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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,212)
  • DNB  (4)
  • 2010-2014  (1,123)
  • 2005-2009  (97)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1930-1934
  • Arbeitspapier  (1,214)
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Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Ciências sociais : [CS] (from 1965-)
    São Paulo : Ed. Hucitec [u.a.] | São Paulo : Dominius Ed. ; Nachgewiesen 3.1965 -
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 3.1965 -
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Monografische Reihe
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    DNB
    Ethn. Museum Berlin
  • 2
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Working papers / African Studies Centrum (from 1980-)
    Leiden ; Nr. 1.1980 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0924-3534
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1980 -
    Former Title: Working paper
    Former Title: ASC working papers
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
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    Journal/Serial
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Trends in Southeast Asia (from 1999-)
    Singapore : ISEAS Publ. | Singapore ; Nachgewiesen 1999 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0219-3213
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1999 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trends in Southeast Asian Studies
    Former Title: Trends in Southeast Asia series
    DDC: 910
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ bis Juli 2015: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
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    Journal/Serial
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Diskussionspapiere / Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaft, Fachgebiet Volkswirtschaft des Vorderen Orients (from 1990-2019)
    Berlin : Klaus Schwarz Verlag | Berlin : Freie Univ., Fachgebiet Volkswirtschaft des Vorderen Orients | Berlin : Das Arabische Buch ; Nr. 1.1990 -117
    Details
    ISSN: 0942-3052 , 0942-3052 , 0942-3052
    Language: German , English
    Pages: 30 cm
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1990 -117
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion Diskussionspapiere
    Subsequent Title: Fortgesetzt durch Diskussionspapiere - Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft und Geographie im Vorderen Orient
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
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    Journal/Serial
    DNB
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Duisburger Arbeitspapiere Ostasienwissenschaften (from 1995-2015)
    Duisburg : IN-EAST | Duisburg : INFO ; 1.1995-No. 99 (2015)
    Details
    ISSN: 1865-8571 , 1865-858X
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1995-No. 99 (2015)
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Duisburger Arbeitspapiere Ostasienwissenschaften
    Former Title: Duisburg working papers on East Asian studies
    Subsequent Title: Fortgesetzt durch Working papers on East Asian studies
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Graue Literatur ; Arbeitspapier ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Urh. 1995 - 1999: Gerhard-Mercator-Universität, Gesamthochschule Duisburg, Institut für Ostasienwissenschaften; 2000 - 2002: Institut für Ostasienwissenschaften, Gerhard-Mercator-Universität Duisburg , Ersch. unregelmäßig
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    DNB
    BSZ
    GBV
    GRASSI Mus. Leipzig
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Public financial institutions and the low-carbon transition : five case studies on low-carbon infrastructure and project investment (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (93 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 72
    Keywords: Caisse des dépôts et consignations ; KfW Bankengruppe ; Europäische Investitionsbank ; 2010 - 2012 ; Energieeinsparung ; Klimawandel ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; EU-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Public financial institutions (PFIs) are well-positioned to act as a key leverage point for governments’ efforts to mobilise private investment in low-carbon projects and infrastructure. The study identifies the tools, instruments and approaches used by five PFIs to directly support and scale-up domestic private sector investment in sustainable transport, energy-efficiency and renewable energy in OECD countries. Between 2010-2012, these five institutions – Group Caisse des Dépôts in France, KfW Bankengruppe in Germany, the UK Green Investment Bank, the European Investment Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development – have provided over 100 billion euros of equity investment and financing for energy efficiency, renewable energy and sustainable transport projects. They use both traditional and innovative approaches to link low-carbon projects with finance through enhancing access to capital; facilitating risk reduction and sharing; improving the capacity of market actors; and shaping broader market practices and conditions.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt3rhpgn9t-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fairly sharing the social impact of the crisis in Greece (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (73 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1106
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenpolitik ; Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Steuervermeidung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Arbeitsschutz ; Armut ; Verteilungswirkung ; Griechenland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Greece ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poverty and income inequality have worsened since the onset of the crisis. While the design of fiscal measures has mitigated the burden sharing of fiscal adjustment, as the recession has deepened unemployment has risen, earnings have declined and social tensions have increased. Getting people back to work and supporting the most vulnerable remain priorities for inclusive growth and distributing the costs of adjustment equitably. Within the limited fiscal space this calls for continued reforms in targeting social support, especially housing benefits, extending unemployment insurance and introducing a means-tested minimum income. Sustaining universal access to good health care is also essential. Well-designed activation policies are important to bring the unemployed, especially the young, to work. At the same time, it is important to strengthen the effectiveness of the labour inspection to ensure full enforcement of the labour code. Decisive steps to contain tax evasion are also critical to social fairness. Reforms by the government in many of these areas are welcome and need to continue.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jzb6vwk338x-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy challenges for the next 50 years (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (67 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 9
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Umweltbelastung ; Einwanderung ; Haushaltskonsolidierung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Koordination ; Bildungschancen ; Hochschule ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Welt ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper identifies and analyses some key challenges that OECD and partner economies may face over the coming 50 years if underlying global trends relating to growth, trade, inequality and environmental pressures prevail. For example, global growth is likely to slow and become increasingly dependent on knowledge and technology, while the economic costs of environmental damages will mount. The rising economic importance of knowledge will tend to raise returns to skills, likely leading to further increases in earning inequalities within countries. While increases in pre-tax earnings do not automatically transform into rising income inequality, the ability of governments to cushion this impact may be limited, as rising trade integration and consequent rising mobility of tax bases combined with substantial fiscal pressures may hamper such efforts. The paper discusses to what extent national structural policies can address these and other interlinked challenges, but also points to the growing need for international coordination and cooperation to deal with these issues over the coming 50 years.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz18gs5fckf-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing polycentric urban systems in the OECD : country, regional and metropolitan perspectives (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/01
    Keywords: Ballungsraum ; Regionalverwaltung ; Dezentralisierung ; Raumstruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Contemporary urban systems in OECD countries are structured around functional regions, which often overcome established city boundaries. Reading space in terms of functional regions allows assessing changes in urban hierarchies and spatial structures, including the polycentricity of urban systems at national, regional and metropolitan scale. By using a harmonised definition of functional urban areas in OECD countries, this paper first provides a sound definition of polycentricity at each spatial scale, highlighting for each of them the different links with policy. Second, it provides measures of polycentricity and explores the economic implications of different spatial structures. Results show that relatively more monocentric regions have higher GDP per capita than their more polycentric counterparts. At country level, on the other hand, polycentricity is associated with higher GDP per capita.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5mpdkmvnr-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Can increasing inequality be a steady state? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2014/01
    Keywords: 1984 - 2032 ; Einkommensverteilung ; Gleichgewichtstheorie ; Vergleich ; USA ; Kanada ; Australien ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Historically, discussions of income inequality have emphasised cross-sectional comparisons of levels of inequality of income. These comparisons have been used to argue that countries with more inequality are less healthy, less democratic, more crime-infested, less happy, less mobile and less equal in economic opportunity, but such comparisons implicitly presume that current levels of inequality are steady state outcomes. However, the income distribution can only remain stable if the growth rate of income is equal at all percentiles of the distribution. This paper compares long-run levels of real income growth at the very top, and for the bottom 90% and bottom 99% in the United States, Canada and Australia to illustrate the uniqueness of the post-WWII period of balanced growth (and consequent stability in the income distribution). The ‘new normal’ of the United States, Canada and Australia is ‘unbalanced’ growth – specifically, over the last thirty years the incomes of the top 1% have grown significantly more rapidly than those of everyone else. The paper asks if auto-equilibrating market mechanisms will spontaneously equalise income growth rates and stabilise inequality. It concludes that the more likely scenario is continued unbalanced income growth. This, in turn, implies, on the economic side, consumption and savings flows which accumulate to changed stocks of indebtedness, financial fragility, and periodic macroeconomic crises; and, on the social side, to increasing inequality of opportunity and political influence. Greater economic and socio-political instabilities are therefore the most likely consequence of increasing income inequality over time.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxc80xq6-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What makes cities more productive? : evidence on the role of urban governance from five OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/05
    Keywords: 1998-2011 ; Ballungsraum ; Agglomerationseffekt ; Produktivität ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Vergleich ; Deutschland ; Mexiko ; Spanien ; Großbritannien ; USA ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper estimates agglomeration benefits based on city productivity differentials across five OECD countries (Germany, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States). It highlights the relationship between cities’ governmental fragmentation and productivity, and represents the first empirical analysis of how metropolitan governance structures affect this relationship. The comparability of results in a multi-country setting is supported through the use of Functional Urban Areas – an internationally harmonised definition of cities based on economic linkages rather than administrative boundaries. In line with the previous literature, the analysis confirms that city productivity tends to increase with city size; doubling city size is found to be associated with an increase in productivity of between two and five percent. What is more, city productivity is positively associated with the population size of nearby cities. On the governance side, the paper finds that cities with fragmented governance structures tend to have lower levels of productivity. For a given population size, a metropolitan area with twice the number of municipalities is associated with around six percent lower productivity; an effect that is mitigated by almost half by the existence of a governance body at the metropolitan level.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz432cf2d8p-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Short-term indicator models for quarterly GDP growth in the BRIICS : a small-scale bridge model approach (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1109
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Prognoseverfahren ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; G7-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper extends the OECD Economics Department’s suite of short-term indicator models for quarterly GDP growth, which currently cover only the G7 countries, to the BRIICS countries. Reflecting the relative scarcity of high-quality macroeconomic time series, the paper adopts a small-scale bridge model approach. The results suggest that in terms of short-term forecast accuracy for the first and second quarter following the most recent GDP release these models outperform simple autoregressive or constant growth benchmarks. The small-scale indicator models would have allowed the identification of the growth slowdown during the global crisis of 2008-09 and the subsequent rebound several months ahead of official GDP releases. Overall, forecast accuracy appears to be similar to that of the existing indicator model suite for the G7 countries, especially once the higher GDP growth volatility in most BRIICS is accounted for.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5t6b77rg4-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How to improve taxes and transfers in Israel (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1113
    Keywords: Steuervermeidung ; Ökosteuer ; Sozialstaat ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Finanzverwaltung ; Subvention ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Israel ; Taxation ; Economics ; Israel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Ensuring tax and transfer systems bring sufficient revenue to reach macroeconomic fiscal targets, address societal goals in re-distribution and social welfare, recognise the influence taxation has on businesses’ competitiveness and adequately address environmental externalities is a tough challenge, arguably more so in Israel than in many other OECD countries. High interest payments and large defence spending make deficit and debt reduction more difficult, socio-economic divides remain wide and as a small-open economy Israel is highly exposed to mobile international capital and competition over international investment. And, as elsewhere, the incorporation of environmental issues into the tax system remains only partial. This review examines ways forward for policy on several fronts: indirect taxation; household income tax and social benefits; taxes on property and wealth; business taxation; and evasion, avoidance and administration issues. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Israel (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-israel.htm).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1t07vs0-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policies for making the Chilean labour market more inclusive (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1117
    Keywords: Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Ungelernte Arbeitskräfte ; Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Chile ; Employment ; Economics ; Chile ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economic growth and recent policy reforms have increased employment and reduced overall poverty in Chile. Yet there are some groups that remain at the margins of the labour market and could benefit from and contribute more to growth. Women and young people have entered the labour force in greater numbers, but their participation rates remain low compared to most OECD and Latin American countries. The participation of women in the labour market is held down by economic, cultural and regulatory barriers. For youth, poor basic skills acquired through compulsory education and the weak linkages between secondary education and job related skills often limit their employment prospects. Among lowskilled workers, a high minimum wage and strict employment protection pose a barrier to employment. At the same time, education and training policies do not sufficiently reach those with poor skills and the public employment services lack the capacity to deliver high quality job-search services. The paper discusses a number of policies that could help to make the Chilean labour market more inclusive and broaden the benefits of growth. These include expanding childcare, promoting a more flexible labour market and strengthening education and skills policies, among others. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Chile (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-chile.htm).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2r9j3f0r6-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Local public finances and municipal reform in Finland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1121
    Keywords: Gemeindesteuer ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Finanzbeziehungen ; Gemeindefinanzen ; Dezentralisierung ; Gebietsreform ; Effizienzlohn ; Finnland ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Finland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Finnish municipalities enjoy ample fiscal autonomy and provide or arrange the provision of a large share of public services. In recent years, their spending and debt has been increasing steadily, especially because of population ageing and increases in the cost of health care and social services. Furthermore, small municipalities are often struggling to align service provision with national standards. The government has launched a reform to create more efficient municipalities through voluntary mergers. Both international experience and costs per capita across Finnish municipalities suggest an optimal size for municipalities of over 20 000 inhabitants, at least outside remote areas. As mergers are to be voluntary, the outcome of the reform remains uncertain. If merger plans prove insufficient to achieve efficient public service provision, the government could impose mergers on smaller municipalities, especially around the main urban areas. Responsibilities of smaller municipalities could be scaled back in all functions where economies of scale and scope can be achieved. Policies also need to be flexible enough to allow restructuring of services after mergers. Partnerships between public or private entities to provide services could be developed further in some areas. Finally, the tax structure and fiscal rules should be enhanced to ensure long-term fiscal sustainability. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Finland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economicsurvey- finland.htm).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qt0zj024-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Food and nutrition (in-)security and social protection (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 15
    Keywords: Armutsbekämpfung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Ernährungssicherung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Agriculture and Food ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Social protection measures are policy instruments that are widely used across a broad range of developing countries in pursuit of many different development objectives. In many cases social protection measures such as food or cash transfers were first introduced to ensure minimum levels of food security for vulnerable households. However, as the policy objectives became more numerous and varied, the relationship between food security and social protection have become less prominent. This paper refocuses attention on the linkages between social protection and food and nutrition security and aims to contribute to better integrated policies on food and nutrition (in-)security and social protection, particularly among Development Assistance Committee (DAC) members and their partners. The paper explores the conceptual linkages between social protection measures and food and nutrition security, examines the evidence of practical benefits that different social protection instruments can deliver and assesses the linkages between the two subjects in the international development policy agenda and concludes by proposing ways to better integrate the two issues within development policies and by identifying the main challenges and trade-offs that DAC members and their partners are likely to face.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44w9ltszt-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    DynEmp : a Stata® routine for distributed micro-data analysis of business dynamics (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/02
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Mikrodaten ; Datenverarbeitung ; Software ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper introduces a new Stata® command, dynemp, which implements a distributed micro-data analysis of business and employment dynamics and firm demographics. The data source it requires are business registers or comparable firm- or establishment- level longitudinal databases which cover the (near-) universe of companies in all business sectors. Access to such confidential data is usually restricted and the micro-level data cannot be brought together to a single platform for cross-country analysis. To solve this confidentiality problem while also maintaining a high level of harmonisation of the key economic concepts (gross job flows, growth rates of employment, definition of high-growth firms, etc.), dynemp can be distributed in a network of researchers who have access to the national confidential microdata. In such manner, the rich firm-level employment dynamics can be analysed from new angles (such as firm age and size), significantly expanding the scope of the analysis insofar possible using more aggregated data.
    Note: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz40rscddd4-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global trade and specialisation patterns over the next 50 years (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 10
    Keywords: Vorleistungen ; Zoll ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; International ; Economics ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents descriptive evidence of specialisation trends and investigates empirically their causes and consequences, analysing the role of policies in this process. Then, based on the insights from the backward looking analysis, it draws global trade and specialisation scenarios up to 2060, taking into account international spillovers. The report highlights that comparative advantage in terms of factor endowments matters for trade specialisation, although framework and trade policies also play a role. For instance, tariffs on intermediate inputs are found to adversely affect trade with this adverse effect found to have increased over time, likely reflecting expanding global supply chains magnifying the impact of tariffs. The forward-looking analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions, reflecting faster growth in these countries. Multilateral global trade liberalisation could raise world trade by 15% by 2060 relative to the status quo, whereas regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries only would raise world trade by 4% due to trade diversion.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz18gpwfxq4-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The diesel differential : differences in the tax treatment of gasoline and diesel for road use (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 21
    Keywords: Benzin ; Dieselkraftstoff ; Mineralölsteuer ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Diesel and gasoline account for around 95% of energy used for road transport in the OECD and for the largest share of revenue from taxes on energy. In 33 out of 34 OECD countries, diesel fuel is taxed at lower rates than gasoline both in terms of energy and carbon content. To assess whether this difference is warranted from an environmental perspective, this paper examines the rationales for taxing both fuels, considering the externalities (including local air pollution, carbon emissions and other social costs related to road transport) associated with the use of each fuel and the fuel efficiency advantage of diesel vehicles. The revenue, distributional and competitiveness consequences of increasing tax rates on diesel are also briefly considered and the revenue effects of the tax treatment of diesel are shown to be significant. We conclude that the externalities associated with each fuel show that the lower tax rates that currently apply to diesel fuel are not justifiable from an environmental perspective. Reduction of the diesel differential is warranted. A gradual approach to removing the differential would allow the adverse distributional and competitiveness impacts to be mitigated during the transitional phase.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz14cd7hk6b-en
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Approaches to metropolitan area governance : a country overview (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/03
    Keywords: Ballungsraum ; Kommunalverwaltung ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Länderbericht
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of country specific approaches to metropolitan area governance. It provides brief descriptions of the typical structures of metropolitan governance, with a particular focus on the involved organisations. It points out metropolitan areas that have unusual governance arrangements, but generally does not emphasise individual cases. The paper aims to give a descriptive overview of governance structures while abstaining from evaluating their performance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5j1q7s128-en
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  • 21
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    A sub-national perspective on financing investment for Growth II : creating fiscal space for public investment ; the role of institutions (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/06
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Teilstaat ; Öffentliche Investition ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; Institutionenökonomik ; Finanzbeziehungen ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Sub-national governments (SNGs) are key players for public investment in OECD countries, responsible for nearly two-thirds of it. At the same time, both the well-being of the population and economic performance depend on an adequate provision of public services, which require public facilities and thus public investment. Ensuring that sub-national governments command the resources for necessary public investment is hence important. While in the immediate, the fiscal space of a SNG for public investment is basically determined by its current fiscal capacities, in a longer-term perspective the evolution of fiscal space comes to depend increasingly on the institutional context. This includes the national framework of fiscal relations across levels of government, the nature and characteristics of SNGs’ revenue sources and spending responsibilities, SNGs resilience to crises, and their structural ability to borrow. This paper explores the institutional ability of SNGs to influence their fiscal space for public investment. In this context, it also analyses the main challenges to be faced by SNG finances in the decades to come, as well as recent reforms implemented by SNGs to tackle these specific issues.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz3zvxc53bt-en
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  • 22
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    Would a growth slowdown in emerging markets spill over to high-income countries? : a quantitative assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1110
    Keywords: 2010 - 2012 ; Außenhandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Spillover-Effekt ; Schwellenländer ; Industrieländer ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Growth in emerging market economies (EMEs) is set to durably slow from the rates observed over 2010-12 as cyclical effects fade, potential growth declines and external financing conditions tighten. Large negative current account balances make some EMEs vulnerable to sudden reversals in capital flows while exceptionally rapid credit expansions, as those observed in Brazil, China, Poland and Turkey over the past years, may have raised financial risk. This paper assesses recent developments and vulnerabilities in EMEs and uses macroeconometric model simulations to provide quantitative estimates of spillovers to highincome countries. The results suggest that for each slowdown of 2 percentage points in EMEs, highincome countries’ growth could be around ⅔ percentage points lower on average, with around ½ percentage point accounted for by trade. Experience with past EME crises suggests that this could be exacerbated by effects from exchange rates and by financial market turbulence. OECD countries which would be hit hardest include Belgium, Japan and the Netherlands, reflecting mainly strong trade linkages with EMEs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz5m89p82d8-en
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  • 23
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    Economic policies and microeconomic stability : a literature review and some empirics (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (71 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1115
    Keywords: 1980 - 2013 ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Volatilität ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The decline in macroeconomic volatility from the 1980s to the onset of the Great Recession did not, in general, translate into more microeconomic stability. While microeconomic volatility can reflect growth-generating processes, such as creative destruction and re-allocation of resources, consumption growth volatility weighs on households’ welfare. This study reviews the existing literature on the link between economic policies and economic stability at the firm and household level. Based on firm-level and household-level data for a wide range of OECD countries, it also provides preliminary results on sources and patterns of microeconomic volatility.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417mn2443-en
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  • 24
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    Trade specialisation and policies to foster competition and innovation in Denmark (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1118
    Keywords: KMU ; Produktivität ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Internationaler Markt ; Marktanteil ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Regulierung ; Innovation ; Dänemark ; Economics ; Trade ; Denmark ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Danish productivity has grown only weakly over the past two decades, both historically and in relation to other countries, despite sound policies and institutions. At the same time, the country has lost export market shares. Denmark needs to continue its efforts to reap the benefits of globalisation, which would contribute to invigorating productivity growth. Fostering competition by removing regulatory barriers and improving public procurement would help. In addition, innovation policy needs to become more efficient and more in line with the growing importance of the service sector and knowledge-based capital. Small and medium-sized enterprises could be better integrated into global markets by improving their access to finance and developing the entrepreneurship culture. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Denmark (www.oecd.org/economic-surveydenmark. htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qt5h7m6g-en
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  • 25
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    Tackling labour mismatches and promoting mobility in Hungary (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1122
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Qualifikation ; Steuer ; Zweiter Arbeitsmarkt ; Bildung ; Wohnung ; Verkehr ; Ungarn ; Employment ; Economics ; Hungary ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Significant labour market mismatches and insufficient mobility penalise employment and productivity. Mismatches have above all a skills dimension, with an excess of low-skilled workers and a possible lack of skilled workers in certain domains. Reducing the high tax wedge on low salaries and avoiding excessive minimum wage increases would support demand for low-skilled labour. In the longer term, upgrading the labour supply requires improving educational outcomes, especially of disadvantaged students, and making the school-to-work transition less abrupt. To facilitate good matching and enhance sectoral mobility, a somewhat longer duration of unemployment benefits and an upscaled Public Employment Service would be of value, as well as greater focus on reintegration in the public works programme and more efficient and developed lifelong learning. Besides skills mismatches, important geographic mismatches are illustrated by high and persistent regional disparities in the unemployment rate. Mobility is hampered by the underdevelopment of the rental housing market, while there is room to enhance the efficiency of public transport to further support commuting.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2px6jtpmt-en
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  • 26
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    Access network speed tests (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 237
    Keywords: Telekommunikationsnetz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the approaches being taken to measure broadband performance by reviewing information on official speed tests to date as well as their strengths and drawbacks in methodologies, emerging good practices and the challenges in undertaking a harmonised approach across OECD countries. Measurement projects for Internet connection performance face greater potential hurdles than for traditional telecommunication networks, while at the same time, new opportunities are emerging in terms of “crowd-sourced” data collected through applications installed by users. The report provides classification of those measurement approaches with suggestions on how they can be selected and implemented depending on different policy goals.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2m5mr66f5-en
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  • 27
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    Consequences of climate change damages for economic growth : a dynamic quantitative assessment (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1135
    Keywords: 2060 ; Klimawandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; CGE-Modell ; Szenariotechnik ; Welt ; Environment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focuses on the effects of climate change impacts on economic growth. Simulations with the OECD’s dynamic global general equilibrium model ENV-Linkages assess the consequences of a selected number of climate change impacts in the various world regions at the macroeconomic and sectoral level. This is complemented with an assessment of very long-run implications, using the AD-RICE model. The analysis finds that the effect of climate change impacts on annual global GDP is projected to increase over time, leading to a global GDP loss of 0.7% to 2.5% by 2060 for the most likely equilibrium climate sensitivity range. Underlying these annual global GDP losses are much larger sectoral and regional variations. Agricultural impacts dominate in most regions, while damages from sea level rise gradually become more important. Negative economic consequences are especially large in South and South-East Asia whereas other regions will be less affected and, in some cases, benefit thanks to adjustments from international trade. Emissions to 2060 will have important consequences in later decades and centuries. Simulations with the AD-RICE model suggest that if emissions continue to grow after 2060, annual damages of climate change could reach 1.5%-4.8% of GDP by the end of the century. Some impacts and risks from climate change have not been quantified in this study, including extreme weather events, water stress and large-scale disruptions. These will potentially have large economic consequences, and on balance the costs of inaction presented here likely underestimate the full costs of climate change impacts. More research is needed to assess them as well as the various uncertainties and risks involved. However, this should not delay policy action, but rather induce policy frameworks that are able to deal with new information and with the fact that by their nature some uncertainties and risks will never be resolved.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bxb8kmf3-en
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  • 28
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    Small and medium-sized enterprises in global markets : a differential approach for services? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (95 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 165
    Keywords: 1985 - 2010 ; Industrie ; Dienstleistungssektor ; Dienstleistungshandel ; KMU ; Globalisierung ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study empirically investigates key restrictions to the internationalisation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in manufacturing and across different types of services. The study explores the extent to which binding constraints faced by SMEs producing goods may differ from small firms operating in services sectors and takes stock of how existing policy initiatives address some of these differences. Our results suggest that while firm size clearly influences the trade performance of SMEs in manufacturing, it is an ambiguous predictor of export performance in the case of small-sized services firms. The findings show that firm size influences the choice of export channel and that small firms rely more on indirect and agglomeration networks. Finally, the results point to a strong degree of firm-level heterogeneity across services activities and enterprise size. It would seem that incorporating sectoral and size heterogeneity into existing policies might be desirable to address key constraints for SMEs.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz17jtfkmzt-en
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  • 29
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    Economic implications of the IEA efficient world scenario (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 64
    Keywords: Klimapolitik ; Energieeinsparung ; Makroökonometrie ; CGE-Modell ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In its 2012 edition of the World Energy Outlook, the International Energy Agency (IEA) produced an Efficient World Scenario (IEA, 2012) to assess how implementing only economically viable energy efficiency measures would affect energy markets, investment and greenhouse emissions (GHG). The IEA analysis found that in order to halve global primary energy demand over 2010-2035, additional investments of USD 11.8 trillion in more efficient end-use technologies would be necessary. Using the OECD ENV-Linkages macro-economic model, this report simulates the economic and environmental impacts which the IEA Efficient World Scenario implies...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qcn29lbw-en
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  • 30
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    Environmental and related social costs of the tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 70
    Keywords: Pendelverkehr ; Fahrzeugflotte ; Steuervergünstigung ; Steuerwirkung ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper builds upon a recent OECD paper on the personal tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses in OECD member-countries and aims to arrive at a better understanding of the environmental and related social costs of the tax treatment described therein. The paper begins with an analysis of the larger transport market, which is the primary storehouse of evidence on the nature and extent of the environmental impacts of the various transport modes, the relative importance of the proximate and underlying determinants of these impacts, and the elasticities and functional relationships at work. Non-linearities in the relevant elasticities and functional relationships mean that the tax treatment of company cars may have a greater or lesser impact than is suggested by the size of the company car market. And distortions in relative prices between competing modes in the larger transport market mean that subsidies can have very different impacts depending on the mode in question. The further analysis of the interaction of the current tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses with the transport market yields several findings. The current under-taxation of company cars is likely to result in a disproportionately large increase in total distance driven, composed of both an increase in the number of cars in use and an increase in distance driven per car. In turn, this is likely to result in disproportionately large impacts on most relevant environmental and related social costs. And a favourable tax treatment of commuting expenses generally, and of employer-paid parking in particular, is likely to impact on the choice of transport mode in favour of the car relative to public transport and non-motorised modes. In turn, this is likely to impact on most relevant environmental and related social costs. An Annex to this paper provides, for the OECD group of countries as a whole, some indicative estimates of the main relevant impacts of the under-taxation of company cars as well as an indicative estimate of its overall social cost. The largest quantified cost elements are additional congestion costs; additional local air pollution costs; and additional traffic accident costs. The overall social cost attributable to the current under-taxation of company cars is estimated at circa EUR 116 billion per year.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwrr5163zp-en
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  • 31
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    A calculated risk : how donors should engage with risk financing and transfer mechanisms (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33, III, III S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working papers 17
    Keywords: Humanitäre Hilfe ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Better financial preparedness against risk is a central part of a comprehensive approach to disaster management. Risk financing and risk transfer are approaches to planning for risks that cannot be reduced or avoided practically or cost-effectively and may include a strategy and practical measures to ensure the availability of funds for post-disaster relief and reconstruction, commensurate with the scale and frequency of anticipated risks. Risk financing is of growing interest to a wide range of development and humanitarian actors searching for solutions to bridge a growing global post-disaster financing gap. This report describes key features of risk financing and risk transfer, examines some of the current challenges at the contextual and programmatic levels as well as institutional challenges donors might face in engaging in risk financing and recommends a set of principles and policy approaches to guide future donor support and engagement.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz122cn65s6-en
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  • 32
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    Modelling Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.70
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Agrarproduktion ; Anpassung ; Bewässerung ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates how climate change can affect agricultural production and proposes some adaptation measures that could be undertaken to mitigate the negative effects of climate change while enhancing the positive ones. The paper stresses the importance of planned adaptation measures and highlights possible strategies for reducing risk and improving resilience. To quantify the possible effects of climate change and the effects of adaptation measures this study uses the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT). The analysis first explores the potential effects of climate change on yields and prices. It then goes on to analyse the potential impacts of two distinctive sets of adaptation strategies on yields, prices, and food security, namely: i) research and development (to develop new crop varieties that are better suited to changed climate conditions) and ii) changes in irrigation technology. Last, the analysis in this paper estimates the public and private investment needs in research and development (R&D) for developing new crop varieties, and further develops estimates of the cost of improving irrigation technologies in OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrclljnbxq-en
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  • 33
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    Measuring income inequality and poverty at the regional level in OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2014/03
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Messung ; Regionalwissenschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The extent to which income inequality and poverty vary within countries across different regions is very relevant for policy decisions and monitoring. However, sub-national measures are scarce, given the complexity of producing indicators at the regional level from the available data and the methodological issues related to cross-countries comparability. This paper presents a set of indicators of income inequality and poverty across and within regions for 28 OECD countries. These indicators were produced through a new household-level data collection based on internationally harmonized income definitions undertaken as part of the OECD project on “Measuring regional and local well-being for policymaking”. The data were collected at the OECD TL2 territorial level, corresponding to NUTS2 regions in Europe and to large administrative subdivisions (e.g. States in Mexico and Unites States) for non-European countries. These estimates confirm that there are significant variations in levels of income inequality within countries, and that regional breakdowns are useful for understanding sources and patterns of income disparities and poverty. For most of the countries relying on survey data for measuring income distribution, standard cross-sectional indicators of income inequality and relative poverty at this regional level are estimated with low precision in the smallest regions due to small samples. This has two main implications for data producers and analysts. First, systematic reporting of confidence intervals is needed to make meaningful comparisons of inequality levels across regions and with respect to the national averages. Second, averaged measures for multiple years or small area estimation methods should be considered as means for obtaining more robust measures. The issues related to the estimation of standard errors for three-year averages in rotational panel surveys and to the definition of the computational sampling structure for sub-national estimates are discussed in the paper.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en
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  • 34
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    International migration : the relationship with economic and policy factors in the home and destination country (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1140
    Keywords: Internationale Migration ; Entwicklung ; Arbeitsmarkttheorie ; Migrationspolitik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Unfavourable demographic trends in many OECD countries threaten the sustainability of potential labour resources, GDP growth and fiscal positions. One factor that is expected to mitigate these trends is continued inflows of migrant workers from low income economies. However, a rapid catch-up in productivity and wages in these traditional source countries vis-à-vis the OECD may weaken economic incentives for migration and imply a transition away from current migration patterns. This paper uses data of the high-skilled and low-skilled migrant stock between 92 origin and 44 destination countries to highlight the relationship between economic factors and migration. The paper also attempts to uncover links with policy and demographic factors prevailing in the origin and destination countries. The analysis suggests that higher skill-specific wages in the destination country are associated with more migration. This relationship appears to be particularly strong for migrants from middle-income countries, supporting theories of an inverted-U relationship between origin country economic development and the propensity to migrate. Policy differences between the destination and origin also appear important, for example in terms of regulations on businesses and labour markets, along with the relative quality of institutions. In some instances, the effects on high-skilled and low-skilled migrants differ markedly. Combining the estimated coefficients from the model with the skill-specific wage profile from the OECD long-term growth projections highlights the potential for weaker future migrant flows to OECD countries than implied by past trends and embedded in official projections.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123h8nd7l-en
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  • 35
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    Overcoming skills shortages in Canada (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1143
    Keywords: Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Betriebliche Ausbildung ; Binnenwanderung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; Kanada ; Education ; Employment ; Economics ; Canada ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Skills shortages have developed in certain fields and regions in recent years. Earnings premiums for people in some professions, notably health, engineering and skilled trades have increased. And vacancy rates have risen for skilled trades, with the increase being particularly large in Alberta and Saskatchewan. While reforms have been implemented to strengthen adjustment so as to overcome these shortages, there is still room to go further by improving labour market information, increasing responsiveness of the education and training system to labour market demand, making the immigration system more reactive to current labour market conditions and reducing regulatory barriers to inter-provincial labour mobility. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of Canada (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-canada.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz123fgkxjl-en
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  • 36
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    Do resources flow to patenting firms? : cross-country evidence from firm level data (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1127
    Keywords: 2003 - 2010 ; Innovation ; Patent ; Unternehmenswachstum ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper exploits longitudinal data on firm performance and patenting activity for 23 OECD countries over the period 2003-2010 to explore the extent to which changes in the patent stock are associated with flows of capital and labour to patenting firms. While the finding that patenting is associated with real changes in economic activity at the firm level is in line with recent literature, new empirical evidence presented suggests that the impact of patenting on firm size is likely to be causal. Moreover, these data reveal important differences across OECD countries in the extent to which innovative firms can attract the complementary tangible resources that are required to implement and commercialise new ideas. In turn, the contribution of framework policies to explaining the observed cross-country differences in the magnitude of these flows is explored. While further research is required to establish causality, the results are consistent with the idea that well-functioning product, labour and capital markets; efficient judicial systems and bankruptcy laws that do not overly penalise failure can raise the returns to innovative activity. The paper also investigates the heterogeneous impacts of policies and finds that young firms – which are more likely to experiment with disruptive technologies and rely on external financing to implement and commercialise their ideas – disproportionately benefit from reforms to labour markets and more developed markets for credit and seed and early stage finance.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2lpmk0gs6-en
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  • 37
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    Making the best of new energy resources in the United States (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1147
    Keywords: 2007 - 2014 ; Rohstoffpolitik ; Energiereserven ; Bergbauerzeugnis ; Umweltbelastung ; Rohstoffsteuer ; USA ; Energy ; Taxation ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Since around 2007, the country has been enjoying an “energy renaissance” thanks to its abundant stocks of shale oil and gas. The resurgence in oil and gas production is beginning to create discernible economic impacts and has changed the landscape for natural gas prices in the United States, boosting competitiveness. In order to reap the benefits fully, significant investment is needed. Federal and state governments capture some of the resource rents, but there are potential opportunities to increase taxation and use the revenues to support future well-being. Taxing natural resource rents with profit taxes can be less distortionary than other forms of taxation, though only one state uses this form of tax. Production of shale resources, like other forms of resource extraction, poses a number of challenges for the environment. Respecting demands on water resources requires adequate water rights are in place while state and federal regulators need to monitor the environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing closely and strengthen regulations as needed. Natural gas is a potential “bridge fuel” towards a lower carbon economy, helping to reduce emissions by leading to a substitution away from coal. Flanking measures are desirable to counter natural gas hindering renewables and low prices stymieing innovation. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zbb8ksnr-en
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  • 38
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    Productivity measurement with natural capital and bad outputs (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1154
    Keywords: Natur ; Kapitalstock ; Produktivität ; Luftverschmutzung ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Opportunitätskosten ; Energy ; Environment ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a productivity growth measure that explicitly accounts for natural capital as an input factor and for undesirable goods, or “bads”, as an output of the production process. The discussion focuses on the extension of productivity measurement for bad outputs and estimates of their shadow prices, while the inclusion of natural capital is discussed in more depth in a companion paper. As bad outputs are the target of environmental policies, a productivity measure that does not take bad outputs into account will underestimate productivity growth, whenever countries devote some inputs to reducing bad outputs, thus improving the environmental impact of their production processes, rather than to increasing the production of goods and services. An adjusted productivity measures is needed in an analysis of the effect of bad outputs on productivity growth as otherwise the effectiveness of environmental policies in promoting production processes that make more efficient use of the environment will be wrongly assessed. Results suggest that the adjustment of the traditional productivity growth measure for bad outputs is small. While this partly hinges on the fact, that due to a lack of more comprehensive data, only a limited set of bad outputs are considered in this paper, namely CO2, SOX and NOX emissions, the relatively small adjustment of the traditional productivity growth measure is good news for two reasons. First, it implies that ignoring the bad outputs considered in this paper results in a relatively small bias of productivity measurement, and thus analysis based on traditional measures should be relatively reliable in this regard. Second, it also implies that the acceleration in productivity growth that would help to substantially reduce the bad outputs considered in this paper, without reducing output growth, should be possible to achieve.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh5t0ztd-en
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  • 39
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    Making the banking sector more resilient and reducing household debt in the Netherlands (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1156
    Keywords: Bank ; Eigenkapital ; Notleidender Kredit ; Immobilienpreis ; Hypothek ; Niederlande ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Dutch banks were put under heavy strains early in the global downturn and have comparatively weak financial buffers to cope with new shocks. Falling house prices have increased the share of households with negative home equity to nearly 35% for home-owning households and 40% for mortgage holders. Even though defaults have so far been limited, mortgage amortisation is low and risks are concentrated among younger borrowers who often do not have sufficient resources to cope with adverse shocks. Banks are very large relative to the size of the domestic economy, have sizeable cross-border exposures and rely significantly on wholesale funding. Resolution procedures should be strengthened to reduce the potential cost for the taxpayer and the regulator’s tools available to reduce risks should be expanded. In particular, banks should set aside sufficient provisions for expected losses and problem loans, which requires some harmonisation of the definition of non-performing loans across banks. Higher capital buffers would bolster financial stability and help ensure access to market funding while lowering its cost. Welcome measures have been taken to encourage household deleveraging, but deeper and broader steps are needed to bolster financial stability and improve consumer protection when the housing market starts to recover durably and over the medium term. The stock of existing mortgages should be gradually converted into amortising mortgages, the cap on the loanto- value ratio reduced significantly below 100% and housing subsidies to homeownership cut more decisively. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-netherlands.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxz9z0fhcwj-en
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  • 40
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    Retour à l'emploi des chômeurs seniors français ayant bénéficié d'un accompagnement renforcé vers l'emploi en 2009 et 2010 : enquête auprès des salariés licenciés pour motif économique et des publics en difficulté d'insertion (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 156
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Altersvorsorge ; Frankreich ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This article analyses age differences in several labour market outcomes in France for participants of intensive case management programmes, delivered in 2009 and 2010 by the public employment service (PES) or private providers. These programmes are different from the intensive case management service introduced from 2013 by the PES in its new services offer (strategic plan « Pôle emploi 2015 »)...
    Note: Zsfassung in engl. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2fnj84vd4-fr
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  • 41
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    Women's social entrepreneurship and innovation (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) working papers 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2014/01
    Keywords: Sozialwirtschaft ; Weibliche Führungskräfte ; Führungsstil ; Innovation ; Ungarn ; Russland ; Chile ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Chile ; Hungary ; Russian Federation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: After having explained the smaller gender gap in social entrepreneurship compared to commercial entrepreneurship, this paper provides information on female management style and on the innovation capacity of social enteprises led by women. This Report is based on SELUSI data and presents three specific case studies from Hungary, Russia and Chile.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzkq2sr7d4-en
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  • 42
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    Integrated assessment of climate change impacts : conceptual frameworks, modelling approaches and research models (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 66
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Klimapolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a framework to include feedbacks from climate impacts on the economy in integrated assessment models. The proposed framework uses a production function approach, which links climate impacts to key variables and parameters used in the specification of economic activity. The key endpoints within climate impact categories are linked to the relevant connections for a range of sectors in the economy. The paper pays particular attention to the challenges of distinguishing between damages and the costs of adapting to climate change. The paper also reviews existing studies and available data that can be used to establish linkages between climate impacts and key variables within economic models. There is considerable heterogeneity across the timing and geographic distribution of changes in climatic variables, the consequent changes in key physical and biogeochemical “endpoints” that might occur over time and space, and the magnitude of the resulting damages that these effects are likely to impose on the range of sectors in the economy. The review underlines the uncertainty involved in each of these dimensions and the research needs for the future.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2qcjsrvzx-en
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  • 43
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    Tax preferences for environmental goals : use, limitations and preferred practices (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 71
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Steuervergünstigung ; Steuerwirkung ; Steuerpolitik ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Environment ; Taxation ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper reviews the use of tax preferences to achieve environmental policy objectives. Tax preferences involve using the tax system to adjust relative prices with a view to influencing producer or consumer behaviour in favour of goods or services that are considered to be environmentally beneficial. They take various forms, typically a partial or total exemption from a specified tax. Because tax preferences help to avoid or reduce costs for businesses or consumers, there are often pressures on governments to favour them over other instruments. As a result, they are sometimes used inappropriately, typically to address negative externalities for which they are not well suited. The paper suggests that the comparative advantage of tax preferences is in providing support for positive externalities, that is situations in which a subsidy would help to deliver more social benefits than would otherwise be the case. When designing tax preferences, care must be taken to ensure that they do not encourage technological lock-in, provide perverse incentives for environmentally harmful activities (the rebound effect), or reward producers or consumers for actions they would have taken anyway. Since tax preferences are a form of subsidy, they should be subject to the same degree of scrutiny and oversight as other forms of public expenditure.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwrr4hkd6l-en
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  • 44
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    Exploring policy complementarities in transition economies : the case of Kazakhstan (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/09
    Keywords: 1989 - 2012 ; Systemtransformation ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Politische Reform ; Wirtschaftsindikator ; Panel ; Transformationsstaaten ; Kasachstan ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Kazakhstan ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy complementarities have often been overlooked in transition economies, leading to the exclusion or partial adoption of reforms. This paper examines the key determinants of successful transition strategies, and concludes that an approach exploiting complementary relationships and interactions between policies is most likely to result in a welfare improvement. Based on nine policy areas from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Transition Indicators database, composite indicators measuring reform implementation and complementarity are constructed. Panel data estimates for 30 countries over the period 1989 to 2012 demonstrate a positive association between improvements in reform complementarity and economic growth. Moreover, the effects are found to persist over time for up to two years after the initial policy change, and are robust to the inclusion of a wide range of control variables. Applying these findings to the case of Kazakhstan illustrates that comprehensive reforms to a targeted group of complementary policies generate sustained increases in output growth, whereas a partial reform strategy results in a loss of welfare.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwvzcrtnbn-en
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  • 45
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Scotland (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 74
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Schottland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United Kingdom ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MHAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MHAPs is possible and encouraged. Mental health is a priority area within the Scottish health care agenda. In the Scottish mental health system significant focus is given to recovery, service user involvement, anti-stigma initiatives, and suicide reduction strategies. Amongst the peculiarities, and strengths, of the Scottish mental health system are its focus on data collection, monitoring and evaluation, with a strong focus on improvement and delivery, as data collection and mental health indicators are turned into a management tool for policy makers. However, better indicators could be developed to monitor specialist mental health services delivered in the community.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158xmxkwj-en
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  • 46
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    Renewable energy policies and cross-border investment : evidence from mergers and acquisitions in solar and wind energy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2005 - 2011 ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Auslandsinvestition ; Erneuerbare Energie ; Energiewirtschaft ; Portfolio-Management ; Übernahme ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The study assesses the role of feed-in tariffs (FITs) and renewable energy certificates (RECs) in creating incentives for cross-border investments and for investments in particular technological portfolios via M&A. The analysis explores the dataset on M&As in alternative energy sources worldwide over 2005-2011. The results suggests that FITs encourage more diversified M&A than RECs. With respect to foreign investment, the study finds a linear relationship between FITs and cross-border M&As in the wind energy sector, but an inverted U-shaped relationship in the solar energy sector. One possible explanation for the latter may lie in reduced policy credibility due to the public finance implications of ‘generous’ FITs. Another possible explanation for this finding concerns the use of high solar FITs by countries whose natural conditions provide little comparative advantage in solar energy, suggesting that low profitability and limited potential of solar energy in those countries might have deterred the entry of foreign investors.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxv9f3r9623-en
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  • 47
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    Environment and regional trade agreements : emerging trends and policy drivers (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade and environment working papers 2014/02
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines trends in the use of environmental provisions in Regional Trade Agreements and identifies factors which may explain the presence or absence of these provisions. The report builds on work of the OECD Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment (JWPTE) and includes results of an informal survey of delegates. Analysis of the environmental provisions in RTAs reveals an encouraging upward trend. While basic provisions remain the most common types found in RTAs, the incidence of more substantive provisions has increased significantly in recent years. Among these, environmental co-operation has been the most common type. Several factors may have contributed to this evolution. These include countries extending their political mandates for RTAs, for example to include provisions for compliance with multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), as well as a general accumulation of experience with the use of environmental provisions.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0v4q45g6h-en
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  • 48
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    Investment treaties and shareholder claims : analysis of treaty practice (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/03
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment
    Keywords: investor-state dispute settlement ; foreign investment ; derivative action ; separate legal personality ; reflective loss ; investment treaties ; stockholders ; consistency of arbitral decisions ; access to justice ; shareholder claims ; international economic law ; overlapping claims ; shareholder rights ; creditors ; bilateral investment treaties ; related claims ; international arbitration ; comparative law ; creditors’ rights ; treaty shopping ; arbitrators ; international investment law ; settlement ; concurrent claims ; international investment ; reflective injury ; business corporations ; domestic impact of investment law ; investment arbitration ; stockholder remedies ; consistency ; competitive neutrality ; agency costs ; derivative loss ; corporate law ; international investment agreements ; judicial economy ; derivative injury ; shareholders ; shareholder remedies ; level playing field ; company law ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Advanced systems of domestic corporate law generally apply a “no reflective loss” principle to shareholder claims. Shareholder claims are permitted for direct injury to shareholder rights (such as voting rights). But shareholders generally cannot bring claims for reflective loss incurred as a result of injury to "their" company (such as loss in value of shares). Only the directly-injured company can claim. In contrast, shareholder claims for reflective loss have consistently been permitted under typical bilateral investment treaties (BITs) in recent years. This paper analyses investment treaty provisions relating to shareholder claims. It addresses (i) treaty regimes for shareholder recovery and company recovery of damages, including their consequences for investor protection and government liability; (ii) the interaction of reflective loss claims with treaty provisions that seek to limit multiple claims; and (iii) treaty provisions applicable to government objections to shareholder claims for reflective loss.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvk6shpvs4-en
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  • 49
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    Consumer policy guidance on intangible digital content products (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 241
    Keywords: Digitale Güter ; Verbraucherpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Digital content, such as e-books and apps that are available through streaming, downloads or cloud computing platforms, has become the fastest growing e-commerce product category. To support further growth, it is important that consumers, including children, understand what their rights and obligations are when acquiring and using such products. In particular, consumers need to know about the conditions under which they may copy and share products, and on which devices the products may be used. They also need to be informed about how their personal data may be collected and used, with whom it may be shared and why, and the type of redress that may be obtained when problems arise.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvbrjq3gg6-en
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  • 50
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    Health, work and working conditions : a review of the European economic literature (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1148
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Arbeitsbedingungen ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Beschäftigungssicherung ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Economists have traditionally been very cautious when studying the interaction between employment and health because of the two-way causal relationship between these two variables: health status influences the probability of being employed and, at the same time, working affects the health status. Because these two variables are determined simultaneously, researchers control endogeneity bias (e.g., reverse causality, omitted variables) when conducting empirical analysis. With these caveats in mind, the literature finds that a favourable work environment and high job security lead to better health conditions. Being employed with appropriate working conditions plays a protective role on physical health and psychiatric disorders. By contrast, non-employment and retirement are generally worse for mental health than employment, and overemployment has a negative effect on health. These findings stress the importance of employment and of adequate working conditions for the health of workers. In this context, it is a concern that a significant proportion of European workers (29%) would like to work fewer hours because unwanted long hours are likely to signal a poor level of job satisfaction and inadequate working conditions, with detrimental effects on health. Thus, in Europe, labour-market policy has increasingly paid attention to job sustainability and job satisfaction. The literature clearly invites employers to take better account of the worker preferences when setting the number of hours worked. Overall, a specific “flexicurity” (combination of high employment protection, job satisfaction and active labour-market policies) is likely to have a positive effect on health. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States ).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb71xhmr-en
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  • 51
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    Fostering a creative economy to drive Korean growth (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1152
    Keywords: Übernahme ; Unternehmensgründung ; Gründungsförderung ; Crowdfunding ; Konglomerat ; Business Angels ; Forschung ; KMU ; Regulierung ; Entrepreneurship ; Bankgarantie ; Technologiepolitik ; Immaterielle Werte ; Risikokapital ; Südkorea ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A creative economy requires innovation-friendly conditions. Korea’s innovation system should be improved by upgrading universities and expanding their role in business R&D, while increasing international collaboration in R&D from its current low level. The returns from Korea’s large investment in innovation should be enhanced by improving framework conditions – easing product market regulations, promoting international competition and enhancing labour market flexibility – to encourage the adoption of new technology. Venture businesses and start-ups should play a key role in commercialising innovation. To make venture investment a growth driver, it is important to expand the role of business angels, activate the merger-and-acquisition market and foster entrepreneurship. A creative economy also depends on making SMEs, which account for 87% of employment, more dynamic. SME policies should be streamlined and improved to promote market-based financing and reduce the negative effects of government funding programmes, which discourage the expansion of SMEs. The growth of small firms also depends on resolving labour market mismatches and taking full advantage of the opportunities afforded by the Internet. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/economic-survey-korea.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh8xkrf6-en
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  • 52
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    Boosting the development of efficient SMEs in the Netherlands (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1157
    Keywords: KMU ; Unternehmensgründung ; Gründungsfinanzierung ; Kreditgeschäft ; Personalführung ; Niederlande ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Entrepreneurship is an important driver of economic growth, job creation and competitiveness. However, the small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) sector has been severely affected by the crisis, with access to bank finance being particularly difficult. Various government-sponsored schemes have been introduced to ease credit conditions. Developing alternatives to bank lending options for SME finance is important but will take time. Restructuring banks’ balance sheets is essential to step up bank lending to SMEs in the medium term. Beyond financing issues, boosting innovation would support productivity gains, and SME competitiveness and growth. Also, easing labour market regulation would further support SME development. A large share of small businesses consists of self-employed with no employees. The tax system should minimise distortions for the creation and expansion of businesses. Despite significant progress made in lowering barriers to entrepreneurship, there is scope to further reduce administrative burdens. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-netherlands.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxz9xztql6f-en
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  • 53
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : computer and related services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 169
    Keywords: IT-Management ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for computer services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for computer services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.08 and 0.34, with a sample average of 0.18. Explicit barriers to trade in computer services are rare, but the sector is subject to a number of economy-wide restrictions facing all sectors. Among these, restrictions on movement of people (mode 4 in GATS terminology) make the largest contribution to the index value, followed by regulatory transparency issues. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4np1pjzt-en
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  • 54
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    Fostering inclusive growth in Turkey by promoting structural change in the business sector (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1161
    Keywords: Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Informelle Wirtschaft ; Produktivität ; Strukturwandel ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Türkei ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Turkey ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Turkey’s business sector dynamism has underpinned broad-based and inclusive growth in the 2000s. However, the business sector is highly segmented, with a relatively small core of modern high-productivity corporations, and myriad small, less formal and low-productivity entities. This hampers efficient resource allocation and tends to entrench social inequalities. It also makes it difficult to build on-the-job human capital for the large number of low-skilled. This segmentation needs to be overcome to raise productivity in the informal, low-skill and low-productivity sector, and to facilitate resource transfers from low to higher productivity businesses. This ought to be achieved by aligning Turkey’s formal regulatory and tax framework with OECD best practice, rather than through “second-best” arrangements where noncompliance with rules co-exists with selective subsidies to parts of the formal sector. Labour market and business taxation reforms are particularly important to enable all categories of enterprises to operate flexibly on a rule-based, level playing field and to achieve productivity enhancing and socially inclusive restructuring.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx0554v07c-en
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  • 55
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : audio-visual services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 174
    Keywords: Kommunikationsmedien ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for motion pictures, television and broadcasting and sound recording. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for audio-visual services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.06 and 0.72 for motion pictures, 0.07 to 0.78 for television and broadcasting, and between 0.05 and 0.37 for sound recording. The sample averages are 0.18 for motion pictures, 0.28 for television and broadcasting and 0.16 for sound recording. Limitations on foreign entry, including foreign equity limits contribute to about two thirds of the index values in television and broadcasting. In motion pictures screen quotas contribute to the indices in many of the countries with scores above average. Sound recording, i.e. music, is the most open of the three audio-visual services sectors where limitations on movement of people account for more than 40% of the index value. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nj4fc22-en
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  • 56
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : transport and courier services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (98 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 176
    Keywords: Logistikdienstleister ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for transport and courier services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for transport and courier services and captures de jure regulations in force in 2013. The STRI supports the view that these services are subject to very different regulatory frameworks and, in some cases, to a relatively elevated degree of regulation. Indices for air transport covering measures affecting commercial establishment and accompanying movement of natural persons are on average quite high (0.43), with little variation across countries. A preliminary assessment of restrictiveness in cross-border trade in the sector shows that, while some progress in easing restrictions has been achieved through open skies agreements, significant limitations remain in place. The maritime transport sector is moderately open with an average STRI of 0.25. Foreign equity restrictions are still quite common in the sector and contribute significantly to the index. Most other sector-specific restrictions are found in the cabotage market and in ports. In road freight transport, the results confirm that the domestic road freight transport regime has been significantly liberalised over the years, and currently commercial establishment in the sector is largely affected by horizontal measures. The overall level of restrictiveness is relatively low with an average of 0.16, but exhibits pretty large variation. With respect to rail freight, the STRI also supports the view that considerable reforms have been undertaken in the sector in the past decades. The average level of restrictiveness is moderate at 0.22, although two countries maintain a statutory state-owned monopoly, which implies that the sector is completely closed to foreign suppliers. Finally, for courier services the results show that the overall level of restrictiveness is moderate with a sample average of 0.26. There is, however, large variation in STRI indices among countries. The elevated levels of restrictiveness are found in countries where foreign equity restrictions or statutory monopolies exist.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nd187r6-en
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  • 57
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    Public financial management in infrastructure in Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 323
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.323
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Haushaltsplanung ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Finanzreform ; Infrastrukturinvestition ; Afrika ; Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: To what extent do budgetary processes and institutions hamper infrastructural development in Africa? To answer that question, this report analyses the answers of budget officials to questionnaires administered in 22 African countries: Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Cabo Verde, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Republic of Sudan, Tunisia and Zimbabwe.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzmjr4qlhb-en
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  • 58
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    The economics of transition to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 244
    Keywords: Internet ; Informationsökonomik ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report makes the case that IPv6 represents an example of a platform; within the context of IPv6, the sides of the platform are Internet service providers, backbone providers, device manufacturers, content providers, and so forth. The net benefits to adopting the new platform are not distributed equally across sides. For some participants, such as backbone and transit providers and manufacturers of devices such as routers, the transition to IPv6 has been relatively swift. For these participants the benefits of adoption were clear, and adoption demonstrated the technical ability of the company and fitness of its network. For others, such as many content providers for the Web, enterprises contemplating deployment of IPv6 within internal firm networks, and providers of consumer electronics equipment such as DVD or Blu-Ray players or televisions, the transition has been slower. For them the benefits have not been as clear, and many legacy devices, networks, customers and suppliers have not transitioned.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt46d07bhc-en
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  • 59
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    Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia : A Conceptual Framework (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Working Papers no.2014/12
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Stadtentwicklung ; Städtische Flächennutzung ; Wasserversorgung ; Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Energieversorgung ; Abfallwirtschaft ; Vergleich ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Asien ; Environment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The development of Asian cities is characterised by rapid and continuous urbanisation on an unprecedented scale, with rapid economic growth led in most places by the manufacturing industry, and rapidly increasing motorisation. The result has been escalating greenhouse gas emissions, sprawling urban development and local environmental impacts, as well as disparities in income, education levels and job opportunities in the urban population. These trends differ sharply from those in most of the OECD area and call for a green growth model that differs from those identified in previous OECD studies and that addresses the specific circumstances of Asian cities. This paper proposes an analytical framework for assessing policies for green growth in rapidly growing cities in the emerging world. It builds on Cities and Green Growth: A Conceptual Framework (Hammer et al., 2011) and is adapted to the urban policy context of dynamic Asia. Its three main elements are: i) identification of the key policy strategies for urban green growth in fast-growing Asian cities, highlighting similarities to and differences from OECD cities; ii) opportunities for green growth; and iii) enabling strategies for implementing urban green growth.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5js7svlw8m0x-en
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  • 60
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    Greening Household Behaviour and Waste (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.76
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Abfallvermeidung ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Ökonometrie ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report focusses on the determinants of household waste generation, the separation of recyclables and waste prevention behaviours. It presents the econometric results of follow-up analysis of the 2011 OECD Survey on Environmental Policy and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). This report complements the overview of the survey data provided in the publication « Greening Household Behaviour: Overview from the 2011 Survey - Revised edition » (2014)...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxrclmxnfr8-en
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  • 61
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    Estimating shadow prices of pollution in selected OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2014, 02
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Now that pollution is reaching worrisome levels in some countries and at the global level, there is a growing consensus that it needs to be explicitly considered as a by-product of the production process and incorporated in economic decisions. But this is not easy in the absence of markets and observable prices. Shadow prices of pollution, the opportunity cost of abating pollution in the form of reduced output, have to be estimated using specific techniques and serve several purposes. It’s a signal firms have to take into consideration when they decide upon their investment decisions. Shadow prices can also inform policymakers when they set policies. They can be used to assess policy ex ante by comparing the marginal benefits of environment policies with the cost they involve for private firms. These prices can be seen as benchmark for allowance price in emission market-based schemes or can be useful in designing optimal environmental tax schemes. The indicator can also be used ex post and can be considered as a policy indicator of pollution regulation and compliance to these regulations. More generally such prices are used each time there is a need to value pollution...
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvd5rnjnxs-en
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  • 62
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    Intelligent demand : policy rationale, design and potential benefits (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 13
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy interest in demand-side initiatives has grown in recent years. This may reflect an expectation that demand-side policy could be particularly effective in steering innovation to meet societal needs. In addition, owing to constrained public finances in most OECD countries, the possibility that demand-side policies might be less expensive than direct support measures is attractive. Interest may also reflect some degree of disappointment with the outcomes of traditional supply-side measures. This paper reviews demand-side innovation policies, their rationales and importance across countries, different approaches to their design, the challenges entailed in their implementation and evaluation, and good practices. Three main forms of demand-side policy are considered: innovation-oriented public procurement, innovation-oriented regulations, and standards. Emphasis is placed on innovation-oriented public procurement.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8p4rk3944-en
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  • 63
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    New investment approaches for addressing social and economic challenges (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 15
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper aims to provide an introduction to and overview of the social investment market for policy makers in OECD and non-OECD countries. Social investment is the provision of finance to organisations with the explicit expectation of a social, as well as financial, return. Social investment has become increasingly relevant in today’s economic environment as social challenges have mounted while public funds in many countries are under pressure. New investment approaches are needed for addressing social and economic challenges, including new models of public and private partnership which can fund, deliver and scale innovative solutions from the ground up.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2bz8g00jj-en
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  • 64
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    Biobased chemicals and bioplastics : finding the right policy balance (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 96 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 17
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As OECD countries emerge from the global financial crisis, several countries have published their plans for the development of a future bioeconomy, an economy in which bio-based materials and production techniques will contribute significantly to economic and environmental sustainability. Such plans typically involve building a bio-based production industry in which fuels, energy and materials such as chemicals and plastics, almost always generated from fossil resources such as oil and natural gas, are incrementally replaced by equivalent or novel products generated from renewable resources. The realisation of this vision will require sustainably harnessing the vast biomass resource. The highest policy priorities at present are on several levels: allowing bio-based materials to compete for biomass on price with bioelectricity and biofuels; rectifying the highly distorting fossil fuel subsidies, heading off future competition for crude oil demand; and correcting for any excessive regulatory impacts. If governments wish to realise a successful bioeconomy in the future, the case for support for bio-based chemicals and plastics warrants serious attention.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwwfjx0djf-en
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  • 65
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    Good governance and national well-being : what are the linkages? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on public governance 25
    Keywords: 2005 - 2012 ; Good Governance ; Gesundheit ; Zufriedenheit ; Welt ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper was prepared by John F. Helliwell, Haifang Huang, Shawn Grover and Shun Wang in collaboration with Mario Marcel, Martin Forst and Tatyana Teplova. This paper has three main objectives. The first is to review existing studies of the links between good governance and subjective well-being. The second is to bring together the largest available sets of nationallevel measures of the quality of governance, and to assess the extent to which they contribute to explaining the levels and changes in life evaluations in 157 countries over the years 2005-2012, using data from the Gallup World Poll already analysed in some detail in the World Happiness Report 2013. The third objective is to use subjective well-being research to suggest ways in which governance can be changed so as to improve lives in all countries, as measured by peoples’ own evaluations. The paper starts with a summary of the evidence and policy implications. There follow the four main sections of the paper, a statistical appendix containing a broad range of data and results, and an extensive annotated bibliography of empirical literature linking good governance and subjective well-being.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxv9f651hvj-en
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  • 66
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    The OECD Metropolitan Governance Survey : a quantitative description of governance structures in large urban agglomerations (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/04
    Keywords: Ballungsraum ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Datenerhebung ; OECD-Staaten ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Even though metropolitan areas account for half of the population, and an even larger share of economic activity of OECD countries, almost no systematic information on governance structures in these areas exists. This study – based on a novel data set – gives an overview of governance arrangements in OECD metropolitan areas. It shows that organisations dedicated to metropolitan area governance are common, but often have little powers. Nevertheless, the existence of such organisations is related with better performance on a range of important outcome variables, such as public transport systems, environmental issues, and urban sprawl.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz43zldh08p-en
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  • 67
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    Same same but different : school-to-work transitions in emerging and advanced economies (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 154
    Keywords: Absolventen ; Arbeitsuche ; Karriereplanung ; Schwellenländer ; Industrieländer ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Improving school-to-work transitions and ensuring better career opportunities for youth after labour market entrance are common goals in emerging and advanced economies as they can contribute to raising the productive potential of the economy and to increasing social cohesion. However, the challenges faced in achieving these objectives and the policies required vary between emerging and advanced economies. This paper analyses youth labour market outcomes in 16 countries: eight emerging countries and eight advanced economies. In light of this analysis, it also discusses differences and similarities in the policy measures countries have at their disposal to tackle the key emerging challenges.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jzbb2t1rcwc-en
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  • 68
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    Strengthening competition in Poland (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1125
    Keywords: Wettbewerbsaufsicht ; Deregulierung ; Wettbewerb ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Produktivität ; Polen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Poland’s productivity has grown strongly over the past decade, and efforts to reduce the regulatory burden have been significant. Despite impressive progress, product market regulation remains more burdensome than in most OECD countries, partly due to the importance of red tape and the level of state involvement in the economy. Further reduction in red tape and pursuing privatisation in competitive markets would increase competitive pressures and ensure neutrality, notably in public procurement processes. Economic rents in many sectors seem high, as stringent entry regulations, regulatory barriers and inefficient bankruptcy procedures induce significant resource misallocation. A welcome deregulation of professional services is ongoing, and the government plans to further ease firm registrations and reform bankruptcy procedures. The independence of the sector regulators in network industries and the powers of the Competition Authority can still be enhanced, as the reform efforts in these sectors remain patchy. The dominant positions of the incumbents and the failure of network sector regulators to introduce a level playing field in order to secure third-party access to the sectoral infrastructure and allow new entry in the competitive segments are another main issue. The advantages of being considered a farmer are also slowing the consolidation process in the agricultural sector. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Poland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-poland.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2pwzpzvkg-en
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  • 69
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    Overcoming vulnerabilities of health care systems (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1132
    Keywords: Gesundheitsversorgung ; Makroökonomik ; Schock ; Öffentlich-private Partnerschaft ; Nachhaltigkeit ; BRICS-Staaten ; Indonesien ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates the vulnerabilities of health care systems in OECD and BRIICS countries to adverse secular trends and large macroeconomic shocks. It identifies policies that can ally vulnerabilities considering the institutional setting of health care systems, such as the public-private mix and the main sources of revenues, and the need to balance economic sustainability with the adequacy of services.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz159228n6j-en
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  • 70
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    Overcoming vulnerabilities of pension systems (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1133
    Keywords: Rentenfinanzierung ; Umlageverfahren ; Rentenreform ; OECD-Staaten ; Indonesien ; BRICS-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Demographic developments are unfavourable for the financing of pension schemes in most OECD countries, implying continued growth in pension expenditure in virtually all OECD countries. This paper examines the vulnerability of pension systems, with an emphasis on financial sustainability and adequacy. Policy trade-offs and complementarities are reviewed and flanking policies which could underpin successful pension reforms are examined. Automatic adjustment mechanisms are highlighted, as are the roles of prudential regulation and buffer or reserve funds in the case of shocks. Pension system vulnerability indicators are presented for all OECD countries, and the challenges and vulnerabilities of pensions systems in the BRIICS countries are reviewed.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz1591prxth-en
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  • 71
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    Transparency of export restrictions : a checklist promoting good practice (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 164
    Keywords: Exportbeschränkung ; Rohstoff ; Politische Kommunikation ; Good Governance ; WTO-Recht ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The incidence of export taxes, prohibitions and other measures that raise export prices, limit export quantities or place conditions on exporting is on the rise. Transparency can help mitigate the negative effects of export restrictions by enabling affected stakeholders to better understand and anticipate policy change and adjust their activities. This paper develops a checklist of good practice in transparency which can serve as a tool for self-evaluation by governments and for promoting better and more consistent transparency practices in this area. The items of the checklist are drawn from norms and practices found in WTO and regional trade agreements and good governance guidelines. Additionally, feedback was sought through a small business survey. The list provides guidance with respect to such questions as what, when and how information about export restrictions governments ought to make public. It assembles relevant principles for keeping stakeholders and the general public informed at different stages of developing and implementing export restrictions and identifies information content for an effective information policy. Transparency moreover depends on the ease with which information can be obtained and on the extent to which stakeholders have an opportunity to make their views known when a measure is still on the drawing board.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz417hqk38q-en
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  • 72
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    Consumer policy guidance on mobile and online payments (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 236
    Keywords: Elektronisches Geld ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD Committee on Consumer Policy has issued this policy guidance to boost consumer protection when using mobile and on-line payment systems and to identify ways in which policy makers and businesses can work together to strengthen consumer protection while spurring innovation in the marketplace. The guidance addresses a number of key issues in the emerging mobile and online payment area, including the need to establish minimum levels of consumer protection across payment mechanisms, enhanced privacy and child protection, and standards for transparent and accessible information disclosures
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz432cl1ns7-en
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  • 73
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    Macroprudential policy tools in Norway : strengthening financial system resilience (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1126
    Keywords: Finanzmarktregulierung ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Immobilienmarkt ; Norwegen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Norway ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In Norway house prices have risen to high levels, associated with very strong credit growth, in a context of low interest rates. Such a combination was in many countries a contributory factor to the 2008- 09 crisis. The Norwegian authorities have been well aware of the problem. Below-target inflation and low interest rates abroad have kept policy interest rates low. “Macro-prudential” tools have been developed as additional policy instruments with a view to strengthen the banking system’s resilience to possible shocks and dampen systemic risk. This chapter notes that although authorities seem to have succeeded in containing over-heating pressures in the housing market, high levels of household indebtedness persist, a phenomenon which was an important factor in the last major Norwegian recession. The chapter also provides some longer run considerations on resource allocation in the housing market. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Norway (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-norway.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2mm2vbhjk-en
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  • 74
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    Vulnerability of social institutions : lessons from the recent crisis and historical episodes (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1130
    Keywords: 2000 - 2013 ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Rentenfinanzierung ; Arbeitslosenversicherung ; Vergleich ; Finanzkrise ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The recent economic crisis has provided a stress test for the vulnerability of social institutions. This paper assesses the vulnerability of social institutions in light of the current crisis, and surveys past episodes, when social institutions faced similar challenges. Public pay-as-you-go pension systems have generally weathered the crisis well, but private pension funds were severely affected by the financial crisis. While health care spending drifted up further in the early part of the crisis, it levelled off in 2010 and 2011, on average in the OECD, for an unprecedented two years with no spending growth. But, in countries hard hit by the crisis public outlays on health care declined considerably. Unemployment insurance expenditure increased during the crisis in most OECD countries. In some countries, spending rose considerably more than the number of unemployed, reflecting an extension or more generous benefits, while in others the increase was considerably smaller, pointing to adequacy problems of those unemployment insurance schemes. Five country case studies focusing on how social institutions absorbed shocks in the more distant past are also examined and lessons are drawn from these experiences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz1592t3646-en
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  • 75
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    State-invested enterprises in the global marketplace : implications for a level playing field (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD corporate governance working papers 14
    Keywords: 1998 - 2012 ; Luftverkehr ; Elektrizitätsversorgung ; Bergbau ; Erdölindustrie ; Telekommunikationsdienst ; Öffentliches Unternehmen ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Welt ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: State-owned and other state-invested enterprises (SIEs) have become more prominent in the global economy over the last decade. A growing role for state-invested enterprises in the marketplace is not in itself onerous. According to an OECD consensus, as expressed through the Organisation’s legal instruments, SOEs can be operated according to similarly high standards of governance, transparency and efficiency as private companies, in which case the ownership issue is moot. However, only some of the world’s most advanced economies, following decades of reform of their SOE sectors, have approached this point. Moreover, when SOEs operate across borders the challenges may multiply. With this background, this paper compares the difference between SIEs and non- SIEs in five sectors: air transportation, electricity, mining, oil & gas and telecommunication. The empirical analysis indicates that, in addition to any financing advantages, large state-invested enterprises also seem to benefit from an unusually favourable position in their home markets. A comparative analysis further shows that, in the course of the last ten years, SIEs have generally enjoyed higher rates of return than comparable private companies. The paper concludes that the growing role of state-invested enterprises in the international marketplace does not yet present a serious macroeconomic challenge. However, since it is likely to keep growing for some time, challenges need to be addressed relatively soon. This makes for a strong case for enhanced policy coordination and information sharing. If legally binding instruments cannot be developed in the near to medium-term to ensure competitive neutrality, consultation mechanisms could be established through which the main players in international trade and investment can exchange views on matters of common concern related to the state in the marketplace. The ultimate purpose would be ensuring that the international trade and investment environment remains open, non-discriminatory and offering a level playing field.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0xvfvl6nw-en
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  • 76
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    Skills at work : how skills and their use matter in the labour market (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 158
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Fachkräfte ; Bildungsabschluss ; Qualifikation ; Anforderungsprofil ; Lohnstruktur ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Human capital is key for economic growth. Not only is it linked to aggregate economic performance but also to each individual’s labour market outcomes. However, a skilled population is not enough to achieve high and inclusive growth, as skills need to be put into productive use at work. Thanks to the availability of measures of both the proficiency and the use of numerous types of skills, the Survey of Adult Skills offers a unique opportunity to advance knowledge in this area and this paper presents and discusses evidence on both these dimensions with a particular focus on their implications for labour market policy. This paper explores the role played in the labour market by skill proficiency in the areas of literacy, numeracy and problem solving in technology-rich environments. It also shows how skills use, not only proficiency, affects a number of key labour market phenomena, such as the gender wage gap. Finally, the paper combines information on skill proficiency, educational attainment, skill use and qualification requirements to construct indicators of qualification and skills mismatch and to explore their causes and consequences.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz44fdfjm7j-en
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  • 77
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    Changes in family policies and outcomes : is there convergence? (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 157
    Keywords: Familienpolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents new information on trends in family and child outcomes and policies over the past decades, in order to assess whether there has been any convergence over time across OECD and EU countries. Important drivers of population structure such as life expectancy and fertility rates are becoming more similar across countries as are marriage and divorce rates. Increased educational attainment has contributed to greater female employment participation and convergence therein across countries. Child well-being outcomes show a more mixed pattern with improvements and convergence in infant mortality, but varying trends in child poverty across countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz13wllxgzt-en
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  • 78
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    The role of national ecosystem assessments in influencing policy making (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers 60
    Keywords: Naturschutz ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Erneuerbare Ressourcen ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltökonomik ; Environment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: An ecosystem assessment is a social process through which the findings of science concerning the causes of ecosystem change, their consequences for human well-bring, and the management and policy options are evaluated. Ecosystem assessments can play an important role in synthesising and communicating complex information and can both inform and influence decision-making processes. This paper draws insights from experience with National Ecosystem Assessments (NEAs) recently undertaken in the UK, Japan, Spain, and Portugal, as well as other ecosystem assessments undertaken at regional and international geographical scales, and highlights lessons learned so that the impact of NEAs on policy can be enhanced. The paper concludes by identifying key issues needed to develop practical guidance for successful ecosystem assessments.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvl3zsbhkk-en
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  • 79
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    Metropolitan governance of transport and land use in Chicago (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2014/08
    Keywords: Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Stadtverkehr ; Kommunale Infrastruktur ; Öffentlicher Nahverkehr ; Ballungsraum ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Chicago (Ill.) ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; United States ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study aims to assess the degree of institutional fragmentation of transport and land use planning in Chicago and to assess the main challenges related to this institutional fragmentation. It provides an overview of local governments in metropolitan Chicago and mechanisms for metropolitan coordination, including organisations at the metropolitan scale, dealing with planning, land use and transport. Five main challenges related to institutional fragmentation in transport and land use planning are identified: a lack of (1) interconnectivity, (2) coherence across transit modes, (3) regional freight planning, (4) accountability and (5) implementation power of regional planning and transport objectives. These challenges are analysed. The concluding section suggests some avenues for reform that could be explored in order to overcome the challenges of metropolitan fragmentation in transport and land use in Chicago.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzjs6lp65k-en
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  • 80
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Italy (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (87 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 71
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Italien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Italy ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MHAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MHAPs is possible and encouraged. The recent history of mental health in Italy has been one of de-institutionalisation. The significant overhaul undertaken with regards to mental health over the last years is an example of this process: as it moved away from the century-long tradition of restrictive mental health asylums (manicomi) from the late 1970s with the recent process of closures of judicial psychiatric hospitals (Ospedali Psichiatrici Giudiziari – OPG), Italy progressively managed to integrate mental health services within community-based facilities. Focus was no longer on security and on isolating citizens suffering from mental disorders, but rather on patients’ needs and moving towards social integration and rehabilitation.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz15922hmd4-en
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  • 81
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    Mental Health Analysis Profiles (MhAPs) : Netherlands (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 73
    Keywords: Psychische Krankheit ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Niederlande ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Netherlands ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As part of a wider project on mental health in OECD countries, a series of descriptive profiles have been prepared, intended to provide descriptive, easily comprehensible, highly informative accounts of the mental health systems of OECD countries. These profiles, entitled ‘Mental Health Analysis Profiles’ (MHAPs), will be able to inform discussion and reflection and provide an introduction to and a synthesised account of mental health in a given country. Each MHAP follows the same template, and whilst the MhAPs are stand-alone profiles, loose cross-country comparison using the MhAPs is possible and encouraged. The Dutch mental health system is highly institutionalised and has a large number of psychiatric beds compared to other OECD countries. Nonetheless, government reforms have aimed at shifting the axis of the system from bed-based hospital services to more integrated mental health services and community-based services. Structural changes to the Dutch mental health system, together with recent government policies that aim to improve access to mental health services, have led to decreasing the treatment gap for mental disorders but also to increasing the expenditures associated with mental health care up until 2011.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz158z60dzn-en
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  • 82
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    Health, austerity and economic crisis : assessing the short-term impact in OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 76
    Keywords: 2008 ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Konjunkturstatistik ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The economic crisis that started in 2008 has had a profound impact on the lives of citizens. Millions of people lost their job, saw their life-savings disappear and experienced prolonged financial hardship. The economic crisis has also led a number of OECD governments to introduce austerity measures to reduce public deficits. The health sector, like many other social welfare programmes, has witnessed extensive spending cuts and has also been the subject of substantial reforms. The combined effects of economic crisis, austerity and reforms have led many OECD health systems into unchartered territory. This paper looks at the impact of economic crisis on health and health care. It summarises findings from the published literature on the effects of economic crisis that took place over the past few decades and also describes recent health policy reforms, focusing on those countries where the economic crisis has hit hardest. Finally, this paper analyses the empirical relationship between unemployment and health care use, quality and health outcomes, using data from OECD Health Statistics. In doing so, it investigates whether the effects of unemployment on health outcomes have been extenuated by austerity measures...
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx71lt1zg6-en
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  • 83
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    Pricing and competition in specialist medical services : an overview for South Africa (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers 70
    Keywords: Gesundheitskosten ; Ärzte ; Preismanagement ; Krankenhaus ; Privatwirtschaft ; Wettbewerbspolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Südafrika ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; South Africa ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Major disparities in the cost of health care have made the pricing of specialist and hospital services a contentious issue in South Africa, particularly in the private sector. To help inform policy debate, this paper profiles selected experiences on the pricing of health services, competition policy and models of buying specialist health care services from the private sector across the OECD. Firstly, South Africa is compared to OECD countries to identify countries where voluntary private health insurance – the major source of financing for private hospitals – plays a similar role. Second, this paper provides an overview of price setting across OECD health care systems. It then covers the economic rationale and the institutional arrangements which OECD countries have established to set prices, before moving to an overview of competition policy considerations surrounding these arrangements. Finally, the paper highlights a few models of buying services from the private sector for public patients, with a particular focus on Mexico and Turkey. It is argued that South Africa should separate the task of establishing a schedule of medical services from negotiations over overall payments to medical professionals.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2lpxcrhd5-en
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  • 84
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    Environmental policies and risk finance in the green sector : cross-country evidence (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: 2005 - 2010 ; Öko-Produkt ; Risikokapital ; Umweltpolitik ; Vergleich ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Start-up firms play a crucial role in bringing to the market the innovations needed to move to a greener growth path. Risk finance is essential for allowing new ventures to commercialise new ideas and grow, especially in emerging sectors. Still, very little is known about the drivers and the characteristics of risk finance in the green sector. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed description of risk finance in the green sector across 29 OECD and BRIICS countries over the period 2005-2010 and identifying the role that policies might have in shaping high-growth investments in this sector. Results are drawn from a comprehensive deal-level database of businesses seeking financing in the green industry combined with indicators of renewable policies and government R&D expenditures. The results suggest that both supply-side policies and environmental deployment policies, designed with a long-term perspective of creating a market for environmental technologies, are associated with higher levels of risk finance relative to more short-term fiscal policies, such as tax incentives and rebates. In addition, when focusing on renewable energy generation, the results confirm the positive association of generous feed-in tariffs (FITs) with risk-finance investment. However in the solar sector excessively generous FITs tend to discourage investment.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz6wn918j37-en
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  • 85
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    Growth policies and macroeconomic stability (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD economic policy papers 8
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Konjunktur ; Volatilität ; Schock ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Policy reforms aimed at boosting long-run growth often have side effects – positive or negative – on an economy’s vulnerability to shocks and their propagation. Macroeconomic shocks as severe and protracted as those since 2007 warrant a reconsideration of the role growth-promoting policies play in shaping the vulnerability and resilience of an economy to macroeconomic shocks. Against this background, this paper looks at a vast array of policy recommendations by the OECD that promote longterm growth – contained in Going for Growth and the Economic Outlook – and attempts to establish whether they underpin macroeconomic stability or whether there is a trade-off.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz8t849335d-en
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  • 86
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    Personal tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses : estimating the fiscal and environmental costs (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers 20
    Keywords: 2012 ; Fahrzeugflotte ; Pendelverkehr ; Geldwerter Vorteil ; Einkommensteuer ; Umweltbelastung ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Taxation ; Transport ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Company cars form a large proportion of the car fleet in many OECD countries and are also influential in determining the composition of the wider vehicle fleet. When employees provided with a company car use that car for personal purposes, personal income tax rules value the benefit in a number of different ways. How accurate these rules are in valuing the benefit has important implications for tax revenue, the environment and other social impacts such as congestion. This paper outlines the tax treatment of company cars and commuting expenses in 27 OECD countries and one partner country. It compares these tax settings with a stylised “benchmark” tax treatment that estimates the full value of the benefit received by employees with company vehicles. The paper demonstrates that the estimated tax expenditures associated with company car taxation in these countries in 2012 can be quite considerable. Significantly, from an environmental perspective, in most countries employees faced no additional increase in tax payable in response to an increase in the assumption of distance driven.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz14cg1s7vl-en
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  • 87
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    Investment treaty law, sustainable development and responsible business conduct : a fact finding survey (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/01
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment
    Keywords: bribery ; investor state arbitration ; investment treaties ; environmental law ; labour law ; ISDS ; corruption ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Investment treaty law – which is scattered over 3 000 international investment agreements adopted over a period of 50 years – is a crucial but complex basis for regulating international investment flows. Investment treaties are often thought to be silent on investors’ responsibilities to host societies and on their contributions to sustainable development. The present paper establishes a factual and statistical basis for understanding the relationship between investment treaty law and governments’ ability to advance the sustainable development agenda and promote responsible business conduct. The paper presents survey results of 2 107 investment treaties and 1 113 treaty-based arbitration cases in order to shed light on how (if at all) labour, environmental, human rights and anti-corruption considerations are referred to in investment treaties and investor-state arbitration cases based on them.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0xvgx1zlt-en
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  • 88
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    Investment treaties and shareholder claims for reflective loss : insights from advanced systems of corporate law (2014)
    Paris : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment 2014/02
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment
    Keywords: consistency of arbitral decisions ; stockholder remedies ; international economic law ; creditors ; separate legal personality ; arbitrators ; board of directors ; international investment agreements ; investor-state dispute settlement ; shareholder claims ; transferability of shares ; entity shielding ; creditors’ rights ; treaty shopping ; bilateral investment treaties ; loan covenant ; reflective loss ; level playing field ; shareholders ; shareholder rights ; corporate law ; judicial economy ; limited liability ; stockholders ; investment treaties ; company law ; consistency ; international arbitration ; access to justice ; derivative injury ; foreign investment ; derivative loss ; competitive neutrality ; agency costs ; settlement ; international investment ; business corporations ; domestic impact of investment law ; derivative action ; comparative law ; shareholder remedies ; international investment law ; reflective injury ; investment arbitration ; Finance and Investment ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Corporate law in advanced domestic legal systems on the one hand, and typical treaties for the protection of foreign investment on the other hand, treat claims for damages by company shareholders differently. Advanced domestic systems generally bar shareholders from claiming for reflective loss – loss that arises from injury to "their" company (such as a decline in the value of shares). The claim for the loss belongs to the injured company and not to its shareholders. In contrast, shareholder claims for reflective loss have been widely permitted under typical investment treaties over the last 10 years. Ongoing OECD-hosted inter-governmental dialogue on investment law is considering whether there are policy reasons justifying the different approaches to shareholder claims for reflective loss. This paper examines shareholder claims for reflective loss under investment treaties in light of comparative analysis of advanced systems of corporate law. The paper considers the impact of allowing shareholder claims for reflective loss on key characteristics of the business corporation. The paper also explores possible responses by different categories of investors to the availability of shareholder claims for reflective loss under investment treaties.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0xvgngmr3-en
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  • 89
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    Workplace stress in the United States : issues and policies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 S.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1150
    Keywords: Stress ; Gesundheit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Despite relative affluence, workplace stress is a prominent feature of the US labour market. To the extent that job stress causes poor health outcomes – either directly through increased blood pressure, fatigue, muscle pain, etc. or indirectly through increased rates of cigarette smoking – policy to lessen job stress may be appropriate. Focusing predominantly on the United States, this report reviews the literature on a variety of economic concerns related to job stress and health. Areas in which economists may provide valuable insights regarding job stress include empirical selection concerns in identifying the effect of stress on health; measurement error with respect to stress; the existence and magnitude of compensating differentials for stress; and the unique “job lock” effect in the United States created by a system of employer-provided health insurance. This report concludes with a brief discussion of US policies related to job stress. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of the United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States ).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zb5t4532-en
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  • 90
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    Reducing income inequality and poverty and promoting social mobility in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1153
    Keywords: Altersarmut ; Soziale Mobilität ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Altersvorsorge ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentation ; Südkorea ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: To strengthen social cohesion, a top government priority, it is essential to address the labour market roots of inequality by breaking down dualism to reduce the share of non-regular workers and to boost the employment ratio toward the government’s 70% target. Education reforms are also important to enhance social mobility. Social welfare programmes should be improved to make them more effective, especially among the elderly, where the relative poverty rate is 49%. In addition, reforms are needed now to develop an effective three-pillar system of retirement income based on the National Pension Scheme, company pensions and individual savings. High household debt also has adverse implications for equity, as well as for growth, as individuals with low income and credit ratings have limited access to financial markets and many are delinquent on their loans. Policies to offer credit to such households and restructure their debt, while limiting moral hazard and developing market-based lending, are essential. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/economic-survey-korea.htm).
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh6l5p7l-en
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  • 91
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    US long term interest rates and capital flows to emerging economies (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1155
    Keywords: Zins ; Börsenkurs ; Wechselkurssystem ; Kapitalimport ; USA ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Following Chairman Ben Bernanke’s comments before Congress that the FOMC may ‘take a step down in the pace of asset purchases if economic improvement appears to be sustained’, US 10-year interest rates picked up sharply and gross capital flows to emerging market economies (EMEs) reversed. These events raised concerns that further increases in US interest rates could trigger sharp changes of capital flows that would be followed by financial crises in EMEs. To assess this possibility, this paper studies the association between US long term interest rates and cycles of capital flows to EMEs. It finds that, indeed, cycles in capital flows to EMEs are linked to global conditions, including global risk aversion and long term interest rates in the United States. In particular, higher US long term interest rates are associated with lower levels of gross capital flows to EMEs, and to a higher probability of observing sharp reversals in those flows. Episodes of net capital inflows, on the other hand, are mostly associated with domestic macroeconomic conditions. In particular, economies with relatively low levels of gross outflows, with a high ratio of short-term debt to international reserves or with weak domestic fundamentals are more vulnerable to the risk of a classic sudden stop à la Calvo. This Working Paper relates to the OECD Economic Survey of the United States 2014 (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-unitedstates. htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0wh67l733-en
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  • 92
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    Reducing macroeconomic imbalances in Turkey (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1160
    Keywords: Finanzpolitik ; Wettbewerb ; Finanzmarktregulierung ; Leistungsbilanz ; Geldpolitik ; Sparen ; Türkei ; Economics ; Turkey ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Turkey recovered swiftly from the global financial crisis but sizeable macroeconomic imbalances arose in the process. High consumer price inflation and a wide current account deficit are sources of vulnerability. Even though below-potential growth helps rebalancing and disinflation, these imbalances endure. The financial sector still looks resilient thanks to buffers built up mainly prior to the financial crisis. However, private sector balance sheet risks have gained prominence as leverage increased. Macroeconomic and structural policy levers need to steer a passage between robust but externally unsustainable growth and externally viable but low growth. Monetary policy needs to bring inflation and inflation expectations closer to target. Macroprudential policies could more systematically lean against capital inflows and credit cycles to reduce private sector balance sheet vulnerabilities. The fiscal stance is broadly appropriate, but compliance with a multi-year general government spending ceiling would help avoid pro-cyclical loosening in case of revenue surprises and help boost domestic saving. Overall, policies should help reduce the risk of disruptions in capital flows as monetary policy stimulus is being withdrawn in the United States.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx055pjf0x-en
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  • 93
    Online Resource
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    Addressing high household debt in Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1164
    Keywords: 2012 ; Private Verschuldung ; Umschuldung ; Südkorea ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Rising household debt has become a major policy concern in Korea. By the end of 2012, it had risen to 164% of disposable income, well above the OECD average of 133%. In addition to the economic impact and the risk to the financial sector, it raises social cohesion issues, as households with low income and credit ratings have limited access to financial markets and many are delinquent on their loans. It is essential to induce the soft-landing of household debt through a two-track approach: i) offering credit to households with low income and credit ratings and restructuring their debt, while limiting moral hazard and developing market-based lending; and ii) containing the risk caused by high household debt by strengthening prudential measures for financial institutions and improving mortgage lending by reducing the share of floating-rate and “bullet repayment” loans. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Korea (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-korea.htm)
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx0558mfbv-en
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  • 94
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    Factors behind the decline in real long-term government bond yields (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1167
    Keywords: 1970 - 2014 ; Zins ; Öffentliche Anleihe ; Kapitaleinkommen ; Währungsreserven ; Geldpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper describes developments in real long-term interest rates in the main OECD economies and surveys their various determinants. Real long-term government bond yields declined from the 1980s to very low levels in the recent period, though they have not reached the historical lows of the 1970s. The decline in real interest rates has been driven by a combination of factors whose importance has varied over time. In the 1990s, the decline in inflation levels and in volatility was key. In the 2000s, purchases of US government bonds by official investors in emerging market economies, played an important role. More recently, quantitative easing and other unconventional monetary policy action, and possibly the Basel-III-induced increase in bank demand for safe assets, have been main drivers. Higher perceptions of risks after the last crisis do not seem to have put lasting downward pressures on government bond yields.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxvgg7q1322-en
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  • 95
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    The internet economy : regulatory challenges and practices (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1171
    Keywords: Internet ; Electronic Commerce ; Regulierung ; Wettbewerb ; Verbraucherschutz ; Vergleich ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Internet has become an integral part of the everyday life of households, firms and governments. Its proper functioning over the long run is therefore crucial for economic growth and people’s wellbeing more generally. The success of the Internet depends on its openness and the confidence of users. Designing policies that protect society while allowing for Internet’s great economic potential to be fulfilled, is a difficult task. This paper investigates this challenge and takes stock of existing regulations in OECD and selected non-OECD countries in specific areas related to the digital economy. It finds that despite the regulatory difficulties, the Internet is far from being a “regulation-free” space as there are various industry standards, co-regulatory agreements between industry and the government, and in some cases also state regulation. Most of them aim at protecting personal data and consumers more generally. In many cases generally applicable laws and regulations exist that address privacy, security and consumer protection issues both in the traditional and the digital economy.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxszm7x2qmr-en
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  • 96
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    Measuring well-being and progress in countries at different stages of development : towards a more universal conceptual framework (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Working paper / OECD Development Centre 325
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.325
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Gesundheit ; Zufriedenheit ; Entwicklungsländer ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Economics ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A wide range of voices around the world have stressed the need to understand development as a multidimensional phenomenon that involves and affects many aspects of people’s lives. Increasingly, it is recognised that current well-being and its long-term sustainability are the ultimate goals of development and that these notions better capture the human experience of development. The objectives of this paper are to explain why well-being matters in countries at different levels of development and to address measurement challenges in the context of developing countries. These objectives are pursued in four main steps. First, the paper offers a conception of well-being and illustrates its relevance in different development contexts. Second, it describes briefly how the measurement of well-being is implemented under the OECD Better Life Initiative for OECD countries. Third, it proposes ways in which the OECD framework can be adapted to specific development contexts and thereby made more universal, by suggesting relevant well-being dimensions and indicators that could be used to measure well-being in developing countries. Finally, it discusses the possible implications of the adapted framework for OECD work in developing countries, in particular its possible use in the Multi-Dimensional Country Reviews conducted by the OECD Development Centre for a range of non OECD countries.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxss4hv2d8n-en
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  • 97
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    Wireless market structures and network sharing (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (89 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers 243
    Keywords: Mobilkommunikation ; Netzinfrastruktur ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: A key issue for policy makers and regulators across the OECD area is the market structures that will best deliver efficient and inclusive mobile communication services. This has led to two issues addressed in this report, namely: the recent experience in selected countries, which have changed or held constant the number of facilities based operators; and the initial experience and key questions that have arisen with wireless network sharing. These questions are related because they converge around the issue of how many facilities-based networks are optimal in providing competitive services in the same geographical location. In all OECD countries there are at least three mobile network operators (MNOs), which broadly compete on a national basis, with some countries having four or five facilities-based networks operating nationally or in the same region. Historically, the coverage and capabilities of these networks have been important factors used by operators to differentiate their offers and attract customers. Nonetheless, sharing the expense of network facilities between multiple MNOs can significantly reduce costs, especially at a time when there are demands on operators to roll out new networks or extend coverage.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt46dzl9r2-en
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  • 98
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    Exports and employment in China, Indonesia, Japan and Korea (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 166
    Keywords: 1995 - 2009 ; Export ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Unternehmenskooperation ; China ; Japan ; Südkorea ; Employment ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic ; Indonesia ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the effects of exports on employment in China, Indonesia, Japan and Korea. It draws on input-output data for the period from 1995 to 2009 to estimate the effects on each industry's employment (i.e. direct effects) and on other industries' employment through intra-industry linkages (i.e. indirect effects). There are four major findings. First, at the aggregate level, the implied employment from exports increased in China, Japan and Korea. Second, at the industry level, exports and the shares of implied employment from exports increased in machinery-related industries such as Machinery (NEC), Electrical and Optical Equipment, and Transport Equipment in China, Indonesia and Korea. Third, although more than 80% of exports in the four study countries are from manufacturing industries, the employment effects are not limited to manufacturing industries. A significant number of workers in non-manufacturing industries depend upon manufacturing exports through vertical inter-industry linkages. Non-manufacturing industries account for between 40% and 60% of the implied employment from exports. Finally, in 2009, the share of implied employment from Chinese final demand exceeded that from the US final demand in both Japan and Korea. An implication of the overall results is that even in cases where an industry is not particularly directly export-oriented, the industry may still be subject to potential effects – positive or negative – of changes in export demand.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxzqqw84vmp-en
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  • 99
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : legal and accounting services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 171
    Keywords: Rechnungswesen ; Rechtsberatung ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for the regulated professions of legal and accounting services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for legal and accounting services and captures de jure regulations in force in 2013. The STRI supports the view that legal and accounting services are subject to a relatively high level of regulation. Restrictiveness for legal services ranges from 0.11 to 0.73, with an average of 0.31. Accounting and auditing services show an average of 0.3 and STRI values ranging from 0.13 to 1. The results provide useful policy insights, particularly in order to identify priorities for reform at the national and international levels. Notably, in the case of legal and accounting services, easing a few prominent restrictions could result in a significantly more liberal and competitive market environment.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4nkg9g24-en
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  • 100
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    Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) : distribution services (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers 173
    Keywords: Vertrieb ; Unternehmensdienstleistung ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelshemmnisse ; Indexberechnung ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents the services trade restrictiveness indices (STRIs) for distribution services. The STRIs are composite indices taking values between zero and one, zero representing an open market and one a market completely closed to foreign services providers. The indices are calculated for 40 countries, the 34 OECD members and Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa. The STRIs capture de jure restrictions. This report presents the first vintage of indicators for distribution services and captures regulations in force in 2013. The scores range between 0.02 and 0.40, with a sample average of 0.13. It is observed that the regulatory profile differs across countries. Restrictions on foreign ownership and other market entry conditions significantly contribute to the results for almost half of the countries covered by the STRI. The paper presents the list of measures included in the indices, the scoring and weighting system for calculating the indices and an analysis of the results.
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    DOI: 10.1787/5jxt4njvtfbx-en
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