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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    From Middle Class to Poverty : The Unequal Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Developing Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Viollaz, Mariana From Middle Class to Poverty: The Unequal Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Developing Countries
    Keywords: COVID-19 Job Loss ; Distributional Impact ; Economic Insecurity ; Economic Shocks ; Household Economic Welfare ; Household Poverty ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microsimulation ; Covid-19 Job Loss ; Distributional Impact ; Economic Shocks ; Household Economic Welfare ; Household Poverty ; Labor Market ; Microsimulation
    Abstract: This study combines pre-COVID-19 household surveys with 2020 macro data to simulate changes in household economic welfare and poverty rates through job losses, labor income changes, and non-labor (remittance) income changes during 2020 in Brazil, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, South Africa, and Turkiye. It first presents an in-depth analysis of employment elasticities projections-a critical input in microsimulations-for 15 developing countries. In 11 of the 15 countries, employment estimates for 2020 based on elasticities were within 5 percent of the actual employment level, but in four countries, where the labor markets were more disrupted by the pandemic, the projections considerably underestimated job losses due to the crisis. The study then presents the simulation results for the five countries, which show declines in per capita household income or consumption across the distribution, a decline in the middle class, and increased poverty, but no other clear pattern of impacts across the different quintiles. Finally, data from Brazil indicate that the simulation underestimated the magnitude of the shock throughout the distribution, especially for the wealthy, because it underestimated declines in earnings
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10304
    URL: kostenfrei
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimating a Poverty Line for Brazil based on the 2017/18 Household Budget Survey (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lara Ibarra, Gabriel Estimating a Poverty Line for Brazil based on the 2017/18 Household Budget Survey
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Food Security ; Poverty Reduction ; Basic Needs ; Food Poverty ; Household Budget ; Household Survey ; Poverty Line
    Abstract: This study applies the cost-of-basic-needs approach to estimate food and total poverty lines for the Brazilian case. Using detailed data on expenditures from a 2017/18 household budget survey and caloric information from the Brazilian Table of Food Composition, calorie intake is assigned to more than 1,400 items to estimate the cost per calorie for a representative group of the population. The preferred results estimate the value of the food poverty line at RD 258 (in 2018 urban Southeast prices), and the lower total poverty line (covering also nonfood necessities) at RD 455. Robustness checks show that varying the assumptions leads to qualitatively similar results. The findings are also close in value to lines found in earlier studies and the societal poverty line. Finally, this work provides a data-driven validation of the income threshold used to determine eligibility for Brazil's social registry
    Note: Brazil , Latin America & Caribbean
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9878
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Did the COVID-19 Crisis Affect Different Types of Workers in the Developing World? (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Kugler, Maurice How Did the COVID-19 Crisis Affect Different Types of Workers in the Developing World?
    Abstract: This paper investigates the impacts of the economic shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the employment of different types of workers in developing countries. Employment outcomes are taken from a set of high-frequency phone surveys conducted by the World Bank and National Statistics Offices in 40 countries. Larger shares of female, young, less educated, and urban workers stopped working. Gender gaps in work stoppage were particularly pronounced and stemmed mainly from differences within sectors rather than differential employment patterns across sectors. Differences in work stoppage between urban and rural workers were markedly smaller than those across gender, age, and education groups. Preliminary results from 10 countries suggest that following the initial shock at the start of the pandemic, employment rates partially recovered between April and August, with greater gains for those groups that had borne the brunt of the early jobs losses. Although the high-frequency phone surveys greatly over-represent household heads and therefore overestimate employment rates, case studies in five countries suggest that they provide a reasonably accurate measure of disparities in employment levels by gender, education, and urban/rural location following the onset of the crisis, although they perform less well in capturing disparities between age groups. These results shed new light on the labor market consequences of the COVID-19 crisis in developing countries, and suggest that real-time phone surveys, despite their lack of representativeness, are a valuable source of information to measure differential employment impacts across groups during a crisis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9703
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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