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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The role of government in the market for electric vehicles : evidence from China (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Infrastructure Vice Presidency, Office of the Chief Economist
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9359
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Li, Shanjun The Role of Government in the Market for Electric Vehicles: Evidence from China
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: To promote the development and diffusion of electric vehicles, central and local governments in many countries have adopted various incentive programs. This study examines the policy and market drivers behind the rapid development of the electric vehicle market in China, by far the largest one in the world. The analysis is based on the most comprehensive data on electric vehicle sales, local and central government incentive programs, and charging stations in 150 cities from 2015 to 2018. The study addresses the potential endogeneity of key variables, such as local policies and charging infrastructure, using the border regression design and instrumental variable method. The analysis shows that central and local subsidies accounted for over half of the electric vehicles sold during the data period. Investment in charging infrastructure is much more cost-effective than consumer purchase subsidies. In addition, the policy that merely provided electric vehicles a distinctively license plate was strikingly effective. These findings demonstrate the varying efficacy across policy instruments and highlight the critical role of government in promoting fuel-saving technologies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9359
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Transportation and the environment : a review of empirical literature (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Infrastructure Vice Presidency, Office of the Chief Economist
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9421
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Li, Shanjun Transportation and the Environment: A Review of Empirical Literature
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In urban areas around the world, increasing motorization and growing travel demand make the urban transportation sector an ever-greater contributor to local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The situation is particularly acute in developing countries, where growing metropolitan regions suffer some of the world's highest levels of air pollution. Policies that seek to develop and manage this transportation sector-to meet rising demand linked to economic growth and safeguard the environment and human health-have had strikingly different results, with some inadvertently exacerbating the traffic and pollution they seek to mitigate. This paper provides an overview of the findings of the recent literature on the impacts of a host of urban transportation policies used in developed and developing country settings. The paper identifies research challenges and future areas of study of transportation policies, which can have important, long-lasting impacts on urban life and global climate change
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9421
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Understanding Drivers of Decoupling of Global Transport CO2 Emissions from Economic Growth : Evidence from 145 Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Foster, Vivien Understanding Drivers of Decoupling of Global Transport CO2 Emissions from Economic Growth: Evidence from 145 Countries
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Emissions ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Environment ; Greenhouse Gas Emissions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Transportation Sector
    Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which countries have succeeded in decoupling transport emissions from economic growth, and how changes in emissions intensity, economic growth, and population growth have contributed to changes in transportation-related emissions. The paper employs a modified version of the Tapio decoupling model, and demonstrates that over the 1990-2018 study period only 12 of 145 countries achieved "absolute decoupling," defined as reducing emissions while growing gross domestic product. The majority of the top emitters remain in a "relative decoupling" state, with emissions growing more slowly than gross domestic product. Many of the middle- and low-income countries have not achieved decoupling; their emissions are growing as fast as or faster than gross domestic product. To understand the driving factors of transport-related carbon emissions, the paper conducts index-decomposition and an econometric analysis. The results reveal that while transportation emission intensity has declined in most countries, economic growth and population growth have offset these declines. If these patterns continue, achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement with improvements in efficiency alone seems unrealistic. The paper also shows evidence that higher energy prices are associated with strong emissions reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9809
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    The Global Diffusion of Electric Vehicles : Lessons from the First Decade (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Li, Shanjun The Global Diffusion of Electric Vehicles: Lessons from the First Decade
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Charging Infrastructure ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Consumer Demand ; Electric Vehicle ; Energy ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Incentives ; Pollution Management and Control ; Transport ; Transport Infrastructure
    Abstract: Electrifying the transportation sector is key to reaching the goal of carbon neutrality. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the diffusion of passenger electric vehicles based on detailed data on model-level electrical vehicle sales across the world from 2013 to 2020. The analysis shows that the highly uneven electrical vehicle penetration across countries is partly driven by cross-country variation in incentives and especially in the availability of charging infrastructure. Investment in charging infrastructure would have been much more cost-effective than consumer purchase subsidies in promoting electrical vehicle adoption. This finding highlights the importance of expanding charging infrastructure in the next phase of deeper electrical vehicle diffusion
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9882
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Relationship between energy intensity and economic growth : new evidence from a multi-country multi-sector data set (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, South Asia Region, Office of the Chief Economist
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8322
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deichmann, Uwe Relationship between Energy Intensity and Economic Growth: New Evidence from a Multi-Country Multi-Sector Data Set
    Keywords: 1990 - 2014 ; Energiekonsum ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Welt ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper revisits the relationship between energy intensity and economic growth, using a flexible piecewise linear regression model. Based on a panel data set of 137 economies during 1990-2014, the analysis identifies a threshold effect of income growth on energy intensity change: although energy intensity is negatively correlated with income growth throughout the entire sample and study period, the declining rate significantly slows by more than 30 percent after the level of per capita income reaches USD 5,000. Based on index decomposition, the analysis also finds that although structural change is important for intensity levels in all countries, the efficiency effect is more important in higher-income countries. The results suggest that when countries move beyond lower-middle-income levels, energy efficiency policies become far more critical for sustaining the rate of improvement in energy efficiency
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8322
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Electrification and household welfare : evidence from Pakistan (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, South Asia Region, Office of the Chief Economist
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8582
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Samad, Hussain Electrification and Household Welfare: Evidence from Pakistan
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: As many as 50 million people in Pakistan may still live without connection to the electric grid. Pakistan also has some of the world's worst power outages. Using data from a nationally representative two-period panel survey, this paper presents the first empirical evidence on the cost of unreliable electricity supply to households in Pakistan. The results show that lack of connectivity and poor reliability may be costing the country at least USD 4.5 billion (1.7 percent of gross domestic product) a year. Addressing the problem requires energy sector reforms to correct regulatory and institutional distortions in the gas and electricity sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8582
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Electrification and women's empowerment : evidence from rural India (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, South Asia Region, Office of the Chief Economist
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8796
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Samad, Hussain A Electrification and Women's Empowerment: Evidence from Rural India
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Electrification has been shown to accelerate opportunities for women by moving them into more productive activities, but whether improvements in economic outcomes also change gender norms and practices within the household remains unclear. This paper investigates the causal link between electricity access and women's empowerment, using a large gender-disaggregated data set on India. Empowerment is measured by women's decision-making ability, mobility, financial autonomy, reproductive freedom, and social participation. Using propensity score matching, the study finds that electrification enhances all measures of women's empowerment and is associated with an 11-percentage point increase in the overall empowerment index. Employment and education are identified as the two most important causal channels through which electrification enables empowerment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8796
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Combining Remote Sensing and Cell Phone Users' Mobility Data to Monitor the Impact of Transportation on NO2 Concentrations in India (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grainger, Corbett Combining Remote Sensing and Cell Phone Users' Mobility Data to Monitor the Impact of Transportation on NO2 Concentrations in India
    Keywords: Air Pollution From Ground Transport ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Ambient Nitrogen Dioxide ; Automobile Pollution ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Gasoline Powered Vehicle Pollution ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Mobility Data ; Mobility-Generated Pollution ; Pollution Management and Control ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: Estimating the extent to which transportation contributes to air pollution levels has been hampered by the difficulty in separating the relative degree of ambient nitrogen dioxide generated by transportation, power generation, and industrial activity'all of which play roles. This paper addresses this gap by isolating the impact of ground-level mobility on air pollution in India through a combination of remotely sensed tropospheric nitrogen dioxide measures and data from mobile phone users' locations. The paper constructs vectors of ground-level movement of cell phones to estimate the impact of daily changes in mobility within a given district, controlling for both daily thermal electricity generation from upwind power plants and trends in ambient pollution concentrations over time and space. The findings show that tropospheric nitrogen dioxide concentrations are very responsive to changes in mobility, and that the effect varies with population density. The findings show that a 1 percent increase in mobility increases nitrogen dioxide concentrations by more than 2 percent, suggesting that traffic congestion plays a significant role in air pollution
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10254
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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