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  • 1990-1994  (282)
  • 1980-1984  (106)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (388)
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  • 101
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 203: Fish, Acute Toxicity Test (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069961
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 203; Poisson, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 203: Poisson, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The fish are exposed to the test substance preferably for a period of 96 hours. Mortalities are recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours and the concentrations which kill 50 per cent of the fish (LC50) are determined where possible. One or more species may be used, the choice being at the discretion of the testing laboratory. At least seven fishes must be used at each test concentration and in the controls. The test substance should be administered to, at least, five concentrations in a geometric series with a factor preferably not exceeding 2.2. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. This study includes the observations of fish at least after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The cumulative percentage mortality for each exposure period is plotted against concentration on logarithmic probability paper.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069961-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 102
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Political Economy of Stabilization Programmes in Developing Countries (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 73 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.59
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This report investigates the endogenous effects of the implementation of stabilization programmes (credits and different variants of conditionalities) in developing countries. A model is outlined, which at the same time builds on Modern Political Economy and New Institutional Economy and incorporates cognitive (psychological) aspects in decision making. Emphasizing the demand and supply of support for the government by the various interest groups and the population, this model helps to explain not only the programmes' effects on the standard of living, but also on the use of instruments by the groups involved. Especially, effects on the politicians' own consumption, the extent of corruption by bribery and the suppression of the population and particular groups are analysed. Conditions under which the economic and/or the political situations improve for the population are identified and corresponding testable propositions are formulated ...
    DOI: 10.1787/802526617102
    URL: Volltext
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  • 103
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Taiwanese Corporations in Globalisation and Regionalisation (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.61
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Chinese Taipei
    Kurzfassung: Many of Taiwan's highly export-oriented enterprises are small and medium-sized, and many are in a relatively good position to cope with, even to take advantage of, globalisation. Because they generally do not have strong in-house R&D, and often do not have their own global marketing channels and internationally recognised brand names, however, many also see globalisation as a serious threat. To cope with the challenges of globalisation, Taiwanese firms are adopting various strategies to strengthen their technological capabilities; these strategies include joint R&D efforts in Taiwan, and technology alliances with foreign partners. Faced with challenges at home — including labour shortages, major appreciation of the NT dollar and an environmental protection movement — as well as the pressures of globalisation, many firms are also striving to internationalise their operations, both in Asia and outside the region (especially in North America, more recently in Europe). Direct overseas ...
    DOI: 10.1787/263030024237
    URL: Volltext
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  • 104
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Debt Conversions in Yugoslavia (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.54
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The paper begins with a brief description of the relationship between Yugoslavia and its creditors throughout the 1980s, providing a background for the introduction of debt conversions in Yugoslav practice. The main features of the legal environment for debt conversions, especially of the debt conversion programme initiated in March 1989, are then reviewed. The paper then focuses on the main patterns of debt conversions executed in Yugoslavia with respect to their volume, structure of transactions, sources of funds and debt reduction effects. It appears in particular that the Yugoslav debt conversion programme presents many original features when compared with similar programmes implemented in several developing countries. Finally, the paper provides a review of the micro and macroeconomic implications of debt conversions, including the cost and benefits of these transactions, and concludes that this programme has been quite successful for Yugoslavia ...
    DOI: 10.1787/051211613213
    URL: Volltext
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  • 105
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Ajustement et équité (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Adjustment and Equity
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • L'ajustement n'est pas synonyme 'aggravation de la pauvreté • Ajuster avant la crise permet d'en réduire les coûts sociaux • Le refus d'ajuster et la réduction forcée des importations conduisent à un sousdéveloppement autocentré beaucoup plus coûteux socialement que l'ajustement • Le choix de mesures macroéconomiques pour stabiliser n'est pas neutre : on peut obtenir le même résultat à des coûts sociaux plus ou moins élevés • Plusieurs mesures d'ajustement structurel ont des effets sociaux favorables, mais d'autres, comme la remise en ordre des entreprises publiques, sont coûteuses • L'intervention des pays donneurs est indispensable pour compenser l'aggravation de la pauvreté liée aux mesures de stabilisation et aux licenciements dans les entreprises publiques
    DOI: 10.1787/487881601588
    URL: Volltext
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  • 106
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Agriculture and the Policy Environment : Zambia and Zimbabwe (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.74
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Zambia ; Zimbabwe
    Kurzfassung: The paper examines the effect of differing policies in the post-independence period on the agricultural and overall economic performance of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It focuses on the interaction between macroeconomic and agricultural policy reforms. It shows that macro and micro reforms need to be closely linked and that both are critical to sectoral performance. The paper identifies a number of reform options and examines their sequencing at the national and agricultural level. Such reform will greatly improve the performance of the Zambian and Zimbabwean agricultural sectors, enhancing food security, employment and economic growth ...
    DOI: 10.1787/850532161540
    URL: Volltext
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  • 107
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Namibian Agriculture : Policies and Prospects (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.73
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Namibia
    Kurzfassung: The study examines agricultural development in Namibia in the context of the economic environment, with a view to providing policy perspectives which may assist in the process of reform towards a more equitable and dynamic economy. It shows that the improvement of smallholder incomes provides the only means of improving the position of the majority of poor Namibians, and examines how best to raise agricultural output without endangering the large-scale farmers who are vital to the economy. The significance for agricultural development of the customs and monetary agreements between Namibia and South Africa, and other external policies, is examined. The reform of pricing and marketing structures in Namibia is constrained by these external arrangements, but they also provide some benefits. The assessment of these and other issues provides the basis for an analysis of the reform options facing Namibian agriculture and the links between agricultural and economywide policies ...
    DOI: 10.1787/034622700155
    URL: Volltext
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  • 108
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Small-Scale Industries and Institutional Framework in Thailand (including Statistical Annex) (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.81
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Thailand
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents the results of a survey of the impact of regulations and taxes on small and micro enterprises, considered here as part of the informal sector, in Thailand. The survey covered a large sample of enterprises (more than 500) in Bangkok and ten other provinces. Three sectors were studied: restaurant stalls, garment manufacturing, metal goods manufacturing. In fact, these are activities in which there are the greatest number of "manufacturing" enterprises in Thailand's urban informal sector. Their study permits a comparison of the behaviour of enterprises active in different markets. The study shows that small enterprises in Thailand are well integrated in the economic development process, especially through subcontracting, and their growth is not particularly hindered by institutional constraints. Moreover, even though small entrepreneurs complain about the attitude of official inspectors, they often accepted the reasons for regulations, for they served to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/074416410021
    URL: Volltext
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  • 109
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Conflict or Indifference : US Multinationals in a World of Regional Trading Blocs (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.57
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Managers of US multinational corporations generally respond with a "big yawn" to warnings that the world trading system might evolve into a set of protectionist regional blocs. Their lack of fear is justified, since both their past strategies and their more recent, supposedly global strategies have resulted principally in regional systems of production facilities. The gains from manufacturing and trading among more widely dispersed facilities seem lower than the costs of managing such a complex system. As a result, US multinationals' trade in manufactures stays mostly within the region of production, and would be little affected by the emergence of powerful trading blocs. The strategies of most US multinationals would be threatened only if regional blocs restricted foreign investment. This seems unlikely, given the history of regional trade groups, and restrictions on new investment would probably harm Japanese competitors more than US multinationals, which have already established ...
    DOI: 10.1787/258656276864
    URL: Volltext
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  • 110
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Agricultural Productivity and Economic Policies : Concepts and Measurements (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.75
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This study develops a conceptual framework for analysing the ways in which changes in the economic environment modify factor productivity. It focuses on the technology actually used in production — implemented technology — rather than the generation of technology. Implementation reflects the pattern of incentives and constraints deriving from the underlying economic conditions with which producers are faced in making technology choices. The study provides an original, formal theoretical underpinning to the popular but essentially unsubstantiated proposition that productivity and the rate of growth of productivity depend on the policy framework ...
    DOI: 10.1787/257184001567
    URL: Volltext
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  • 111
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Chinese Economic Area : Economic Integration without a Free Trade Agreement (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.124
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: This paper describes the de facto economic integration taking place between China, Hong Kong and Taiwan -- the "Chinese Economic Area" -- and analyses basic factors underlying the process. Even in the face of weak economic performance in OECD countries the integration has helped underpin rapid growth in all three economies, particularly in China's south-eastern provinces. If Chinese policies are further liberalised within a reasonably stable macro-environment, the Chinese Economic Area could become a major player in world markets within one generation and require massive adjustment in the rest of the world ...
    DOI: 10.1787/222427402147
    URL: Volltext
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  • 112
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Lessons from the Family Planning Experience for Community-Based Environmental Education (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.62
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper starts out reviewing and comparing the World Population Plan of Action and the UNESCO-UNEP Global Strategy for Environmental Education: the objectives, tactics, actors and institutions. Subsequently, the examination of numerous materials from the family planning field provides some examples to be emulated by community-based environmental activities in developing countries. Population, cultural and gender variables are also sought in some existing environmental education and protection efforts. It is hoped that such information will increase the ability to integrate these concerns into environmental education and public awareness programmes. The analysis builds on the author's previous research on gender issues ...
    DOI: 10.1787/460260405417
    URL: Volltext
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  • 113
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Mexican Agriculture in the Free Trade Agreement : Transition Problems in Economic Reform (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.63
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: Should Mexican agriculture be liberalized? If so, how fast should this be done, and what policies should accompany the transition? We use Mexican agriculture as a case study to analyze the transition problems that arise in most major economic reforms. We focus on the implications for policy design of the absence of efficient capital markets; on the welfare costs of reforming only gradually; on incentive problems created by trade adjustment policies; and on the redistributive aspects of policy reform in the presence of realistic limits on available policy instruments. Our key point is that adjustment should focus on increasing the value of the assets owned by the groups affected, and not on direct income transfers or programs targeted on output or other characteristics controlled by the beneficiaries. We target adjustment on what people have, as opposed to what people do ...
    DOI: 10.1787/856518560383
    URL: Volltext
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  • 114
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Latin America in a Changing Global Environment (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.66
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Latin America's insertion in the world trade system is entering a period of historical change. Driving that change will be the outcome, or failure, of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations; the increasing regionalisation of trade relations; and the profound liberalisation in Latin America of national trade regimes, which is also leading to a strong revival in the region of sub-regional integration schemes. The interaction between changes in the region's trade regimes and changes in the global determinants of foreign direct investment in manufacturing are affecting the locational advantages of Latin America as a recipient of direct investment flows as well. The effects on Latin America of regionalisation in Europe and in the Western Hemisphere are, overall, benign. "EC 1992" is likely to have a positive net impact on Latin America's exports unless dramatic, and unlikely, discriminatory measures against third parties are introduced in conjunction with the creation of the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/310764374447
    URL: Volltext
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  • 115
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Managing the Environment in Developing Countries (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Gestion de l'environnement dans les pays en développement
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • Environmental policy should be inspired by the recognition that the environment is everyone’s business; all social actors must be involved in environmental management • Policies that implicitly subsidize a wasteful and environmentally destructive use of resources are pervasive: reforms should command a high priority on economic as well as environmental grounds • Compared to regulation, market-based instruments are little used but they can be more efficient; they can also produce revenues to finance environmental improvements • Regulatory effectiveness can be improved by: relying more on preventive measures, including environmental impact assessment; targeting large polluters; strengthening enforcement; and favouring mediation over litigation
    DOI: 10.1787/480585052668
    URL: Volltext
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  • 116
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Costs of Reducing CO2 Emissions : A Comparison of Carbon Tax Curves with GREEN (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.118
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addresses the issue of the costs of reducing CO2 emissions by comparing the results from six global models of a set of standardised scenarios. This paper provides evidence of regional differences with respect to carbon tax curves through the middle of the next century. It also develops some analytical tools that can help to explain the main mechanisms at work in GREEN. Finally, it evaluates the welfare and output costs entailed in reduction emissions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/018813821426
    URL: Volltext
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  • 117
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Long-Term Unumployed and Measures to Assist Them (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Serie: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.7
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Kurzfassung: This Occasional Paper consists of an introduction, by a member of the Secretariat, giving some general reflections on measures to help reduce long term unemployment, and a report by a group of experts from eleven Member countries and representatives of the Commission of the European Communities in which the diverse national experience is reviewed and compared. The report contains an annex in which the different measures are summarised.
    DOI: 10.1787/5479eae3-en
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  • 118
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Offensive and Defensive Responses by European Multinationals to a World of Trade Blocs (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.64
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: European multinationals show a growing divergence in their response to the formation of regional trade blocs, according to evidence from seven industries. European firms that are strong competitors at the world level are able to adjust aggressively to changes within Europe without disturbing their global strategies. Weaker firms are prone to becoming more inward-looking in Europe, and to risk further loss of global competitive position. The contrast is particularly marked in industries like chemicals and consumer products, which emphasize exports as a means to serve international markets, and the weaker firms are especially prone to call for protectionist help from Brussels in trade-intensive industries, like apparel. While the lobbying pressures on national and European institutions differ according to the global competitive strength of the leading European firms in a particular industry, the effect is one-sided: the pressure for protection or support is strong in industries where the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/145052815784
    URL: Volltext
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  • 119
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD's Indicators of International Trade and Competitiveness (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.120
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les indicateurs de compétitivité et de commerce internationaux de l'OCDE
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents the methodology adopted by the Economics Department to calculate indices of effective exchange rates and indicators of competitiveness, based on unit labour costs and export unit values in the manufacturing sector. The calculation derives from a double-weighting system which first measures competition among all competitors of a given country on each of its markets, this competition being then weighted according to the relative importance of each of the markets of the country in question. These indicators are generally used to analyse trends in trade variables. In this paper, indicators of export market growth and export performance are also calculated and compared with the export competitiveness indicators ...
    DOI: 10.1787/708306180711
    URL: Volltext
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  • 120
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Information Content of Interest Rate Spreads Across Financial Systems (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.109
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines whether information asymmetries and agency costs vary across OECD countries depending on the nature of their financial system. It does this by examining whether the predictive power of the spread between yields on private and government securities (which, it has been argued, reflects such factors) varies across countries. The results indicate that the information content of the spread is highest in those countries with market-based financial systems ...
    DOI: 10.1787/382885756345
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  • 121
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Impact of Economic Reform on the Performance of the Seed Sector in Eastern and Southern Africa (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 83 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.68
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: During the last decade, the seed sector has been included in economic reform programmes in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa but it is not clear whether these initiatives have helped or hindered the process of improving small farmers' access to improved seed. This study explores this issue using the contrasting experiences of the seed sector in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Against a broadly common economic heritage and farming system, the pace of reform and the way it has been implemented in the seed sector have varied considerably between the three countries. Nonetheless the available data on seed production, costs of seed production and seed sales suggest that, at least in the short- to medium-term, reform-type policies adversely affect the ability of seed companies to produce improved seed cheaply and the ability of small farmers to make effective use of it. This is largely because general macro-economic and agricultural sector reforms fail to tackle the more ...
    DOI: 10.1787/523245475740
    URL: Volltext
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  • 122
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Co-Financing Transactions between Multilateral Institutions and International Banks (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.78
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The last decade has exemplified a retrenchment of bank lending in developing countries. International banks strive to boost capital ratios, thereby raising equity, reducing their less profitable assets and rebalancing portfolios towards less risky claims. In that context of underfinanced adjustment and growth programmes in the LDCs, international financial institutions (IFIs) have attempted to mobilize additional financing from commercial banks through co-financing and guarantee operations. The World Bank has been at the forefront of such a role since 1983. The B-loan programme, however, has fallen short of reviving private lending in the LDCs. In 1989, the World Bank introduced an enhanced co-financing operation programme (ECO) geared toward creditworthy borrowers. Risk-sharing arrangements with private banks involve the guarantee of late maturities as well as direct participation in bank loans and partial guarantee of bond issues. Despite more flexible guidelines for the World ...
    DOI: 10.1787/728086677321
    URL: Volltext
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  • 123
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    L' allégement de la dette et croissance : Le cas mexicain (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.79
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents a dynamic model simulating the Mexican economy, concentrating on the effects of public indebtedness. Three main variables are at the heart of the economic dynamic which is described here: the real domestic interest rate, the price of the debt on the secondary market, and the real exchange rate. The real domestic interest rate, which includes a risk premium on investments in Mexico, associated to a risk of illiquidity in the public sector, in turn influences the behaviour of private-sector investment. The price on the secondary market, which also includes a risk-bonus factor, in addition influences long-term expectations of the financial reliability of Mexico and therefore affects investment behaviour. The real exchange rate, which depends on the macroeconomic balance between goods and services, in turn affects public finances through the valuation of the contractual service of the external debt. This model is used to simulate the effects of the Brady plan, the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/603151830561
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  • 124
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    Economic Regionalisation and Intra-Industry Trade : Pacific-Asian Perspectives (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.53
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The present paper examines the trade development of Pacific-Asian economies during the past decade from the perspective of regional integration. Its main focus is on the development of intra-regional and intra-industry trade. It provides some statistical evidence for the often-heard argument that the remarkable development of Pacific-Asian trade in the 1980s should be seen as a case for the "flying-geese" pattern of trade development, which is basically of inter-industry type. It argues, however, that developments since the mid-1980s have provided a new dimension to the regional division of labour — increasing the opportunities for intra-industry trade (IIT) among the Pacific-Asian economies. The empirical analysis based on the Grubel-Lloyd index of IIT in manufactures suggests that large increases in the level of IIT in the developing economies of the region is a consequence of "globalisation" of corporate activities in the United States and, more recently, in Japan and the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/035300332827
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  • 125
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    Essai n 306: Biodégradabilité dans l'eau de mer (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070493
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (29 p.)
    Serie: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 306; Biodegradability in Seawater
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 306: Biodegradability in Seawater
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Cette Ligne directrice décrit deux méthodes pour la biodégradabilité en eau de mer. La méthode du flacon agité consiste en la dissolution d'une quantité prédéterminée de substance d'essai dans le milieu d'essai pour obtenir une concentration de 5-40 mg/l de carbone organique dissous (COD). Cinq flacons, au moins, doivent être utilisés, deux pour la suspension d'essai : deux pour le blanc et un pour le contrôle de la procédure. La solution de la substance d'essai dans le milieu d'essai est incubée, sous agitation, dans l'obscurité ou dans la lumière diffuse, dans des conditions aérobies, à une température fixe qui sera normalement comprise entre 15-20°C. La durée maximum recommandée d'essai est environ 60 jours. La dégradation est suivie des mesures de COD (dégradation finale) et, dans certains cas, d'analyses spécifiques (dégradation primaire). La méthode du flacon fermé consiste en la dilution d'une quantité prédéterminée de substance d'essai dans le milieu d'essai, à une concentration d'habituellement 2-10 mg/l de substance (une ou plusieurs concentrations peuvent être employées). La solution est maintenue dans un flacon rempli fermé, dans l'obscurité, dans un bain-marie ou une enceinte thermostatée entre 15-20°C. La dégradation est suivie en analysant l'oxygène sur une période de 28 jours, mais si la valeur du témoin pour la demande biologique en oxygène reste en dessous d’une limite de 30 %, l'essai pourra être prolongé. Vingt-quatre bouteilles au moins sont utilisées (8 pour la substance d'essai, 8 pour le composé de référence et 8 pour l’eau de mer avec des nutriments). Toutes les analyses sont exécutées en doublon. Quatre déterminations d'oxygène dissous, au moins, sont effectuées (jour 0, 5, 15 et 28) en employant une méthode chimique ou électrochimique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070493-fr
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  • 126
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    Japan's Rapidly Emerging Strategy Toward Asia (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.58
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Japan
    Kurzfassung: Japan is in the process of developing much closer economic ties with its Asian neighbours, at both the government and private-sector levels. While there is little official support in Japan for the creation of any formal regional integration scheme, there is evidence of Japanese behaviour leading to what can be termed soft regionalisation with Japan as the dominant actor. A major increase in direct investment, supported by large amounts of foreign aid helping to create the necessary infrastructure for that investment, is the principal vehicle for the increasing Japanese involvement in Asia. Regional trade flows have shown less of a shift toward Japan, but that could change in the 1990s. The developing nations of Asia have been quite receptive to this rapid increase in the Japanese economic presence, and would be quite foolish to restrict the inflow of foreign aid and direct investment. Recipient countries should recognize however that the co-ordination between ...
    DOI: 10.1787/826220570632
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  • 127
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    Results for the OECD Comparative Modelling Project from the Whalley-Wigle Model (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.121
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addresses the issue of the costs of reducing CO2 emissions by comparing the results from six global models of a set of standardised reduction scenarios. The paper provides evidence on; i) projected carbon dioxide emissions through the next century, and ii) the carbon taxes and output costs entailed in reducing these emissions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/415252876312
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  • 128
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    Transport and Spatial Distribution of Activities : Report of the Eighty-Fifth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 5-6 April 1990 (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105320
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (143 p)
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.85
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transport et distribution spatiale des activités ; Rapport de la 85ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 5 et 6 avril 1990
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Experience has shown that there is a very close relationship between the geographical distribution of activities and the location of transport infrastructures, a relationship that is becoming evident again today as high-speed railway lines are built or enter the planning stage. This report seeks to determine what influence these lines will have on the regions served, particularly in the light of experience with the TGV Sud-Est in France.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105320-en
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  • 129
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    Evaluer les investissements en infrastructures de transport : Rapport de la 86ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 7 et 8 juin 1990 (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    ISBN: 9789282104750
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (116 p)
    Serie: Tables Rondes CEMT no.86
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Evaluating Investment in Transport Infrastructure; Report of the Eighty-Sixth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 7-8 June 1990
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Dans la situation actuelle, les investissements prévus dans les infrastructures de transport ne peuvent répondre à la croissance de la demande qui résultera de l’augmentation des flux de circulation. En outre, de tels investissements ont plusieurs effets sur le développement régional, la répartition des richesses et le bien-être de la population. La nécessité de protéger l’environnement indique aussi que la construction de plus d’infrastructures sera freinée et que toute augmentation des capacités sera optimisée. Ces facteurs ont abouti à une estimation de la fiabilité des méthodes d’évaluation des choix d’investissement pertinents. Ce rapport décrit les techniques utilisées pour évaluer les investissements dans les infrastructures de transport d’un certain nombre de pays de la CEMT. Il examine l’efficacité de ces méthodes et leurs conditions d'utilisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104750-fr
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  • 130
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    Kiwifruit (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Mehrsprachig
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.)
    Serie: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food
    Kurzfassung: This brochure is published within the framework of the activities of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables set up by OECD in 1962. It comprises comments and illustrations to facilitate the common interpretation of standards in force and is therefore a valuable tool for both the Inspection Authorities and professional bodies responsible for the application of standards or interested in the international trade in these products.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071544-en-fr
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  • 131
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    An Assessment of the Brady Plan Agreements (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.67
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents an assessment of the results of Brady plans for debtor countries which have implemented such agreements (Costa Rica, Mexico, the Philippines, Uruguay and Venezuela). First, we show that the relatively successful Mexican case cannot be generalized, due to the great diversity of the agreements signed. Hence a case-by-case analysis is essential. Second, we attempt to measure the distribution of wealth gains and losses among Brady plan participants. An original feature of this attempt is that we explicitly take account of the role of multilateral creditors in the burden sharing. In a simplified framework, Brady plans are interpreted as a "gift" from official creditors, which is, with one exception, fairly equally shared between banks and debtors. On completion of this analysis, the assessment is modified on a case-by-case basis in order to take account of efficiency gains specifically linked to the Brady deals. This does not lead to very optimistic conclusions about ...
    DOI: 10.1787/615827578321
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  • 132
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    A "Credit Crunch"? : The Recent Slowdown in Bank Lending and Its Implications for Monetary Policy (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.107
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the recent slowdown in bank lending that has affected several large OECD countries. The analysis begins with a description of the importance of bank credit in the financial systems of the countries considered. The origins of the lending slowdown are analysed - - including the importance of deteriorating bank balance sheets and the BIS capital rules - - as well as its potential to depress economic activity. The paper concludes with a discussion of how monetary policy should react to unusually sluggish bank lending ...
    DOI: 10.1787/657730454204
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  • 133
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    Test No. 301: Ready Biodegradability (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070349
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (62 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 301; Biodégradabilité Facile
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 301: Biodégradabilité Facile
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes six methods that permit the screening of chemicals for ready biodegradability in an aerobic aqueous medium. The methods are: the DOC Die-Away, the CO2 Evolution (Modified Sturm Test), the MITI (I) (Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan), the Closed Bottle, the Modified OECD Screening and the Manometric Respirometry. A solution, or suspension, of the test substance, well determined/described, in a mineral medium is inoculated and incubated under aerobic conditions in the dark or in diffuse light. The running parallel blanks with inoculum but without test substance permits to determined the endogenous activity of the inoculum. A reference compound (aniline, sodium acetate or sodium benzoate) is run in parallel to check the operation of the procedures. Normally, the test lasts for 28 days. At least two flasks or vessels containing the test substance plus inoculum, and at least two flasks or vessels containing inoculum only should be used; single vessels are sufficient for the reference compound. In general, degradation is followed by the determination of parameters such as DOC, CO2 production and oxygen uptake. The pass levels for ready biodegradability are 70% removal of DOC and 60% of ThOD or ThCO2 production for respirometric methods. These pass values have to be reached in a 10-d window within the 28-d period of the test.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070349-en
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  • 134
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    L' expérience de l'allégement de la dette au Mali (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.56
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Mali
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents the variety of debt relief measures from which Mali has benefited in recent years. Particular emphasis is placed on the 1988 measures accorded by the Paris Club under the Toronto terms, of which the country was the first beneficiary. This relief, and the adjustment policy which Mali formed with it, were relatively successful. Indeed, they led to a cleansing of public finances marked, before the political events of Spring 1991, by the total removal of both domestic and international arrears. The size of the improvement in the situation thus obtained, however, was reduced by the existence of debts with Paris Club members excluded from the Toronto terms and above all by heavy debts with non-Paris Club members (the ex-USSR, China and Arab countries). Debt held by multilateral institutions which was not eligible for rescheduling also represented a large financial burden. As a result, in a short time ...
    DOI: 10.1787/546002114500
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  • 135
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    Vers la liberté des mouvements de capitaux (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Towards Capital Account Convertibility
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: . Les pays en développement les plus avancés sont incités de façon toujours pressante à supprimer les contrôles des mouvements de capitaux ; mais les expériences diverses de libéralisation montrent que les réformes doivent être élaborées avec soin pour améliorer l'efficacité économique et la croissance sans compromettre la stabilité. . Il est recommandé de procéder à une suppression graduelle de ces contrôles en prenant appui sur le progrès des réformes fiscales, la gestion du taux de change, le renforcement de la concurrence, et de la surveillance du système bancaire et la résolution des problèmes internes posés par les créances bancaires douteuses.
    DOI: 10.1787/304644858187
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  • 136
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    Essai n 301: Biodégradabilité Facile (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070356
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (63 p.)
    Serie: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 301; Ready Biodegradability
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 301: Ready Biodegradability
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Cette Ligne directrice décrit six méthodes qui permettent le classement des produits chimiques en fonction de leur biodégradabilité facile en milieu aqueux aérobie. Les méthodes sont l’Essai de disparition du COD, l’Essai de dégagement de CO2 (Essai de Sturm modifié), l’Essai MITI modifié (I) (Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japon), l’Essai en flacon fermé, l’Essai de « screening » modifié de l'OCDE et l’Essai de respirométrie manométrique. Une solution ou une suspension de la substance d'essai dans un milieu minéral, bien déterminée/décrite, est ensemencée et incubée en aérobie dans l'obscurité ou dans la lumière diffuse. La réalisation en parallèle de témoins avec l'inoculum, mais sans substance d'essai, permet de déterminer l'activité endogène de l'inoculum. Un essai avec un composé de référence (aniline, acétate de sodium ou benzoate de sodium) est réalisé en parallèle pour contrôler la procédure. Normalement, l'essai dure 28 jours. Au moins deux flacons ou récipients contenant la substance d'essai plus l'inoculum, et au moins deux flacons ou récipients contenant l’inoculum seulement doivent être employés ; des récipients uniques suffisent pour le composé de référence. Généralement la dégradation est suivie de la détermination des paramètres tels que le COD, la production de CO2 et la consommation d'oxygène. Les niveaux de passage pour la biodégradabilité facile sont une diminution de 70% du COD et dans le cas des méthodes respirométriques une consommation de 60% de la DThO ou une production de 60% de CO2. Ces valeurs limites doivent être atteintes dans un intervalle de 10 jours au cours de la période des 28 jours de l'essai. Note. La méthode F de l'essai 301 a été corrigée ; cette modification ne concerne que la version française.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070356-fr
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  • 137
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    From Labour Shortage to Labour Shedding : Labour Markets in Central and Eastern Europe (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Serie: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.9
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Kurzfassung: All countries in Central and Eastern Europe are experiencing a switch from labour hoarding to labour shedding with rapidly rising unemployment. Identifying each country's specific labour market problems - in particular, those groups which are most vulnerable to unemployment - will be essential for developing appropriate policies. Based on detailed statistical information being collected by the OECD, this paper provides an overview of labour markets in Central and Eastern Europe, both prior to and since the start of the transition process. Section I of this paper describes the main characteristics of employment and wage structures which have been inherited from the former centrally-planned system in Central and Eastern Europe and also analyses longer-run demographic and labour force trends. Section II discusses more recent labour market developments, including the nature of employment losses, job creation in the private sector and the characteristics of the unemployed. Finally, some specific recommendations are provided on how to improve monitoring systems of labour market developments in these countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/fd3e9373-en
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  • 138
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    Trade Liberalisation : What's at Stake? (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Libéralisation des échanges : Quel enjeu ?
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • Trade barriers seriously distort patterns of international trade, allocation of resources, and economic growth. The total economic costs of the barriers are estimated to exceed $475 billion per annum • Partial reform, such as envisaged in the Uruguay Round, would yield benefits of $195 billion per annum, of which over $90 billion would accrue to developing and formerly centrally planned countries • The EC, Japan, and EFTA, stand to gain most from liberalisation • Trade liberalisation will raise rural incomes in developing countries
    DOI: 10.1787/288158367171
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  • 139
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    Global Effects of the European Carbon Tax (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.125
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this paper is to analyse the implications of the European Commission proposal of a mixed energy cum carbon tax to curb CO2 emissions from a global perspective. The paper deals with the effects of this proposal on emissions and welfare in both the EC and the rest of the world by concentrating on three main issues: i) the effectiveness of the proposed tax measures in terms of curbing EC and global CO2 emissions; ii) the implied costs for the EC and the other countries/regions of the world; and iii) the implications of the EC proposal for the world distribution of emissions and the competitiveness of the EC economy. In this connection, the relevance of the so-called "carbon leakages" -- i.e. the displacement of polluting activities from countries participating in an emission reduction agreement to countries not concerned by the agreement -- is examined. The paper provides quantitative answers to these issues using simulations with GREEN, the global dynamic applied general ...
    DOI: 10.1787/450384002553
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  • 140
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    The Privatisation in Developing Countries : Reflections on a Panacea (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La privatisation dans les pays en développement : Réflexions sur une panacée
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    DOI: 10.1787/423186135728
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  • 141
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    Structural Changes in Population and Impact on Passenger Transport : Report of the Eighty-Eighth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 13-14 June 1991 (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105344
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (158 p)
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.88
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les changements structurels de la population et leurs impacts sur les transports de voyageurs ; Rapport de la 88ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 13 et 14 juin 1991
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Current changes in the structure of population, whether they relate to ageing or the radical modification of social practices, are of the utmost importance. Without dynamic new measures in the sphere of public transport, the private car will continue to be used more and more and what already seem to be insurmountable problems will be aggravated. Round Table 88 seeks to determine the scale of these changes before analysing the various ways in which public transport can respond.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105344-en
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  • 142
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    Structural Adjustment and the Institutional Dimensions of Agricultural Research and Development in Brazil : Soybeans, Wheat and Sugar Cane (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.76
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Brazil
    Kurzfassung: Structural adjustment, liberalisation and the pressures of technological change are having major impact on the institutional organisation of the agro-industrial sector. In industrialised countries, the private sector is positioned to play the vanguard role in the next generation of agricultural technologies. Thus, the ability to promote and sustain new patterns of co-operation in research and development between the private and the public sectors will be a key determinant of future patterns of competitiveness. This study of Brazil attempts to identify the main lines of technological and organisational innovation at present under way in important sectors of the Brazilian agricultural research system. It focuses on three crops -- soybeans, wheat and sugar -- which are strategic from the point of view of structural adjustment and liberalisation and at the same time involve both export and domestic markets ...
    DOI: 10.1787/866017563566
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  • 143
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    Some Implications of Europe 1992 for Developing Countries (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.60
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Both the process of formation of the Single European Market, which implies major economic and legal changes in Europe, and the results, which imply greater efficiency and growth, affect the Community's trading partners. Initial calculations have suggested that, in aggregate, the benefits for the rest of the world roughly balance the costs. But many developing countries are directly affected by individual sectoral changes. Because of the relatively high degree of specialisation of their economies and trading patterns, the effects on individual developing economies are therefore potentially large. The changes which are likely to be most important for developing countries include: the removal of all barriers to intra-EC trade, which improves the competitiveness of EC relative to non-EC suppliers; the harmonisation of excise duties, which is helpful to coffee, tea and cocoa producers, and harmful to tobacco producers; the harmonisation of textile and clothing quotas, whose effects will ...
    DOI: 10.1787/620650853627
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  • 144
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    Test No. 306: Biodegradability in Seawater (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070486
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 306; Biodégradabilité dans l'eau de mer
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 306: Biodégradabilité dans l'eau de mer
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes two methods for biodegradability in seawater. The shake flask method consists on dissolution of a pre-determined amount of the test substance in the test medium to yield a concentration of 5-40 mg/l dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Five flasks, at least, should be used: two for the test suspension, two for the blank and one for procedure control. The solution of the test substance in the test medium is incubated, under agitation in the dark or in diffuse light under aerobic conditions, at a fixed temperature which will normally be within the range 15-20°C. The recommended maximum test duration is about 60 days. Degradation is followed by DOC measurements (ultimate degradation) and, in some cases, by specific analysis (primary degradation). The closed bottle method consists on dissolution of a pre-determined amount of the test substance in the test medium in a concentration of usually 2-10 mg/l (one or more concentrations may be used).The solution is kept in a filled closed bottle in the dark in a constant temperature bath or enclosure controlled within a range of 15-20°C. The degradation is followed by oxygen analyses over a 28-day period but if the blank biological oxygen demand value remains within the 30 per cent limit, the test could be prolonged. Twenty-four bottles at least are used (8 for test substance, 8 for reference compound and 8 for sweater plus nutriment). All analyses are performed on duplicate bottles. Four determinations of dissolved oxygen, at least, are performed (day 0, 5, 15 and 28) using a chemical or electrochemical method.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070486-en
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  • 145
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    Evaluation of Nigeria's Debt-Relief Experience (1985-1990) (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.55
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Nigeria
    Kurzfassung: Buoyant oil revenues in the 1970s provided Nigeria with the basis for large but unsustainable increases in incomes and public expenditure. Agriculture was neglected and the economy became heavily dependent on crude oil and more vulnerable to external shocks. These led to fundamental changes in the structure of the Nigerian economy. When the oil revenues collapsed following the glut in international oil market in the early 1980s, the country faced an acute economic crisis. Unable to shift gears in the face of changing economic fortunes the country resorted to external borrowing. Instead of adjusting, the government adopted a policy of deficit financing. The deficits were financed by borrowing from international capital markets (ICM), a drawn-down of external reserves, and by accumulation of arrears on external trade payments. The debt stock grew rapidly from $3.4 billion in 1980 to $17.3 billion in 1985 and $32.9 billion in 1990. In 1986, the government adopted a structural ...
    DOI: 10.1787/728878867073
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  • 146
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    L' allégement de la dette au Club de Paris : Les évolutions récentes en perspective (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.71
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: What does the Paris Club do for debtor countries, and more particularly for the poorest of them? Set up to ease the liquidity constraints of a country experiencing payment problems, by rescheduling its debt with the creditor governments, the Paris Club has frequently had to intervene since the beginning of the debt crisis. Since the Toronto Summit of June 1988 it has also been playing the role of aid provider for the poorest debtor countries. After describing the functioning of the Paris Club in part one, the study goes on to evaluate the extent and role of the liquidity provided by the Club throughout the 1980s in part two. An initial finding is that the sums rescheduled through its action were very much greater than those lent over the same period by the creditor governments comprising the Club. Through focusing on selected African countries, the paper then shows that the main role of the liquidity created has been to avoid these countries' accumulating massive arrears and being cut ...
    DOI: 10.1787/380566408014
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  • 147
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    Employment Policies for People with Disabilities : Report by an Evaluation Panel (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (79 p.)
    Serie: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.8
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Kurzfassung: This Occasional Paper contains a report by a panel of experts from fourteen OECD Member countries who compared their policies for the employment of persons with disabilities. It is preceded by a preface by a member of the OECD secretariat covering some of the major issues in this regard.
    DOI: 10.1787/e33fb502-en
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  • 148
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    Towards Capital Account Convertibility (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Vers la liberté des mouvements de capitaux
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • Advanced developing countries are increasingly encouraged to remove existing capital controls, but mixed experiences with capital account opening caution that reform must be carefully designed to increase efficiency and growth without compromising stability • A gradual dismantling of capital controls is recommended, based on progress made in tax reform, exchange rate management, enforcement of bank competition and supervision, and solving domestic banks' bad-loan problems
    DOI: 10.1787/332312815187
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  • 149
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    L' expérience de l'allégement de la dette du Niger (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.82
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Niger
    Kurzfassung: This document presents the different debt-reduction measures from which Niger has benefited since 1983. The country had a sizeable debt with commercial banks, resulting from the development of the uranium mining. Thus, to reschedule its public debt, Niger regularly resorted to both the London Club and the Paris Club. Besides these traditional measures, Niger was the first country to benefit from the IDA Debt-reduction Fund to allow it to use grants to buy back its debt at a discount. Despite the reduction produced by this process and from the application of the Toronto terms by the Paris Club which in 1991 together accounted for the maximum reduction possible by the usual procedures, the Niger government can still not meet its obligations. The adjustment policy and in particular the attempt to clean up public finances, have not resulted in rebalancing the budget in a country where the level of direct taxation is the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa and where tax receipts have continued ...
    DOI: 10.1787/507332822478
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  • 150
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    Biotechnology and the Changing Public/Private Sector Balance : Developments in Rice and Cocoa (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.72
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This study examines the potential impact of changes in the public/private sector balance for biotechnology development and diffusion in developing country agriculture. It focuses on biotechnology related to two important developing country crops: rice and cocoa. The study highlights the differences in the ways in which research on the two crops is organised, at both national and international level, in the financial and scientific resources devoted to research and in the public and private actors involved. It stresses the need for government intervention in setting national research priorities and for innovative institutional arrangements — including public/private sector collaboration — in situations where public research funding has been reduced or is increasingly scarce ...
    DOI: 10.1787/324280502022
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  • 151
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    The Costs of Reducing CO2 Emissions : A Technical Manual (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.115
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents simulation results using the OECD Secretariat's GREEN model to quantify the economic costs of possible international agreements to curb CO2 emissions. These results supersede the initial GREEN results published in Working Paper no. 103 in June 1991. The first section of the paper summarises the analysis and draws some conclusions for policy. Section II of the paper reviews the so-called Business-as-Usual scenario and presents some sensitivity analysis around it. Section III considers international agreements under which emission curbs are only applied by the OECD countries or the EC and no actions are taken by the non-OECD regions. Particular attention is paid to the possibility that unilateral action by the OECD countries might give rise to so-called "carbon leakages", i.e. higher emissions in the non-OECD regions. Section IV extends the coverage of the international agreements to embrace the non-OECD countries. It quantifies the gains from cost-effective ...
    DOI: 10.1787/614012187236
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  • 152
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    Essai n 302B: Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque: Essai Zahn-Wellens/EMPA (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070394
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Serie: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 302B; Inherent Biodegradability; Zahn-Wellens/ EVPA Test
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 302B: Inherent Biodegradability: Zahn-Wellens/ EVPA Test
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Cette Ligne directrice décrit l'essai de Zahn-Wellens/EMPA. Elle est employée pour déterminer la biodégradabilité inhérente. Un mélange contenant la substance d'essai non-volatile et hydrosoluble, les substances nutritives minérales et une proportion relativement importante de boue activée en milieu aqueux est agité et aéré à 20-25°C à l'obscurité ou sous lumière diffuse, pendant une durée pouvant atteindre 28 jours. Des contrôles, ne contenant que de la boue activée et des substances nutritives minérales mais aucune substance d'essai, sont réalisés en parallèle. La capacité fonctionnelle de la boue activée est étudiée grâce à l’utilisation d’un composé de référence (éthylèneglycol, diéthylèneglycol, laurylsulfonate ou aniline). Les récipients d’un essai-type sont au nombre de 1 ou 2 pour la suspension d'essai et pour le témoin avec inoculum et 1 pour le contrôle de procédure. Le processus de biodégradation est suivi en déterminant la Demande Chimique en Oxygène (DCO) ou par dosage du Carbone Organique Dissous (COD) dans les échantillons filtrés, prélevés quotidiennement ou à d'autres intervalles de temps. Il est obligatoire de suivre le COD dans la suspension d'essai et les témoins avec inoculum en parallèle. Le pourcentage de biodégradation au moment de la prise d'échantillon est donné par le rapport du COD éliminé (ou DCO) (ce dernier étant corrigé de la valeur obtenue dans le témoin), après chaque intervalle de temps, sur la teneur initiale en COD. Ce pourcentage est porté sur un graphique en fonction du temps pour donner la courbe de biodégradation. L'essai est considéré valide, si le contrôle de la procédure montre qu'au moins 70% de la substance de référence ont été éliminés en 14 jours et si la diminution du COD (ou de la DCO) dans la suspension d'essai se fait graduellement au cours du temps (jours ou semaines), ce qui indique un phénomène de biodégradation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070394-fr
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  • 153
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    Test No. 302B: Inherent Biodegradability: Zahn-Wellens/ EVPA Test (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070387
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 302B; Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque; Essai Zahn-Wellens/EMPA
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 302B: Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque: Essai Zahn-Wellens/EMPA
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes the Zahn-Wellens/EMPA Test. It is used to determine inherent biodegradability. A mixture containing the non-volatile and water soluble test substance, mineral nutrients and a relatively large amount of activated sludge in aqueous medium is agitated and aerated at 20-25°C in the dark or in diffuse light, for up to 28 days. Blank controls, containing activated sludge and mineral nutrients but no test substance, are run in parallel. The functional capability of the activated sludge is tested using a reference compound (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, lauryl sulfonate or aniline). In a typical run 1 or 2 vessels for the test suspension and for the inoculum blank, 1 for procedure control are used. The biodegradation process is monitored by determination of DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon, (or COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand) in filtered samples, taken at daily or other time intervals. It is mandatory to follow DOC in the test suspension and inoculum blanks in parallel. The ratio of eliminated DOC (or COD), corrected for the blank, after each time interval, to the initial DOC value is expressed as the percentage biodegradation at the sampling time. The percentage biodegradation is plotted against time to give the biodegradation curve. The test is considered valid if the procedural control shows the removal of the reference compound by at least 70% within 14d and if DOC (or COD) in the test suspension is removed relatively gradually over days or weeks, since this indicates biodegradation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070387-en
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  • 154
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    Test No. 210: Fish, Early-Life Stage Toxicity Test (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070103
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 210; Poisson, essai de toxicité aux premiers stades de la vie
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 210: Poisson, essai de toxicité aux premiers stades de la vie
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The test method described in this Test Guideline, is intended to define the lethal and sub-lethal effects of chemicals on the early life stages of the species tested. The early-life stages of fish are exposed to ,at least, five concentrations of the test substance dissolved in water, preferably under flow-through conditions, or where appropriate, semi-static conditions. The test starts with placing fertilised eggs (at least 60) in the test chambers and continues at least until all the control fishes are free-feeding. Lethal and sub-lethal effects are assessed and compared with control values to determine the lowest observed effect concentration and the no observed effect concentration. The study report should include measurement of the concentrations of the test substance in water at regular intervals (five at least), the dissolved oxygen, pH, total hardness and salinity, fish weight and length, as well as the observations of abnormal appearance, abnormal behaviour, hatching and survival.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070103-en
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  • 155
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    La privatisation dans les pays en développement : Réflexions sur une panacée (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Privatisation in Developing Countries: Reflections on a Panacea
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: •La dérive des secteurs publics nationaux dans les pays en développement légitime la privatisation ; •La privatisation n'a pas connu au cours des années 80 l'essor escompté ; •Les difficultés à privatiser dans les pays en développement révèlent l'inadaptation de leurs structures économiques et financières à ce changement ; •Toutes stratégie nationale de privatisation doit être cohérente avec l'orientation globale des réformes économiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/337703878328
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  • 156
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    Online-Ressource
    Costs of Reducing CO2 Emissions : Evidence from Six Global Models (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 74 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.122
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper summarises and analyses results of the OECD's Model Comparisons Project. The aim of the project is to better understand differences across six global models in the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. In order to facilitate comparisons, key assumptions and reduction targets have been standardised. The paper provides evidence on; i) projected carbon dioxide emissions through the next century, and ii) the carbon taxes and output costs entailed in reducing these emissions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/273021141073
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  • 157
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    The Welfare Effects of Fossil Carbon Restrictions : Results from a Recursively Dynamic Trade Model (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.112
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addresses the issue of the cost of reducing CO2 emissions by comparing the results from six global models of a set of standardised reduction scenarios. The project provides evidence on: i)projected carbon dioxide emissions through the next century, and ii) the carbon taxes and output costs entailed in reducing these emissions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/688110444765
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  • 158
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    Impact of Structural Adjustment and Adoption of Technology on Competitiveness of Major Cocoa Producing Countries (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.69
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: All the world’s cocoa is grown in developing countries — more than half in West Africa — essentially for export. Except in Brazil, Malaysia and Indonesia, it is grown by smallholders. In the international cocoa market, prices rose steeply in 1977 but have been in almost constant decline since and production surpluses have persisted. For producers, the impact of the structural adjustment and liberalisation process has been mixed. While prices have remained low on the international market, producers have generally received a higher share of the international market price. On the other hand, input prices have increased and subsidies for fertiliser or improved planting material have either been reduced or eliminated. Under these conditions, poor producers then use even fewer purchased inputs. Structural adjustment has had a negative impact on cocoa research, particularly in public research institutions in Brazil and in Africa. In Malaysia the situation is different as the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/275313772128
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  • 159
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    The Impact of Laws and Regulations on Micro and Small Enterprises in Niger and Swaziland (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 83 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.77
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Eswatini ; Niger
    Kurzfassung: This Technical Paper presents the results of research on the impact of taxation and other regulations on micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in two countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The fiscal and other regulations of the countries studied — Niger and Swaziland — and their administrative systems are quite different. Based on approximately similar samples of enterprises from the two countries, this study estimated and compared the level of compliance with these different legal requirements, and also ascertained their consequences for the functioning and growth of these enterprises. The research revealed that the MSEs of the two countries do not comply with all the applicable regulations. The level of compliance itself depended more on the type of regulation and characteristics of the MSEs studied than on the country. It appears that the proportion of MSEs that are registered was nearly identical in the two countries, while differences depend primarily on location (rural versus urban) ...
    DOI: 10.1787/685353573323
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  • 160
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    Adjustment under Fixed Exchange Rates : Application to the European Monetary Union (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 91 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.117
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Euro Area
    Kurzfassung: The increasing, and ultimately complete, fixity of exchange rates between countries entering into the European Monetary Union (EMU) throws the burden of adjustment onto labour and product markets. At present, most countries adhering to the exchange rate mechanism of the EMS have relatively rigid labour markets, implying that, in the absence of structural reform, some countries may experience higher unemployment in moving towards the low inflation rates and modest deficit levels that are prerequisites for entering EMU. Given the limited availability of macroeconomic tools, some pressures to discriminate against imports from non-EC countries may emerge. Even after EMU, remaining differences in industrial and trading structures as well as in the supply and demand shocks experienced by individual Member countries will impose some need for localised adjustment. The relative wage and price changes involved in such adjustments may have disruptive effects on income and employment if labour ...
    DOI: 10.1787/308482533382
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  • 161
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    Test No. 406: Skin Sensitisation (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070660
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 406; Sensibilisation de la peau
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 406: Sensibilisation de la peau
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to test substance via intradermical injection and/or epidermical application. In this Test Guideline, the methods preferred over other are: the Guinea Pig Maximisation Test (GPMT) of Magnusson and Kligman which uses adjuvant and the non adjuvant Buehler Test. This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with guinea pig, but recently mouse models for assessing sensitisation potential have been developed. For the GPMT at least 10 animals in the treatment group and 5 in the control group are used. For the Buehler test, a minimum of 20 animals is used in the treatment group and at least 10 animals in the control group. The test animals are initially exposed to the test substance. Following a rest period, the induction period (10-14 days), during which an immune response may develop, then the animals are exposed to a challenge dose. The GPMT is made during approximately 23-25 days, the Buehler test, during approximately 30-32 days. The concentration of test substance used for each induction exposure should be well-tolerated systemically and should be the highest to cause mild-to moderate skin irritation, for the challenge exposure the highest nonirritant dose should be used. All skin reactions and any unusual findings should be observed and recorded (other procedures may be carried out to clarify doubtful reactions).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070660-en
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  • 162
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    Libéralisation des échanges : Quel enjeu ? (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Trade Liberalisation: What's at Stake?
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: . Les barrières commerciales faussent la structure des échanges internationaux ; elles altèrent l'affectation des ressources productives et freinent la croissance économique. Leur coût économique total est estimé à plus de 475 milliards de dollars par an. . Une réforme partielle, comme celle envisagée lors de l'Uruguay Round, rapporterait 195 milliards de dollars par an, dont plus de 90 milliards profiteraient aux pays en développement et aux anciennes économies centralement planifiées. . La CEE, le Japon et l'AELE seront sans doute les grands bénéficiaires de cette libéralisation. . Mais celle-ci aboutira également à une augmentation des revenus ruraux dans les pays en développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/263233630320
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  • 163
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    Telecommunications and Broadcasting : Convergence or Collision? No. 29 (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 295 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.5
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: From a technical perspective, the convergence between telecommunications and broadcasting now appears to be inevitable as both industries move towards digital standards.
    DOI: 10.1787/237416285388
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  • 164
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    Adjustment and Equity (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Ajustement et équité
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • Adjustment does not necessarily increase poverty • Adjusting before a crisis reduces social costs • Refusal to adjust and the suspension of imports leads to self-centred underdevelopment, which is socially much more costly • The choice of macroeconomic stabilisation measures is important: the same result can be obtained with higher or lower social costs • Some structural adjustment measures have beneficial social effects but others, like the reorganisation of public enterprises, involve high costs • Action by donor countries is indispensable to offset the increase in poverty linked to stabilisation measures and to the reduction of employment in public enterprises
    DOI: 10.1787/534374616322
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  • 165
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    Energy Taxation and Price Distortions in Fossil Fuel Markets : Some Implications for Climate Change Policy (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.110
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: In response to the potential threat of global warming many countries are considering cost effective policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this context much attention has been paid to taxes levied on the carbon content of fuels (carbon taxes), since they are a potentially efficient economic instrument for reducing emissions of CO2, the main greenhouse gas. This paper first reviews the existing structure of fossil fuel prices and taxes and the relationship between energy prices and carbon emissions. It then analyses the economic cost of superimposing carbon taxes on top of current energy taxes. Finally, using a simple energy demand system, tax reform proposals are simulated including restructuring present energy taxation by the average implicit carbon tax and a carbon cum energy tax similar to the EC proposal ...
    DOI: 10.1787/317606127730
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  • 166
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    Economic Integration in the Pacific Region (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.65
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Economic integration in the Pacific region — which includes the United States, Canada and Mexico — is rapidly occurring, primarily as a result of intra-regional capital flows. Private-sector business opportunities between the west and east coasts and the northern and southern rims of the Pacific region are stimulating ever-larger flows of goods, services, capital, technology, and people among these economies. Seven trends in the world economy are likely to strengthen these regional business relationships. They are: (1) the evolution of US-Soviet relations from conflict to co-operation, (2) the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe, (3) the reversal of the "locomotive" role of the United States, (4) the ascendancy of Japan as the world's banker, (5) the econornic integration of Europe, (6) the economic integration of North America, and (7) the declining relevance of the GATT. However, a regional trend, the growing friction between Japan and the United ...
    DOI: 10.1787/600342086204
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  • 167
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    Le secteur informel en Tunisie : Cadre réglementaire et pratique courante (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.80
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Tunisia
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents the results of a survey of the impact of regulations and taxes on micro enterprises, considered here as part of the informal sector, in Tunisia. Its purpose is to determine the extent to which small entrepreneurs comply with current regulations, and the consequences of these regulations on the functioning and growth of their enterprises. The survey was carried out among a representative sample of enterprises in four sectors, with different degrees of compliance with institutional obligations: machinery repair, garment manufacturing, restaurant stalls and carpet manufacturing. The study of the four sectors permits a comparison of the behaviour of enterprises active in different markets. The study reveals that among small entrepreneurs there is nearly total distrust of the state and its regulations, which they consider a constraint on the development of their activities. However, certain legal obligations, such as those concerning insurance on the premises or the minimum ...
    DOI: 10.1787/636600173665
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  • 168
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    Use of the Edmonds-Reilly Model to Model Energy-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.113
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper forms part of an OECD project which addresses the issue of the costs of reducing CO2 emissions by comparing the results from six global models of a set of standardised reduction scenarios. The Edmonds-Reilly Model was modified and run iteratively against several standardised scenarios for comparison with the results of the other models. This paper describes the model modifications required, as well as the results of the various modelling runs ...
    DOI: 10.1787/240072800241
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  • 169
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    Stabilization and Structural Adjustment in Indonesia : An Intertemporal General Equilibrium Analysis (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.83
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Indonesia
    Kurzfassung: Like most petroleum producing countries, Indonesia experienced a sharp deterioration in its export conditions during the early 1980s. Given the country's heavy reliance on oil taxation and relatively low per capita income, this exogenous shock seriously disrupted development plans and induced extensive structural adjustments in the economy. Indonesia has taken greater initiative than some to stabilize its economy and reduce the distortionary threat of expansionist policies inherited from the oil boom. Its success in this regard was due to an eventual willingness to implement voluntary stabilization and relatively favorable credit rating. In this study, a calibrated intertemporal general equilibrium model is used to evaluate the Indonesian adjustment policy of the period 1980-86 with particular attention to the growth and distributional implications of adjustment. The findings of this report indicate that more efficacious policies could have been implemented. These policies would ...
    DOI: 10.1787/158215377764
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  • 170
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    Gestion de l'environnement dans les pays en développement (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Managing the Environment in Developing Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • La politique de l'environnement devrait être fondée sur le principe selon lequel l'environnement est l'affaire de chacun ; tous les acteurs sociaux doivent prendre part à la gestion de l'environnement • Les politiques qui encouragent mplicitement, par des subventions, une exploitation des ressources naturelles abusive et préjudiciable à l'environnement sont fréquentes : les réformes devraient donner aussi bien la priorité aux questions économiques qu'à celles concernant l'environnement • Les instruments de marché sont moins employés que la réglementation mais ils peuvent être plus efficaces ; ils peuvent également constituer une source de revenus pour le financement de la protection de l'environnement • Il est possible d'améliorer l'efficacité des réglementations en mettant l'accent sur les mesures préventives, notamment les études d'impact sur l'environnement, en identifiant les gros pollueurs, en renforçant la mise en oeuvre des mesures adoptées et en encourageant la médiation aux dépens du recours à la poursuite judiciaire
    DOI: 10.1787/441575884444
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  • 171
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    Essai n 406: Sensibilisation de la peau (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070677
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Serie: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 406; Skin Sensitisation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 406: Skin Sensitisation
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Cette méthode fournit des informations sur les dangers pour la santé qui peuvent résulter d’une exposition à une substance d’essai par injection intradermique et/ou une application épidermique. Dans cette Ligne directrice, les méthodes préférées sont le test de maximisation chez le cobaye (GPMT) de Magnusson et Kligman, qui utilise un adjuvant, et le test de Buehler (sans adjuvant). Cette Ligne directrice utilise principalement des cobayes, mais récemment des modèles de souris ont été développés pour évaluer le potentiel de sensibilisation. Pour le GPMT, au moins 10 animaux pour le groupe traité et 5 pour le contrôle doivent être utilisés. Pour le test de Buehler, 20 animaux minimum sont employés dans le groupe traité et au moins 10 pour le contrôle. Les animaux testés sont premièrement exposés à la substance d’essai. Après une période de repos, la période d’induction (10-14 jours), pendant laquelle une réponse immunitaire peut être développée, les animaux sont exposés à une dose déclenchante. Le GPMT dure environ 23-25 jours, le test de Buehler pendant environ 30-32 jours. La concentration de la substance d’essai employée pour chaque induction doit être systématiquement bien tolérée et doit être la plus élevée à causer une irritation moyenne à modérée de la peau ; pour la dose déclenchante la dose non irritante la plus élevée doit être employée. Toutes les réactions cutanées et les résultats inhabituels doivent être observés et notés (d'autres procédures peuvent suivre pour clarifier des réactions douteuses).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070677-fr
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  • 172
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    New Issues, New Results : The OECD's Second Survey of the Macroeconomic Costs of Reducing CO2 Emissions (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.123
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper surveys empirical studies of the costs of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. It updates and extends an earlier paper, which focused on baseline emission scenarios and the aggregate cost of emission reductions. It attempts to explain some of the differences in simulation results and highlights some major policy issues ...
    DOI: 10.1787/725178447352
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  • 173
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    Les indicateurs de compétitivité et de commerce internationaux de l'OCDE (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.120
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD's Indicators of International Trade and Competitiveness
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents the methodology adopted by the Economics Department to calculate indices of effective exchange rates and indicators of competitiveness, based on unit labour costs and export unit values in the manufacturing sector. The calculation derives from a double-weighting system which first measures competition among all competitors of a given country on each of its markets, this competition being then weighted according to the relative importance of each of the markets of the country in question. These indicators are generally used to analyse trends in trade variables. In this paper, indicators of export market growth and export performance are also calculated and compared with the export competitiveness indicators ...
    DOI: 10.1787/252481400327
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  • 174
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    Is There a Future for Capital Income Taxation? (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.108
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the future of capital income taxation in a world of capital mobility. It first explores the motivation for personal and corporate income taxation in an open economy and argues that policymakers should view these taxes as having quite different impacts on the economy. The paper then suggests that some forces (e.g. capital flight) will encourage governments to shift away from capital income taxation while others (e.g. tax exportation) will have the opposite effect ...
    DOI: 10.1787/351474527568
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  • 175
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    Essai n 203: Poisson, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈ (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069978
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Serie: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 203; Fish, Acute Toxicity Test
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 203: Fish, Acute Toxicity Test
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Les poissons sont exposés à la substance d'essai, de préférence pendant une période de 96 heures. Les mortalités sont enregistrées à 24, 48, 72 et 96 heures et les concentrations qui tuent 50% des poissons (CL50) sont déterminées quand cela est possible. Une ou plusieurs espèces peuvent être employées, le choix étant à la discrétion du laboratoire d'essai. Au moins sept poissons doivent être employés à chaque concentration d'essai et dans les contrôles. La substance d'essai devrait être administrée à cinq concentrations, au moins, appartenant à une série géométrique avec un facteur ne dépassant pas de préférence 2,2. L'essai limite correspond à un niveau de dose de 100 mg/l. Cette étude inclut les observations des poissons au moins après 24, 48, 72 et 96 heures. Le pourcentage de mortalité cumulée, pour chaque période d'exposition, est tracé en fonction de la concentration sur du papier log-probit.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069978-fr
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  • 176
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    GREEN a Multi-Sector, Multi-Region General Equilibrium Model for Quantifying the Costs of Curbing CO2 Emissions : A Technical Manual (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 119 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.116
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Secretariat has developed a multi-region, multi-sector, dynamic applied general equilibrium (AGE) model to quantify the economy-wide and global costs of policies to curb emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). The project is called the GeneRal Equilibrium ENvironment model, hereafter referred to as GREEN. The purpose of this paper is to provide a full technical description of the GREEN model, its data base and parametrisation as of April 1992. It replaces the previous version of the GREEN Technical Manual which was issued in June 1991 as Working Paper No. 104 ...
    DOI: 10.1787/744101452772
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  • 177
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    Structural Adjustment and Moroccan Agriculture : An Assessment of the Reforms in the Sugar and Cereal Sectors (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.70
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Morocco
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews the process of agricultural policy reforms in Morocco in the 1980's, with particular emphasis on the cereals and sugar sub-sectors. Agricultural policy is reviewed in historical perspective, to show that the liberalisation process which was proposed in the framework of structural adjustment reforms ran contrary to the agricultural development strategy followed by Morocco since Independence. The macro-economic performance of Morocco is examined. It shows that the origin of the economic policy reforms can be found in the necessity to seek balance of payment ssupport. This led from a series of orthodox stabilisation measures to a process of liberalisation and structural adjustment which has affected a certain number of sectors including agriculture. The history of proposals for agricultural reforms is outlined and the extent of actual implementation is discussed. The adequacy of policy instruments and the impact of reforms are reviewed in a more detailed form for the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/217714011805
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  • 178
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    High-Speed Trains : Report of the Eighty-Seventh Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 16-17 May 1991 (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105863
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (102 p)
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.87
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Trains à grande vitesse ; Rapport de la 87ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 16 et 17 mai 1991
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105863-en
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  • 179
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    Les changements structurels de la population et leurs impacts sur les transports de voyageurs : Rapport de la 88ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 13 et 14 juin 1991 (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104774
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (172 p)
    Serie: Tables Rondes CEMT no.88
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Structural Changes in Population and Impact on Passenger Transport; Report of the Eighty-Eighth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 13-14 June 1991
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: Les changements actuels dans la structure de la population, qu’ils soient liés au vieillissement démographique ou à la modification radicale des pratiques sociales, sont de la plus haute importance. Sans de nouvelles mesures dynamiques dans la sphère des transports publics la voiture particulière continuera à être de plus en plus utilisée et les problèmes déjà considérés comme étant insurmontables seront aggravés. La 88ème Table ronde cherche à déterminer l'ampleur de ces évolutions avant d’analyser comment les transports publics peuvent s’y adapter.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104774-fr
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  • 180
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    Essai n 210: Poisson, essai de toxicité aux premiers stades de la vie (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070110
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Serie: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 210; Fish, Early-Life Stage Toxicity Test
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Test No. 210: Fish, Early-Life Stage Toxicity Test
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: La méthode d'essai décrite dans cette Ligne directrice, est prévue pour définir les effets létaux et sublétaux des produits chimiques sur les premiers stades de vie des espèces examinés. Les premiers stades de vie des poissons sont exposés à, au moins, cinq concentrations de la substance d'essai dissoute dans l'eau, de préférence dans des conditions de renouvellement continu du milieu, ou s'il y a lieu, dans des conditions semi-statiques. L'essai commence en plaçant les oeufs fécondés (au moins 60) dans les chambres d'essai, et continue au moins jusqu'à ce que tous les poissons témoins s’alimentent de façon autonome. Les effets létaux et sublétaux sont évalués et comparés aux valeurs témoin pour déterminer la concentration la plus basse pour laquelle on observe un effet, et la concentration sans effet observé. Le rapport d'étude inclut la mesure des concentrations de la substance d'essai dans l'eau à intervalles réguliers (cinq au moins), de l'oxygène dissous, du pH, la dureté et la salinité totale, du poids et de la longueur des poissons, ainsi que les observations d'apparence anormale, de comportement anormal, de l’éclosion et de la survie.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070110-fr
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  • 181
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    Trains à grande vitesse : Rapport de la 87ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 16 et 17 mai 1991 (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282104767
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Serie: Tables Rondes CEMT no.87
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. High-Speed Trains; Report of the Eighty-Seventh Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 16-17 May 1991
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282104767-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 182
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    Evaluating Investment in Transport Infrastructure : Report of the Eighty-Sixth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 7-8 June 1990 (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282105337
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (112 p)
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.86
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Évaluer les investissements en infrastructures de transport ; Rapport de la 86ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 7 et 8 juin 1990
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: As matters now stand, the planned investment in transport infrastructure cannot accomodate the growth in demand that will result from increased flows of traffic. Moreover, such investment has a whole range of effects on regional development, wealth distribution, and public well-being. The need to protect the environment also suggests that the construction of more infrastructure will be curbed and that any increases in capacity will be optimized. These factors have led to an appraisal of the reliability of methods of evaluating the relevant investment choices. This publication describes the techniques used for evaluation in a number of ECMT countries and the effectiveness of such methods, and examines conditions governing their use.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282105337-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 183
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    Online-Ressource
    Infrastructure and Private-Sector Productivity (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.91
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: A recent study by David Aschauer suggested a novel explanation for the slowdown of private-sector total factor productivity (TFP) in the United States in the early 1970s. He argues that it is due to the roughly contemporaneous slowdown in the rate of investment in public-sector infrastructure. Using data for eleven OECD countries, this note provides only mixed support for Aschauer's hypothesis. With series starting in the 1960s for most countries, regression analysis found a significant effect of infrastructure on TFP in about half the countries. A longer-term perspective was also examined for the United States. On the basis of data going back to the end of the 19th century, it appears that there was no relationship between infrastructure and TFP until after World War II ...
    DOI: 10.1787/231625432004
    URL: Volltext
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  • 184
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    Online-Ressource
    Unemployment Persistence and Insider-Outsider Forces in Wage Determination (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.92
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The rise in European unemployment has inspired much new research on the causes and mechanisms of unemployment, analogous to the interest devoted to unemployment in the 1930s. The new research has to a large extent focused on wage-setting behaviour, as is revealed by the rapid growth of theoretical and empirical work on models of wage bargaining, insider-outsider relationships, and efficiency wages. A common theme in this new work is a desire to provide satisfactory microeconomic foundations for the existence and persistence of involuntary unemployment. This paper offers a survey of recent research on unemployment persistence and insider-outsider forces in wage determination. It begins in Section II with an overview of major themes in the theoretical work on unemployment. Section III reviews results from a number of recent empirical studies inspired by these new theories. Section IV concludes with a discussion of directions for future research ...
    DOI: 10.1787/883783738373
    URL: Volltext
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  • 185
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Deregulation, Credit Rationing, Financial Fragility and Economic Performance (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.97
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper is one of four in this Working Paper Series, focusing on financial liberalisation, along with those of Miller and Weller, Kupiec and Blundell-Wignall and Browne. Its main purpose is to evaluate the imperfections still affecting deregulated credit markets. In particular, the paper examines the extent to which rationing continues to be present in credit markets and its implications for credit allocation and the transmission of monetary policy. In addition, the role of deregulation in financial market fragility and instability and its macroeconomic consequences are discussed ...
    DOI: 10.1787/740025471023
    URL: Volltext
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  • 186
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Toward a Concept of Development Agreements (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.43
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The problems associated with structural stagnation, the debt crisis, and policy mismanagement have proved resistant to the procedures of balance-of-payments stabilization and structural adjustment of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. This paper considers the challenges encountered in merging policies of adjustment and development planning. We consider some guiding principles and weigh some alternative policies. The paper suggests that a new approach may be useful for the countries that have been least successful at making adjustments, face massive structural problems, and need additional donor aid. Development Agreements would call, on the part of the recipient countries, for policies based on a "development strategy" and, on the part of the donor countries, for assurances of long-term financial assistance. It is suggested that such agreements be organised and overseen by joint Development Commissions made up of representatives of the donors, the recipient ...
    DOI: 10.1787/821180114212
    URL: Volltext
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  • 187
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Policy and Entrepreneurial Responses to the Montreal Protocol : Some Evidence from the Dynamic Asian Economies (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.51
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This Technical Paper examines: (i) how the governments of the six dynamic Asian economies — Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand — have responded to the challenge posed by the Montreal Protocol to reduce their consumption of ozone-depleting substances like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and methyl chloroform (MC); (ii) how electronics firms in those economies have coped with the technical and other problems involved in substituting for CFC-113 and MC in their cleaning operations. The paper shows how different national control strategies and policy frameworks can shape incentives for conservation and recycling; countries with quantitative restrictions in place have been highly effective in curtailing CFC consumption. Once quotas are in place, governments do well to devise an allocation system that enables them to capture the bulk of the quota rents to finance measures designed to facilitate the phase-out effort. Substantial reductions through conservation measures ...
    DOI: 10.1787/408872013406
    URL: Volltext
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  • 188
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Energy Prices, Taxes and Carbon Dioxide Emissions (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.106
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Taxes levied on the carbon content of fuels (carbon taxes) are being considered in many OECD countries as a possible policy instrument to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This paper first reviews the policy response in Member countries to the threat of global warming. It then discusses the link between carbon emission intensities and current energy prices, touching also on the relative price effects of current energy policies and the implicit carbon taxes reflected in present energy taxation for different fuels. Finally, the likely size of carbon taxes and associated tax revenue is illustrated by simulations of OECD's GREEN model for equiproportionate emission cuts and a global permit trading system ...
    DOI: 10.1787/356365310851
    URL: Volltext
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  • 189
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The External Financing of Thailand's Imports (Special Series on Mixed Credits, in Collaboration with ICEPS) (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 84 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.45
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Thailand
    Kurzfassung: This study has three basic objectives. First, it estimates the subsidy rates for the officially supported external financing received by the Thai public sector. Second, it attempts to provide some analysis of the impact of this concessional funding on the domestic allocation of resources. Third, it aims to estimate the supply and demand functions for the officially supported export credits received by Thailand from 1976 to 1985. A relatively detailed review of the period from 1975 to 1985 revealed a deteriorating external debt situation for Thailand. External public debt rose from a low of US$900 million in 1973 to US$12.8 billion in 1985 with comparable public debt service ratios of 2.9 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively. This occurred despite the customary conservative external borrowing policy of the Thai government and its centralized administrative control of public debt creation. Concessional ODA financing averaged 21 per cent of total net financial flows in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/086838577183
    URL: Volltext
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  • 190
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Increasing Financial Market Integration, Real Exchange Rates and Macroeconomic Adjustment (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.96
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper is one of four in this Working Paper Series, focusing on financial liberalisation, along with those of Kupiec, Miller and Weller, and Driscoll. It examines the extent to which international financial markets have become more integrated over the past decade. The finding that financial markets are almost fully integrated, in contrast to goods markets which are not, has important implications for real interest rate differentials, real exchange rate behaviour and external adjustment. In particular, the reduced importance of external imbalance and the increased role of real interest rates in real exchange rate determination can be associated with more prolonged misalignments ...
    DOI: 10.1787/336243304330
    URL: Volltext
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  • 191
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Aggregation by Industry in General Equilibrium Models with International Trade (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.50
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Models of trading economies have become very large in dimensions and complex in structure. This paper seeks conditions under which it is possible to aggregate the production and consumption of groups of commodities in "industries": commodity groups sharing some common characteristics and behaviour. The most extreme form of aggregation is the simultaneous aggregation of the same commodities using the same aggregator functions on both the production and consumption sides of the model. This is called "complete aggregation". If this can be done, the competitive equilibrium can be determined in two stages and the commodity dimensions of a model can be reduced drastically, perhaps to very few. In other cases it is possible to aggregate commodities only on the production or the consumption side of the model. Such aggregation will simplify the production or consumption side and allow the derivation of new results. Conditions which are sufficient for aggregation in production or ...
    DOI: 10.1787/581654016867
    URL: Volltext
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  • 192
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    Macro-Micro Linkages : Structural Adjustment and Fertilizer Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.49
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: In the 1960s, the principle of subsidies for agricultural inputs was unquestioned. The advent of Structural Adjustment Plans led however to a re-examination of this principle, as preference moved towards liberalisation of the agricultural sector. Given the very low consumption of fertilizers in sub-Saharan Africa — a consumption level which is currently the lowest for all world regions — its agricultural development calls imperatively for an increase in the use of fertilizers. Widespread diffusion of the most modern agricultural practices is therefore a sine quo non for agricultural policies in this region. Hitherto, the cessation of subsidies has always resulted in reduced use of fertilizers. This is due to the specific nature of private demand for agricultural inputs, which is particularly sensitive to the risk factor associated with the use of fertilizers. Users must accordingly be protected against the economic hazards consequent upon the introduction of modern ...
    DOI: 10.1787/616580654627
    URL: Volltext
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  • 193
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    Online-Ressource
    Le partage du fardeau entre les créanciers de pays débiteurs défaillants (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.44
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This Technical paper presents the results of research carried out with the aim of defining and explaining how the debt crisis burden is shared between the different creditors. The interaction between creditors, which is seen primarily in this burden-sharing, is a phenomenon that has been unduly neglected by the analyses and the policies implemented since the beginning of the debt crisis. The paper first shows how it is possible, at the price of a small number of simplifying analytical assumptions, to define and statistically measure burden-sharing among creditors. The proposed method is then applied to the data of a sample group of 28 countries for a 5 year period (1985-1989). The calculations lead to extremely clear results, according to which the burden has in recent years fallen mainly on official creditors and, among these, above all on the multilateral institutions. The paper then goes on to throw light on the macroeconomic determinants of the burden borne by the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/267878327340
    URL: Volltext
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  • 194
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Biotechnology and Developing Country Agriculture : Maize in Indonesia (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 86 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.34
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Indonesia
    Kurzfassung: After rice, maize is the second most important staple food in Indonesia, and is cultivated under a diversity of agro-ecological conditions. While food accounts for more than half total maize utilisation, demand for maize as livestock feed - particularly for poultry - has been growing rapidly in recent years. The Indonesian Development Plan sets production targets for maize for different regions, according to different technological "packages" in terms of the type of seed used and level of other inputs. Although the recommended technology packages imply wider diffusion of improved seed, only a small share of the total area cultivated is sown to hybrids and the commercial seeds industry is only just emerging. Unlike rice and soybean, maize is not a major focus of policy intervention. Nevertheless, farm revenue in maize production has been increasing despite growing production costs per hectare. Given the high price of hybrids compared to open-pollinated varieties so far obtained ...
    DOI: 10.1787/735247002631
    URL: Volltext
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  • 195
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    GREEN - - A Multi-Region Dynamic General Equilibrium Model for Quantifying the Costs of Curbing CO2 Emissions : A Technical Manual (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 103 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.104
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Secretariat has developed a multi-region, multi-sector, dynamic applied general equilibrium (AGE) model to quantify the economy-wide and global costs of policies to curb emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). The project is called the GeneRal Equilibrium ENvironments model, hereafter referred to as GREEN. The purpose of this paper is to provide a full technical description of the GREEN model, its data base and parametrisation as of May 1991. Work is continuing to extend GREEN in several different directions to make the model more policy relevant, and a revised version of the technical manual will be issued in due course ...
    DOI: 10.1787/877165867056
    URL: Volltext
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  • 196
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The External Financing of Indonesia's Imports (Special Series on Mixed Credits, in Collaboration with ICEPS) (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.37
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Indonesia
    Kurzfassung: Foreign borrowing as a source of additional savings can be valuable to a nation whose supply of long-term investment funds is scarce, relative to the amount of its productive investment opportunities. Indonesia is an example of such a country. It has abundant investment opportunities, but because of a limited capital market has financed many of its development projects from international sources. It has maintained a policy of restricting foreign commercial borrowing while maximizing the share of funds from multilateral and bilateral sources at preferential terms. At the end of 1986, Indonesia's total outstanding external debt was estimated at $43.5 billion, 43 per cent of which was denominated in US dollars, and 22 per cent in Japanese yen. The current rates of public foreign debt services to exports is in the 30 per cent range and the rates of total foreign debt service to exports is in the 40 per cent range. Since 1984, the co-ordination of debt management and trade ...
    DOI: 10.1787/510306807525
    URL: Volltext
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  • 197
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    A Macroeconomic Model for Debt Analysis of the Latin America Region and Debt Accounting Models for the Highly Indebted Countries (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.93
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: During the 1980s, following the Mexican payments crisis of August 1982, a number of debt "plans" and "strategies" have been introduced, but overall progress in resolving the situation has been slow. This paper results from a project to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic developments in OECD countries and those in debtor countries. The aim is to develop tools that can help to throw light on the importance of international linkages, including those between OECD and debtor countries, in order to understand better why many of the hopes and expectations of the various debt plans have not been realised. This paper presents a set of models for Latin America (DEMOD) that can be used to analyze the impact of the world macroeconomy on the economies of Latin America; these have been designed to focus in particular on growth and debt servicing capacity and to trace the development of creditworthiness indicators. In addition, debt accounting models for the highly indebted ...
    DOI: 10.1787/542222878787
    URL: Volltext
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  • 198
    Online-Ressource
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    Wage Differentials, Entry and the Job Generation Process in Germany (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.)
    Serie: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.5
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany
    Kurzfassung: Based on information from the employment records of individual establishments in western Germany (Federal Republic of Germany before the German unification) between 1977-1988, it is possible to shed some light on the characteristics and determinants of the job generation process. Data for this study were drawn from the Employment Statistics register of the Federal Office of Labour (Bundesanstalt flir Arbeit) and cover almost 80 per cent of total employment. The central finding of the paper is that trend employment growth is, to a large extent, accommodated by plant openings rather than by the expansion of already existing units. While new establishments are subject to high failure rates, the growth of survivors almost completely offsets job losses due to plant closures. Furthermore, statistical analyses of entries and exits provide some support for the hypothesis that reduced wage differentials within any sector negatively affect the pace of entry of new establishments. These results could be relevant for the current debate on the determinants of the poor employment performance of Germany in the 1980s. In pai1icular, they raise the possibility that reduced wage differentials, associated with labour market policies and collectivistic wage agreements in the 1980s, played an important role in lowering the job generation potential of western Germany.
    DOI: 10.1787/b5b07b92-en
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  • 199
    Online-Ressource
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    Time-Varying Estimates on the Openness of the Capital Account in Korea and Taiwan (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.42
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Chinese Taipei ; Korea, Republic of
    Kurzfassung: How open are the capital accounts in Korea and Taiwan? Has there been a trend towards more financial openness during the 1980s? This paper aims at answering both questions by estimating a model of interest determination first outlined by Edwards and Khan, in an extension suggested by Haque and Montiel. Use is made of a time-varying parameter estimation based on the Kalman filter technique, instead of the usual constant parameter estimation. The findings indicate a low degree of capital mobility for both Korea and Taiwan, and no trend towards more financial openness (except recently in Taiwan's interbank market). The dismantling of capital controls and of internal financial restrictions is thus likely to impose an important loss of monetary autonomy in both countries ...
    DOI: 10.1787/424740140426
    URL: Volltext
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  • 200
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    Etudes économiques de l'OCDE : République fédérative tchèque et slovaque 1991 (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264164451
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Czech and Slovak Federal Republic 1991
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Czech and Slovak Federal Republic 1991
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Kurzfassung: L’édition 1991 de l'Étude économique consacrée à la République fédérative tchèque et slovaque examine l'historique et la situation au début de la réforme, l'évolution et la politique macro-économique, la réforme structurelle, l'intégration à l'économie mondiale et les marchés financiers.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_surveys-svk-1991-fr
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