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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Economic mobility and the rise of the Latin American middle class (2013)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821396346 , 082139634X
    Language: English
    Pages: XV, 182 S. , graph. Darst. , 23x15x1 cm
    Series Statement: World Bank Latin American and Caribbean studies
    DDC: 305.55098
    RVK:
    MS 1240
    Keywords: Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Mittelstand ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Wirtschaftliche Lage ; Einkommensentwicklung ; Intergenerationenmobilität ; Lateinamerika ; Graue Literatur ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Paperback
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/LACEXT/Resources/English_Report_midclass.pdf
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/LACEXT/Resources/English_Report_midclass.pdf
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic mobility and the rise of the Latin American middle class (2013)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xv, 182 Seiten)
    Series Statement: World Bank Latin American and Caribbean studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Economic mobility and the rise of the Latin American middle class
    DDC: 305.5/5098
    RVK:
    QG 630
    Keywords: Mittelschicht ; Soziale Mobilität ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Lateinamerika ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Gesellschaft ; Entwicklung ; Lateinamerika Karibischer Raum ; Sozioökonomische Entwicklung ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Gesellschaftliche Prozesse ; Mittelschicht ; Latin America Caribbean ; Socio-economic development ; Socio-economic change ; Social processes ; Middle class ; Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung Wirtschaftswachstum ; Sozialer Aufstieg ; Bildungsniveau/Ausbildungsstand ; Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Economic development Economic growth ; Social advancement ; Education level ; Income distribution ; Social security ; Lateinamerika ; Karibik ; Lateinamerika ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Mittelstand ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Wirtschaftliche Lage ; Einkommensentwicklung ; Intergenerationenmobilität
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The effcts of local market concentration and international competition on firm productivity : evidence from Mexico (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9210
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9210
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Persistent misallocation and the returns to education in Mexico (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Development Economics Vice Presidency, Strategy and Operations Team
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 69 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8690
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Levy, Santiago Persistent Misallocation and the Returns to Education in Mexico
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Over the last two decades, Mexico has experienced macroeconomic stability, an open trade regime, and substantial progress in education. Yet average workers' earnings have stagnated, and earnings of those with higher schooling have fallen, compressing the earnings distribution and lowering the returns to education. This paper argues that distortions that misallocate resources toward less-productive firms explain these phenomena, because these firms are less intensive in well-educated workers compared with more-productive ones. It shows that while the relative supply of workers with more years of schooling has increased, misallocation of resources toward less productive firms has persisted. These two trends have generated a widening mismatch between the supply of, and the demand for, educated workers. The paper breaks down worker earnings into observable and unobservable firm and individual worker characteristics, and computes a counterfactual earnings distribution in the absence of misallocation. The main finding is that in the absence of misallocation average earnings would be higher, and that earnings differentials across schooling levels would widen, raising the returns to education. A no-misallocation path is constructed for the wage premium. Depending on parameter values, this path is found to be rising or constant, in contrast to the observed downward path. The paper concludes arguing that the persistence of misallocation impedes Mexico from taking full advantage of its investments in the education of its workforce
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8690
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Poverty convergence in a time of stagnation : a municipal-level perspective from Mexico (1992–2014) (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9038
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lopez-Calva, Luis F Poverty Convergence in a Time of Stagnation: A Municipal-Level Perspective from Mexico (1992-2014)
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper exploits a novel municipal-level data set to explore patterns of convergence in income and poverty in Mexico during 1992-2014. The paper finds that, despite a context of overall stagnant economic growth and poverty reduction, there is evidence of income and poverty convergence at the municipal level. The findings suggest that these convergence processes stem from a combination of considerable positive performance among the poorest municipalities and stagnant and deteriorating performance among richer municipalities. Re distributive programs, such as federal transfers to poor municipalities and cash transfers to poor households, seem to have played an important role in driving these results by bolstering income growth among the poorest municipalities, while also inducing progressive changes in the distribution of income
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9038
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La movilidad economica y el crecimiento de la clase media en America Latina (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821398760
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (214 p)
    Series Statement: Latin America and Caribbean Studies
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Tras decadas de estancamiento, la poblacion de clase media en America Latina y el Caribe ha aumentado en un 50%-de aproximadamente 100 millones de personas en 2003 a 150 millones (o un 30% de la poblacion del continente) en 2009. Durante este periodo, el porcentaje de la poblacion pobre disminuyo notablemente, del 44% al 30%. La movilidad economica y el crecimiento de la clase media en America Latina analiza la naturaleza, los determinantes y las posibles consecuencias de este notable proceso de transformacion social. Los autores proponen una original definicion de la clase media, hecha a la medida de America Latina y centrada en el concepto de seguridad economica. Segun esta definicion, el grupo social mas grande de la region actualmente no son ni los pobres ni la clase media, sino un estrato de personas vulnerables situadas entre el umbral de la pobreza y los requisitos minimos para disfrutar de un modo de vida mas seguro, propio de la clase media. El auge de la clase media refleja los cambios recientes en la movilidad economica. La movilidad intergeneracional-un concepto contrario a la desigualdad de oportunidades-ha mejorado ligeramente pero sigue siendo muy limitada. Tanto el nivel educativo como los logros educativos siguen siendo sumamente dependientes del nivel de escolarizacion de los padres. Sin embargo, se ha producido un aumento real de la movilidad de los ingresos. En los ultimos 15 anos, al menos el 43% de los habitantes de America Latina ha cambiado de clase social, en la mayoria de los casos en un sentido ascendente. Los autores sostienen que hay numerosos beneficios potenciales en el auge de esta clase media, si bien advierten que la materializacion de esos beneficios depende en gran medida de que los paises consigan anclar la clase media en torno a un nuevo contrato social, mas cohesivo, que ponga de relieve la necesidad de incluir a todos aquellos que han quedado rezagados. La movilidad economica y el crecimiento de la clase media en America Latina despertara un gran interes entre los responsables de las politicas en America Latina y en otras regiones, entre los funcionarios de las instituciones multilaterales y entre estudiantes y docentes de economia, politicas publicas y ciencias sociales
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9752-7
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Decade of Declining Earnings Inequality in the Russian Federation (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Calvo, Paula Andrea A Decade of Declining Earnings Inequality in the Russian Federation
    Abstract: Wage inequality decreased significantly in the Russian Federation over the 2000s. The economic expansion experienced throughout the decade led to an improvement in social indicators, with a large reduction in poverty rates and an increase in higher education. In this context, wage inequality showed a sharp decline, with the Gini index on labor income decreasing by 18 percent between 2002 and 2012. Using data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, this paper documents the reduction in wage inequality and explores potential factors behind the trend. The analysis uses a decomposition technique proposed by Fortin, Lemieux, and Firpo (2011) to disentangle the main drivers behind changes in the wage distribution. The results suggest that wage structure effects are more important than composition effects for explaining changes in wage inequality. Institutional factors, such as minimum wage policies and changes in the returns to employment in different sectors and types of firms as well as the reduction of the skill premium, emerge as the most relevant factors for explaining changes in the wage structure
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7392
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class (2012)
    Herndon : World Bank Publications | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821397237
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (240 pages)
    DDC: 305.55098
    RVK:
    MS 1240
    Keywords: Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Mittelstand ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Wirtschaftliche Lage ; Einkommensentwicklung ; Intergenerationenmobilität ; Lateinamerika
    Abstract: After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this remarkable process of social transformation. We propose an original definition of the middle class, tailor-made for Latin America, centered on the concept of economic security and thus a low probability of falling into poverty. Given our definition of the middle class, there are four, not three, classes in Latin America. Sandwiched between the poor and the middle class there lies a large group of people who appear to make ends meet well enough, but do not enjoy the economic security that would be required for membership of the middle class. We call this group the 'vulnerable'. In an almost mechanical sense, these transformations in Latin America reflect both economic growth and declining inequality in over the period. We adopt a measure of mobility that decomposes the 'gainers' and 'losers' in society by social class of each household. The continent has experienced a large amount of churning over the last 15 years, at least 43% of all Latin Americans changed social classes between the mid 1990s and the end of the 2000s. Despite the upward mobility trend, intergenerational mobility, a better proxy for inequality of opportunity, remains stagnant. Educational achievement and attainment remain to be strongly dependent upon parental education levels. Despite the recent growth in pro-poor programs, the middle class has benefited disproportionally from social security transfers and are increasingly opting out from government services. Central to the region's prospects of continued progress will be its ability to harness the new middle class into a new, more inclusive...
    Abstract: social contract, where the better-off pay their fair share of taxes, and demand improved public services.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Income Inequality and Violent Crime : Evidence from Mexico's Drug War (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Enamorado, Ted Income Inequality and Violent Crime
    Abstract: The relationship between income inequality and crime has attracted the interest of many researchers, but little convincing evidence exists on the causal effect of inequality on crime in developing countries. This paper estimates this effect in a unique context: Mexico's Drug War. The analysis takes advantage of a unique data set containing inequality and crime statistics for more than 2,000 Mexican municipalities covering a period of 20 years. Using an instrumental variable for inequality that tackles problems of reverse causality and omitted variable bias, this paper finds that an increment of one point in the Gini coefficient translates into an increase of more than 10 drug-related homicides per 100,000 inhabitants between 2006 and 2010. There are no significant effects before 2005. The fact that the effect was found during Mexico's Drug War and not before is likely because the cost of crime decreased with the proliferation of gangs (facilitating access to knowledge and logistics, lowering the marginal cost of criminal behavior), which, combined with rising inequality, increased the expected net benefit from criminal acts after 2005
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6935
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Shared prosperity : paving the way in Europe and Central Asia (2014)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 1464802300 , 9781464802300
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiii, 94 p) , col. ill., col. map , 27 cm
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia studies
    DDC: 338.947
    Keywords: Economic development ; Economic development ; Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Economic development ; Economic development ; Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Economic development ; Economic development ; Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Asia, Central ; Asia, Central ; Europe, Eastern ; Europe, Eastern ; Asia, Central Economic conditions 1991- ; Asia, Central Economic policy ; Europe, Eastern Economic conditions 1989- ; Europe, Eastern Economic policy ; Asia, Central Economic conditions 1991- ; Asia, Central Economic policy ; Europe, Eastern Economic conditions 1989- ; Europe, Eastern Economic policy
    Description / Table of Contents: Annex 4AIncome Growth Rates, the Bottom 40Annex 4BThe Social Accounting Matrix ModelNotesReferences5.The Sustainability DimensionEconomic SustainabilitySocial SustainabilityEnvironmental SustainabilityNoteReferences6.Policy LinksMacroeconomic ManagementTax Structure and Fiscal SpendingGovernment Institutional Capacity for Efficient Service DeliveryRisk ManagementEnabling Well-Functioning Markets and a Favorable Business EnvironmentUsing the Policy Matrix to Design Policies in a Different WayNotesReferences7.Concluding Remarks.
    Description / Table of Contents: Machine generated contents note:Executive SummaryWhat Is the Trend in Shared Prosperity in the Region?How Is Shared Prosperity Achieved? What Are Its Determinants?Who Are the People in the Bottom 40 in the Region?What Can We Do to Boost Shared Prosperity?References1.IntroductionNotesReferences2.Shared Prosperity in Europe and Central Asia: Recent TrendsNoteReferences3.The Drivers of Shared ProsperityAn Asset-Based FrameworkLabor Market Income, Nonmarket Income, and Growth IncidenceNotesReferences4.Structural and Cyclical Variables within the FrameworkPeriods of Steady Growth and Periods of Economic CyclesEconomic Structure and Growth Opportunities among the Bottom 40
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Includes errata sheet
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0230-0
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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