for business conduct constitute one of the more prominent managerial developments in recent years. These efforts have also often involved significant contributions from NGOs, governments and intergovernmental organisations. The issuance of voluntary codes of conduct has been an important facet of these developments. Such codes are voluntary expressions of commitment made by an organisation to influence or control behaviour for the benefit of the organisation itself and for the communities in which it operates. Private companies and associations of companies have issued such codes, calling them codes of conduct, ethics statements or guidelines, in response to both internal and ...
    DOI: 10.1787/174727273520
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  • 62
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    Space Utilisation : Dare We Use A Pedagogical Measure? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.1999/17
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Utilisation de l'espace : Et si nous changions de pédagogie ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: A Sydney University, Australia, case study by John Simmons, Facilities Management Office, University of Sydney, and Kenn Fisher, Woods Bagot Architects, Australia.
    DOI: 10.1787/442757807870
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  • 63
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    Les équipements éducatifs en Corée (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.1999/07
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Educational Facilities in Korea
    Keywords: Education ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Un programme de modernisation des bâtiments et des installations scolaires est actuellement entrepris en Corée afin de mieux répondre aux besoins actuels d’enseignement.
    DOI: 10.1787/453436267483
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  • 64
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    A Review of Market Openness and Trade in Telecommunications (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.43
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is twofold. First, to begin a policy and regulatory evaluation of developments in telecommunication market openness following the liberalisation in 1998 in the context of the WTO agreement and the liberalisation in the European Union. Second, it is aimed at stimulating reflection on the issues that may need to be examined to enhance market liberalisation and market openness. Although a full assessment of recent market opening may be too premature, there are nevertheless indications of areas where further consideration and action may be required. In addition market developments are raising a number of issues which are likely to become relevant in the event that there are further discussions on market opening in the context of any future WTO service negotiations. As a paper aimed at beginning discussion and reflection, a number of questions are raised which could be used by delegations to provide their own assessment of issues and future problem areas which need consideration.
    DOI: 10.1787/236555535321
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  • 65
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    Trends in Market Openness (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.221
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Widening imbalances in current account positions across some of the major OECD economic areas have raised concerns about related increases in protectionist sentiments. This paper reviews recent trends in market openness indicators and assesses whether barriers to international trade and investment have risen. It finds that tariffs, the most transparent form of protection, have fallen steadily over a long period. Usage of non-tariff barriers also declined up to 1996. But despite these developments most OECD countries continue to highly protect certain sectors such as agriculture. The paper reviews in some depth the incidence, geographical distribution and product composition of anti-dumping initiations, since their use as disguised protection is feared. Against the background of a general decline in direct trade restrictions the paper shows, using a variety of indicators the steady - albeit uneven across sectors and countries - improvement in market openness. The study also examines ...
    DOI: 10.1787/051520622785
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    Greek Public Enterprises : Challenges for Reform (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.214
    Keywords: Economics ; Greece
    Abstract: A successful reform of public enterprises would improve productivity in key sectors of the Greek economy, and thus provide essential inputs at lower cost to the economy as a whole. Reforms would need to address the factors that are responsible for the poor performance of Greek public enterprises. First, labour costs are high and productivity low in international comparisons. Second, there are wide technology gaps between Greece and other OECD countries. Third, Greece’s public enterprises fulfil heavy public service commitments without matching compensation. As a result, prices are often out of line with prices elsewhere. In recognition of the large drag on the economy, as well as the burden on the budget, the Government has embarked on a programme to revitalise inefficient public enterprises. The objective of this paper is to analyse the main issues concerning the public enterprise sector and assess the current policy framework, as well as planned changes to it. First, the key ...
    DOI: 10.1787/213543162468
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    Principios de la OCDE para el gobierno de las sociedades (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264474222
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Grundsätze der Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: En la última década el mundo ha sido testigo de transformaciones significantes del papel que juega el sector privado en el desarrollo de la economía y en la creación de empleos. Debido a que cada vez más países adoptan enfoques basados en mercado a la política económica, ha aumentado la conciencia de la importancia de corporaciones privadas para el bienestar de los individuos.Un buen régimen de gobierno corporativo ayuda a afirmar que las corporaciones utilizan su capital de manera eficaz. El buen gobierno corporativo ayuda además a asegurar que las corporaciones toman en cuenta los intereses de un amplio rango de componentes, al igual que para comunidades con las que operan, y que sus Juntas de Administración son responsables con la compañía y los accionistas. Ello ayuda a asegurar que las corporaciones operen para el beneficio de la comunidad. Ayuda a mantener la confianza de los inversionistas -trátese de nacionales o extranjeros - y a atraer capitales estables y a largo plazo.Los "Principios de la OCDE para el gobierno de las sociedades" fueron aprobados por los Ministros en la reunión del Consejo de la OCDE a nivel ministerial del 26-27 de mayo de 1999. Estos Principios responden al mandato dado a la Organización por el Consejo de la OCDE reunido a nivel ministerial del año 1998 a fin de definir normas y directrices de un sistema de gobierno de empresas de calidad.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264474222-es
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    OECD Grundsätze der Corporate Governance (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264574229
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principios de la OCDE para el gobierno de las sociedades
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Ein gutes Corporate Governance-System ist für den effizienten Einsatz des Unternehmenskapitals von entscheidender Bedeutung. Es trägt ferner dazu bei, dass die Unternehmen die Interessen möglichst breiter Kreise ebenso wie die der Gemeinwesen berücksichtigen, in denen sie tätig sind, und die Aufsichtsräte den Unternehmen und den Aktionären gegenüber rechenschaftspflichtig sind. Das wiederum ist eine der Voraussetzungen dafür, dass die Tätigkeit des Unternehmens der Gesellschaft insgesamt zugute kommt, das Vertrauen der in- und ausländischen Investoren gewahrt bleibt und mehr langfristiges Kapital mobilisiert wird.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264574229-de
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  • 69
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    Lettonie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Latvia
    Keywords: Governance ; Latvia
    Abstract: La Lettonie est une république parlementaire créée le 18 novembre 1918 et dont la constitution (Satversme) a été adoptée le 15 février 1922. Sa souveraineté et son indépendance ont pris fin de facto avec l’occupation par l’URSS à partir de 1940, et elles ont été restaurées par la Déclaration sur le rétablissement de l’indépendance de la République de Lettonie datée du 4 mai 1990 et par la déclaration du 21 août 1991 restaurant de facto l’indépendance, qui ont toutes deux proclamé l’autorité de la constitution. Cette dernière a été pleinement rétablie le 6 juillet 1993 lorsque le parlement (Saeima) s’est réuni après les premières élections démocratiques qui se sont déroulées depuis les années 30. Le 17 juillet 1999 Vaira Vike-Freiberga a été élue avec 53 votes par la Saeima de 100 membres, et est ainsi devenue la première femme élue président d’un pays de l’ancienne Union soviétique.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk185xc96d-fr
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  • 70
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    La libéralisation de l'agriculture tunisienne et l'Union européenne : Une vue prospective (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.144
    Keywords: Development ; European Union ; Tunisia
    Abstract: In the context of the partnership agreement signed between Tunisia and the European Union in 1995, talks will begin in the year 2000 on the liberalisation of their agricultural trade. Tunisia’s political attachment to Europe will give the country the opportunity to diversify agricultural policy. Hitherto based on achieving self sufficiency in food, this policy has resulted in poor resource allocation. The goal now is to find the least costly means of reforming Tunisian agricultural policy, particularly for rural households, while seeking the extent to which Europe could help in the transition towards a more dynamic agricultural sector. With the assistance of a dynamic general equilibrium model, this technical paper examines a number of scenarios for Tunisian agriculture towards 2010. It finds that in the absence of EU concessions, which could take the form of the removal of tariff quotas, it would not be in Tunisia’s interest to reduce support for agriculture and lower its own ...
    DOI: 10.1787/557216740816
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  • 71
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    Xenotransplantation : international policy issues; [New York 1998 Workshop on "International Issues in Transplantation Biotechnology Including the Use of Non-human Cells, Tissues and Organs"] (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264172653
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Xenotransplantation
    RVK:
    YI 6105
    RVK:
    YI 3200
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift 1998 ; Heterotransplantation
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172654-en
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  • 72
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    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in the United States 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173989
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation aux États-Unis 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation aux États-Unis 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; United States
    Abstract: The United States has been a world leader in regulatory reform for a quarter century. Contrary to popular belief, the United States is not less regulated than other countries, but differently regulated due to the pro-competition policy stance of federal regulatory regimes, and the openness and contestability of regulatory processes. Far-reaching economic deregulation combined with efforts to improve the quality of social regulation have supported the construction of one of the most innovative, flexible and open economies in the OECD, while maintaining health, safety and environmental standards at relatively high levels. However, significant regulatory problems still exist. Improving the performance and cost-effectiveness of expensive social regulations and government formalities is a key challenge for regulatory quality. In a word, the challenge of regulatory reform in the United States is not how much regulation, but how good. The United States is one of the first OECD countries to request a broad review by the OECD of its national regulatory practices and domestic regulatory reforms. This report -- the result of intensive assessment by the OECD and review by its Member countries -- is unique in that it presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the macroeconomic context, the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and integration of market openness principles in regulatory processes, and in sectors such as electricity and telecommunications. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer-term based on best international regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173989-en
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  • 73
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    Needs Analysis in Belgium's Flemish Community (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.1999/08
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les besoins en bâtiments scolaires dans la communauté flamande de Belgique
    Keywords: Education ; Belgium
    Abstract: Confronted with a growing need for educational buildings and a significant lack of funds, Belgium’s Flemish Community carried out an inquiry into building needs at all levels of education. This article concentrates on the methodology used for the inquiry, the findings and the consequences for Flemish educational building policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/452114516345
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  • 74
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    The Recent Experience with Capital Flows to Emerging Market Economies (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.211
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper summarises key points of the recent extensive discussion of the factors behind the volatility of cross-border capital flows in emerging market countries and possible corrective measures. The root cause of the recent volatility of capital flows seems to have been excessive credit and currency risk-taking by banks, which in turn was related to moral hazard problems, failure of prudential regulations and bank supervision, and weak effective standards of financial disclosure. Macroeconomic factors also played a role, with a widening deficit on the balance of payments and fixed (or predictable) exchange rates gradually undermining confidence of creditors and investors. Liquidity problems may have amplified the reaction to adverse news, and herd behaviour and contagion may also have exaggerated reaction to changing fundamentals and transmitted crises from one country to another. Capital controls, which have been extensively used in emerging market countries, may not be very ...
    DOI: 10.1787/387426718682
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  • 75
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    Usages bénéfiques et production des isotopes (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264274365
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Beneficial Uses and Production of Isotopes
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Les isotopes radioactifs et stables sont utilisés à travers le monde dans de nombreux secteurs, notamment en médecine, dans l'industrie, l'agriculture et la recherche. Les isotopes sont irremplaçables dans bon nombre de leurs applications et s'avèrent généralement plus efficaces et moins chers que d'autres techniques ou procédés. Cette publication est la première étude internationale sur les usages bénéfiques et la production d'isotopes. Elle donne une vue d'ensemble de leurs principaux usages ainsi que des informations détaillées sur les installations qui les produisent à travers le monde. Les tendances de l'offre et de la demande d'isotopes sont analysées. Enfin, les conclusions et recommandations qui sont faites signalent aux organismes gouvernementaux les questions clés qu'il leur faut examiner. Cette publication sera utile aux décideurs des agences gouvernementales impliquées dans la production et l'utilisation des isotopes ainsi qu'aux chercheurs et aux experts travaillant dans ce domaine.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264274365-fr
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    Implementing the OECD Jobs Strategy : Assessing Performance and Policy (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173682
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The OECD Jobs Strategy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi ; Évaluation des performances et des politiques
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: High and persistent unemployment remains a major economic and social problem for many OECD countries. Currently, some 35 million persons are unemployed across the area and many others are so discouraged that they are not even looking for a job. There is also increasing concern about precarious jobs and in-work poverty in some countries. The OECD Jobs Strategy was launched five years ago in response to these problems. And it works: the available empirical evidence shows that its continued and comprehensive implementation leads to durably lower unemployment and higher employment. What lies behind the disparities in levels and trends of unemployment rates across countries? Why have some countries outperformed others in terms of successfully cutting unemployment? Why do some groups in society - the young, older workers, the low-skilled - have difficulty finding and keeping rewarding jobs in many countries? Should the rise in temporary and part-time jobs be welcomed or resisted? This publication reviews these issues in light of countries’ experience in implementing The OECD Jobs Strategy. It puts the spotlight on groups at the margin of the labour market, and looks at the policies required to better integrate them.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173682-en
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    Xenotransplantation : International Policy Issues (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172654
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Over one million people world-wide have benefited from successful tissue and organ transplants and survival rates have dramatically improved. But transplantation has become a victim of its own success. The demand for human organs can no longer be met and deaths of persons on waiting lists have more than doubled since 1988. A number of alternatives have been proposed to fill the gap between the supply and demand of organs and the past few years have seen the development of various approaches derived from recent advances in biotechnology. Among these technologies is xenotransplantation - the transplantation of viable cells, tissues and organs from one animal species to another. Xenotransplantation of cells and tissues has been approved for clinical trials in a number of OECD countries. However, opinions about the risks from these early procedures and whether to proceed any further vary. At the New York 1998 Workshop on "International issues in transplantation biotechnology including the use of non-human cells, tissues and organs", world leaders in the field reported on the state of the art and unmet needs in transplantation, addressing in particular the potential, the risks, the ethics and socio-economic impacts of xenotransplantation. Based on presentations, transcripts of round-table discussions and comments raised at the workshop, this book provides an overview of the field and of current regulatory frameworks and addresses the most pressing international policy considerations on xenotransplantation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172654-en
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    Trade and Competition Policies : Exploring the Ways Forward (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174047
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: To further benefit from trade liberalisation, developed and developing countries must get their policies right, in trade and other spheres, such as the web of domestic regulations that affect commerce within and between countries. In the run-up to the November 1999 WTO Ministerial in Seattle, Washington, and a possible new round of multilateral trade negotiations, a Conference on trade and competition was held on 29-30 June 1999 at the OECD to explore the various options towards better coherence between trade and competition policies. This Conference provided OECD countries and 30 non-member countries, academics and representatives of business, trade unions and advocacy groups a unique opportunity to discuss ways to strengthen trade and competition policies in the interests of more open global markets. They examined the effects of trade measures on competition. They also debated whether private anticompetitive practices, and certain domestic regulations, point to the need for multilateral trade and competition rules. This publication summarises those discussions and includes keynote addresses by Sir Leon Brittan and U.S. Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust Joel Klein, as well as an issues paper drafted by the OECD Secretariat to serve as a background note for the Conference.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174047-en
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    Strategic Asset Management for Tertiary Institutions (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174085
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Programme on Educational Building - PEB Papers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gestion stratégique des biens en capital des établissements d'enseignement supérieur
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Universities and other tertiary institutions maintain buildings, sites and communications infrastructure worth many millions of dollars. A more strategic approach to asset management is essential for success in a new environment, where tertiary education is becoming increasingly competitive, direct public funding is being cut back and technology and globalisation are bringing new challenges. What impact will new information technology have on space requirements? What steps can institutional managers take to manage risks in rapidly-changing circumstances? In what ways is the role of facilities managers changing, and what skills and tools will be required for them to do their job more effectively in the future? This book provides some answers to these questions and shows how the resources invested in facilities can be made to work more efficiently in the pursuit of institutional objectives. It is based on the proceedings of an international workshop that examined current trends in tertiary education policy: a more open market, student-centredness and user choice, lifelong learning and the blurring of sectoral differences.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174085-en
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    Asia and the Global Crisis : The Industrial Dimension (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173620
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: It was a financial crisis, or was it? Did a band of speculators and money-changers pull the rug out from under the Thai, Malaysian, Philippine, Indonesian and Korean economies, thereby trashing the Asian Miracle? Or were more profound, longer-term pressures building in these economies which finally boiled over in 1997? In this book, the OECD explodes the myth of conspiracy and evil design, showing that well-intentioned and previously successful economic policies put the Asian economies at risk. Generous support for heavy and high-tech industries created "turnkey" companies with an excessive reliance on imported technology and inputs. In many cases, the success of these industries came at the expense of small and medium-sized enterprises, and more generally of the ability to foresee and respond to the need for adjustment. There were also detrimental effects as traditionally strong parts of these economies lost their competitive edge due to limitations in technological linkages coupled with upward pressures on wage costs and appreciating exchange rates. The book shows that the Asian breakdown had far-reaching structural global implications extending beyond the financial sphere. In examining the policy implications, the OECD argues that far-reaching industrial reforms are needed to accompany the measures being taken to address the financial aspects of the crisis. Learning the lessons from these reforms will reduce the risk of similar crashes in the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173620-en
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    Taxing Powers of State and Local Government (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174030
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pouvoirs fiscaux des administrations infranationales
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation
    Abstract: In many OECD countries, issues in fiscal federalism feature prominently in the political debate. Policy discussions in this area should preferably be supported by internationally comparable statistical information on fiscal relations between levels of government, both in the areas of taxation and spending. The annual OECD Revenue Statistics publication reports tax revenues by sub-sector of general government. However, it does not indicate the degree of control state and local governments exercise over their tax revenues. Because such data are not available on an internationally comparable level from other sources, the OECD has developed a framework to assess and analyze the degree of control that sub-central governments have over their taxes. Results shown in this book serve to illustrate the great variety in tax autonomy at the level of sub-central government. This volume contains a description of fiscal relations in most of the nineteen countries concerned and it provides a set of detailed tables for each country, with revenues split by 1) level of sub-central government; 2) OECD classification of taxes; and 3) category of tax autonomy, following the framework developed by the Working Party on Tax Policy Analysis and Tax Statistics.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174030-en
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  • 82
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    Back-end of the Fuel Cycle in a 1000 GWe Nuclear Scenario : Workshop Proceedings, Avignon, France, 6-7 October 1998 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173859
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; France
    Abstract: The optimisation of the nuclear fuel cycle is a key issue for the sustainability of nuclear energy. This book presents the papers from a workshop which investigated alternative nuclear energy futures, with emphasis on back-end of the fuel cycle options that could enhance the sustainability of nuclear energy in the long term, to 2050 and beyond. The papers lay out the conditions that need to be fulfilled for nuclear energy to remain a viable option and highlight the technological and strategic developments underway to address those issues. Subjects covered include natural resource management, radioactive waste minimisation, cost reduction and proliferation resistance aspects of alternative reactor and fuel cycle technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173859-en
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    Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Danemark 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273085
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.33
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Denmark 1999
    Keywords: Development ; Denmark
    Abstract: L'aide publique au développement (APD) du Danemark dépasse, en volume, celle des 21 autres Membres du Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'OCDE. Depuis 1992, l'APD danoise se maintient en effet aux alentours de 1 % du produit national brut (PNB), en volume, et ce grâce à la vigueur du consensus que suscite l'aide au développement et du soutien qu'elle recueille dans l'opinion publique. L'effort d'aide danois se distingue également par sa qualité. Abstraction faite de son volume, l'aide danoise s'appuie sur une stratégie à long terme bien définie, dont les grands axes - en particulier la place centrale qui y est faite à la réduction de la pauvreté - sont conformes à la stratégie de partenariat pour le développement approuvée par le CAD en 1996. Le Danemark a réussi à concentrer son aide bilatérale sur 20 pays, dont 18 sont des pays à faible revenu ou comptent parmi les pays les moins avancés. L'aide est en outre ciblée sur des secteurs qui présentent une importance particulière pour les pauvres et sur des programmes destinés aux régions les plus démunies de ces pays, contribuant ainsi à faire refluer la pauvreté. Le Danemark mène, depuis 1996, une politique de « multilatéralisme actif » afin que soit pris en considération son souci d'amélioration du ciblage et de l'efficacité des programmes multilatéraux. Il n'est toutefois pas évident que cette démarche ait vraiment contribué à produire les résultats escomptés, car elle s'apparente encore davantage à de l'unilatéralisme qu'à une entreprise commune. Le Danemark fournit depuis longtemps un bel exemple des avantages qu'on peut retirer de l'intégration du système d'aide aux autres aspects des relations extérieures. Dans le cas de ce pays, cette intégration a contribué à la fois à la cohérence des relations avec les pays en développement et au professionnalisme du programme d'aide, lesquels sont encore renforcés par une décentralisation effective des responsabilités aux ambassades danoises dans les pays du programme. Grâce à cette approche intégrée, les services responsables de l'aide danoise au développement (Danida) ont pu entreprendre, depuis 1994, d'abandonner l'aide-projet au profit d'une aide-programme sectorielle (APS), en synergie avec la stratégie de partenariat préconisée par le CAD. Cette démarche implique un renforcement des activités de coordination, à la fois entre donneurs et avec les pays partenaires, auquel le Danemark est tout à fait favorable. En 1999, la politique de coopération pour le développement des pays du CAD suivants sera examinée : Australie, Autriche, Danemark, Irlande, Japon et Norvège.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273085-fr
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    Environmental Indicators for Agriculture : Vol. 1: Concepts and Framework Vol. 2: Issues and Design -- "The York Workshop" (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173750
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs environnementaux pour l'agriculture ; Vol. 1; Concepts et cadre d'analyse Vol.2; Questions clés et conception -- "Le séminaire de York"
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: This book, the result of the OECD York Workshop in the United Kingdom attended by some of the leading experts in the field, examines two key aspects of developing environmental indicators for agriculture. One discusses the identification and design of suitable indicators, the methodology to be used in their measurement and issues relating to interpretation. The other looks at how governments and other users would use indicators for policy purposes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173750-en
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    Agricultural Finance and Credit Infrastructure in Transition Economies : Proceedings of OECD Expert Meeting, Moscow, February 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173811
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: How to develop an effective and sustainable agricultural and rural finance system in a climate of accumulated debts, insolvency of the majority of agricultural enterprises, low profitability of agricultural production, and an unstable macro-economic situation - How to create a banking system that services agriculture and is adapted to diverse farm structures - How to introduce alternative financial and credit institutions and mechanisms - How to establish contractual arrangements between primary agriculture and the up- and downstream sectors - What should be the role of governments in establishing such systems? These are some of the issues addressed in the proceedings of the OECD expert meeting: "Agricultural Finance and Credit Infrastructure in Transition Economies", held in Moscow in February 1999. The meeting brought together over 200 policy-makers, government officials, independent
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173811-en
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  • 86
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    Managing National Innovation Systems (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189416
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gérer les systèmes nationaux d'innovation
    RVK:
    QR 000
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftspolitik
    Abstract: With the emergence of a knowledge-based society, innovation has become an increasingly important factor in the competitiveness of firms, the prosperity of nations and dynamic world growth. Innovation uses scientific progress to meet the changing needs of society and is thus one of the keys to sustainable development. Promoting innovation is now a high priority in most OECD countries. However, the pursuit of this objective is often hampered by an inadequate understanding of the extent to which the mechanisms of innovation are being transformed by globalisation, the development of information and communications technologies and the expanding scientific knowledge base. Drawing on new empirical data, this book analyses the fundamental changes in the linkages between industry and the science system as well as in the nature of the competencies required for firms to innovate. The changes which are transforming the respective roles of competition and co-operation in stimulating innovation and which are enabling enterprise creation and SMIs to play an increasingly active role in innovation are also examined. This book shows that innovation performance depends on the way in which the different components of the "innovation system" -- businesses, universities and other research bodies - interact with one another at the local, national and international levels, and concludes that the public authorities must change their approach to the promotion of innovation. This study defines the aims and tools of this new innovation policy and identifies examples of good policy practice recently implemented in OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189416-en
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  • 87
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    La mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi : Evaluation des performances et des politiques (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273689
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: La stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Implementing the OECD Jobs Strategy; Assessing Performance and Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Implementing the OECD Jobs Strategy: Assessing Performance and Policy
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: L'ampleur et la persistance du chômage demeurent un problème économique et social majeur pour bon nombre de pays de l'OCDE. A l'heure actuelle, quelque 35 millions de personnes sont sans emploi dans l'ensemble de la zone, et nombreux sont ceux qui n'ont même plus le courage de se lancer à la recherche d'un emploi. La précarité de l'emploi et la pauvreté dans laquelle vivent certains travailleurs sont aussi une source de préoccupation croissante dans certains pays. C'est pour apporter une réponse à ces problèmes que la Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi a été lancée voici cinq ans. Or il s'avère que cette stratégie « marche » ; tous les résultats disponibles à ce jour le montrent : appliquée de façon suivie dans tous les domaines visés, la stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi permet de réduire durablement le chômage et d'accroître le taux d'activité. Les taux de chômage varient fortement et connaissent des évolutions contrastées au sein de l'OCDE. Comment peut-on expliquer ces disparités ? Pourquoi certains pays ont-ils mieux réussi que d'autres à endiguer le chômage ? Pourquoi certains groupes sociaux -- les jeunes, les travailleurs âgés, les travailleurs peu qualifiés -- ont-ils, dans de nombreux pays, tant de mal à trouver et à conserver un emploi qui les satisfasse pleinement ? La progression des emplois temporaires ou à temps partiel est-elle un bien ou un mal ? Cet ouvrage examine ces questions à la lumière de l'expérience acquise par les pays qui appliquent la Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi. Il acccorde une place particulière aux groupes défavorisés qui sont aux marges du marché du travail et identifie les mesures requises pour mieux les intégrer à l'activité productive.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273689-fr
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  • 88
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    OECD Principles of Corporate Governance (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173705
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance: (Russian version)
    RVK:
    PS 4220
    RVK:
    QP 341
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services ; Aktiengesellschaft ; Eigentümer ; Recht ; Corporate Governance ; OECD
    Abstract: Over the past decade, the world has witnessed a significant transformation in the role of the private sector in economic development and job creation. As more and more countries have adopted market-based approaches to economic policy, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of private corporations for the welfare of individuals. A good corporate governance regime is central to the efficient use of corporate capital. Good corporate governance also helps to ensure that corporations take into account the interests of a wide rage of constituencies, as well as of the communities within which they operate, and that their boards are accountable to the company and the shareholders. This, in turn, helps to assure that corporations operate for the benefit of society as a whole. It helps to maintain the confidence of investors - both foreign and domestic - and to attract more long-term capital. The OECD Principles of Corporate Governance were endorsed by ministers at the OECD Council meeting at ministerial level on 26-27 May 1999. They were developed in response to a mandate given to the Organisation by the OECD Council meeting at ministerial level in 1998 to develop a set of standards and guidelines on good corporate governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173705-en
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  • 89
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    Echanges, investissement et développement : Pour la cohérence des politiques (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264274235
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade, Investment and Development; Policy Coherence Matters
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade, Investment and Development: Policy Coherence Matters
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade
    Abstract: Le développement devrait pouvoir progresser plus rapidement que jamais dans la nouvelle économie mondiale. Si l'ouverture des économies en développement aux échanges et à l'investissement est une condition nécessaire pour instaurer une croissance élevée et durable en participant à l’économie mondiale, ce n’est en aucun cas une condition suffisante. Enclencher une dynamique de croissance durable requiert des politiques économiques saines et obéissant aux principes du marché, des politiques sociales d'accompagnement adaptées, ainsi qu'une bonne gestion des affaires publiques. Mais comme l'a démontré la crise financière asiatique, des carences dans ces trois domaines peuvent fragiliser des économies en développement même très performantes. Les pays de l'OCDE ont un rôle central à jouer pour faciliter les efforts que mènent les pays en développement pour tirer parti de tous les avantages de l'ouverture aux échanges et à l'investissement. Le principal objectif de cette étude est de déterminer comment les pays de l'OCDE peuvent promouvoir la cohérence des politiques en : améliorant le cadre dans lequel s'inscrivent les flux internationaux d'investissement et de capitaux ; en prenant en compte les préoccupations environnementales ; et en facilitant la participation des pays en développement à la société mondiale de l'information. Pour être couronnée de succès, il est nécessaire que la cohérence des politiques prenne délibérément en compte les besoins et les intérêts des pays en développement, afin d'en faire des acteurs de l'économie mondial efficaces, plutôt que vulnérables et marginaux. Pour en savoir plus Echanges, investissement et développement : Optimiser les bénéfices de l'ouverture des marchés
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264274235-fr
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  • 90
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    National Climate Policies and the Kyoto Protocol (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174450
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Changement climatique ; les politiques nationales et le Protocole de Kyoto
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Changement climatique : les politiques nationales et le Protocole de Kyoto
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Environment ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: Nearly two years after Kyoto, most OECD countries are looking towards ratification and implementation of their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. What do historical emissions and policy trends tell us about the way forward? Which policies will be needed to combat climate change? This book provides an overview of recent developments in OECD countries and a framework for policy making in the context of Kyoto targets. There is no single formula for domestic policies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Every country will need to assess opportunities and constraints to develop a strategy adapted to their own situation. Yet, it is possible to outline some main lines for action in OECD countries at the national level. National strategies should prioritise market, subsidy and fiscal reform policies to establish conditions for competitive markets and remove distortions that harm the environment. And governments should implement a comprehensive mix of mutually reinforcing and integrated policies, using a wide range of economic instruments (green taxes, green tax reform and domestic emission trading) as well as other measures such as product policies, voluntary approaches and public awareness programmes. Unless OECD countries establish more effective frameworks for action now, achieving the Kyoto targets is likely to be costly and difficult.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174450-en
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  • 91
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    Finland (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Edition: Edition 1999
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews 31
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Finlande 1999
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172012-en
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  • 92
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    Finlande (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Edition: Edition 1999
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement 31
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews: Finland 1999
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264272019-fr
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  • 93
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    Les services stratégiques aux entreprises (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273597
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Strategic Business Services
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Les services stratégiques aux entreprises, que cet ouvrage étudie dans 21 pays de l'OCDE, englobent les services de logiciels et de traitement de l'information, les services de recherche-développement (R-D) et techniques, les services de marketing, d'organisation de l'entreprise (services de conseil en gestion et de recrutement du personnel), et de mise en valeur des ressources humaines. Ces services se sont développés à un rythme d’environ 10 % par an, leur chiffre d’affaires cumulé devant avoisiner 1 500 milliards de dollars des États-Unis en 1999. Ces services, qui sont créateurs d’emplois, représentent au moins 11 millions d’emplois directs dans les pays de l’OCDE. Au milieu des années 90, les services d’organisation de l’entreprise étaient le principal employeur avec 3,6 millions d’emplois dans les services de recrutement de personnel et 1,5 million dans le conseil en gestion. L’excellente performance de ce secteur tient à de nombreux facteurs : l'évolution générale de l’économie vers les services, la montée des économies fondées sur le savoir, le besoin d'une plus grande flexibilité au sein des entreprises, la spécialisation et la division accrue du travail dans de nombreux secteurs, le recours des entreprises bien établies à la sous-traitance et la tendance à privilégier les petites unités de production et entreprises. Les pouvoirs publics peuvent influencer la demande de services aux entreprises en favorisant les investissements incorporels du secteur privé dans la R-D, dans la formation et l'éducation et dans l'organisation de l'entreprise, et en soutenant l’offre de ces services à travers toute une série d’organismes intermédiaires. La fourniture de services stratégiques aux entreprises est considérée comme essentielle pour améliorer la performance et la compétitivité des PME. Pays couverts Allemagne Australie Autriche Canada Danemark Espagne États-Unis Finlande France Irlande Italie Japon Mexique Norvège Nouvelle-Zélande Pays-Bas Portugal Royaume-Uni Suède Suisse Turquie
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273597-fr
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  • 94
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    Foreign Direct Investment Policy and Promotion in Latin America (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173729
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Política y Promoción de la Inversión Extranjera Directa en América Latina
    RVK:
    QM 355
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Konferenzschrift 1998 ; Lateinamerika ; Direktinvestition
    Abstract: What is the investment policy orientation in Latin America in the light of the present world financial environment? What are the perspectives for developing a multilateral framework for investment rules and what would be the Latin American involvement in this effort? How can appropriate policies and regulatory environment for attracting foreign direct investment in Latin America be created? These were the main issues of the Lima Workshop on "Foreign Direct Investment Policy and Promotion in Latin America" organised in December 1998 by the OECD and the Commission of the European Union in co-operation with the Peruvian Government. This set of texts can constitute a reference work on foreign investment policy for policy makers and experts in the public sector, actors in the private sector and academics both in emerging market economies and in OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173729-en
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  • 95
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    Environmental Indicators for Agriculture : Concepts and Framework Volume 1 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173873
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs environnementaux pour l'agriculture ; Concepts et cadre d'analyse Volume 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs environnementaux pour l'agriculture : Concepts et cadre d'analyse Volume 1
    RVK:
    QS 000
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Landwirtschaft ; Umweltindikator ; Grundlage
    Abstract: Little quantitative information is available to assess the impacts, both harmful and beneficial, of agriculture on the environment and to measure how different policy measures affect the environment. To help fill these gaps, a major effort is underway in the OECD to develop a set of policy-relevant agri-environmental indicators. This first volume, of the series Environmental Indicators for Agriculture, outlines an analytical framework to further the analysis of agri-environmental linkages and sustainable agriculture. It describes the main environmental concepts in agriculture of relevance to OECD policy-makers and the indicators that need to be calculated: the use of nutrients, pesticides, and water; land conservation; water and soil quality; greenhouse gases; biodiversity; wildlife habitats; landscape; and environmental impacts related to farm management practices, the availability of farm financial resources, and rural socio-cultural issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173873-en
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  • 96
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    Handbook of Incentive Measures for Biodiversity : Design and Implementation (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173903
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de protection de la biodiversité ; Conception & mise en oeuvre des mesures incitatives
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de protection de la biodiversité : Conception & mise en oeuvre des mesures incitatives
    RVK:
    AR 28100
    Keywords: Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Fallstudiensammlung ; Artenreichtum ; Artenschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Anreiz
    Abstract: Governments need to implement appropriate policies to ensure both the private and the public goods values of biological diversity are realised. Unless the users of biological resources are given incentives to sustainably use these resources, valuable biodiversity will continue to be lost. Because of the inherent complexity of biological systems, and the range of pressures that act on them, a "bundle" of carefully-designed and complementary incentive measures are often necessary to provide the appropriate signals to prevent biodiversity loss. This unique Handbook draws on the experiences described in 22 case studies to develop a comprehensive step-by-step process for identifying and implementing appropriate incentive measures for biodiversity conservation, and the sustainable use of its components. It identifies the incentive measures that are most suitable for particular ecosystems, and for addressing the specific sectoral pressures in effect, describing both the advantages and the disadvantages of each incentive measure. A wide range of incentive measures are described, including both the more common economic and regulatory incentives, and also the necessary framework conditions, such as scientific and technical capacity building, education and awareness raising, and the involvement of local populations and other stakeholders.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173903-en
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  • 97
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    La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Edition: Edition 1999
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in the Netherlands 1999
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273771-fr
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  • 98
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    Beneficial Uses and Production of Isotopes (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174368
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Usages bénéfiques et production des isotopes
    RVK:
    UN 5500
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Radionuklid ; Anwendung
    Abstract: Radioactive and stable isotopes are used throughout the world and in many sectors, including medicine, industry, agriculture and research. In many applications isotopes have no substitute, and in most others they are more effective and cheaper than alternative techniques or processes. This publication is the first international survey on the beneficial uses and production of isotopes. It provides an overview of their main uses, and detailed information on the facilities that produce them world-wide. Trends in isotope supply and demand are analysed, and the conclusions and recommendations presented point to key issues to be considered by governments.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174368-en
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  • 99
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    Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Communauté Européenne 1998 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264264076
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.30
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; European Community 1998
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: La Communauté européenne (CE) est le deuxième donneur multilatéral d'aide au développement (après la Banque mondiale). Elle se classe au cinquième rang des 22 Membres du Comité d'aide au développement (CAD) de l'OCDE par l'ensemble de ses programmes, qui ont connu une croissance moyenne de 3.3 pour cent par an au cours des cinq dernières années, tandis que l'effort global des Membres du CAD accusait un recul de 4.7 pour cent par an. Les ressources allouées par la Communauté aux pays à faible revenu n'ont cependant pas progressé au même rythme, ces dernières années, que le budget d'APD dans son ensemble. Les programmes de la CE sont régis par une organisation et des structures de gestion complexes, et la Commission est confrontée, en matière de mise en oeuvre, à un réel défi pour adapter son mode de fonctionnement à la poursuite des objectifs convenus dans le domaine du développement. D'importants remaniements ont été opérés dans la structure de la Commission européenne, notamment avec la création d'un Service commun chargé de la mise en oeuvre des activités de coopération pour le développement arrêtées par les quatre directions générales. Il reste cependant nécessaire de renforcer la capacité des délégations sur le terrain à travailler de concert avec les partenaires afin que ceux-ci fassent leurs les politiques mises en place et que la coordination soit optimale. La CE a un rôle décisif à jouer dans l'élaboration de politiques de développement plus cohérentes. C'est ce que souligne ce rapport à travers l'analyse de domaines comme l'agriculture, les accords de pêche et les subventions à la flotte de pêche de la Communauté. La coordination avec les autres donneurs semble quant à elle sur la bonne voie, ce qui est de bon augure pour l'avenir du partenariat entre donneurs et pays bénéficiaires. Les examens du CAD en matière de coopération pour le développement prévus en 1998 concernent, outre la Communauté européenne, les Membres du CAD suivants : l'Allemagne, le Canada, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, la Finlande et le Luxembourg.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264264076-fr
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  • 100
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Danemark 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264272545
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Denmark 1999
    Keywords: Environment ; Denmark
    Abstract: Ce rapport consacré au Danemark évalue les progrès accomplis ou à faire dans la réduction de la charge polluante, la gestion des ressources naturelles, l'intégration des politiques économique et environnementale et le renforcement de la coopération internationale. Les analyses s'appuient sur un large ensemble de données économiques et environnementales.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264272545-fr
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