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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (11)
  • München BSB
  • IWF
  • MARKK
  • 2015-2019  (11)
  • 1995-1999
  • Joseph, George  (11)
  • Graue Literatur  (11)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene access in Bangladesh’s community health clinics (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 20 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8924
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joseph, George An Assessment of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Access in Bangladesh's Community Health Clinics
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Adequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in health care facilities plays a critical role in ensuring improved health care utilization and reducing disease burden due to reinfection. WASH in health facilities is now gaining momentum with the new SDG targets that governments have vowed to meet. This goal calls for a baseline examination of existing WASH conditions in health facilities. Using data collected through a census of all community health clinics in Bangladesh, this paper presents an analysis of the state of WASH in Bangladesh's rural, public health facilities highlighting that the lack of functionality of WASH facilities is a widespread problem across the country. The paper also identifies priority areas for action when considering the prevalence of poverty and chronic undernutrition at the upazilla level
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8924
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Children need clean water to grow : E. Coli contamination of drinking water and childhood nutrition in Bangladesh (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9054
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joseph, George Children Need Clean Water to Grow: E. Coli Contamination of Drinking Water and Childhood Nutrition in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions are increasingly recognized as essential for improving nutritional outcomes in children. Emerging literature describes the negative effects of poor sanitation on child growth. However, limited evidence has shown a link between water quality and nutritional outcomes. Similar to poor sanitation, it is plausible that water contaminated with E. coli could affect the nutritional status of children through various possible biological pathways, such as repeated episodes of diarrhea, environmental enteropathy, parasites, or other mechanisms that inhibit nutrient uptake and absorption. This study explores the relationship between contaminated water and stunting prevalence among children younger than age five years, using unique cross-sectional data from the 2012-13 Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, which was one of the first nationally representative surveys to include water quality testing for E. coli. E. coli contamination in drinking water is measured at household and source points. Stunting is measured using height-for-age z-scores for children under five, where a child is considered stunted when he or she is two or more standard deviations below the median of the World Health Organization reference population. The results of multiple probit regression models indicate a 6 percent increase in the prevalence of stunting in children who are exposed to highly contaminated drinking water at household point compared with those exposed to low-to-medium contamination. When contamination is measured at the source level, the association is greater, with a 9 percent increase in the likelihood of stunting when exposed to a high level of contamination
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9054
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of early life exposure to environments with unimproved sanitation on education outcomes : evidence from Bangladesh (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9059
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als George Joseph Impact of Early Life Exposure to Environments with Unimproved Sanitation on Education Outcomes: Evidence from Bangladesh
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite Bangladesh's notable progress toward the eradication of open defecation, the country still faces severe deficits in the availability of improved sanitation. This paper analyzes the impact of exposure to unimproved sanitation early in childhood on primary school enrollment status, using pseudo-panel data for children ages six to nine years in Bangladesh. The results indicate that unimproved sanitation has a negative and significant impact on primary school enrollment. A child's early exposure to unimproved sanitation decreases the likelihood of being enrolled in primary school by eight to ten percentage points on average compared with a child with access to improved sanitation. The effect is particularly strong-a difference of 8 to 10 percentage points-for children ages six to seven. It is also strong in rural areas. The results are statistically robust to errors due to potential omitted variable bias
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9059
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Why do so many water points fail in Tanzania? : an empirical analysis of contributing factors (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8729
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joseph, George Why Do So Many Water Points Fail in Tanzania? An Empirical Analysis of Contributing Factors
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: According to the 2015 Tanzania Water Point Mapping data, about 29 percent of all water points are non-functional, out of which 20 percent failed within the first year. This paper analyzes the various factors which impact water point failure and measures the relative contributions of these determinants. The results indicate that water points managed by village committees had a much higher likelihood of failure than those managed by private operators or water authority. Factors that cannot be modified such as hydrogeological factors play a major role in determining water points failure during the first year after installation. However, management type as well as the type of pump and technology matter considerably more in the short and medium term
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8729
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The next frontier in water supply service delivery : an assessment of the performance of water sector service providers in Pourashavas in Bangladesh (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8919
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bahuguna, Aroha The Next Frontier in Water Supply Service Delivery: An Assessment of the Performance of Water Sector Service Providers in Pourashavas in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Using data from the International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities, this paper on the water sector in pourashavas (municipalities) in Bangladesh provides an analysis of the trends in the water sector development over 2010-16. The main purpose of the paper is to examine the average performance of the water sector providers in the pourashavas to encourage conversation on identifying and addressing deficiencies in service performance in comparison with that in the rest of Bangladesh and the world. This analysis finds that although pourashavas perform on the lower end of the spectrum compared with the rest of Bangladesh on many indicators, the top 20 percent of the pourashavas are globally competitive on indicators of staff productivity, cost coverage, and daily per capita consumption of water
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8919
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multi-hazard groundwater risks to the drinking water supply in Bangladesh : challenges to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8922
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Shamsudduha, Mohammad Multi-Hazard Groundwater Risks to the Drinking Water Supply in Bangladesh: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Groundwater currently provides 98 percent of all the drinking water supply in Bangladesh. Groundwater is found throughout Bangladesh but its quality (that is, arsenic and salinity contamination) and quantity (that is, water storage depletion) vary across hydrological environments, posing unique challenges to certain geographical areas and population groups. Yet, no national-scale, multi-hazard groundwater risk maps currently exist enabling water resource managers and policy makers to identify areas that are vulnerable to public health. This paper develops, for the first time, groundwater risk maps at the national scale for Bangladesh that combine information on arsenic, salinity, and water storage, using geospatial techniques, linking hydrological indicators for water quality and quantity to construct risk maps. A range of socioeconomic variables, including access to drinking and irrigation water supplies and social vulnerability (that is, poverty), are overlaid on these risk maps to estimate exposures. The multi-hazard groundwater risk maps show that a considerable proportion of land area (5 to 24 percent under extremely high to high risks) in Bangladesh is currently under combined risk of arsenic and salinity contamination, and groundwater storage depletion. As few as 6.5 million (2.2 million poor) to 24.4 million (8.6 million poor) people are exposed to a combined risk of high arsenic, salinity, and groundwater storage depletion. The multi-hazard groundwater risk maps reveal areas and exposure of population groups to water risks posed by arsenic and salinity contamination and depletion of water storage
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8922
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of salinity on infant and neonatal mortality in Bangladesh (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9058
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joseph, George Impact of Salinity on Infant and Neonatal Mortality in Bangladesh
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In this paper, the impact of salinity on maternal and child health in Bangladesh is analyzed using data from the Bangladesh Demographic Health Surveys. A U-shaped association between drinking water salinity and infant and neonatal mortality is found, suggesting higher mortality when salinity is very low or high. With fresh drinking water, the marginal effect of salinity measured by groundwater electricity conductivity on infant death is always negative. With brackish drinking water and slightly saline water, the negative effect is small. As drinking water becomes moderately saline, the predicted probability of infant death starts to increase, and the marginal effect becomes and remains positive. The relationship between drinking water salinity and neonatal death shows a similar pattern. Finally, freshwater with very low concentration of healthy minerals and severely saline water with very high detrimental sodium can be harmful for infant and neonatal health during pregnancy. Severe salinity needs to be addressed if the recent gains in infant and neonatal mortality are to be sustained, especially in the coastal areas of Bangladesh
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9058
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Geo-spatial modeling of access to water and sanitation in Nigeria (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8357
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andres, Luis A Geo-Spatial Modeling of Access to Water and Sanitation in Nigeria
    Keywords: Wasserversorgung ; Kanalisation ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Nigeria ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper presents the development and implementation of a geo-spatial model for mapping populations' access to specified types of water and sanitation services in Nigeria. The analysis uses geo-located, population-representative data from the National Water and Sanitation Survey 2015, along with relevant geo-spatial covariates. The model generates predictions for levels of access to seven indicators of water and sanitation services across Nigeria at a resolution of 1x1 square kilometers. The predictions promise to hone the targeting of policies meant to improve access to basic services in various regions of the country
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8357
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Water and sanitation in Dhaka slums : access, quality, and informality in service provision (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8552
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Arias-Granada, Yurani Water and Sanitation in Dhaka Slums; Access, Quality, and Informality in Service Provision
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Urban slum residents often have worse health outcomes compared with other urbanites and even their rural counterparts. This suggests that slum residents do not always benefit from the "urban advantage" of enjoying better access to health-promoting services. Limited access to water and sanitation services in slums could contribute to poor health of slum residents. In Bangladesh, these services generally are not delivered through formal utilities, but rather through well-functioning informal markets that are operated by middlemen and local providers. This paper analyzes a household survey to examine living conditions and quality of access to water and sanitation services in small-, medium-, and large-sized slums across Dhaka, Bangladesh. The analysis finds that access to water and sanitation services is overall quite high, but these services are subject to important quality issues related to safety, reliability, and liability. Although water access is nearly universal, water services are often interrupted or sometimes inaccessible. Sanitation is commonly shared, with the average ratio being 16 households to one facility. When considering fecal sludge management, the study finds that only 2 percent of these households have access to the Joint Monitoring Programme's conceptualization of "safely managed sanitation." The paper also finds strong evidence that water and sanitation services are operated by middlemen at various stages of service provision such as installation, management, and payment collection. The paper provides a snapshot of the differential quality in access to these services based on the monetary welfare level of the household. The snapshot shows that access to water and sanitation services is highly correlated to per capita household consumption levels, although quality remains low overall within slums. Overall, it is likely that the informality of water and sanitation services may exacerbate social and environmental risk factors for poor health and well-being
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8552
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An evaluation of the contributing factors of water scheme failures in Nigeria (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8371
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andres, Luis An Evaluation of the Contributing Factors of Water Scheme Failures in Nigeria
    Keywords: Wasserversorgung ; Kanalisation ; Instandhaltung ; Nigeria ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper utilizes information from the 2015 Nigeria National Water and Sanitation Survey to identify the extent and timing of the failure of water schemes in the country and the factors affecting it. Around 46 percent of all the water schemes in Nigeria are nonfunctional, and approximately 30 percent are likely to fail in the first year. The results indicate that during the first year of operation, factors that can be controlled in the design, implementation, and operational stages contribute to the failure of 61 percent of the water schemes. As water schemes age, their likelihood of failure is best predicted by factors that cannot be modified. The influence of operational factors, such as repairs and maintenance, decreases slightly over time
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8371
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Why are so many water points in Nigeria non-functional? : an empirical analysis of contributing factors (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8388
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andres, Luis Why Are So Many Water Points in Nigeria Non-Functional? An Empirical Analysis of Contributing Factors
    Keywords: Wasserpolitik ; Wasserversorgung ; Trinkwasser ; Kanalisation ; Nigeria ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper utilizes information from the 2015 Nigeria National Water and Sanitation Survey to identify the extent, timing, as well as reasons for the failure of water points. The paper finds that more than 38 percent of all improved water points are nonfunctional. The results indicate that nearly 27 percent of the water points are likely to fail in the first year of construction, while nearly 40 percent are likely to fail in the long run (after 8-10 years). The paper considers the reasons behind these failures, looking at whether they can or cannot be controlled. During the first year, a water point's location-the political region and underlying hydrogeology-has the greatest impact on functionality. Other factors-specifically, those that can be controlled in the design, implementation, and operational stages-also contribute significantly. As water points age, their likelihood of failure is best predicted by factors that cannot be modified, as well as by the technology used. The paper concludes that, to improve the sustainability of water points, much can be done at the design, implementation, and operational stages. Over time, technology upgrades are important
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8388
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