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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Efficiency and risks in global value chains in the context of COVID-19 (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1637
    Keywords: trade ; global value chains ; shocks ; diversification ; relocalisation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The COVID-19 outbreak and the resulting disruptions in supply chains of some manufacturing and medical products have renewed the debate on costs and benefits of globalisation and, particularly, on risks associated with international fragmentation of production in global value chains (GVCs). While GVCs helped addressing supply shortages in several cases already during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, much of the policy debate has concentrated on whether the gains from expanding international specialisation in GVCs are worth the associated risks of transmission of shocks and even whether governments should use policy tools to ‘re-localise’ GVCs. But re-localising may also mean less diversification and thereby limit the scope for cushioning shocks. This paper builds on on-going OECD analysis and aims at providing empirical evidence to inform and guide discussion on these questions. First, it reviews briefly the key issues and lessons learnt from the past, and identifies the main features of world trade and GVC participation that influence exposures to risks in supply chains. Subsequently, it presents key results of a set of economic model simulations conducted using the OECD’s computable general equilibrium (CGE) trade model METRO to shed light on the consequences of a stylised re-localisation policy scenario. In this scenario, countries are less exposed to foreign shocks, but they are also less efficient and less able to cushion shocks through trade. Quantitatively, the latter effect tends to dominate: re-localising GVCs would make the economy in most countries both less efficient and less stable. The economic case for policy-induced reshoring of GVCs is therefore weak. There is nevertheless scope for governments to join efforts with businesses to improve risk preparedness.
    DOI: 10.1787/3e4b7ecf-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation of the relevance of border protection for agriculture in Switzerland (2017)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 109
    Keywords: 2004 - 2015 ; Agrarprotektionismus ; Öffentliche Güter ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Tierschutz ; Schweiz ; Agriculture and Food ; Switzerland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Switzerland’s overarching agricultural policy objectives reflect societal concerns about various production aspects of agriculture, such as environmental sustainability and animal welfare, and the expectation that agriculture will provide public goods demanded by society. Among the various policy instruments used by Switzerland to achieve these objectives, border protection represents a significant component of support. This study assesses the relevance of border protection for agriculture in Switzerland. It finds that border protection is not relevant for achieving the overarching objectives of Swiss agricultural policy, with one exception. By stimulating domestic production, high levels of border protection ensure that Switzerland meets its target rate of gross food production. But border protection is unlikely to deliver the other outcomes and public goods desired by Swiss society. This is because support provided through border protection is not conditional on delivery of the outcomes and public goods demanded by Swiss society, and is untargeted towards the activities, inputs and regions most strongly related to those outcomes and public goods. Moreover, border protection imposes significant costs on the Swiss economy. The study concludes by proposing alternative policies in place of border protection.
    DOI: 10.1787/6e3dc493-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Miracle or mirage : what role can trade policies play in tackling global trade imbalances? (2018)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1473
    Keywords: Zahlungsbilanz ; Außenwirtschaftliches Gleichgewicht ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Handelshemmnisse ; Wechselkurs ; Sparen ; Auslandsinvestition ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Wohlfahrtsanalyse ; Welt ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Global trade imbalances narrowed in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. They have remained at a lower level but are still of concern to policy makers because of the risks they pose to individual economies, as well as globally. However, the ultimate causes of these imbalances are not fully clear. Current account positions reflect the gap between national saving and investment, which are in turn affected by policy distortions, including in trade policy. Simulations of the OECD’s METRO model show liberalisation of existing trade distortions would modestly narrow aggregate trade imbalances in the medium term for some countries. Reducing tariffs, non-tariff measures and the combined market access and productivity-enhancing effects of pro-competitive measures in services all have some rebalancing potential. Liberalisation would also offer economically significant income gains for all countries. By contrast, narrowing trade imbalances using trade restrictions would come at disproportionately high economic costs for all countries.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    DOI: 10.1787/1a55f809-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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