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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (503)
  • München UB
  • Kalliope (Nachlässe)
  • IWF
  • 2010-2014  (503)
  • Environment
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (93 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 72
    Keywords: Caisse des dépôts et consignations ; KfW Bankengruppe ; Europäische Investitionsbank ; 2010 - 2012 ; Energieeinsparung ; Klimawandel ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; EU-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Public financial institutions (PFIs) are well-positioned to act as a key leverage point for governments’ efforts to mobilise private investment in low-carbon projects and infrastructure. The study identifies the tools, instruments and approaches used by five PFIs to directly support and scale-up domestic private sector investment in sustainable transport, energy-efficiency and renewable energy in OECD countries. Between 2010-2012, these five institutions – Group Caisse des Dépôts in France, KfW Bankengruppe in Germany, the UK Green Investment Bank, the European Investment Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development – have provided over 100 billion euros of equity investment and financing for energy efficiency, renewable energy and sustainable transport projects. They use both traditional and innovative approaches to link low-carbon projects with finance through enhancing access to capital; facilitating risk reduction and sharing; improving the capacity of market actors; and shaping broader market practices and conditions.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2014/03
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report assesses conceptually and empirically the extent to which the stringency of environmental regulations drives international trade in environmental goods. Many of the measures governments adopt to address issues such as local air and water pollution or GHG emissions take the form of regulations that aim to change the behaviour of firms or households. Compliance by private actors with those regulations in turn generates a growing market for environmental goods and services that is increasingly international in scope as more countries tighten their environmental regulations. Regulatory stringency thus spurs the development of a market for a whole range of equipment specifically meant for preventing and abating pollution, with important implications for international trade in such equipment. The different indicators of regulatory stringency considered in the present analysis generally support the notion that the stringency of environmental regulations positively affects countries’ specialisation in environmental products, even when considering specific sectors such as solid-waste management or wastewater treatment. While increased trade in environmental products is not an end in itself, the environmental benefits this entails can contribute to global improvements in environmental quality. By increasing demand for environmental products and technologies, environmental policy can complement trade policy in supporting pollution-reduction efforts not just domestically, but also abroad.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 96 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 17
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As OECD countries emerge from the global financial crisis, several countries have published their plans for the development of a future bioeconomy, an economy in which bio-based materials and production techniques will contribute significantly to economic and environmental sustainability. Such plans typically involve building a bio-based production industry in which fuels, energy and materials such as chemicals and plastics, almost always generated from fossil resources such as oil and natural gas, are incrementally replaced by equivalent or novel products generated from renewable resources. The realisation of this vision will require sustainably harnessing the vast biomass resource. The highest policy priorities at present are on several levels: allowing bio-based materials to compete for biomass on price with bioelectricity and biofuels; rectifying the highly distorting fossil fuel subsidies, heading off future competition for crude oil demand; and correcting for any excessive regulatory impacts. If governments wish to realise a successful bioeconomy in the future, the case for support for bio-based chemicals and plastics warrants serious attention.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 20
    Keywords: 2012 ; Fahrzeugflotte ; Pendelverkehr ; Geldwerter Vorteil ; Einkommensteuer ; Umweltbelastung ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Taxation ; Transport ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Company cars form a large proportion of the car fleet in many OECD countries and are also influential in determining the composition of the wider vehicle fleet. When employees provided with a company car use that car for personal purposes, personal income tax rules value the benefit in a number of different ways. How accurate these rules are in valuing the benefit has important implications for tax revenue, the environment and other social impacts such as congestion. This paper outlines the tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses in 27 OECD countries and one partner country. It compares these tax settings with a stylised “benchmark” tax treatment that estimates the full value of the benefit received by employees with company vehicles. The paper demonstrates that the estimated tax expenditures associated with company car taxation in these countries in 2012 can be quite considerable. Significantly, from an environmental perspective, in most countries employees faced no additional increase in tax payable in response to an increase in the assumption of distance driven.
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2005 - 2011 ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Auslandsinvestition ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Energiewirtschaft ; Portfolio-Management ; Übernahme ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The study assesses the role of feed-in tariffs (FITs) and renewable energy certificates (RECs) in creating incentives for cross-border investments and for investments in particular technological portfolios via M&A. The analysis explores the dataset on M&As in alternative energy sources worldwide over 2005-2011. The results suggests that FITs encourage more diversified M&A than RECs. With respect to foreign investment, the study finds a linear relationship between FITs and cross-border M&As in the wind energy sector, but an inverted U-shaped relationship in the solar energy sector. One possible explanation for the latter may lie in reduced policy credibility due to the public finance implications of ‘generous’ FITs. Another possible explanation for this finding concerns the use of high solar FITs by countries whose natural conditions provide little comparative advantage in solar energy, suggesting that low profitability and limited potential of solar energy in those countries might have deterred the entry of foreign investors.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade and environment working papers 2014/02
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines trends in the use of environmental provisions in Regional Trade Agreements and identifies factors which may explain the presence or absence of these provisions. The report builds on work of the OECD Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment (JWPTE) and includes results of an informal survey of delegates. Analysis of the environmental provisions in RTAs reveals an encouraging upward trend. While basic provisions remain the most common types found in RTAs, the incidence of more substantive provisions has increased significantly in recent years. Among these, environmental co-operation has been the most common type. Several factors may have contributed to this evolution. These include countries extending their political mandates for RTAs, for example to include provisions for compliance with multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), as well as a general accumulation of experience with the use of environmental provisions.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.76
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Abfallvermeidung ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Ökonometrie ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focusses on the determinants of household waste generation, the separation of recyclables and waste prevention behaviours. It presents the econometric results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication « Greening Household Behaviour: Overview from the 2011 Survey - Revised edition » (2014)...
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1135
    Keywords: 2060 ; Klimawandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; CGE-Modell ; Szenariotechnik ; Welt ; Environment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on the effects of climate change impacts on economic growth. Simulations with the OECD’s dynamic global general equilibrium model ENV-Linkages assess the consequences of a selected number of climate change impacts in the various world regions at the macroeconomic and sectoral level. This is complemented with an assessment of very long-run implications, using the AD-RICE model. The analysis finds that the effect of climate change impacts on annual global GDP is projected to increase over time, leading to a global GDP loss of 0.7% to 2.5% by 2060 for the most likely equilibrium climate sensitivity range. Underlying these annual global GDP losses are much larger sectoral and regional variations. Agricultural impacts dominate in most regions, while damages from sea level rise gradually become more important. Negative economic consequences are especially large in South and South-East Asia whereas other regions will be less affected and, in some cases, benefit thanks to adjustments from international trade. Emissions to 2060 will have important consequences in later decades and centuries. Simulations with the AD-RICE model suggest that if emissions continue to grow after 2060, annual damages of climate change could reach 1.5%-4.8% of GDP by the end of the century. Some impacts and risks from climate change have not been quantified in this study, including extreme weather events, water stress and large-scale disruptions. These will potentially have large economic consequences, and on balance the costs of inaction presented here likely underestimate the full costs of climate change impacts. More research is needed to assess them as well as the various uncertainties and risks involved. However, this should not delay policy action, but rather induce policy frameworks that are able to deal with new information and with the fact that by their nature some uncertainties and risks will never be resolved.
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 67
    Keywords: 2000 - 2011 ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Investitionspolitik ; Innovationsdiffusion ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Private Investition ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses the effects of government policies on flows of private finance for investment in renewable energy (inducement effect). It also examines whether direct provision of public finance for a project increases the volume of private finance raised (“crowding in” effect). A unique dataset of financial transactions for renewable energy projects with worldwide coverage is constructed using the Bloomberg New Energy Finance database. The analysis covers 87 countries, six renewable energy sectors (wind, solar, biomass, small hydropower, marine and geothermal) and the 2000-2011 time-span. Main findings are that, in contrast to quota-based schemes, price-based support schemes are positively correlated with investors’ ability to raise private finance. The paper suggests that, rather than the type of instrument (price vs. quota), it is the specific design of such schemes that is key to providing a predictable signal and an effective incentive to attract private investors. It is also found that public finance supports precisely those projects that have had difficulty raising private finance (co-financed projects), where neither quota-based measures nor price-based support schemes have a significant effect on private finance flows. This raises the concern that in the absence of well-designed policies which incentivise private finance investment, governments wishing to secure project completion have no other choice than to support projects directly through the use of public finance.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.70
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Agrarproduktion ; Anpassung ; Bewässerung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates how climate change can affect agricultural production and proposes some adaptation measures that could be undertaken to mitigate the negative effects of climate change while enhancing the positive ones. The paper stresses the importance of planned adaptation measures and highlights possible strategies for reducing risk and improving resilience. To quantify the possible effects of climate change and the effects of adaptation measures this study uses the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT). The analysis first explores the potential effects of climate change on yields and prices. It then goes on to analyse the potential impacts of two distinctive sets of adaptation strategies on yields, prices, and food security, namely: i) research and development (to develop new crop varieties that are better suited to changed climate conditions) and ii) changes in irrigation technology. Last, the analysis in this paper estimates the public and private investment needs in research and development (R&D) for developing new crop varieties, and further develops estimates of the cost of improving irrigation technologies in OECD countries.
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2014, 02
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Now that pollution is reaching worrisome levels in some countries and at the global level, there is a growing consensus that it needs to be explicitly considered as a by-product of the production process and incorporated in economic decisions. But this is not easy in the absence of markets and observable prices. Shadow prices of pollution, the opportunity cost of abating pollution in the form of reduced output, have to be estimated using specific techniques and serve several purposes. It’s a signal firms have to take into consideration when they decide upon their investment decisions. Shadow prices can also inform policymakers when they set policies. They can be used to assess policy ex ante by comparing the marginal benefits of environment policies with the cost they involve for private firms. These prices can be seen as benchmark for allowance price in emission market-based schemes or can be useful in designing optimal environmental tax schemes. The indicator can also be used ex post and can be considered as a policy indicator of pollution regulation and compliance to these regulations. More generally such prices are used each time there is a need to value pollution...
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 71
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Steuervergünstigung ; Steuerwirkung ; Steuerpolitik ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Environment ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews the use of tax preferences to achieve environmental policy objectives. Tax preferences involve using the tax system to adjust relative prices with a view to influencing producer or consumer behaviour in favour of goods or services that are considered to be environmentally beneficial. They take various forms, typically a partial or total exemption from a specified tax. Because tax preferences help to avoid or reduce costs for businesses or consumers, there are often pressures on governments to favour them over other instruments. As a result, they are sometimes used inappropriately, typically to address negative externalities for which they are not well suited. The paper suggests that the comparative advantage of tax preferences is in providing support for positive externalities, that is situations in which a subsidy would help to deliver more social benefits than would otherwise be the case. When designing tax preferences, care must be taken to ensure that they do not encourage technological lock-in, provide perverse incentives for environmentally harmful activities (the rebound effect), or reward producers or consumers for actions they would have taken anyway. Since tax preferences are a form of subsidy, they should be subject to the same degree of scrutiny and oversight as other forms of public expenditure.
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.74
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Politikfeldanalyse ; Lernen ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores methodological approaches that can be used to monitor and evaluate climate change adaptation initiatives at the projects and programme levels. It examines approaches that have been used in other areas of development practice to see what lessons have been learned that can inform the development of monitoring and evaluation frameworks targeted at adaptation. The paper focuses on three methodological challenges related to monitoring and evaluation that are particularly relevant for adaptation: i) assessing attribution, ii) establishing baselines and targets, and iii) dealing with long time horizons. The paper also considers the importance of on-going learning in evaluation and the benefit of applying a comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluation, building on tested practices from participatory methods and social sciences techniques.
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2014, 01
    Series Statement: Cities and regions
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Multifactor productivity (MFP) is increasingly used in economic policy, not least to compute potential output. Most measures are based on a standard production function combining labour and capital, but do not incorporate the negative by-products of the production process such as air pollution that could have deleterious effect on health and productivity in the medium to long term (see for instance OECD (2014)). The failure to account for the costs of environmental damages and the benefits associated with emission reduction impart a bias to standard measures of MFP. Ignoring these dimensions can give a misleading idea of growth prospects over the medium to long term...
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 64
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Energieeinsparung ; Makroökonometrie ; CGE-Modell ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In its 2012 edition of the World Energy Outlook, the International Energy Agency (IEA) produced an Efficient World Scenario (IEA, 2012) to assess how implementing only economically viable energy efficiency measures would affect energy markets, investment and greenhouse emissions (GHG). The IEA analysis found that in order to halve global primary energy demand over 2010-2035, additional investments of USD 11.8 trillion in more efficient end-use technologies would be necessary. Using the OECD ENV-Linkages macro-economic model, this report simulates the economic and environmental impacts which the IEA Efficient World Scenario implies...
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade and environment working papers 2014/01
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides an update on recent developments in the field of Regional Trade Agreements and the environment. Issues arising in the implementation of RTAs with environmental considerations are examined as well as experience in assessing their environmental impacts. This is the seventh update prepared under the aegis of the Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment (JWPTE) since the series began with the 2007 publication Environment and Regional Trade Agreements. The document covers developments from late 2012 to October 2013. It is based on publicly available information.
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 66
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a framework to include feedbacks from climate impacts on the economy in integrated assessment models. The proposed framework uses a production function approach, which links climate impacts to key variables and parameters used in the specification of economic activity. The key endpoints within climate impact categories are linked to the relevant connections for a range of sectors in the economy. The paper pays particular attention to the challenges of distinguishing between damages and the costs of adapting to climate change. The paper also reviews existing studies and available data that can be used to establish linkages between climate impacts and key variables within economic models. There is considerable heterogeneity across the timing and geographic distribution of changes in climatic variables, the consequent changes in key physical and biogeochemical “endpoints” that might occur over time and space, and the magnitude of the resulting damages that these effects are likely to impose on the range of sectors in the economy. The review underlines the uncertainty involved in each of these dimensions and the research needs for the future.
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 70
    Keywords: Pendelverkehr ; Fahrzeugflotte ; Steuervergünstigung ; Steuerwirkung ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper builds upon a recent OECD paper on the personal tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses in OECD member-countries and aims to arrive at a better understanding of the environmental and related social costs of the tax treatment described therein. The paper begins with an analysis of the larger transport market, which is the primary storehouse of evidence on the nature and extent of the environmental impacts of the various transport modes, the relative importance of the proximate and underlying determinants of these impacts, and the elasticities and functional relationships at work. Non-linearities in the relevant elasticities and functional relationships mean that the tax treatment of company cars may have a greater or lesser impact than is suggested by the size of the company car market. And distortions in relative prices between competing modes in the larger transport market mean that subsidies can have very different impacts depending on the mode in question. The further analysis of the interaction of the current tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses with the transport market yields several findings. The current under-taxation of company cars is likely to result in a disproportionately large increase in total distance driven, composed of both an increase in the number of cars in use and an increase in distance driven per car. In turn, this is likely to result in disproportionately large impacts on most relevant environmental and related social costs. And a favourable tax treatment of commuting expenses generally, and of employer-paid parking in particular, is likely to impact on the choice of transport mode in favour of the car relative to public transport and non-motorised modes. In turn, this is likely to impact on most relevant environmental and related social costs. An Annex to this paper provides, for the OECD group of countries as a whole, some indicative estimates of the main relevant impacts of the under-taxation of company cars as well as an indicative estimate of its overall social cost. The largest quantified cost elements are additional congestion costs; additional local air pollution costs; and additional traffic accident costs. The overall social cost attributable to the current under-taxation of company cars is estimated at circa EUR 116 billion per year.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 65
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Längsschnittanalyse ; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht ; Makroökonometrie ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This document provides a detailed technical description of the ENV-Linkages model. The OECD ENV-Linkages Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is an economic model that describes how economic activities are inter-linked across several macroeconomic sectors and regions. It links economic activity to environmental pressure, specifically to emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The links between economic activities and emissions are projected for several decades into the future, and thus shed light on the impacts of environmental policies for the medium- and long-term future. In this paper specific attention is given to the equations that form the core of the model. The version of the model presented here is used for analysis carried out for the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 (OECD, 2012). An updated version of the model is expected to play a key role in the new CIRCLE project (OECD, 2013).
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.79
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Haushaltsstatistik ; Ökonometrie ; Australien ; Kanada ; Chile ; Frankreich ; Israel ; Japan ; Korea ; Niederlande ; Spanien ; Schweden ; Schweiz ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The second round of the OECD Survey on Environmental Policy for Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) was implemented in 2011. A publication providing an overview of the survey data from over 12 000 households in eleven countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) is available.1 Follow-up econometric analyses were conducted in each of the thematic areas covered (energy, food, transport, waste and water), as well as on cross-domain comparisons in environmental attitudes and behaviours.2 This report presents a synthesis of main results from econometric analysis using the data from the 2011 EPIC survey, as well as policy implications.
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2005 - 2010 ; Öko-Produkt ; Risikokapital ; Umweltpolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Start-up firms play a crucial role in bringing to the market the innovations needed to move to a greener growth path. Risk finance is essential for allowing new ventures to commercialise new ideas and grow, especially in emerging sectors. Still, very little is known about the drivers and the characteristics of risk finance in the green sector. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed description of risk finance in the green sector across 29 OECD and BRIICS countries over the period 2005-2010 and identifying the role that policies might have in shaping high-growth investments in this sector. Results are drawn from a comprehensive deal-level database of businesses seeking financing in the green industry combined with indicators of renewable policies and government R&D expenditures. The results suggest that both supply-side policies and environmental deployment policies, designed with a long-term perspective of creating a market for environmental technologies, are associated with higher levels of risk finance relative to more short-term fiscal policies, such as tax incentives and rebates. In addition, when focusing on renewable energy generation, the results confirm the positive association of generous feed-in tariffs (FITs) with risk-finance investment. However in the solar sector excessively generous FITs tend to discourage investment.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 60
    Keywords: Naturschutz ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Erneuerbare Ressourcen ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltökonomik ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: An ecosystem assessment is a social process through which the findings of science concerning the causes of ecosystem change, their consequences for human well-bring, and the management and policy options are evaluated. Ecosystem assessments can play an important role in synthesising and communicating complex information and can both inform and influence decision-making processes. This paper draws insights from experience with National Ecosystem Assessments (NEAs) recently undertaken in the UK, Japan, Spain, and Portugal, as well as other ecosystem assessments undertaken at regional and international geographical scales, and highlights lessons learned so that the impact of NEAs on policy can be enhanced. The paper concludes by identifying key issues needed to develop practical guidance for successful ecosystem assessments.
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1149
    Keywords: Rohstoff ; Ökonomische Rente ; Verzerrende Steuer ; Erschöpfbare Ressourcen ; Steuereinnahmen ; Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study analyses the economic rent generated by the exploitation of a non-renewable resource, and the taxation of this rent. We present a synthetic model of a non-renewable-resource sector where deposits must be costly developed before they are exploited; the analysis emphasizes the effect of resource taxation on the discouragement to the development of new reserves. We discuss the limitations of neutral profit-taxation schemes and examine the distortions caused by various resource-taxation systems on the rent and its allocation: tax evasion, royalty-induced distortions, imperfect tax commitment, agency issues... We also discuss the measurement of resource rents for taxation purposes, and issues with the management of the resource tax income.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.77
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Zahlungsbereitschaftsanalyse ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on personal transport choices. It presents the results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) survey where econometric techniques are applied. The report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication OECD (2014). The objective of the analysis is to understand the determinants of household choices in the following areas: the use of alternative modes of transportation car ownership, willingness-to-pay for an electric vehicles and the relative importance of environmental factors when buying a car. The results indicate that the choice of non-motorized modes of transportation is strongly correlated with the proximity of the destination and that attitudinal variables play only a minor role. The same is true for the use of public transport. Households that say that they trust information about environmental impact of products, are better educated about impact of private transport and are in favour of government actions to reduce CO2, tend to have a higher willingness to pay for electric vehicles.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 69
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Umweltschutzinvestition ; Private Investition ; Schätzung ; Datenerhebung ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper reviews a number of commercial and public data sources to examine their potential for increasing coverage and understanding of the volume and characteristics of private climate finance beyond renewable energy projects. Such information is needed to assess progress towards the global transition to low-carbon, climate-resilient economies, as well towards the fulfilment of international commitments by developed countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The data sources investigated in this analysis are evaluated across four areas relating to their: (i) use of sectoral classification systems; (ii) coverage of private finance transactions and instruments; (iii) definitions and methods for categorising finance as private and identifying its geographic origin; and (iv) data access restrictions and methodological transparency. To provide a frame of reference, the paper distils corresponding definitions and methodologies used by key known data sources for tracking climatespecific finance as well as investments and finance more broadly...
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1154
    Keywords: Natur ; Kapitalstock ; Produktivität ; Luftverschmutzung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Opportunitätskosten ; Energy ; Environment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a productivity growth measure that explicitly accounts for natural capital as an input factor and for undesirable goods, or “bads”, as an output of the production process. The discussion focuses on the extension of productivity measurement for bad outputs and estimates of their shadow prices, while the inclusion of natural capital is discussed in more depth in a companion paper. As bad outputs are the target of environmental policies, a productivity measure that does not take bad outputs into account will underestimate productivity growth, whenever countries devote some inputs to reducing bad outputs, thus improving the environmental impact of their production processes, rather than to increasing the production of goods and services. An adjusted productivity measures is needed in an analysis of the effect of bad outputs on productivity growth as otherwise the effectiveness of environmental policies in promoting production processes that make more efficient use of the environment will be wrongly assessed. Results suggest that the adjustment of the traditional productivity growth measure for bad outputs is small. While this partly hinges on the fact, that due to a lack of more comprehensive data, only a limited set of bad outputs are considered in this paper, namely CO2, SOX and NOX emissions, the relatively small adjustment of the traditional productivity growth measure is good news for two reasons. First, it implies that ignoring the bad outputs considered in this paper results in a relatively small bias of productivity measurement, and thus analysis based on traditional measures should be relatively reliable in this regard. Second, it also implies that the acceleration in productivity growth that would help to substantially reduce the bad outputs considered in this paper, without reducing output growth, should be possible to achieve.
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 16
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Wetter ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Climate change has already resulted in climate-related extreme events of greater frequency and/or intensity. This, along with long-term changes in average conditions (whether in temperature or rainfall), is likely to continue to have a major impact on livelihoods. Developing countries will be especially affected by such events – and more specifically, the poor people in developing countries – because of their geographical exposure and their greater reliance on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture. Social protection offers a wide range of instruments (e.g. cash transfers, insurance products, pension schemes and employment guarantee schemes) that can be used to support households that are particularly vulnerable to both the ongoing and acute impacts of climate changes. Although the evidence base showing how these measures can help those affected prevent and cope with climate challenges is still limited, this paper aims to provide a condensed review of the current knowledge and evidence about the role of social protection in reducing the impact of climate change on the poorest populations and provides a series of recommendations for both social protection and climate change practitioners and for strengthening the evidence base.
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Papers no.2014/03
    Keywords: Environment ; Zambia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Embracing green growth can secure strong, stable and sustainable development. Green growth recognises and integrates the value of natural capital into economic decision-making and development planning, which is critical to avoid natural capital depletion, the worst of climate change and social and national security risks (OECD, 2013). This is particularly true for developing countries, because of their dependence on natural assets and acute exposure and vulnerability to environmental risks, ranging from air, water and soil pollution, as well as natural resource scarcity and extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change. A green growth policy framework recognises and aims to address both micro- and macro-level pressures that countries face to grow their economies, while also managing environmental risks. In poorer developing countries, micro-level pressures may include lack of access to basic services such as shelter, fuel, water; while macro-level pressures are threats to stable livelihoods due to...
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Working Papers no.2014/12
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Stadtentwicklung ; Städtische Flächennutzung ; Wasserversorgung ; Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Energieversorgung ; Abfallwirtschaft ; Vergleich ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Asien ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The development of Asian cities is characterised by rapid and continuous urbanisation on an unprecedented scale, with rapid economic growth led in most places by the manufacturing industry, and rapidly increasing motorisation. The result has been escalating greenhouse gas emissions, sprawling urban development and local environmental impacts, as well as disparities in income, education levels and job opportunities in the urban population. These trends differ sharply from those in most of the OECD area and call for a green growth model that differs from those identified in previous OECD studies and that addresses the specific circumstances of Asian cities. This paper proposes an analytical framework for assessing policies for green growth in rapidly growing cities in the emerging world. It builds on Cities and Green Growth: A Conceptual Framework (Hammer et al., 2011) and is adapted to the urban policy context of dynamic Asia. Its three main elements are: i) identification of the key policy strategies for urban green growth in fast-growing Asian cities, highlighting similarities to and differences from OECD cities; ii) opportunities for green growth; and iii) enabling strategies for implementing urban green growth.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank Group
    ISBN: 9781464803352
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (174 pages)
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Countries and Regions
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 333.910094756
    Keywords: Wasserversorgung ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Armenien ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Fishing and Fisheries ; Integrated Water Resources Management ; Irrigation and Drainage ; IWRM ; River Basin Management ; Transboundary Water Issues ; Water Permit ; Water-Energy Nexus
    Abstract: The Republic of Armenia is facing a number of emerging challenges in the water sector. Though overall water resource availability in the country is good, the country's ability to monitor groundwater and surface water is deteriorating, enforcement under the existing water permit system is weak, conflicts loom over water use in the agriculturally important Ararat valley, and climate change continues to exert pressure. The performance of the irrigation, hydropower, municipal, industrial, and environment sectors depends on the judicious and coordinated wise use of the country's water resources. Recognizing the importance of integrated water resources management (IWRM), the government of Armenia has introduced over the last decade major institutional and policy reforms. These reforms provide a strong legislative foundation and framework for ensuring good management and development of water resources in the country. Despite this, further institutional strengthening is needed to fulfill the vision of this legislative framework. Toward Integrated Water Resources Management in Armenia identifies the challenges in the different water subsectors, reviews the current institutional framework and implementation of relevant water-sector policies, and makes recommendations for the next steps to strengthen water resources management in the country. The book's overall goal is to provide guidance to the government and to donors to help enhance Armenia's future water security
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Decision Making ; Environment ; Financial Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector
    Abstract: The 2013 Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR5) advised that warming of the climate system is unequivocal and said that since the 1950s many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time it affects every country and yet progress in mainstreaming climate change into the policy-making process is patchy. Some countries political leaderships have put in place high-profile climate change mitigation and adaptation plans, with broad participation across government agencies and nongovernmental stakeholders, and with their central finance and planning agencies assuming a key role. In many other countries, however, climate change issues remain the preserve of specialist environmental agencies and there is no framework or mechanism by which climate change issues are systematically taken into account in national planning. This Climate Change Public Expenditure and Institutional Review Sourcebook (CCPEIR) seeks to provide practitioners with the tools and information needed to respond to the public expenditure policy and management challenges arising from climate change. It is a series of notes and supporting materials written to consolidate current research and international experience, to identify emerging practice, and to provide practical and applicable guidance for staff of central finance agencies, development agencies, environmental agencies, and international organizations working on climate change issues
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789401787277
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 276 p. 49 illus., 8 illus. in color, online resource)
    Series Statement: MARE Publication Series 12
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: History ; Wildlife ; Fish ; Environmental management ; Marine sciences ; Freshwater ; Environment ; Environmental sciences ; Wildlife management ; Environmental management ; Marine Sciences ; History
    Abstract: The waters of the Indo-Pacific were at the centre of the global expansion of marine capture fisheries in the twentieth century, yet surprisingly little has been written about this subject from a historical perspective. This book, the first major study of the history of fishing in Asia and Oceania, presents the case-studies completed through the History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP) initiative. It examines the marine environmental history and historical marine ecology of the Indo-Pacific during a period that witnessed the dramatic escalation of industrial fishing in these seas.
    Abstract: The waters of the Indo-Pacific were at the centre of the global expansion of marine capture fisheries in the twentieth century, yet surprisingly little has been written about this subject from a historical perspective. This book, the first major study of the history of fishing in Asia and Oceania, presents the case-studies completed through the History of Marine Animal Populations (HMAP) initiative. It examines the marine environmental history and historical marine ecology of the Indo-Pacific during a period that witnessed the dramatic escalation of industrial fishing in these seas
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction: Historical Perspectives of Fisheries Exploitation in the Indo-Pacific2. Unsettled Seas: Towards a History of Marine Animal Populations in the Central Indo-Pacific -- 3. Changing practice in the Madras marine fisheries: legacies of the Fish Curing Yards -- 4. History of shark fishing in Indonesia -- 5. A history of whaling in the Philippines: A glimpse of the past and current distribution of whales -- 6. Brackish water shrimp farming and the growth of aquatic monocultures in coastal Bangladesh -- 7. Evolution and development of the Taiwanese offshore tuna fishery -- 8. History of industrial tuna fishing in the Pacific Islands -- 9. Southern Bluefin Tuna: a contested history -- 10. The NSW steam trawl fishery on the south-east continental shelf of Australia, 1915-1961 -- 11.Exploiting Green and Hawksbill Turtles in Western Australia: the Commercial Marine Turtle Fishery -- 12. Shifting baselines or shifting currents: an environmental history of fish and fishing in the south-west capes region of Western Australia -- 13. Shark Bay snapper: science, policy, and the decline and recovery of a marine recreational fishery -- 14. Conclusion: Learning from Asian and Indo-Pacific Fisheries History.
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing
    ISBN: 9783319010922
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 398 p. 114 illus., 93 illus. in color, online resource)
    Series Statement: Protecting Critical Infrastructure 2
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Securing water and wastewater systems
    RVK:
    Keywords: Political science ; Water pollution ; Public administration ; Environment ; Environmental sciences ; Environmental pollution ; Wasserversorgung ; Abwasser ; Sicherheit
    Abstract: Urban water and wastewater systems have an inherent vulnerability to both manmade and natural threats and disasters including droughts, earthquakes and terrorist attacks. It is well established that natural disasters including major storms, such as hurricanes and flooding, can effect water supply security and integrity. Earthquakes and terrorist attacks have many characteristics in common because they are almost impossible to predict and can cause major devastation and confusion. Terrorism is also a major threat to water security and recent attention has turned to the potential that these attacks have for disrupting urban water supplies. There is a need to introduce the related concept of Integrated Water Resources Management which emphasizes linkages between land-use change and hydrological systems, between ecosystems and human health, and between political and scientific aspects of water management. An expanded water security agenda should include a conceptual focus on vulnerability, risk, and resilience; an emphasis on threats, shocks, and tipping points; and a related emphasis on adaptive management given limited predictability. Internationally, concerns about water have often taken a different focus and there is also a growing awareness, including in the US, that water security should include issues related to quantity, climate change, and biodiversity impacts, in addition to terrorism. This presents contributions from a group of internationally recognized experts that attempt to address the four areas listed above and includes suggestions as to how to deal with related problems. It also addresses the new and potentially growing issue of cyber attacks against water and waste water infrastructure including descriptions of actual attacks, making it of interest to scholars and policy-makers concerned with protecting the water supply
    Description / Table of Contents: Direct Threats To Water and Wastewater InfrastructureRole of design basis threats in the development, design, and implementation of water security studies and improvement -- Industrial Control System (ICS) Cyber Security for Water and Waste Water Systems -- Implementing Machine Learning Algorithms for Water Quality Event Detection: Theory and Practice -- Sensor Placement Under Nodal Demand Uncertainty for Water Distribution Systems -- Waterborne Transport Modeling of Radioactivity from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Incident -- Quantitatively assessing water asset reliability in the Netherlands : 15 Years of Experience -- Impact of water resource availability on growth and development -- Water Resource Planning in Peru -- Water scarcity in Asia and its long term water and border security implications for Australia -- Threats to water-related ecosystems -- Water Diversion Projects in China -- Impact of climate change on water security -- Feasibility of using satellite water tanks for protecting drinking water in urban communities in developing countries -- Integrated Total Water Management Systems -- Integrated control and detection of accidental occurrences in water distribution networks -- Plan, Prepare and Safeguard: Water Critical Infrastructure Protection in Australia -- Latvian Practices for Protecting Water and Wastewater Infrastructure -- Austrian activities in protecting critical water infrastructure.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224278
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 473; In Vitro Mammalian Chromosomal Aberration Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le but de l'essai in vitro d'aberration chromosomique est d'identifier les agents qui causent des aberrations chromosomiques structurales dans les cellules mammifères cultivées. Les aberrations structurales peuvent être de deux types : chromosomiques ou chromatidiques. L'essai in vitro d'aberration chromosomique peut utiliser des cultures de lignées cellulaires établies, des souches cellulaires ou des cultures de cellules primaires. Des cultures cellulaires sont exposées à la substance d'essai (liquide ou solide) avec et sans activation métabolique pendant environ 1.5 fois le cycle cellulaire normal. Au moins trois concentrations analysables de la substance d'essai devraient être employées. Il faut normalement réaliser les cultures en doublon à chaque niveau de dose. À intervalles prédéterminés après exposition des cultures de cellules à la substance d'essai, les cellules sont traitées avec une substance qui bloque la métaphase, récoltées et teintées. Les cellules métaphasiques sont analysées au microscope pour déceler les aberrations chromosomiques.
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264223202
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs de croissance verte pour l'agriculture ; Évaluation préliminaire
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Green growth indicators for agriculture
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Landwirtschaft ; Landwirtschaftliche Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Landwirtschaft ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: An integral component of any green growth strategy is a highly-reliable set of measurement tools and indicators that would enable policy makers to evaluate how effective policies are, and to gauge the progress being achieved in shifting economic activity onto a greener path. These tools and indicators, which will need to be based on internationally comparable data, must also be embedded in a conceptual framework and selected according to a clearly-specified set of criteria. This report is a first step towards developing a framework to monitor progress on green growth in the agricultural sector in OECD countries. The goal is to identify relevant, succinct and measurable statistics to implement the OECD Green Growth Strategy Measurement Framework which provides a common basis for further developing green growth indicators in the agricultural sector in OECD countries.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264220959
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is a statement of policy set by the 1989 Council Decision-Recommendation on Compliance with Good Laboratory Practice [C(89)87(Final). It reiterates the decisions and the recommendations related to the role and responsibilities of governments, national GLP compliance monitoring authorities and inspectors set out in that Act and its Annexes and states current practices. The Working Group on GLP is of the opinion that, while the Council Act allows “outsourcing” of inspection functions, this should be the exception rather than the rule and should be used only as an interim solution and primarily by new GLP compliance monitoring programmes.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224506
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 310 ; Biodégradabilité facile - dégagement de CO2 dans des flacons hermétiquement clos (essai de l'espace libre au-dessus du liquide)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is a screening method for the evaluation of ready biodegradability of chemicals. The test substance, normally at 20 mg C/L, as the sole source of carbon and energy, is incubated (during 28 days normally) in sealed bottles with aerobic condition containing a buffer-mineral salts medium, which has been inoculated with a mixed population of micro-organisms. In order to check the test procedure, a reference substance (aniline, sodium benzoate or ethylene glycol and 1-octanol) of known biodegradability should be tested in parallel. It is recommended that triplicate bottles be analysed after a sufficient number of time intervals. Also at least five test bottles (from test vessels, blank controls, and vessels with the reference substance) are analysed at the end of the test, to enable 95% confidence intervals to be calculated for the mean percentage biodegradation value. The CO2 evolution resulting from the ultimate aerobic biodegradation of the test substance is determined by measuring the Inorganic Carbon (IC) produced in the test bottles in excess of that produced in blank vessels containing inoculated medium only. The extent of biodegradation is expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maximum IC production (ThIC), based on the quantity of test substance added initially. Biodegradation 〉60% ThIC within the 10-d window in this test demonstrates that the test substance is readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789264221734
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Chemical Accidents
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Document was designed to serve as a tool to assist industrial enterprises, public authorities, and communities near hazardous installations world-wide develop and implement a means to assess the success of their chemical safety activities. The guidance does not define a precise methodology, but rather provides guidance on how to develop and use safety performance indicators including the general elements of Safety Performance Indicators (SPI) Programmes.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224179
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 489 ; Test des Comètes In Vivo en Conditions Alcalines sur Cellules de Mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vivo alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay, also called alkaline Comet Assay is a method measuring DNA strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. Each treated group is composed of a minimum of 5 animals of one sex (or of each sex as appropriate). A positive and a vehicle control group are also used. Administration of the treatment consists of daily doses over duration of 2 days or more, ensuring the test chemical reaches the target tissue which can be the liver, the kidney or other tissues if justified. Tissues of interest are dissected and single cells/nuclei suspensions are prepared and embedded in agarose on slides. Cells/nuclei are treated with lysis buffer to remove cellular and/or nuclear membranes. The nuclear DNA in the agar is then subjected to electrophoresis at high pH. This results in structures resembling comets which by using suitable fluorescent stain, can be observed by fluorescent microscopy. Based on their size DNA fragments migrate away from the head to the tail, and the intensity of the comet tail relative to the total intensity (head plus tail) reflects the amount of DNA breakage.
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789264224537
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Series Statement: Etudes de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Water Governance in Jordan; Overcoming the Challenges to Private Sector Participation
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Jordan
    Abstract: Ce rapport s’appuie sur les travaux de l’OCDE dans les domaines de la gouvernance de l’eau, de la politique de la réglementation et de la participation du secteur privé pour identifier les défis de gouvernance à la mobilisation des partenariats public-privé (PPP) dans la gestion des services de l’eau et de l’assainissement en Tunisie, et suggérer des recommandations de politiques publiques pour les surmonter. Il s’inscrit dans le cadre du dialogue sur les politiques conduit conjointement par l’OCDE et le Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-Med) dans le cadre du projet labellisé par l’Union pour la Méditerranée (UpM) « Gouvernance et Financement du Secteur de l’Eau en Méditerranée », avec le soutien financier du fonds fiduciaire FEMIP de la Banque Européenne d’Investissement.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264174337
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gouvernance des services de l'eau en Tunisie ; Surmonter les défis de la participation du secteur privé
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Water governance in Tunisia
    Keywords: Wasserwirtschaft ; Privatwirtschaft ; Wasserpolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Tunesien ; Environment ; Governance ; Tunisia
    Abstract: This report diagnoses the main governance and financing challenges to private sector participation in the water supply and wastewater sector of Tunisia, and provides ways forward to address these challenges. It been developed as part of a water policy dialogue conducted by the OECD jointly with the Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-Med) in the context of the project labelled by the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) "Governance and Financing for the Mediterranean Water Sector", with the support of the FEMIP Trust Fund of the European Investment Bank.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264197138
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Effective Carbon Prices
    Keywords: Environment ; Taxation
    Abstract: Les manuels d’économie prédisent que les taxes et les systèmes d’échange de permis d’émission sont les solutions les moins onéreuses pour permettre à la société de réduire ses émissions de CO2. Ce livre démontre que cette hypothèse se vérifie également en pratique. Il fournit des estimations sur les coûts pour la société de réduire les émissions de CO2 dans 15 pays, en utilisant une large panoplie d’instruments dans 5 secteurs générant le plus d’émissions : le secteur de production d’électricité, du transport routier, des pâtes & papier et du ciment, ainsi que de la consommation d’énergie des ménages. Il trouve de grandes variations dans le coût de réduction de chaque tonne de CO2 au sein de et entre les pays, ainsi qu’au sein des secteurs examinés et à travers différents types d’instruments politiques. Des approches axées sur le marché, tels que les taxes et les systèmes d’échange de permis ont systématiquement permis la réduction de CO2 à un moindre coût par rapport à d’autres instruments. Les subventions d’équipement et les tarifs d’achat figuraient, quant à eux, parmi les mesures les plus onéreuses de réduction d’émissions.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264202948 , 9789264219946
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Austria 2013
    Keywords: Environment ; Austria
    Abstract: Le programme d’examens environnementaux de l'OCDE propose des évaluations indépendantes des progrès accomplis par les pays eu égard à leurs engagements nationaux et internationaux en matière d’environnement, ainsi que des recommandations orientées vers l’action des pouvoirs publics. Ces examens ont pour objectif de promouvoir l’apprentissage entre pairs, d’encourager les pays à rendre compte de leur action aux autres pays et à leur opinion publique, ainsi que d’améliorer les performances environnementales des gouvernements, individuellement et collectivement. Les analyses s’appuient sur un large éventail de données économiques et environnementales. Chaque cycle d’examens environnementaux couvre la totalité des pays membres de l'OCDE ainsi que certains pays partenaires. Ce rapport est le troisième examen environnemental de l’Autriche. Il évalue les progrès vers le développement durable et la croissance verte et met l'accent sur la gestion des produits chimiques ainsi que sur l’adaptation au changement climatique.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264220522
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Cost of Air Pollution; Health Impacts of Road Transport
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Transport
    Abstract: La pollution de l’air extérieur tue plus de trois millions de personnes dans le monde chaque année, et elle est à l’origine de problèmes de santé, allant de l’asthme aux maladies cardiovasculaires chez un plus grand nombre de personnes encore. Pour les pays de l’OCDE ainsi que pour la Chine et l’Inde, le coût de ces impacts est estimé à 3 500 milliards USD par an en termes de mortalité et de morbidité, et la tendance est à la hausse. En se basant sur les nouvelles données épidémiologiques depuis l’étude de l’OMS sur la charge mondiale de morbidité en 2010, ainsi que sur les estimations de l’OCDE sur la valeur d’une vie statistique, ce rapport démontre que les impacts sanitaires de la pollution de l’air sont approximativement quatre fois plus élevés, et leurs coûts économiques considérablement plus importants, que les évaluations précédentes.
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264175617
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: Esenciales OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Development; Linking Economy, Society, Environment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le développement durable ; À la croisée de l'économie, de la société et de l'environnement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nachhaltige Entwicklung; Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Umwelt im Zusammenhang betrachtet
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: En la actualidad oímos por doquier la expresión “desarrollo sostenible”, pero ¿qué significa realmente? ¿De qué manera la producción y el consumo lo afectan?¿La globalización de la economía la está ayudando u obstaculizando? ¿Se puede medir la sostenibilidad a través de las herramientas tradicionales del análisis económico? ¿Qué pueden hacer los gobiernos, las empresas y las personas para fomentarla? La OCDE genera información, investigación y recomendaciones de políticas sobre muchos temas relacionados con el desarrollo sostenible, incluidos el cambio climático, la cooperación con los países en desarrollo y la responsabilidad social corporativa. Esenciales OCDE: Desarrollo sostenible se basa en esa experiencia. Señala que, para ser sostenible, el desarrollo debe basarse en el avance simultáneo de tres áreas: la economía, la sociedad y el medio ambiente.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264208728
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Étude de l'OCDE sur la gestion des risques d'inondation ; la Seine en Île-de-France 2014
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Seine Basin, Île-de-France, 2014
    Keywords: Corporate Governance ; Risikomanagement ; Privatwirtschaft ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; OECD-Staaten ; Norwegen ; Singapur ; Schweiz ; Environment ; Governance ; France ; Île-de-France ; Seine ; Überschwemmung ; Katastrophenschutz
    Abstract: This study examines flood risk prevention of the Seine in the Ile-de-France region. It highlights the impacts a major flood, like the one in 1910, could have on the well-being of citizens, city management and the economy.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264214200
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Islande 2014
    DDC: 363.7
    Keywords: Environment ; Iceland
    Abstract: This report is the third OECD review of Iceland’s environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on the environmental aspects of Iceland's energy and tourism policies.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221741
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Chemical Accidents
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Guidance on Developing Safety Performance Indicators (“Guidance on SPI”) was prepared to assist enterprises that wish to implement and/or review Safety Performance Indicator Programmes. The three chapters in this Guidance are designed to help enterprises better understand safety performance indicators, and how to implement SPI Programmes. Specifically, Chapter 1 provides important background information on the Guidance and on SPIs more generally including (i) a description of the target audience for this Guidance, (ii) defi nitions of SPIs and related terms, and (iii) insights on the reasons for implementing an SPI Programme. Chapter 2 sets out a seven-step process for implementing an SPI Programme, along with three examples of how different types of enterprises might approach the establishment of such a Programme. These seven steps build on the experience of a number of enterprises in the UK that worked with the Health and Safety Executive to develop a practical approach for applying performance indicators. Chapter 3 provides additional support for the development of an SPI Programme by setting out a menu of possible elements (targets, outcome indicators and activities indicators). This menu is extensive in light of the different types of potentially interested enterprises, recognising that each enterprise will likely choose only a limited number of the elements to monitor its key areas of concern. Furthermore, it is understood that an enterprise may decide to implement an SPI Programme in steps, focusing fi rst on only a few priority areas, and then expanding and amending its Programme as experience is gained. Annexes provide further support with an expanded explanation of metrics and a summary of targets, along with a glossary, a list of selected references and a copy of the Guiding Principles’ “Golden Rules.”
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264202030
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Green growth indicators 2014
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Bericht ; OECD ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: The OECD Green Growth Strategy supports countries in fostering economic growth and development while ensuring that natural assets continue to provide the resources and environmental services on which well-being relies. Policies that promote green growth need to be founded on a good understanding of the determinants of green growth and need to be supported with appropriate indicators to monitor progress and gauge results. This book updates the 2011 Towards Green Growth: Monitoring progress. It presents the OECD framework for monitoring progress towards green growth and a selection of updated indicators that illustrate the progress that OECD countries have made since the 1990s.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189188
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Análisis de los resultados medioambientales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Mexico 2013
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE; Mexique 2013
    Keywords: Environment ; Mexico
    Abstract: El programa de la OCDE sobre las evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental proporciona una evaluación independiente del progreso de los países para cumplir los compromisos nacionales e internacionales en materia de políticas ambientales junto con recomendaciones relevantes a dichas políticas. Las evaluaciones están dirigidas para promover el aprendizaje entre pares, estimular una mayor rendición de cuentas entre países y ante la opinión pública y para que los países mejoren su desempeño individual y colectivo en la gestión del medio ambiente. Las evaluaciones están apoyadas por un extenso número de datos económicos y ambientales. Cada ciclo de las evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental cubre todos los países miembros de la OCDE y algunos países socios. Entre los más recientes evaluaciones se encuentran: Alemania (2012), Eslovenia (2012), Israel (2011) y Eslovaquia (2011). Este informe es la tercera evaluación del desempeño ambiental de México. Evalúa el progreso hacia el desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento verde y se centra en políticas sobre el cambio climático y aborda objetivos de biodiversidad y la conservación de bosques.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264214651
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Environmental Policy and Household Behaviour
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers des comportements plus environnementaux ; Vue d'ensemble de l'enquête 2011
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Greening household behaviour
    Keywords: OECD ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Lebensstil ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; OECD ; Verbraucherverhalten ; Lebensstil ; Umweltbewusstsein
    Abstract: Developing growth strategies that promote greener lifestyles requires a good understanding of the factors that affect people’s behaviour towards the environment. Based on periodic surveys of more than 10 000 households, this publication presents responses from the most recent round of the OECD survey implemented in 2011, in 5 areas (energy, food, transport, waste and water) and 11 countries: Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. The survey provides a common framework to collect unique empirical evidence for better policy design. Analysis comparing the data across countries, policy conditions and household characteristics reveals which measures most effectively change behaviour. Each round of the survey also allows to track changes over time and to explore new emerging issues. The new survey confirms the importance of providing the right economic incentives for influencing our decisions. The findings indicate that “soft” measures such as labelling and public information campaigns also have a significant complementary role to play. Spurring desirable behaviour change requires a mix of these instruments. This edition completely replaces the previously posted 2013 edition.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Towards green growth in Southeast Asia
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Umweltpolitik ; Südostasien ; Environment ; Development ; Südostasien ; Umweltpolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: Southeast Asia’s booming economy offers tremendous growth potential, but also large and interlinked economic, social and environmental challenges. The region’s current growth model is based in large part on natural resource exploitation, exacerbating these challenges. This report provides evidence that, with the right policies and institutions, Southeast Asia can pursue green growth and thus sustain the natural capital and environmental services, including a stable climate, on which prosperity depends. Carried out in consultation with officials and researchers from across the region, Towards Green Growth in Southeast Asia provides a framework for regional leaders to design their own solutions to move their countries towards green growth. While recognising the pressures that Southeast Asian economies face to increase growth, fight poverty and enhance well-being, the report acknowledges the links between all these dimensions and underscores the window of opportunity that the region has now to sustain its wealth of natural resources, lock-in resource-efficient and resilient infrastructure, attract investment, and create employment in the increasingly dynamic and competitive sectors of green technology and renewable energy. Some key policy recommendations are that these challenges can be met by scaling up existing attempts to strengthen governance and reform countries’ economic structure; mainstreaming green growth into national development plans and government processes; accounting for the essential ecosystem services provided by natural capital, ending open-access natural resource exploitation; and guiding the sustainable growth of cities to ensure well-being and prosperity.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224216
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 431; In Vitro Skin Corrosion; Reconstructed Human Epidermis (Rhe) Test Method
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice porte sur le danger de corrosion cutanée pour la santé humaine faisant suite à une exposition avec un produit chimique. La corrosion cutanée désigne la survenue de lésions irréversibles de la peau qui se manifestent par une nécrose visible, selon la définition du Système Général Harmonisé pour la Classification et l’Étiquetage des produits chimiques. Cette Ligne directrice décrit une procédure in vitro permettant d’identifier les substances et mélanges corrosifs et non corrosifs, en faisant appel à un épiderme humain reconstitué qui reproduit fidèlement les propriétés histologiques, morphologiques, biochimiques et physiologiques des couches supérieures de la peau humaine. La procédure sur épiderme humain reconstitué part du principe que les substances corrosives sont capables de pénétrer dans le stratum corneum (couche cornée) par diffusion ou érosion, et sont cytotoxiques pour les cellules des couches sous-jacentes. Deux réplicats sont employés pour chaque traitement (ou durée d'exposition), et pour les contrôles. Les substances corrosives sont identifiées sur la base de leur capacité à réduire la viabilité cellulaire en dessous des valeurs seuils définies pour des périodes d'exposition spécifiques. La viabilité cellulaire est mesurée via la conversion enzymatique du colorant vital MTT en un sel de formazan bleu mesuré quantitativement après son extraction des tissus. Les substances corrosives sont mises en évidence par leur capacité à faire chuter la viabilité cellulaire sous un seuil prédéterminé. Plusieurs méthodes validées sont référencées dans la Ligne directrice et suivent la procédure décrite ci-dessus. Certaines méthodes référencées permettent par aillaurs la sous-categorisation des produits corrosifs. Cette Ligne directrice comprend également un ensemble de normes de performances pour l’évaluation de méthodes d’essai similaires ou modifiées.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224438
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 487 ; Essai in vitro de micronoyaux sur cellules de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vitro micronucleus test is a genotoxicity test for the detection of micronuclei in the cytoplasm of interphase cells. Micronuclei may originate from acentric chromosome fragments (i.e. lacking a centromere), or whole chromosomes that are unable to migrate to the poles during the anaphase stage of cell division. The assay detects the activity of clastogenic and aneugenic test substances in cells that have undergone cell division during or after exposure to the test substance. This Test Guideline allows the use of protocols with and without the actin polymerisation inhibitor cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin B allows for the identification and selective analysis of micronucleus frequency in cells that have completed one mitosis, because such cells are binucleate. This Test Guideline also allows the use of protocols without cytokinesis block provided there is evidence that the cell population analysed has undergone mitosis.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224377
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 474; Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai de micronoyaux de mammifères est employé pour la détection des dommages induits par la substance d'essai aux chromosomes ou à l'appareil mitotique des érythroblastes, par l'analyse des érythrocytes prélevés dans la moelle et/ou les cellules du sang périphérique des animaux, habituellement des rongeurs (souris ou rats). Le but de l'essai de micronoyaux est d'identifier des substances (liquide ou solide) qui causent des lésions cyto-génétiques et des micronoyaux dans lesquels il reste des fragments de chromosomes ou des chromosomes entiers. Une augmentation de la fréquence des érythrocytes polychromatiques micronucléés chez les animaux traités est une indication des dommages chromosomiques induits. Les animaux sont exposés à la substance d'essai par une voie d’exposition appropriée (habituellement par gavage à l'aide d'une sonde gastrique ou d'une canule de tubage adaptée, ou par injection intrapéritonéale). La moelle et/ou les cellules sanguines sont rassemblées, préparées sur des lames et colorées. Les lames sont analysées pour détecter la présence de micronoyaux. Chacun des groupes traités et de contrôle doivent inclure au moins 5 animaux analysables par sexe. L'administration des traitements se compose d'une dose unique de la substance d'essai ou de deux doses quotidiennes (ou plus). La dose limite est 2000 mg/kg pc/j pour le traitement jusqu'à 14 jours, et 1000 mg/kg pc/j pour le traitement de plus de 14 jours.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224162
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 239; Water-Sediment Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette ligne directrice vise à évaluer la toxicité des produits chimiques sur le développement des plantes aquatiques à racines (Myriophyllum spicatum) cultivées dans un système eau-sédiment. L’apex d’individus sains et sans fleur sont mis en pot dans un sédiment synthétique normalisé complété par des nutriments et soumis à au moins 5 concentrations différentes du produit chimique d’essai pendant une période de 14 jours. On utilise au minimum 6 réplicats pour les témoins et 4 réplicats pour chaque concentration d’essai. Les variables quantitatives mesurées sont la longueur de la tige et l’évolution du poids frais et sec, et les variables mesurées qualitatives sont la présence ou non de chlorose, et la nécrose ou les anomalies de croissance. On détermine le taux de croissance spécifique (r) et le rendement (y), qui sont ensuite utilisés pour obtenir la CxEr et la CxEy (x pouvant être par exemple 10, 20, 50). De plus, la concentration minimale avec effet observé (CMEO) et la concentration sans effet observé (CSEO) peuvent être déterminées par calcul statistique.
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789264221635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.70
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document is the report of the “OECD Workshop on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) - Strategies for the adoption and implementation of IPM in agriculture contributing to the sustainable use of pesticides and to pesticide risk reduction”, that took place on 16 19 October 2011, in Berlin, Germany, and was chaired by Dr. Wolfgang Zornbach of the German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. The developed detailed recommendations for promoting and facilitating the adoption and implementation of IPM strategies and for encouraging appropriate stakeholders to use IPM tools and measures. The workshop was planned in the framework of the “OECD Strategic Approach in Pesticide Risk Reduction”. It addressed the following four main issues: technology and Information, economics and market access, policies and strategies and measurements and impact. This report includes the outcomes of the workshop discussions, as well as the overall workshop conclusions (Section 4) and recommendations (Section 5) targeted at governments, all stakeholders and OECD.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224223
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 473; Essai d'aberration Chromosomique In Vitro chez les Mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of the in vitro chromosome aberration test is to identify agents that cause structural chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian somatic cells. Structural aberrations may be of two types: chromosome or chromatid. The in vitro chromosome aberration test may employ cultures of established cell lines, cell strains or primary cell cultures. Cell cultures are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) both with and without metabolic activation during about 1.5 normal cell cycle lengths. At least three analysable concentrations of the test substance should be used. At each concentration duplicate cultures should normally be used. At predetermined intervals after exposure of cell cultures to the test substance, the cells are treated with a metaphase-arresting substance, harvested, stained. Metaphase cells are analysed microscopically for the presence of chromosome aberrations.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224131
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 238 ; Essai de Toxicité sur Myriophyllum Spicatum dans un Système Sans Sédiment
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the toxicity of chemicals on the growth of submerged aquatic plants Myriophyllum spicatum growing in a sediment-free test system. In a modified Andrews’ medium Myriophyllum spicatum plant cultures are exposed to at least five different concentrations of the test chemical over a period of 14 days. A minimum of 10 replicates for the controls and 5 replicates for each test concentration should be used. The measured variables include growth of shoot length, of lateral branches and roots, development of fresh and dry weight, increase of whorls. Both average specific growth rate (r) and yield (y) are determined and then used to expressed ErCx and EyCx respectively (x can be eg. 10,20,50) In addition, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) may be statistically determined.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224414
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 475; Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosomal Aberration Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai d'aberration chromosomique in vivo sur mammifères est employé à l’identification des composés d'essai qui induisent des aberrations structurales dans des cellules de moelle osseuse d’animaux, généralement des rongeurs (rats, souris et hamsters chinois). Les aberrations structurales peuvent être de deux types : chromosomiques ou chromatidiques. Des animaux sont exposés à la substance d'essai (liquide ou solide) par une voie d'exposition appropriée (habituellement par gavage via une sonde gastrique ou d’une canule de tubage appropriée, ou par injection intrapéritonéale) et sont sacrifiés après des délais appropriés de traitement. Avant le sacrifice, les animaux sont traités avec un inhibiteur de fuseau. Des préparations chromosomiques sont alors faites à partir des cellules de moelle et colorées, et des cellules de métaphase sont analysées pour mettre en évidence les aberrations chromosomiques. Chacun des groupes traités et de contrôle doivent inclure au moins 5 animaux analysables par sexe. La dose de limite est 2000 de mg/kg pc/jour pour le traitement jusqu'à 14 jours, et de 1000 mg/kg pc/jour pour le traitement de plus de 14 jours.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264210448 , 9789264218338
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le coût de la pollution de l'air ; Impacts sanitaires du transport routier
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The cost of air pollution
    Keywords: Luftverschmutzung ; Straßenverkehr ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Krankheit ; Soziale Kosten ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Transport ; OECD ; Luftverschmutzung ; Straßenverkehr ; Kosten
    Abstract: Outdoor air pollution kills more than 3 million people across the world every year, and causes health problems from asthma to heart disease for many more. This is costing societies very large amounts in terms of the value of lives lost and ill health. Based on extensive new epidemiological evidence since the 2010 Global Burden of Disease study, and OECD estimates of the Value of Statistical Life, this report provides evidence on the health impacts from air pollution and the related economic costs.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195493
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: tudes de l'OCDE sur la politique de l'environnement et le comportement des ménages
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur la politique de l'environnement et le comportement des ménages
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Greening Household Behaviour; Overview from the 2011 Survey - Revised edition
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Il est indispensable de bien comprendre les facteurs qui influencent les décisions des individus à l’égard de l'environnement si l’on veut élaborer des stratégies de croissance qui favorisent des modes de vie plus « verts ». Les récents travaux menés par l'OCDE à partir d’enquêtes périodiques auprès de plus de 10 000 ménages dans un certain nombre de pays et de domaines représentent un progrès décisif pour autant qu'ils apportent de nouveaux éclairages sur les mesures réellement efficaces. Cette publication présente une synthèse des données issues de la dernière enquête en date, axée sur cinq domaines (énergie, alimentation, transport, déchets et eau) et réalisée dans onze pays : Australie, Canada, Chili, Corée, Espagne, France, Israël, Japon, Pays-Bas, Suède et Suisse. La nouvelle enquête confirme l’importance de fournir les bonnes motivations pour influer sur nos décisions. Les résultats indiquent que les mesures telles que l’étiquetage et les campagnes d’information publique ont aussi un rôle significatif et complémentaire à jouer. Inciter un changement favorable de comportement demande un mélange de ces instruments.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264085510
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.75
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described in this guidance document assesses the effects of plant protection products (PPPs), and has been validated using the active Fenoxycarb, which is known to act as an insect growth regulator (IGR), to the honey bee brood (Apis mellifera L.) under semi-field conditions (tunnel conditions followed by field conditions). The method can be used to address concerns regarding the impact on the brood development in honey bee colonies which are exposed to treatments of PPPs in agricultural crops. The aim of this test is to fill an identified gap or complement the sequential testing scheme with the development of a test method under semi-field conditions and to produce quantitative data that can be used as the basis for the evaluation of IGRs and other larvicidal compounds.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264213715
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Suède 2014
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD;s granskning av Sveriges miljöpolitik; Sverige 2014
    Keywords: Environment ; Sweden
    Abstract: This report is the third OECD review of Sweden’s environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on Sweden's longstanding commitment to mitigating emissions of greenhouse gases and its management of marine ecosystem services and water.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264209503
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Climate resilience in development planning
    DDC: 363.7387
    Keywords: Entwicklungsplanung ; Klimawandel ; Kolumbien ; Äthiopien ; Environment ; Colombia ; Ethiopia ; Äthiopien ; Kolumbien ; Klimaänderung ; Entwicklungsökonomie
    Abstract: Climate-related disasters have inflicted increasingly high losses on developing countries, and with climate change, these losses are likely to worsen. Improving country resilience against climate risks is therefore vital for achieving poverty reduction and economic development goals. This report discusses the current state of knowledge on how to build climate resilience in developing countries. It argues that climate-resilient development requires moving beyond the climate-proofing of existing development pathways, to consider economic development objectives and resilience priorities in parallel. Achieving this will require political vision and a clear understanding of the relation between climate and development, as well as an adapted institutional set-up, financing arrangements, and progress monitoring and evaluation. The report also discusses two priorities for climate-resilient development: disaster risk management and the involvement of the private sector. The report builds on a growing volume of country experiences on building climate resilience into national development planning. Two country case studies, Ethiopia and Colombia, are discussed in detail.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224407
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 475; Essai d'aberration chromosomique sur moelle osseuse de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The mammalian in vivo chromosome aberration test is used for the detection of structural chromosome aberrations induced by test compounds in bone marrow cells of animals, usually rodents (rats, mice and Chinese hamsters). Structural chromosome aberrations may be of two types: chromosome or chromatid. Animals are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) by an appropriate route of exposure (usually by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula, or by intraperitoneal injection) and are sacrificed at appropriate times after treatment. Prior to sacrifice, animals are treated with a metaphase-arresting agent. Chromosome preparations are then made from the bone marrow cells and stained, and metaphase cells are analysed for chromosome aberrations. Each treated and control group must include at least 5 analysable animals per sex. The limit dose is 2000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment up to 14 days, and 1000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment longer than 14 days.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 474; Le test de micronoyaux sur les érythrocytes de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The mammalian in vivo micronucleus test is used for the detection of damage induced by the test substance to the chromosomes or the mitotic apparatus of erythroblasts, by analysis of erythrocytes as sampled in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood cells of animals, usually rodents (mice or rats). The purpose of the micronucleus test is to identify substances (liquid or solid) that cause cytogenetic damage which results in the formation of micronuclei containing lagging chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes. An increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in treated animals is an indication of induced chromosome damage. Animals are exposed to the test substance by an appropriate route (usually by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula, or by intraperitoneal injection). Bone marrow and/or blood cells are collected, prepared and stained. Preparations are analyzed for the presence of micronuclei. Each treated and control group must include at least 5 analysable animals per sex. Administration of the treatments consists of a single dose of test substance or two daily doses (or more). The limit dose is 2000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment up to 14 days, and 1000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment longer than 14 days.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224155
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 239 ; Essai de Toxicité sur Myriophyllum Spicatum dans un Système Eau-Sédiment
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the toxicity of chemicals on the growth of the rooted aquatic plants (Myriophyllum spicatum) growing in water-sediment system. Shoot apices of healthy and non-flowering plant are potted in standardised, artificial sediment supplemented with additional nutrient and exposed to at least five concentrations of the chemical over a period of 14 days. A minimum of 6 replicates for the untreated control and 4 replicates for each test concentration should be used. The measured quantitative variables include growth of shoot length and development of fresh and dry weight, and the measured qualitative variables include presence or not of chlorosis and necrosis or growth deformities. Both average specific growth rate (r) and yield (y) are determined and then used to expressed ErCx and EyCx respectively (x can be e.g. 10, 20, 50.) In addition, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) may be statistically determined.
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224186
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 489; In Vivo Mammalian Alkaline Comet Assay
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’essai in vivo d’électrophorèse sur gel en conditions alcalines de cellules isolées, aussi appelé test des comètes est une méthode mesurant les cassures de brins d’ADN dans les cellules eucaryotes. Chaque groupe traité est composé au minimum de 5 animaux d’un même sexe (ou de chaque sexe si besoin est). On utilise également un groupe témoin positif et un groupe témoin négatif. Les animaux reçoivent un traitement quotidien sur une durée de 2 jours ou plus, permettant au produit chimique d’essai d’atteindre le tissu cible, celui-ci peut être le foie, le rein, ou tous autres tissus si cela est justifié. Les tissus à étudier sont disséqués et des suspensions de cellules/noyaux isolés sont préparées, puis incluses dans un gel d’Agarose pour être fixé sur des lames. Les cellules/noyaux sont traitées avec un tampon de lyse pour éliminer la membrane cellulaire et/ou nucléaire. L’ADN nucléaire dans l’agar est ensuite soumis à une électrophorèse à pH élevé produisant des structures ressemblant à des comètes qui, si l’on utilise les colorants fluorescents appropriés, peuvent être observées par microscopie à fluorescence. En fonction de leur taille les fragments d’ADN migrent de la tête vers la queue de la comète, et l’intensité de la queue de la comète relative à l’intensité totale (tête plus queue) reflète l’ampleur des cassures de l’ADN.
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789264224513
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 310; Ready Biodegradability - CO2 in sealed vessels (Headspace Test)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice est une méthode de dépistage pour l'évaluation de la biodégradabilité facile de substance chimique. La substance d'essai, normalement à 20 mg C/L, représentant la seule source de carbone et d’énergie, est incubée (pendant 28 jours normalement) dans des bouteilles scellées, en aérobiose, contenant un milieu tampon composé de sels minéraux, dans lequel a été ensemencée une population mixte de micro-organismes. Afin de vérifier la procédure d'essais, une substance de référence (éthylèneglycol, benzoate de sodium ou aniline et 1-octanol), à la biodégradabilité connue, doit être testée en parallèle. On recommande d’analyser trois réplicats de flacon après un nombre suffisant d'intervalles de temps. De même, au moins cinq flacons (les flacons d'essai, les flacons témoins blanc, et les flacons avec la substance de référence) sont analysés à la fin de l'essai, afin de calculer les intervalles de confiance à 95% pour le pourcentage moyen de biodégradation. L'évolution de CO2 dégagé par la biodégradation aérobie finale de la substance d'essai est déterminée en mesurant l’excèdent de carbone inorganique (CI) produit dans les flacons d'essai par rapport à celui produit dans les flacons témoins blanc ne contenant que le milieu ensemencé. Le degré de biodégradation est exprimé en pourcentage de la production maximale théorique de CI (ThCI), basé sur la quantité de substance d'essai ajoutée au départ. Une biodégradation 〉60% de la ThCI, dans l’intervalle de 10 jours au cours de cet essai, démontre que la substance d'essai est facilement biodégradable en aérobiose.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264202900
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; South Africa 2013
    Keywords: Environment ; South Africa
    Abstract: Ce rapport est le troisième examen environnemental de l’Afrique du Sud. Il évalue les progrès accomplis par l’Afrique du Sud en termes de développement durable et de croissance verte, avec un accent particulier sur la biodiversité et l’économie des services écosystémiques, ainsi que sur la gouvernance environnementale multiniveaux.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264200647
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: tudes de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Water and Climate Change Adaptation; Policies to Navigate Uncharted Waters
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’eau est le principal vecteur par lequel les effets du changement climatique se feront sentir, et la clé de la réussite des stratégies d’adaptation. Ce rapport propose des orientations aux responsables de l’action gouvernementale pour les aider à élaborer des mesures davantage en phase avec les priorités, répondant mieux aux besoins du moment, plus efficientes et plus équitables. Il décrit une approche de l’adaptation au changement climatique fondée sur les risques et promouvant la sécurité de l’eau. Il détaille également les principales tendances et présente les pratiques optimales mises en lumière par l’enquête sur les politiques relatives à l’eau et à l’adaptation au changement climatique, que l’OCDE a menée auprès de ses 34 pays membres et de la Commission européenne. Cette enquête est la première de ce type à analyser de façon systématique les enjeux du changement climatique pour les ressources en eau douce et les nouvelles réponses qu’y apportent les pouvoirs publics dans les pays de l’OCDE. Pour finir, le rapport évalue comment améliorer les incitations à gérer les risques liés à l’eau et comment rendre plus flexibles les politiques de l’eau et les stratégies de financement.
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264213753
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gouvernance des services de l'eau en Jordanie ; Surmonter les défis de la participation du secteur privé
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Water governance in Jordan
    DDC: 363.61095695
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Governance-Ansatz ; Wasserversorgung ; Privatwirtschaft ; Jordanien ; Environment ; Governance ; Jordan ; Jordanien ; Wasserwirtschaft
    Abstract: This report assesses the main governance and financing challenges to private sector participation (PSP) in the water supply and sanitation sector of Jordan, and provides ways forward to address them, based on international experience and OECD compendium of principles and good practices. Using the diagnostic analysis of the governance challenges to PSP in the Jordan water sector (Chapter 1), the report identifies ways forward to overcome bottlenecks focusing on three key pillars (Chapter 2): i) managing public-private partnership in a fiscally constrained environment through appropriate budget processes; ii) reducing the regulatory risks through supporting the development of a high-quality framework; and iii)managing and enhancing stakeholder engagement to improve accountability and buy-in. The report also includes an action plan with concrete measures to implement the recommendations proposed in the report. The report has been developed as part of a water policy dialogue conducted by the OECD jointly with the Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-Med) in the context of the project labelled by the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) “Governance and Financing for the Mediterranean Water Sector”, with the support of the FEMIP Trust Fund of the European Investment Bank.
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264102637
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Water governance in the Netherlands
    DDC: 333.91009492
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Governance-Ansatz ; Niederlande ; Environment ; Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This report assesses the extent to which Dutch water governance is fit for future challenges and sketches an agenda for the reform of water policies in the Netherlands. It builds on a one-year policy dialogue with over 100 Dutch stakeholders, supported by robust analytical work and drawing on international best practice.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264209114
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Risk Management Policies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T.: Boosting resilience through innovative risk governance
    Keywords: Katastrophe ; Risikomanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Welt ; Environment ; Governance ; Naturkatastrophe ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Risikomanagement
    Abstract: This report examines what countries have achieved in terms of strengthening resilience through better risk management and identifies persisting challenges. It focuses on the importance of creating an institutional environment that engages all stakeholders and allows them to build resilience against future shocks. This report has contributed to the development of the OECD Recommendation on the Governance of Critical Risks.
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221239
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.4
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in the treatment of water in a number of areas to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals to the environment.
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221130
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (91 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.12
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in the finishing of metals, to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals into the environment.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221567
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.56
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document incorporates two parts, an MRL Calculator User Guide and an MRL Calculator White Paper which discusses the methodology used in the User Guide.
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264224445
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 487; In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Test No. 487: In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’essai micronoyau in vitro est un essai de génotoxicité pour la détection des micronoyaux dans le cytoplasme de cellules en interphase. Les micronoyaux peuvent provenir de fragments de chromosomes acentriques (c’est-à-dire sans centromère), ou de chromosomes entiers qui ne peuvent migrer vers les pôles pendant l’étape d’anaphase de la division cellulaire. L’essai détecte l’activité de substances d’essai clastogènes et aneugènes dans les cellules qui ont subi une division cellulaire au cours ou après l’exposition à une substance d’essai. Cette Ligne directrice prévoit l’utilisation de protocoles, avec et sans cytochalasine B (inhibiteur de polymérisation de l’actine). La cytochalasine B permet l’identification et l’analyse sélective de la fréquence des micronoyaux dans les cellules qui ont complété une mitose, ces cellules étant binucléées. La Ligne directrice permet l’utilisation de protocoles sans blocage de la cytokinèse à condition qu’il soit démontré que la population cellulaire a subi une mitose.
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.73
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report focuses on households’ behaviour in relation to water use. It presents the results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC) where econometric techniques are applied. This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication OECD (2014). The analysis shows that households whose bill depends on actual water use are unambiguously more likely to exhibit pro-environmental behaviours in terms of water use, including undertaking water-saving behaviours, purchasing water-efficient devices, and taking water efficiency into account when purchasing such equipment. The results also confirm that the effect of social norms, attitudes, and opinions about the environment in general do matter in explaining households’ behaviour and investment decisions. The main policy recommendations that can be derived from this study are: to charge households for water based on their actual water use and to pursue individuals’ sensitisation to environmental issues by promoting water-conservation behaviours through campaigns and advertising, primarily targeting male and young adults.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.68
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Discussions of the importance of public attitudes in shaping policy often lack clear evidence on causal relations between stated attitudes and observed behaviours. The 2011 OECD Survey of over 12,000 households allows analysing households’ environmental attitudes and behaviours in five different domains (electricity, food, transport, waste and water). Using econometric analysis, we investigate the relationship between stated environmental attitudes and indicators of civic engagement, such as voting in local elections, charity membership and membership in environmental organisations...
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.75
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This report focuses on households’ behaviour in relation to food consumption. It presents the results of follow-up econometric analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication OECD (2014). It studies expenditure and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for organic food and food labelled as taking animal welfare into account...
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221802 , 9789264185807 , 9789264225466
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Environment at a Glance 2013; OECD Indicators
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Ce livre présente les indicateurs clés de l'environnement entérinés par les ministres de l'environnement des pays de l'OCDE. Ces indicateurs reflètent les progrès réalisés dans le domaine de l'environnement depuis 1990 et contribuent à mesurer la performance environnementale. Organisés par sujets tels que le changement climatique, la pollution de l'air, la biodiversité, les déchets ou l'eau, ces indicateurs ont tout pour plaire à ceux qui sont interéssés par l'environnement et par le dévelopement durable.
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264208292
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Colombie 2014
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental; Colombia 2014
    Keywords: Environment ; Colombia
    Abstract: This report is the first OECD review of Colombia’s environmental performance. It evaluates progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a focus on waste and chemicals management and policies that promote more effective and efficient protection and sustainable use of biodiversity.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264213807
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: tudes de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Water Governance in Tunisia; Overcoming the Challenges to Private Sector Participation
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Tunisia
    Abstract: Ce rapport analyse les principaux défis de gouvernance à la participation du secteur privé (PSP) au secteur des services de l’eau et de l’assainissement en Tunisie et suggère des recommandations de politiques publiques pour les surmonter, basées sur le corpus analytique et de bonnes pratiques de l’OCDE. Sur la base du diagnostic sur les défis de gouvernance (Chapitre 1), ce rapport identifie trois axes de réflexion et de recommandations principales (Chapitre 2) pour les autorités tunisiennes : i) comprendre la variété des modalités de PSP, leurs objectifs et conditions de succès ; ii) assurer la viabilité financière et la soutenabilité budgétaire de la PSP dans le secteur de l’eau en Tunisie ; et iii) améliorer les mécanismes de transparence et renforcer l’engagement des parties prenantes. Ce rapport comprend également un plan d’actions (Chapitre 3) assorti de mesures concrètes pour mettre en œuvre les recommandations proposées. Ce rapport s’inscrit dans le cadre du dialogue sur les politiques conduit conjointement par l’OCDE et le Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-Med) en Tunisie dans le cadre du projet labellisé par l’Union pour la Méditerranée (UpM) « Gouvernance et Financement du Secteur de l’Eau en Méditerranée », avec le soutien financier du fonds fiduciaire FEMIP de la Banque Européenne d’Investissement.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1177
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Cross-country analysis of the economic effects of environmental policies is limited by the lack of reliable, comparable measures of the stringency of environmental policies. This paper attempts to fill this gap, by constructing new quantitative indexes of environmental policy stringency (EPS). Selected environmental policy instruments, primarily related to climate and air pollution, are scored and aggregated into composite EPS indexes. Two EPS indexes are proposed – one for the energy sector, and an extended one to proxy for the broader economy (“economy-wide”). They cover most OECD countries over 1990s-2012. While a simplification of the multidimensional reality of environmental policies, the EPS indicators are a first tangible effort to measure environmental policy stringency internationally over a relatively long time horizon. They show relatively high and significant correlations with alternative proxies of EPS used in the literature, such as measures of perceived stringency based on surveys, measures based on environmental outcomes and a composite policy-based measure with no time series. The paper describes some additional features of the EPS indicators and sketches out possible future extensions.
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789264085275
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (147 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.54
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document describes the main statistical methods used for analysis of data from ecotoxicological studies .
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1176
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Environmental policies address wellbeing and sustainability objectives, affecting firm and household behaviour. A newly developed, cross-country composite proxy of environmental policy stringency (EPS) shows that stringency has been increasing across OECD countries over the past two decades. However, the tightening environmental policies have had little effect on aggregate productivity, spurring primarily short-term adjustments. Nevertheless, they have led to various effects within the economy - the most technologically advanced industries and firms have seen a small increase in productivity, possibly being in the best position to adapt. Least productive firms have seen their productivity fall. Part of the effect is likely to have taken place through entry and exit of firms and relocation of activities. Finally, this project provides evidence on the anti-competitive bias of some aspects of environmental policies. The indicator of Burdens on the Economy due to Environmental Policies (BEEP) shows that barriers to entry and competition, and the consideration given to economic effects of environmental policies vary notably across countries, but that this variation is not related to the stringency of policies. Hence, to support both economic and environmental outcomes, stringent environmental policies can and should be implemented with minimum barriers to entry and competition.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264561014
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (138 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.77
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Global Harmonised Submission Transport Standard (GHSTS) is a standardised set of technical specifications for assembling electronic files for pesticide registration in a predefined manner. Once assembled according to the GHSTS, the dossier files can be transferred from a business to a regulatory authority and can be used in a regulatory process. GHSTS version 2.0, published in 2019, supports use for other regulated products as well as the pesticides domain and includes improvements in the lifecycle management of documents over a series of submissions for one pesticide (or other) regulatory action. This GHSTS format specification document describes the Standard on both a conceptual and a technical level.
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2014/03
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is to explore what a flexible and durable 2015 climate change agreement could look like and propose pragmatic options for the design of such an agreement. A durable 2015 climate change agreement would continue to be ambitious, fair and effective in 2020 and beyond. An agreement that is designed to be durable could also help to encourage widespread participation by governments, as well as improve the credibility of the agreement for investors. To achieve these objectives, a degree of flexibility could be included in the mitigation and other provisions of the 2015 agreement. If so, a balance may need to be struck between (i) providing enough flexibility for countries to feel comfortable participating in the agreement, (ii) providing predictability regarding the provisions of the agreement and the actions that governments intend to take, and (iii) the collective level of ambition of the agreement. Success will be needed on all fronts if the agreement is to be durable. Building some flexibility into the design of the 2015 agreement could make it more durable in the face of new scientific discoveries, external changes and shocks, as well as evolving country circumstances. The focus of this paper is on the mitigation part of the 2015 agreement. The paper outlines possible processes for consultations and updating of mitigation contributions. It also discusses the possible structure of the 2015 agreement and the implications of different mitigation contribution types for the flexibility and durability of the agreement.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Santiago de Chile : Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
    ISBN: 9789264213074
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Análisis de los resultados medioambientales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Colombia 2014
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Colombia 2014
    Keywords: Environment ; Colombia
    Abstract: El Programa de Evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental de la OCDE proporciona valoraciones independientes de los avances de cada país en el cumplimiento de los compromisos de sus políticas ambientales nacionales e internacionales y realiza las recomendaciones pertinentes sobre esas políticas. Las evaluaciones se llevan a cabo para promover el aprendizaje mutuo, para fortalecer la rendición de cuentas de los gobiernos ante otros gobiernos y ante los ciudadanos y para mejorar el desempeño ambiental de los países, tanto de forma individual como colectiva. Las evaluaciones se apoyan en una amplia gama de datos económicos y ambientales. Cada ciclo de las Evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental abarca a todos los Estados miembros de la OCDE y a países socios seleccionados. Las evaluaciones más recientes son, entre otras, las de Sudáfrica (2013), Austria (2013), Italia (2013) y México (2013).Este informe corresponde a la primera evaluación del desempeño ambiental de Colombia. Analiza los avances logrados en el ámbito del desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento verde, con especial atención a la gestión de residuos y productos químicos y a las políticas que promueven una protección más eficaz y eficiente de la biodiversidad, así como su aprovechamiento sostenible.ÍndiceParte I. El progreso hacia el desarrollo sostenibleCapítulo 1. Principales tendencias ambientalesCapítulo 2. Entorno de formulación de políticasCapítulo 3. Hacia un crecimiento verdeCapítulo 4. Cooperación internacionalParte II. Avances hacia el logro de metas ambientales seleccionadasCapítulo 5. ResiduosCapítulo 6. Gestión de productos químicosCapítulo 7. Biodiversidad Se puede encontrar más información en línea sobre el programa de Evaluaciones del desempeño ambiental en www.oecd.org/env/countryreviews
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221321
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.2
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Emission Scenario Document (ESD) presents an approach to estimate the emissions of substances used in wood preservatives (EU Product Type 8) from two stages of their life cycle: 1) application (industrial applications / in situ applications by professionals and amateurs) and storage of treated wood prior to shipment, and 2) treated wood-in service.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221659
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.67
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This document dealing with biological pesticides provides guidance to both industry and regulatory authorities, in the context of applications for the approval of microbial biological control agents (mBCAs), and for the registration of microbial biological control products (mBCPs).
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (178 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.24
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources and release pathways of chemicals during their transport and storage in a wide range of industries, to help estimate releases of chemicals into the environment. This ESD covers the transport and storage of chemicals either as pure chemicals or as components of finished products. However, it does not consider the following: mixed waste streams, radioactive substances, biological and infectious materials and foodstuffs.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221291
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (141 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.3
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used as additives in plastics to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals to the environment.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264085831
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (99 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.80
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This guidance document is part of the OECD effort to provide guidance for assessing the hazards of chemical substances while gaining efficiencies and improving animal welfare. The approach described in this guidance document is to consider closely related chemicals as a group, or category, rather than as individual chemicals. In the category approach, not every chemical needs to be tested for every endpoint. Rather, the overall data for that category must prove adequate to support a hazard assessment. The overall data set must allow the estimation of the hazard for the untested endpoints.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221161
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (117 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.9
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns, and potential release pathways of chemicals used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. The document presents standard approaches for estimating environmental releases of and occupational exposures to additives and components used in photoresist formulations.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221154
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (119 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.10
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) provides information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in lubricants to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals into the environment.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221185
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (77 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.7
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in textile finishing industry to assist in the estimation of releases of chemicals to the environment.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221086
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (137 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Emission Scenario Documents no.23
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This OECD Emission Scenario Document (ESD) is intended to provide information on the sources, use patterns and release pathways of chemicals used in the pulp, paper and board industry, in order to help estimate releases of chemicals into the environment. This ESD covers the use of chemicals in the making of paper and board and the recycling of paper and board. The main processes considered are paper-making and paper recycling
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