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  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (37)
  • Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press
  • Taxation
  • Economics  (37)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264243507
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.23
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Taxation of SMEs in OECD and G20 countries
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    Keywords: KMU ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Klein- und Mittelbetrieb ; Unternehmensbesteuerung
    Abstract: Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are important for their contribution to employment, innovation, economic growth and diversity. This report examines the tax treatment of SMEs, the case for SME preferences, and the use of tax preferences and simplification measures for SMEs in thirty-nine OECD and G20 countries. It finds that many of the tax systems examined provide incentives to incorporate and to distribute income in certain types of capital form. Ideally, taxes should be neutral with regard to the business decisions of SMEs, including decisions related to their creation, form and growth. However, certain features of the tax system may disproportionately affect SMEs, for example, the asymmetric treatment of profits and losses, a bias toward debt over corporate equity, and the higher fixed costs of tax and regulatory compliance for small businesses. This report recommends that measures designed to address these concerns be carefully targeted to affected firms and seek to avoid introducing further distortions and complexity.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264192744
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lutter contre l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Addressing base erosion and profit shifting
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    Keywords: Gewinnverlagerung ; Körperschaftsteuer ; Steuerrecht ; OECD-Staaten ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Ertragsteuer ; Steuersystem ; Unternehmenspolitik ; Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Bodenerosion ; Gewinnverlagerung ; Steuerrecht
    Abstract: Base erosion constitutes a serious risk to tax revenues, tax sovereignty and tax fairness for many countries. While there are many ways in which domestic tax bases can be eroded, a significant source of base erosion is profit shifting. This report presents the studies and data available regarding the existence and magnitude of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS), and contains an overview of global developments that have an impact on corporate tax matters and identifies the key principles that underlie the taxation of cross-border activities, as well as the BEPS opportunities these principles may create. The report concludes that current rules provide opportunities to associate more profits with legal constructs and intangible rights and obligations, and to legally shift risk intra-group, with the result of reducing the share of profits associated with substantive operations. The report recommends the development of an action plan to address BEPS issues in a comprehensive manner.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264177581
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tax and development
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    Keywords: Steuerpolitik ; Entwicklung ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Taxation ; Development ; Steuerpolitik ; Entwicklungsländer
    Abstract: Tax revenues provide governments with funds to invest in development, relieve poverty, deliver public services and build the physical and social infrastructure for long-term growth. Moreover, there are mutually beneficial links between taxation and good governance. Tax and Development: Aid Modalities for Strengthening Tax Systems highlights how taxation can have a positive effect on the quality of governance and a government’s relationship with citizens and, in turn, how good governance can have a positive effect on compliance and revenue mobilisation. How can international assistance providers, including OECD members, international and regional organisations, support the development of tax systems in developing countries? Tax and Development: Aid Modalities for Strengthening Tax Systems provides practical guidance for policy makers and practitioners based on the results of an extensive literature review, a survey of aid agency officials and six country case studies (Ghana, Guatemala, Liberia, Mali, Mozambique, and Tanzania). It examines the aid instruments that donors use to assist developing countries including general and sector budget support, basket financing, stand-alone bilateral aid and funding South-South organisations. The strengths and weaknesses of each modality for supporting tax systems are identified, and some 50 recommendations to support the development of effective, efficient and growth-oriented tax systems in developing countries are provided.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187610
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (440 p.)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Inventory of estimated budgetary support and tax expenditures for fossil fuels 2013
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    Keywords: Fossile Energie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Steuervergünstigung ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Trade ; OECD ; Energiepolitik ; Steuervergünstigung
    Abstract: This Inventory is concerned with direct budgetary transfers and tax expenditures that relate to fossil fuels, regardless of their impact or of the purpose for which the measures were first put in place. It has been undertaken as an exercise in transparency, and to inform the international dialogue on fossil-fuel subsidy reform. For each of the 34 OECD countries covered, the Inventory provides a succinct summary of its energy economy, and of the budgetary and tax-related measures provided at the central-government level (and, in the case of federal countries, for selected sub-national units of government) relating to fossil-fuel production or consumption. The transfers associated with these measures are reported for recent years using the Producer Support Estimate (PSE) and Consumer Support Estimate (CSE) as organising frameworks. These frameworks have already been used extensively by the OECD, most notably in respect of agriculture. The Inventory covers a wide range of measures that provide a benefit or preference for a particular activity or a particular product, either in absolute terms or relative to other activities or products, against a specified baseline. Many measures listed in this inventory are relative preferences within a particular country’s tax system rather than absolute support that can be readily compared across countries, and for that reason no national totals are provided.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264119222
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Corporate loss utilisation through aggressive tax planning
    DDC: 658.403
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    Keywords: Steuerplanung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Electronic books ; OECD ; Steuerplanung
    Abstract: Corporate losses raise compliance risks if aggressive tax planning is used as a means of increasing or accelerating tax relief in ways not intended by the legislator, or to generate artificial losses. This report describes the size of loss carry-forwards, the rules applicable in relation to losses, and identifies the following risk areas: corporate reorganisations, financial instruments and non-arm’s length transfer pricing. After having summarised aggressive tax planning schemes on losses, as well as country detection and response strategies, it offers a number of conclusions and recommendation for tax administration and tax policy officials.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264088689
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Addressing tax risks involving bank losses
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    Keywords: Bank ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Verlust ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Finanzkrise ; Bank ; Verlustrealisation ; Steuerwirkung
    Abstract: The financial and economic crisis had a devastating impact on bank profits, with loss-making banks reporting global commercial losses of around USD 400 billion in 2008. This comprehensive report sets the market context for bank losses and provides an overview of the tax treatment of such losses in 17 OECD countries; describes the tax risks that arise in relation to bank losses from the perspective of both banks and revenue bodies; outlines the incentives that give rise to those risks; and describes the tools revenue bodies have to manage these potential compliance risks. It concludes with recommendations for revenue bodies and for banks on how risks involving bank losses can best be managed and reduced.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264091085
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (154 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.20
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tax policy reform and economic growth
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    Keywords: Steuerpolitik ; Steuerreform ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Steuer ; Steuerpolitik ; Wirtschaftswachstum
    Abstract: In the wake of the recent financial and economic crisis, many OECD countries face the challenge of restoring public finances while still supporting growth. This report investigates how tax structures can best be designed to support GDP per capita growth. The analysis suggests a tax and economic growth ranking order according to which corporate taxes are the most harmful type of tax for economic growth, followed by personal income taxes and then consumption taxes, with recurrent taxes on immovable property being the least harmful tax. Growth-oriented tax reform measures include tax base broadening and a reduction in the top marginal personal income tax rates. Some degree of support for R&D through the tax system may help to increase private spending on innovation. But implementing pro-growth tax reforms may not be easy. This report identifies those public and political economy tax reform strategies that will allow policy makers to reconcile differing tax policy objectives and overcome obstacles to reform. It stresses that with clear vision, strong leadership and solid tax policy analysis, growth-oriented tax reform can indeed be realised.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264091320
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.19
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cebreiro, Ana Choosing a broad base - low rate approach to taxation
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    Keywords: Steuerreform ; Besteuerungsverfahren ; Steuervergünstigung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Steuerpolitik ; Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Konsolidierung ; Steuerreform ; Besteuerungsgrundlage ; Steuersatz ; Bemessung
    Abstract: Many countries will likely face the need to increase tax revenues, as part of fiscal consolidation, during the next few years. But how is this best done? And what are the considerations when choosing between raising tax rates and broadening the tax base by scaling back or abolishing targeted tax provisions (such as allowances, exemptions and preferential rates)? This report aims to answer such questions by taking a close look at the economic and political factors that influence governments’ tax decisions. Although many countries have broadened their tax bases over the past 30 years, targeted tax provisions, notably tax expenditures, continue to be significant. Like public expenditure, targeted tax reliefs mean that (other) tax rates need to be higher in order to finance these reliefs. This report therefore discusses whether such tax provisions continue to be worthwhile. It includes an annex covering country-specific revenue forgone estimates of tax expenditures for selected OECD countries. This report also identifies political factors, including the lobbying of influential interest groups, as the main obstacles to base-broadening reforms, and it considers how reforms can be best packaged and presented to overcome such obstacles.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264076907
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (242 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les dépenses fiscales dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. OECD Tax expenditures in OECD countries
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    Keywords: Steuervergünstigung ; OECD-Staaten ; Tax expenditures OECD countries ; Governance ; Taxation ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Steuervergünstigung ; Steuerbefreiung ; Steuerpolitik ; Effizienz
    Abstract: In all OECD countries, governments collect revenues through taxes and redistribute this public money, often by obligatory spending on social programmes such as education or health care. Their tax systems usually include “tax expenditures” – provisions that allow certain groups of people, such as small businessmen, retired people or working mothers, or those who have undertaken certain activities, such as charitable donations, to pay less in taxes. The use of tax expenditures by governments is pervasive and growing. At a time when many government budgets are threatened by population ageing and adverse cyclical developments, there is a pressing need to avoid inefficient government programmes, some of which may utilise tax expenditures. This book sheds light on the use of tax expenditures, mainly through a study of ten OECD countries: Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. This book will help government officials and the public better understand some of the technical and policy issues behind the use of tax expenditures. It highlights key trends and successful practices, and addresses a broad range of government finance issues, including tax policy making, tax and budget efficiency, fiscal responsibility and rule making.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Les dépenses fiscales dans les pays de l'OCDE
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264087637
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Taxation, Innovation and the Environment; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La fiscalité, l'innovation et l'environnement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Taxation, Innovation and the Environment: (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Taxation, innovation and the environment
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    Keywords: Ökosteuer ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Emissionshandel ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Taxation ; Umweltabgabe ; Umweltschutz ; Innovation ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltsteuer ; Innovationsförderung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Solving the world’s environmental problems could take a significant toll on economic growth if only today’s technologies are available. We know that innovation – the creation and adoption of new cleaner technologies and know-how – provides a means to achieve local and global environmental goals at significantly lower costs. Innovation is also a major driver of economic growth. OECD governments are increasingly using environmentally related taxes because they are typically one of the most effective policy tools available. Exploring the relationship between environmentally related taxation and innovation is critical to understanding the full impacts of this policy instrument as well as one potential facet of “green growth.” By putting a price on pollution, do environmentally related taxes spur innovation? What types of innovation result? Does the design of the tax play a critical role? What is the effect of this innovation? In analysing these questions, this report draws on case studies that cover Japan, Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Israel and others. It covers a wide set of environmental issues and technologies, as well as the economic and policy contexts. The research methods range from econometric analysis to interviews with business owners and executives. The report also explores the use of environmentally related taxes in OECD countries and outlines considerations for policymakers when implementing these taxes. Green growth policies can stimulate economic growth while preventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss and unsustainable natural resource use. The results from this publication will contribute to the Green Growth Strategy being developed by the OECD as a practical policy package for governments to harness the potential of greener growth.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264068872
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Engaging with high net worth individuals on tax compliance
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    Keywords: Finanzverwaltung ; Steuermoral ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Reichtum ; Individuum ; Steuermoral ; Steuerpolitik
    Abstract: High Net Worth Individuals (HNWIs) pose significant challenges to tax administrations due to the complexity of their affairs, their revenue contribution, the opportunity for aggressive tax planning, and the impact of their compliance behaviour on the integrity of the tax system. This publication examines in detail this taxpayer segment, describes their usage of aggressive tax planning schemes and proposes prevention, detection and response strategies that tax administrations can use to respond to these challenges. It also addresses aspects of voluntary disclosure initiatives for past non-compliance that may be particularly pertinent in the current environment. The publication outlines a number of innovative approaches to enable governments to better manage the risks involved with marketed tax schemes and tailor-made arrangements. To improve compliance, tax administrations could consider changing the structure of their operations to focus resources effectively, for example, through the creation of a dedicated HNWI unit. Other recommendations include creating the appropriate legal framework, exploring forms of co-operative compliance and engaging more in international co-operation, at both the strategic and operational level.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264024748
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (147 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.18
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Taxation of SMEs
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    Keywords: KMU ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Steuerrecht ; Klein- und Mittelbetrieb ; OECD
    Abstract: This report covers a broad range of SME taxation issues, including possible effects of taxation on the creation and growth of SMEs, and considerations arising from a relatively high compliance burden. Differing income tax and social security contribution burdens of unincorporated and incorporated SMEs are considered in detail, with analysis of average statutory tax rates carried out to investigate possible tax distortions to business creation and business structure decisions of a single worker/owner of an SME. Various arguments are presented for and against the targeting of tax incentives at SMEs. Country examples of SME tax incentives and compliance cost reduction measures are provided in the report.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264067851
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Building transparent tax compliance by banks
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    Keywords: Steuermoral ; Bank ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; OECD ; Steuerplanung ; Kreditwesen ; Governance ; Steuervermeidung ; Bank ; Risikomanagement
    Abstract: This book analyses the role banks play in the provision of aggressive tax planning arrangements. It examines the nature of banking, the complex structured financing transactions developed by banks and how they are then used by both banks and their clients. It also explores the internal governance processes that banks use to manage tax risk and the prevention, detection and response strategies applied by different revenue bodies in responding to the challenges that banks pose. The book makes a number of recommendations for revenue bodies and identifies best practices for consideration by banks.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264041813
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Study into the role of tax intermediaries
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    Keywords: Steuerplanung ; Steuerberatung ; Finanzverwaltung ; Tax administration and procedure ; Tax consultants ; Taxation ; Finanzbehörde ; Risikomanagement ; Unternehmen ; Steuerplanung ; Steuerberatung
    Abstract: This report examines the role tax intermediaries play in the operation of tax systems and specifically to understand their role in “unacceptable tax minimisation arrangements”. In addition, the identifies strategies for strengthening the relationship between tax intermediaries and revenue bodies.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264038387
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tax effects on foreign direct investment
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    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Steuerpolitik ; Steuerwirkung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Direktinvestition ; Multinationales Unternehmen ; Steuer ; Steuerbelastung ; Unternehmenspolitik
    Abstract: Reports the results of a project examining taxation and foreign direct investment (FDI), with a focus on three areas. Recent empirical studies and models are first reviewed, with the aim of better understanding what factors explain differences in the responsiveness of FDI to taxation, in different country and industry contexts. Second, the publication reports an exchange of views on considerations that are balanced by tax policy makers in the design of rules governing the taxation of inbound and outbound FDI, including increasing pressure to provide “internationally competitive” tax treatment. Third, the publication presents findings from a new framework developed for the project to analyse the implications of tax-planning by multinationals in reducing effective tax rates on cross-border investment. The findings highlight the need to address tax-planning when attempting to measure the “true” tax burden on FDI.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264031364
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.15
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Maffini, Giorgia Encouraging savings through tax-preferred accounts
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    Keywords: Sparförderung ; Steuervergünstigung ; OECD-Staaten ; Savings accounts Government policy ; Taxation ; Sparquote ; Erhöhung ; Anreizsystem ; Steuervergünstigung
    Abstract: To boost their domestic saving rate, many OECD countries have introduced savings accounts that offer tax advantages, called tax-preferred savings accounts. This report describes and analyses various tax-preferred savings accounts, excluding pension-related accounts, in a cross-section of 11 OECD countries. Based on a comparison of results, the report then answers the following questions: (1) which income groups benefit the most from these accounts; (2) to what extent do these accounts generate additional savings; and (3) how much tax revenue is foregone due to these accounts.Based on the findings, the report also suggests measures on how to improve the effectiveness of tax-preferred savings accounts.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Encourager l'épargne grâce à des comptes à régime fiscal préférentiel
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264038127
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (131 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fundamental reform of corporate income tax
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    Keywords: Körperschaftsteuer ; Steuerreform ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; OECD ; Unternehmen ; Steuerrecht ; Körperschaftsteuerreform
    Abstract: Policy makers in OECD countries are concerned about whether they can maintain their current levels of corporate income tax revenues and how they can create an attractive investment climate for domestic and foreign investors. This report presents the recent trends in the taxation of corporate income in OECD countries and discusses the main drivers of corporate income tax reform and evaluates the gains of fundamental corporate tax reform. The corporate tax-induced distortions are discussed from a domestic and international tax point of view. This study also considers tax revenue and tax complexity issues. The book also explains a series of alternative systems that might be implemented.
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789264012493
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La taxation des options de souscription ou d'achat d'actions destinées aux salariés
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The taxation of employee stock options
    DDC: 332.632283
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    Keywords: Besteuerungsprinzip ; OECD-Staaten ; Aktienoption ; Employment ; Taxation ; OECD ; Arbeitnehmer ; Steuer ; Kapitalbeteiligung ; Steuersystem ; Aktienoptionsplan
    Abstract: Employee stock option plans have become a common component of remuneration packages in multinational enterprises. This publication presents and examines the many important tax issues that arise for beneficiaries and companies. Focusing first on domestic tax issues, it considers what tax treatment would provide no tax-related incentives for a company to either increase or cut the use of stock options, and would be neutral regarding the choice of either granting stock options or paying ordinary salary. The approach is non-prescriptive and serves to provide a benchmark for policymakers. This is complemented by a survey of taxation of stock options in OECD countries in 2002 that calculates the effective rate of tax and compares it with tax on ordinary salary. Cross-border taxation issues are then discussed. Issues such as the timing of the benefits from stock options, the distinction between employment income and capital gains and the identification of the services to which they relate are relevant to the application of tax treaties, which are based on the OECD Model Tax Convention, and the resulting changes to the Model's Commentary are fully explained. Finally, the effects on transfer pricing are analysed in three circumstances: when an enterprise grants stock options to employees of a subsidiary in another country, when using transfer pricing methods that are affected by remuneration costs, and when employees benefiting from stock options are involved in activities that are the subject of a cost contribution arrangement.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264025783
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Refonte de l'imposition des revenus des personnes physiques
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fundamental reform of personal income tax
    DDC: 332.24215
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    Keywords: Einkommensteuer ; Steuerreform ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; OECD ; Einkommensteuerreform ; OECD ; Einkommensteuerreform
    Abstract: In a drive to encourage risk-taking, entrepreneurship and competitive fiscal advantage, many OECD countries have reformed their personal income tax system fundamentally over the last two decades, generally in ways that can be characterised as rate reducing and base broadening. This comprehensive study examines the general trends in the taxation of capital and wage income, and the most significant changes that have taken place. It looks closely at the main drivers of reform, the trade-offs between policy objectives, the guidelines, objectives and design features of tax reforms and why fundamental reform of personal income tax systems has been so high on the agenda. The principal systems of taxes on personal capital income and wage income - comprehensive, dual and flat – are thoroughly examined and evaluated in the OECD countries that have adopted these different systems or a mix thereof. They are each assessed in terms of the fundamental principles of sound tax policy: simplification, efficiency, equity, tax compliance and tax revenue, and their main advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264025530
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (199 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie politique des taxes liées à l'environnement
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The political economy of environmentally related taxes
    DDC: 336.201
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    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Ökosteuer ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Taxation ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Umweltsteuer ; Umweltpolitik
    Abstract: Based on experience in OECD countries, this book provides a comprehensive discussion of the effectiveness of environmentally related taxes, of recent research on the environmental and economic impacts of applying them, an on their potential for wider use. In particular, it looks at how to overcome obstacles to their implementation. It also discusses the environmental and economic effects of combining such taxes with other instruments for environmetal policy.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264029507
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.14
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'imposition des gains en capital des personnes physiques ; Enjeux et méthodes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Taxation of capital gains of individuals
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    Keywords: Wertzuwachssteuer ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; OECD ; Steuerpolitik ; Kapitalertragsteuer
    Abstract: This book investigates policy considerations in the taxation of capital gains of individuals and design features of capital gains tax systems. Perspectives on these are reported for 20 OECD countries. Descriptive information on aspects of capital tax rules for gains on domestic assets of resident investors are presented in summary tables covering all OECD countries.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264007222
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.10
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als E-commerce
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    Keywords: Electronic Commerce ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; Verrechnungspreis ; Lieferantenmanagement ; Taxation ; Science and Technology ; OECD ; Gewinn ; Verrechnungspreis ; Steuerrecht ; Electronic Commerce
    Abstract: The increased speed and mobility of business activities and cross-border transactions resulting from internet usage has particular implications for applying transfer pricing methods and for taxing business profits. This book presents a two-part look at existing OECD positions on these issues. Part I of this edition analyses e-commerce transfer pricing in the context of four business models: automated electronic transactions; online auctions for customer-to-customer and business-to-business sales; subsidiary-to-parent web hosting arrangements; and computerised transactions for airline reservations. The OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations provide guidance on the application of the arm’s length principle to transfer pricing methods.Given the fact patterns of the four business models, Part I assesses how appropriate this guidance is to the issues raised by e-commerce. Part II of this edition examines the current OECD Model Tax Convention treaty rules for taxing business profits. It studies whether the existing rules are capable of dealing with the new reality of e-commerce in a fair and effective manner and whether it could be possible to find better alternatives.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264199811
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.8
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Utilisation de données micro-économiques pour évaluer les taux moyens d'imposition
    DDC: 336.29309177
    RVK:
    Keywords: Taxation OECD countries ; Taxation OECD countries ; Rates and tables ; Taxation ; Einkommensteuer ; Körperschaftsteuer ; Steuersatz ; Bewertung ; Steuerzahler ; Steuerquote
    Abstract: This study considers advantages of relying on micro-data to assess average tax rates on labour, capital and transfer income and presents some illustrative results. The analysis emphases the importance of matching taxpayer-level information to income flows, and notes difficulties in interpreting tax rates that average over all taxpayers. It also illustrates the importance of loss adjustments in measuring effective tax rates on capital income, and reports evidence of significant variation in corporate average tax rates by sector and firm asset size.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195622
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.5
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ratios fiscaux ; Une étude critique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ratios fiscaux : Une étude critique
    DDC: 336.2/91
    RVK:
    Keywords: Taxation ; Steuerquote
    Abstract: Tax ratios derived using aggregate data - also known as implicit tax rates - have attracted increased attention from policymakers and analysts as a possible approach to measuring average effective tax rates on labour, capital, households, corporations and consumption. This study reports on conceptual and practical difficulties encountered in the measurement of average tax rates using aggregate data (e.g., National Accounts and Revenue Statistics). To examine the robustness of previous studies on tax ratios, the existing indicators are re-calculated for an expanded sample of countries and over an extended time period, and the results are compared with those derived under an alternative suggested methodology. The work finds that most tax ratios reported in the literature suffer from a number of flaws, and highlights measurement problems that are much broader than discussed in the literature. The identification of substantial shortcomings with these measures is useful, given the interest in their use for policy purposes. The message of this study is that policymakers should be aware of the measurement problems underlying average tax rates based on aggregate data, should they be fielded to shape public policy debates.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264193659
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les taxes liées à l'environnement dans les pays de l'OCDE ; Problèmes et stratégies
    DDC: 336.2/783337/09177
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Environment ; Taxation ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Umweltsteuer
    Abstract: It is now widely recognised that a greater use of market based instruments is a key element of effective and economically efficient environmental policies, and an important framework condition for sustainable development. Hence, over the last decade, economic instruments have been playing a growing role in environmental policies of OECD countries. In this context, a distinctive feature is the increasing role of environmentally related taxes. All countries have introduced environmental taxes to a varying extent, and an increasing number of countries are implementing comprehensive green-tax reforms, while others are contemplating doing so. This report analyses current use of environmentally related taxes in OECD Member countries. Focus is given to their environmental effectiveness. The report identifies obstacles to a broader use of such taxes -- in particular the fear of loss of sectoral competitiveness -- and ways to overcome such problems.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195608
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Au-delà des apparences ; L'utilisation des entités juridiques à des fins illicites
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Corporate entities underpin most commercial and entrepreneurial activities in market-based economies and have contributed immensely to growing prosperity worldwide over recent decades. Increasingly, however, governments and regulatory bodies have realised that corporate entities ranging from corporations and trusts to foundations and partnerships are often misused for money laundering, bribery and corruption, shielding assets from creditors, tax evasion, self-dealing, market fraud, and other illicit activities. Prepared against this background, the OECD report Behind the Corporate Veil: Using Corporate Entities for Illicit Purposes opens ways to prevent and combat the misuse of corporate entities. The report shows that the types of corporate entities misused most frequently are those that provide the greatest degree of anonymity to their beneficial owners. With that in mind, the report offers governments and other relevant authorities a menu of policy options for obtaining information on the beneficial ownership and control of corporate entities in order to combat their misuse for illicit purposes.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181236
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Issues in International Taxation no.7
    Series Statement: Issues in international taxation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Problèmes posés par l'Article 14 du Modèle de Convention fiscale de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Issues related to article 14 of the OECD model tax convention
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Doppelbesteuerung ; Dienstleistung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Internationales Steuerrecht
    Abstract: The taxation of professional services and other activities of an independent character under Article 14 of the OECD Model Tax Convention is problematic. For example, what activities and entities fall within Article 14 as opposed to the business profits Article (Article 7)? Is the distinction between those activities and entities satisfactory and easy to apply? What are the practical differences between taxation under Article 7 and 14? This report analyses those questions in detail and concludes that there is no practical difference between the two Articles or if any differences did in fact exist, there is no valid policy justification for them. It recommends that Article 14 be eliminated from the Model and describes the changes that would need to be made to the Articles and Commentary of the Model as a consequence.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187788
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Affairisme; la fin du système ; Comment combattre la corruption
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Las reglas del juego cambiaron ; La lucha contra el soborno y la corrupción
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. No longer business as usual
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Korruption ; Wirtschaftskriminalität ; Wirtschaftsethik ; Internationales Abkommen ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Governance ; Taxation ; Korruption ; Wirtschaftskriminalität
    Abstract: Today, corruption has moved to the top of the global political agenda as its dramatic impact on economic development and its corrosive effect on political stability and democratic political institutions has become increasingly obvious. A whole arsenal of legal instruments to combat corruption has now been developed to improve ethical standards in the public sector, to end tax deductibility for bribes, to curtail money laundering, and to clean up public procurement practices. The private sector and civil society will continue to play a critical role in making these new rules a reality. This collection of papers provides the key elements needed to build and preserve corruption-free institutions, systems, and private enterprises.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181588
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.2
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer les charges fiscales ; Quels indicateurs pour demain?
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Taxation ; Steuerbelastung ; Messung
    Abstract: In response to growing demand by policy-makers, various measures to assess tax burdens of households, individual firms and the business sector as a whole have been developed. This study reviews some of the most common measures used to gauge tax burdens of households and corporations. In addition, it provides some illustrative numbers from various sources on tax rates and tax burdens in OECD countries. The study concludes that all current measures reviewed have at least some important shortcomings. Results based on these measures should therefore be interpreted with their limitations in mind, and judged with due caution when used to address policy questions.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181267
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer l'accès aux renseignements bancaires à des fins fiscales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Verbesserung des Zugangs zu Bankinformationen für Besteuerungszwecke
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mejorar el acceso a la información bancaria por motivos fiscales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving Access to Bank Information for Tax Purposes (Turkish Version)
    DDC: 336.2
    RVK:
    Keywords: Taxation ; Electronic books ; Informationsaustausch ; Bank ; Management ; Steuererhebung ; Steuer ; Vervollkommnung
    Abstract: This Report was prepared by the Committee on Fiscal Affairs to consider ways to improve international co-operation with respect to the exchange of information in the possession of banks and other financial institutions for tax purposes.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173316
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Issues in International Taxation no.6
    Series Statement: Issues in international taxation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'Application du Modèle de Convention fiscale de l'OCDE aux sociétés de personnes
    DDC: 343.068
    RVK:
    Keywords: Taxation ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Internationales Steuerrecht
    Abstract: The application of tax treaties to cases involving partnerships raises a number of complex issues. When is a partnership entitled to the benefits of a tax convention? What happens when the residence and source States apply different articles of the Convention on the basis of differences in their domestic law? How can the problems arising from conflicts of income allocation be solved? This report addresses these issues in detail and focuses on specific factual examples. For each example, the facts and, where applicable, relevant aspects of domestic tax laws are described. Comprehensive recommendations for dealing with the international taxation of partnerships in practice are also presented.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264172883
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les investissements transnationaux de portefeuille face à l'impôt ; Organismes de placement collectif et distorsions fiscales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les investissements transnationaux de portefeuille face à l'impôt : Organismes de placement collectif et distorsions fiscales
    RVK:
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Gewinn ; Steuer ; Steuervermeidung
    Abstract: The past decade has witnessed a significant increase in cross-border capital flows and a pronounced shift in their composition towards portfolio investment, with much of the capital under management by mutual funds or "collective investment institutions" resident in OECD countries, as well as in offshore tax-free environments. These developments motivate countries to review and monitor the operation of their tax rules in this area, notably the interaction of domestic tax rules with tax systems and practices in other countries, to ensure that policy goals are being addressed. This book analyses the taxation of cross-border portfolio investments by means of collective investment institutions. Possible tax distortions specific to the area of collective investment institutions are identified for a representative group of OECD countries. The analysis and calculations contained in the book, while illustrative and not capturing the full richness of the possible permutations under tax regimes, draw out key tax distortions, neutrality conditions and policy options.
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789264163492
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Cnossen, Sijbren, 1936 - Value-added taxes in Central and Eastern European countries
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Umsatzsteuer ; EU-Steuerrecht ; Osteuropa ; Taxation ; Europa ; Vergleich ; Osteuropa ; Umsatzsteuer
    Abstract: This is the first study of the Value-Added Tax (VAT) systems of the ten countries of Central and Eastern Europe preparing for integration into the European Union (EU). The study offers a comparative evaluation of the main features of the VAT systems between the ten countries surveyed and provides a commentary on the development of the VAT systems in line with the VAT legislation of the EU.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789264062375
    Language: Multiple languages , English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (408 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Employment ; Taxation ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This annual publication provides unique information on direct taxes levied from employees and their employers in all OECD countries. In addition, the book specifies family benefits paid as cash transfers. Amounts of taxes and benefits are detailed program by program, for eight households types, which differ by income level and household composition. Results include the tax burden for one- and two- earner families.
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264162433
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les crédits d'impôt fictif ; Un réexamen de la question
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tax sparing uudelleenarvioitavana
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Tax sparing
    RVK:
    Keywords: Steuervergünstigung ; Investitionspolitik ; Doppelbesteuerung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; OECD ; Direktinvestition ; Steuervergütung ; Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen
    Abstract: Tax sparing provisions have now more than four decades of history in bilateral tax treaties, including treaties between OECD countries. But the world of today is quite different from that when the positions of OECD Member and non-member countries towards tax sparing were developed. These changes in the international setting have led countries to reconsider their attitude towards tax sparing and the design of such provisions. This report examines the practices of Member countries and explains why Member countries have become more reluctant to grant tax sparing in treaties. It also provides a number of suggested "best practices" on the design of tax sparing provisions in tax treaties.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Les crédits d'impôt fictif
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264162945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence fiscale dommageable ; Un problème mondial
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Haitallinen verokilpailu; Esille nouseva globaali kysymys
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Harmful tax competition
    DDC: 336.2
    RVK:
    Keywords: Steuerwettbewerb ; Steuerpolitik ; Steueroase ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Taxation ; Steuerwettbewerb
    Abstract: Globalisation has had positive effects on the development of tax systems and has encouraged countries to engage in base broadening and rate reducing tax reforms. However, it has also created an environment in which tax havens thrive and in which governments may be induced to adopt harmful preferential tax regimes to attract mobile activities. Tax competition in the form of harmful tax practices can distort trade and investment patterns, erode national tax bases and shift part of the tax burden onto less mobile tax bases, such as labor and consumption, thus adversely affecting employment and undermining the fairness of tax structures. The Report emphasises that governments must intensify their cooperative actions to curb harmful tax practices. To achieve this, OECD Member governments have developed "Guidelines on Harmful Preferential Tax Regimes". These Guidelines will discourage the spread of harmful preferential tax regimes and encourage countries with such regimes to eliminate them. To counteract both tax havens and harmful preferential tax regimes, Member governments have also agreed to pursue vigorously the implementation of the other Recommendations in the Report, including entering into a dialogue with non-member countries.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264167803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Prix de transfert et entreprises multinationales ; Trois études fiscales
    RVK:
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Digitised document - Electronic release on 24/11/2011
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