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  • Online Resource  (678)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring distortions in international markets: The rolling-stock value chain (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.267
    Keywords: Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Government support to producers of rolling stock is raising concerns about possible market distortions and unfair competition. This report aims to quantify both the scale of government support and to identify the various ways in which governments have been supporting local rolling-stock producers at the expense of foreign competitors. Over the period 2016-20, governments provided about USD 5 billion to the sector, much of it in the form of government grants and income tax concessions. While not quantified, discriminatory practices in government procurement and competition enforcement, forced technology transfers, as well as non-market export credits may have also distorted global competition in the rail-supply industry. Similar to earlier OECD studies of government support in the aluminium and semiconductor value chains, this report helps shed light on the magnitude and ways in which governments subsidise the producers of materials and equipment they view as strategic, with a view to informing efforts to revisit global trade rules.
    DOI: 10.1787/fa0ad480-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Risks of Illicit Trade in Counterfeits to Small and Medium-Sized Firms (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264681606 , 9789264875579 , 9789264564671
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Produktpiraterie ; Wirkungsanalyse ; KMU ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Governance
    Abstract: Illicit trade in counterfeit goods causes economic damage by reducing sales and profits as well as innovation incentives in legitimate industries. This study looks at damages caused by illicit trade in counterfeits to small and medium-sized enterprises. The robust evidence on the magnitude, scope and trends of this risk informs policy makers about the need to include anti-counterfeiting elements in policy packages designed to support SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/fa6d5089-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing the Impact of Russia’s War against Ukraine on Eastern Partner Countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264525313 , 9789264592292 , 9789264995352
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; Armenien ; Aserbaidschan ; Georgien ; Moldawien ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Trade ; Armenia ; Azerbaijan ; Georgia ; Moldova, Republic of ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia’s war against Ukraine is causing a humanitarian, social and economic crisis for the Ukrainian people. The consequences of this full-scale military invasion are disrupting the global supply of commodities, sharply increasing food and energy prices, and threating the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Countries with established commercial and financial ties with the economies of Russia and Ukraine appear to be particularly vulnerable. Assessing the Impact of Russia’s War against Ukraine on Eastern Partner Countries investigates the exposure of Eastern Partner countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine) to the economic shocks caused by the war, and in particular through the impact that the conflict is having on inflation, migration, remittances, investment and trade. This report is published as part of the multi-country project “EU4Business: From Policies to Action – phase 2”, implemented in the Eastern Partnership with the financial support of the European Union within the EU4Business initiative.
    DOI: 10.1787/946a936c-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Consumer vulnerability in the digital age (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (78 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.355
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Social Web ; Verbraucherschutz ; Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: Protecting consumers when they are most vulnerable has long been a core focus of consumer policy. This report first discusses the nature and scale of consumer vulnerability in the digital age, including its evolving conceptualisation, the role of emerging digital trends, and implications for consumer policy. It finds that in the digital age, vulnerability may be experienced not only by some consumers, but increasingly by most, if not all, consumers. Accordingly, it sets out several measures to address the vulnerability of specific consumer groups and all consumers, and concludes with avenues for more research on the topic.
    DOI: 10.1787/4d013cc5-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Production transformation policy review of Bangladesh : investing in the future of a trading nation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264776869 , 9789264706255 , 9789264479456
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 139 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD development pathways
    Keywords: Productive Capacities ; Structural Transformation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Bangladesh ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Half a century after independence, Bangladesh has achieved impressive progress. The country has transformed from one of the poorest nations into a global textile manufacturing hub capable of meeting its medical needs almost entirely through domestic pharmaceutical production. The country will graduate from the least developed country (LDC) category in 2026 and aspires to be a high-income nation through industrialisation by 2041. Meeting this challenge requires accelerating economic transformation through diversification and innovation. This Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR), implemented with the support and collaboration of the European Union (EU), and in partnership with the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), identifies concrete options for supporting Bangladesh's development. It calls for leveraging digitalisation to address persistent fragilities and it advocates for a new pact based on shared responsibilities between the national government, the private sector and international partners to shift to a new development phase and ensure sustainable, smooth and irreversible graduation.
    DOI: 10.1787/8b925b06-en
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade, Second Edition (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing ;
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (178 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: The Handbook on Measuring Digital Trade sets out a conceptual and measurement framework for digital trade which aligns with the broader standards for macro-economic statistics. It aims to help statistical compilers to address policymakers' needs for statistical evidence on digital trade. It includes extensive compilation guidance, drawing upon substantive inputs and case studies from both developed and developing economies and covering a variety of survey and non-survey sources. A reporting template is also proposed to support compilers in the production and dissemination of digital trade statistics.
    DOI: 10.1787/ac99e6d3-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Production Transformation Policy Review : Spotlight on the Azores’ Internationalisation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264510807 , 9789264805835 , 9789264701915
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Entwicklung ; Azoren ; Environment ; Development ; Trade ; Portugal
    Abstract: Located in the mid-Atlantic, the archipelagos of the Azores is an autonomous region of Portugal and an European Union Outermost Region. Once central to global trade routes, the Azores are aspiring to regain a prominent international role by leveraging their unique geographical, natural and historical attributes. To that end, this Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR) Spotlight identifies priority actions in several areas, including scientific research and collaborations, the ocean economy, agro-food and renewable-energy value chains. It shows the importance for EU Outermost Regions, as well as for Small Island Developing States (SIDS), of building resilient international ties. It benefited from an extensive peer review process involving public and private stakeholders from Brazil, Iceland and the United States.
    DOI: 10.1787/faeecb3a-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Government support in industrial sectors : A synthesis report (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.270
    Keywords: Subvention ; Industriepolitik ; Industrie ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: Industrial subsidies take on a growing importance in trade discussions. Yet assessing the scope and scale of government interventions in manufacturing remains notoriously difficult due to a persistent lack of reliable and comparable data. With many governments failing to provide sufficient information, attention has increasingly turned to firm-level data as a possible alternative for measuring industrial subsidies. Using this approach, recent OECD work has identified and quantified government support across key industrial sectors and policy instruments. The results show that: (i) the type of support received by firms can differ greatly across sectors; (ii) state enterprises obtain relatively more support and can serve as providers of support to other firms; and (iii) the complexity of supply chains implies that it can be hard to identify the ultimate beneficiaries of government support. These findings have important policy implications in the context of discussions at the WTO and elsewhere as they provide indications as to the possible nature of gaps in trade rules.
    DOI: 10.1787/1d28d299-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Online product safety sweep report (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.354
    Keywords: Online-Handel ; Produktsicherheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: In October 2021, twenty-one OECD countries and partner economies participated in an online product safety sweep to identify the degree to which products were available for sale online despite (i) being banned or recalled, (ii) having inadequate labelling or (iii) not meeting voluntary or mandatory product safety standards. Results reveal that large volumes of unsafe products are readily traded across borders and a 79% average rate of non-compliance (or potential non-compliance) with product safety standards and laws. More needs to be done by online marketplaces and other retailers to identify and remove unsafe product listings and by consumer authorities to deter non-compliance.
    DOI: 10.1787/c1faa51e-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring distortions in international markets: Below-market energy inputs (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.268
    Keywords: Energy ; Trade
    Abstract: Government support for industrial firms can come in many different forms and through a range of channels, varying in complexity. A particularly challenging form of support is energy inputs offered to industrial producers at below-market prices. To improve understanding about the scope and scale of such support, this report examines an illustrative sample of 33 companies and their subsidiaries operating in energy-intensive industries, namely aluminium smelting, steelmaking, chemicals (including fertilisers), and cement. Most of the energy subsidies identified appear to concern the provision of natural gas and electricity at below-market rates, resulting in an average subsidy of USD 0.4-1.3 per million British thermal units and USD 0.02-0.03 per kWh, respectively, over the period 2010-20. In some cases, estimates indicate that subsidies are a multiple of firms’ energy costs, suggesting a sizable impact on firms’ profits and operating margins. The results have important policy implications for efforts to better discipline industrial subsidies in the WTO and elsewhere, notably in relation to how to ensure policy transparency in a context where large energy providers tend to be majority owned by governments.
    DOI: 10.1787/b26140ff-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Subvenciones, comercio y cooperación internacional (2023)
    Geneva : World Trade Organization
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Subventions, commerce et coopération internationale
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Subsidies, Trade, and International Cooperation
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Tratar las subvenciones del comercio mundial de manera constructiva es un elemento central del objetivo de los líderes del G20 de reformar y reforzar el sistema multilateral de comercio. La utilización cada vez mayor de subvenciones causantes de distorsión altera los flujos comerciales y de inversión, menoscaba el valor de las consolidaciones arancelarias y otros compromisos de acceso a los mercados y erosiona el apoyo público al libre comercio. Las pronunciadas diferencias en torno a las subvenciones están contribuyendo a las tensiones comerciales mundiales, que perjudican al crecimiento y los niveles de vida.
    DOI: 10.1787/f5df1de8-es
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Why Do Countries Import Fakes? : Linkages and Correlations with Main Socio-Economic Indicators (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264429086 , 9789264944183 , 9789264581500
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Import ; Nachfrage ; Verbraucher ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Nationaleinkommen ; Altersstruktur ; Bildungsabschluss ; Internetnutzung ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: This report looks at the demand for counterfeit goods and identifies its key drivers. It discusses the specificity of the demand for counterfeit goods, including both deliberate and unintentional demand. Indeed, some consumers will deliberately buy counterfeit and pirated goods while others will be deceived into buying illicit products, thinking they are genuine. The report also examines the profiles of destination economies in the global trade of counterfeit and pirated goods. It uses quantitative analysis to study the economic characteristics of various economies, including the quantitative relationship between counterfeit intensity and certain observable socioeconomic factors. The identification of socio-economic factors, in particular, influencing the demand for counterfeit and pirated goods is crucial to help policymakers develop appropriate policies, including better targeting of consumer awareness campaigns.
    DOI: 10.1787/8a4a4508-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Subventions, commerce et coopération internationale (2023)
    Geneva : World Trade Organization
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Subvenciones, comercio y cooperación internacional
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Subsidies, Trade, and International Cooperation
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Il est essentiel de traiter de manière constructive les subventions dans le commerce mondial pour atteindre l'objectif des dirigeants du G-20 qui consiste à réformer et à renforcer le système commercial multilatéral. Le recours croissant à des subventions ayant un effet de distorsion modifie les courants d'échanges et d'investissements, affaiblit la valeur des consolidations tarifaires et des autres engagements en matière d'accès aux marchés, et ébranle le soutien du public en faveur du libre-échange. Des divergences marquées sur les subventions contribuent aux tensions commerciales mondiales qui nuisent à la croissance et au niveau de vie.
    DOI: 10.1787/1d7d4bf3-fr
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International trade in the wake of multiple shocks : OECD global trade monitor (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.277
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: In the midst of the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, trade and economic growth face new challenges as the Russian Federation’s large-scale war against Ukraine has increased uncertainty and tensions along supply chains and the People’s Republic of China’s trade performance has fallen short of expectations. Merchandise trade is recovering slowly and has been dampened by high and volatile commodity and energy prices, coupled with monetary tightening. Some durable goods, such as motor vehicles, have not regained their pre-pandemic share in global trade. Services trade has yet to recover losses incurred during the pandemic, with travel services in particular recovering slowly. Russia’s trade is adjusting as the war continues, with repercussions for commodities markets. This report uses detailed trade data to monitor recent developments in trade in goods and services and in commodity markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/9288b5bf-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade Facilitation in Central Asia (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264425194
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Упрощение процедур торговли в Центральной Азии
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Central Asia's trade performance has displayed remarkable resilience to recent economic shocks. Nevertheless, the region’s dependence on a limited number of export commodities and a narrow range of trading partners exposes it to significant risks. Central Asian governments are therefore prioritising improved connectivity to integrate better into global value chains, reduce geographical disadvantages, and increase imports and exports. Trade facilitation plays a pivotal role in achieving these goals by reducing trade costs and fostering integration. However, Central Asia still faces substantial challenges, and, despite significant improvements in recent years, it falls behind most of the regions covered by the OECD's Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFI). This report takes stock of TFI progress in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, presents preliminary results for Turkmenistan for the first time, and showcases areas of TFI improvement. It also evaluates remaining trade barriers and provides recommendations to for trade facilitation reforms, including the need to prioritise trade community feedback to streamline procedures, digitalise and harmonise standards, and implement systemic border agency co-operation mechanisms. A co-ordinated approach to improving trade facilitation across the region could reduce trade costs substantially, lifting both trade turnover and growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/80ed999c-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Realising the Potential of the Middle Corridor (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264436978
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (142 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Trade ; Azerbaijan ; Georgia ; Kazakhstan ; Türkiye
    Abstract: Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the ensuing sanctions greatly complicated overland freight transport between Europe and China via the so-called Northern Corridor, which runs through the Russian Federation. This has prompted renewed attention to the development of the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route, a multimodal route running through Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Türkiye – the so-called “Middle Corridor”. The present report looks at the Middle Corridor’s potential and at the challenges that must be overcome to realise it, drawing on the perspective of relevant private-sector actors in the four Middle Corridor countries. Governments along the corridor have invested heavily to improve transport infrastructure, yet important bottlenecks remain due to the geography of the route, the number of border crossings and the lack of regional trade integration. This study, based on surveys from and interviews with the private sector, maps and sequences main reform priorities in relation to regional integration, infrastructure, trade facilitation and supra-national coordination. It suggests that the primary aim should be to develop the corridor not solely as a transit route for actors from outside the region but as an engine of integration and trade integration in Central Asia and the South Caucasus.
    DOI: 10.1787/635ad854-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impacts of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine on the shipping and shipbuilding markets (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Economics ; Energy ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Transport ; Belarus ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine has had profound effects on the maritime sector. It directly disrupted maritime activities in the Black and Azov seas, causing the suspension of Ukrainian port operations and agricultural exports. Although an export corridor temporarily resumed activities, the termination of the agreement in July 2023 continues to affect Ukrainian shipping. International sanctions against Russia and Belarus have notably targeted shipowners and shipbuilders, restricting Russian ships' access to OECD ports. These sanctions have also halted orders for Russian ship owners in OECD countries, reducing new orders and vessel completions in Russian shipyards. While global seaborne trade and ship demand remain relatively unaffected, the war has prompted longer-term impacts such as altered trading routes, changes in energy demand and costs, potential implications for maritime decarbonisation, and an increase in "dark fleet" vessels.
    DOI: 10.1787/4f925e43-en
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Production Transformation Policy Review of Egypt : Spotlight on the AfCFTA and Industrialisation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264890510 , 9789264539907 , 9789264408913
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Industrialisierung ; Industriepolitik ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Ägypten ; AfCFTA-Staaten ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Development ; Egypt
    Abstract: At a time when global trade is under pressure and countries increasingly turn to regional integration to support their development, this Spotlight is a timely read for policy makers and business leaders in Africa and beyond. It shows how harnessing the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) can support industrialisation in Egypt, and more widely in Africa, by tapping the full potential of regional supply chains, including renewable energies, pharmaceuticals, logistics and creative industries. This report builds on and enriches the Production Transformation Policy Review of Egypt: Embracing Change, Achieving Prosperity.
    DOI: 10.1787/3ac95e0c-en
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Упрощение процедур торговли в Центральной Азии (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264868397
    Language: Russian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (89 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Trade Facilitation in Central Asia
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Показатели торговли Центральной Азии демонстрируют удивительную устойчивость к недавним экономическим потрясениям. Тем не менее, зависимость региона от ограниченного числа экспортных товаров и узкого круга торговых партнеров подвергает его значительным рискам. Поэтому правительства стран Центральной Азии уделяют первостепенное внимание улучшению транспортной доступности, чтобы лучше интегрироваться в глобальные цепочки создания стоимости, уменьшить географические неудобства и увеличить объем импорта и экспорта. Упрощение торговых процедур играет ключевую роль в достижении этих целей, снижая торговые издержки и способствуя интеграции. Однако Центральная Азия по-прежнему сталкивается с серьезными проблемами, и, несмотря на значительные улучшения, произошедшие за последние годы, она отстает от большинства регионов, охваченных Индикаторами ОЭСР по упрощению торговли (ИУТ). В настоящем отчете подводится итог прогресса ИУТ в Казахстане, Кыргызстане, Таджикистане и Узбекистане, впервые представлены предварительные результаты по Туркменистану и показаны области ИУТ, в которых возможно улучшение. В докладе также дается оценка сохраняющихся торговых барьеров и приводятся рекомендации по реформированию системы содействия торговле, включая необходимость приоритетного учета мнения торговых кругов для оптимизации процедур, цифровизации и гармонизации стандартов, а также внедрения системных механизмов сотрудничества с пограничными службами. Скоординированный подход к совершенствованию системы упрощения процедур торговли в регионе может существенно снизить торговые издержки, что приведет к росту товарооборота и темпов роста
    DOI: 10.1787/640dc6f7-ru
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Преодоление экономических бурь в странах Центральной Азии: первые последствия войны в Украине (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264586659 , 9789264515680 , 9789264367593
    Language: Russian
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Weathering Economic Storms in Central Asia: Initial Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Trade
    Abstract: Война России против Украины и введенные против нее международные санкции неожиданно мягко отразились на Центральной Азии, несмотря на глубокую экономическую зависимость региона от своего северного соседа. Невзирая на высокую инфляцию, пять государств Центральной Азии - Казахстан, Кыргызстан, Таджикистан, Туркменистан и Узбекистан - до сих пор демонстрировали удивительную устойчивость к экономическим потрясениям: денежные переводы зарегистрировали рекордно высокие показатели в первой половине 2022 года, национальные валюты быстро вернулись к довоенному уровню после изначального падения, а приток квалифицированных работников повысил спрос на услуги и гостиничный бизнес. Однако по мере того, как начинают проявляться среднесрочные последствия санкций против России, глобального кризиса стоимости жизни и замедления экономического роста Китая, Центральная Азия сталкивается с затянувшейся неопределенностью. В данной публикации дается оценка краткосрочных последствий войны России для экономик Центральной Азии и ответных мер политики. В ней также анализируются предстоящие задачи, и представлены политические рекомендации, направленные на большую устойчивость и диверсификацию экономик Центральной Азии.
    DOI: 10.1787/1f532c6e-ru
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    STRI: Digital services trade restrictiveness Index (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services
    Keywords: Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The OECD Digital STRI identifies, catalogues and quantifies barriers that affect trade in digitally enabled services across 50 countries. This data provide policy makers with an evidence-based tool that helps to identify regulatory bottlenecks, design policies that foster more competitive and diversified markets for digital trade, and analyze the impact of policy reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/c8e25516-en
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  • 22
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    Trade in services - EBOPS 2010 (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset aims to assemble and disseminate balance of payments data on trade in services at the most detailed partner-country and service-category level available. To the extent that countries report them, data are also broken down by type of service according to the EBOPS classification. These data concern international trade in services between residents and non-residents of countries and are reported within the framework of the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual and the Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification (EBOPS2010), which is consistent with the balance of payments classification but is more detailed. Statistics by partner country and service category on international trade in services such as transportation, communication services, financial services, government services are recorded for Australia and Chile from 1999 onwards and shown in US dollars.
    DOI: 10.1787/4325a46d-en
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  • 23
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    Origin of value added in gross exports (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on Trade in Value Added
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset reveals how the value of a country’s gross exports of intermediate and final products is an accumulation of value generated by many industries in many countries. Data show the origin of value added in gross exports, by source country and source industry.
    DOI: 10.1787/b22fcc42-en
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  • 24
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    Trade by enterprise characteristics: Trade by ownership (domestic or foreign) (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on Measuring Globalisation
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset presents data by type of ownership, that is foreign or domestically controlled enterprise (with or without own affiliates abroad).
    DOI: 10.1787/3d347a3e-en
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  • 25
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    Trade in employment - Core indicators (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: STAN: OECD Structural Analysis Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Growing economic and political integration worldwide has increased the sensitivity of employment in one country or region to changes in demand in other countries or regions. The OECD’s Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) database enables researchers to derive experimental indicators that reveal how annual changes in OECD employment can be decomposed to account for changes in final demand for goods and services across different countries and regions. The notion of jobs embodied in final demand attempts to capture the average number or share of jobs engaged in producing output that satisfied demand for final goods and services. Final demand figures for both domestic and foreign part include Household consumption, General government final expenditure, Gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories and acquisition of valuables. The changes in inventories by definition may be negative, therefore jobs embodied in final demand may become negative in some specific sectors
    DOI: 10.1787/bfe92939-en
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  • 26
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    Trade by enterprise characteristics: Trade by exports intensity (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on Measuring Globalisation
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset presents data by export intensity: that is the share of exports on total turnover.
    DOI: 10.1787/74c9050b-en
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  • 27
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    Trade by enterprise characteristics: Trade by type of trader (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on Measuring Globalisation
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset shows imports/exports by type of trader: that is exporter only, importer only or both importer and exporter (Two-way trader).
    DOI: 10.1787/2042a474-en
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  • 28
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    Trade by enterprise characteristics: Trade by partner countries and size-class (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on Measuring Globalisation
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The central issue of trade by enterprise characteristics is to disaggregate trade flows according the characteristics of the enterprises engaged in cross-border transactions. The feasibility of doing so largely depends on the possibility of using or developing common identifiers between the trade register and the business register. Countries differ in their ability to perform such a linking, and matching ratios (between business and trade registers) vary across countries, and as a consequence the degree of representativeness of the results also varies across countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/fff7b6a6-en
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  • 29
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    International trade during the COVID-19 pandemic: Big shifts and uncertainty (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Epidemie ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: International trade plunged in 2020 but recovered sharply in 2021. While total trade flows are now comfortably above pre-pandemic levels, trade impacts across specific goods, services and trade partners are highly diverse, creating pressures on specific sectors and supply chains. The changes in the trade structure caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in a single year was of a similar magnitude to changes otherwise typically seen over 4-5 years. Substantial imbalances across trade partners and products remained at the end of 2021, and not all of the accumulated losses from the earlier steep declines were recuperated. The heterogeneity of trade impacts and changes in trade flows across products, sources and destinations signifies high uncertainty and adjustment costs, and implies additional incentives for consumers, firms and governments to adopt new — or to intensify existing — risk mitigation strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/d1131663-en
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    Assessing environmental impact of measures in the OECD Green Recovery Database (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Évaluation de l’impact environnemental des mesures de la base de données de l’OCDE sur la relance verte
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Energy ; Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Transport
    Abstract: This Policy Brief provides the key findings and policy insights from the April 2022 update of OECD Green Recovery Database, which tracks recovery measures with a clear environmental impact adopted by OECD member countries, the European Union and selected large economies. Since the previous update in September 2021, the budget allocated to environmentally positive measures increased from USD 677 billion to USD 1 090 billion, while recovery spending with ‘mixed’ impacts increased from USD 163 to 290 billion. The Brief also explores how well-designed green recovery plans can generate the double dividend of enhanced energy security and better environmental outcomes, in the face of energy security concerns triggered by the war in Ukraine.
    DOI: 10.1787/3f7e2670-en
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    Subsidies, trade, and international cooperation (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9798400208409 , 9798400208386
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (viii, 43 Seiten)
    Keywords: Subvention ; Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; WTO-Recht ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Strategische Handelspolitik ; Welt ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Dealing constructively with subsidies in global commerce is central to G20 leaders’ goal of reforming and strengthening the multilateral trading system. The growing use of distortive subsidies alters trade and investment flows, detracts from the value of tariff bindings and other market access commitments, and undercuts public support for open trade. Sharp differences over subsidies are contributing to global trade tensions that are harming growth and living standards. This report seeks to highlight the potential benefits of closer cooperation and considers some areas where this might be pursued constructively by governments or other international organizations. This report aims to begin a discussion within the international community on how to develop and implement such an agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/a4f01ddb-en
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    Digital Trade Review of Brazil (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264370739 , 9789264609549 , 9789264477988
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (164 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Online-Handel ; Digitalisierung ; Informationstechnik ; Brasilien ; Trade ; Brazil
    Abstract: This Digital Trade Review of Brazil provides an overview of Brazil’s participation in digital trade and the related regulatory environment. It provides insights into how Brazil might ensure that the new challenges raised by the digital transformation for trade can be managed and the benefits shared more inclusively. While Brazil has embraced the digital transformation and has strong potential to benefit from digital trade, it will need to continue the ongoing process of regulatory reform. This includes reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade on ICT goods; reducing regulatory barriers to ICT services; increasing engagement in international discussions on digital trade; and continuing efforts to bridge digital divides.
    DOI: 10.1787/0b046dfe-en
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  • 33
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    Identifying the Main Drivers of Productivity Growth : A Literature Review (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264575561 , 9789264505896 , 9789264861558
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (128 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Produktivität ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Coronavirus ; Messung ; Bibliometrie ; OECD-Staaten ; Asien ; Education ; Economics ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: This report represents the second outcome of the collaboration between the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to improve the measurement and analysis of productivity developments across APO and OECD member economies. The report discusses the potential impact of COVID-19 on productivity and examines the role of Multifactor Productivity (MFP) as a major driver of economic growth and changes in living standards. It then identifies the most important factors influencing MFP growth and describes the most important challenges affecting the measurement of each of these factors as well as the estimation of their impact on MFP. The report provides key recommendations to improve the reliability and interpretation of the empirical evidence for economic analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/00435b80-en
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    Cross-border Data Flows : Taking Stock of Key Policies and Initiatives (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade ; Science and Technology ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; Japan ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: As data become an important resource for the global economy, it is important to strengthen trust to facilitate data sharing domestically and across borders. Significant momentum for related policies in the G7, and G20, has gone hand in hand with a wide range of – often complementary – national and international initiatives and the development of technological and organisational measures. Advancing a common understanding and dialogue among G7 countries and beyond is crucial to support coordinated and coherent progress in policy and regulatory approaches that leverage the full potential of data for global economic and social prosperity. This report takes stock of key policies and initiatives on cross-border data flows to inform and support G7 countries’ engagement on this policy agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/5031dd97-en
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    Lessons learnt and good practice from APEC-economy fossil-fuel subsidy peer reviews (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.29
    Keywords: Kraftstoff ; Subvention ; Wirkungsanalyse ; APEC-Staaten ; Trade ; Environment
    Abstract: According to latest data from the OECD and the IEA, government support for the production and use of fossil fuels across 81 major economies totalled USD 351 billion in 2020, amounting to USD 183 billion across 50 OECD, G20, and Eastern Partnership economies. While the difficulty of reform is evident from the range and complexity of challenges confronting governments in the phasing-out of fossil-fuel subsidies, APEC economy-led fossil-fuel subsidy peer reviews play a key role in pointing out commonly faced challenges, and present options to tackle them more effectively. This report is the first comprehensive attempt to document “scalable” lessons and examples of good practice emerging from fossil-fuel subsidy peer reviews: taking stock of progress in their phase-out as reflected in the peer review reports, considering the role of the peer review process in promoting reform, and proposing potential ways to enhance the process. Eleven peer reviews are documented, seven of which were chaired by the OECD and four in which the IEA was a member of the review panel. Six of these peer reviews were conducted under the auspices of the G20, and four under APEC auspices, with the addition of the OECD-IEA review of the Netherlands, modelled on the G20 review process. The economies reviewed inventoried between three to thirty-nine measures, of an average self-declared value of USD 13 billion, for those reviews which quantified fossil fuel support measures. The “scalable” lessons drawn from the peer reviews can be used to further spur progress towards rationalising and phasing out fossil-fuel subsidies, thanks to the insights on the approaches and good practices for designing the reform process. These insights include the need to accommodate for differing contexts, objectives and definitions; to prioritise inter-ministerial co-ordination; to promote active government and stakeholder participation; and to engage a cross-sectional peer review panel.
    DOI: 10.1787/63ba96a5-en
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    The Contribution of Migration to Regional Development (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264676312 , 9789264326323 , 9789264674967
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (138 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Arbeitsmigranten ; Internationale Migration ; Binnenwanderung ; Regionalentwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Trade ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: With many regions in OECD countries facing declining working age populations, the geographical dimension of migration has become crucial for regional development. Where migrants settle within countries and how much they contribute to the local economies are important questions for policy makers. This report aims to address these questions using two novel datasets that offer internationally comparable information on migration and migrants' labour market integration across cities, towns and rural areas in OECD countries. The report also analyses different dimensions of regional development and provides new evidence on how migrants contribute to regional income, innovation, international trade and labour markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/57046df4-en
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    Dangerous Fakes : Trade in Counterfeit Goods that Pose Health, Safety and Environmental Risks (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264594708 , 9789264897212 , 9789264760202
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (91 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Risiko ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Sicherheit ; Produktqualität ; Welt ; Trade ; Environment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Illicit trade in counterfeit goods causes economic damage by reducing sales and profits as well as innovation incentives in legitimate industries. At the same time, some counterfeits can be of low quality and create significant additional risks, including health risks (fake pharmaceuticals or food products), safety risks (counterfeit automotive spare parts, fake batteries) and environmental risks (fake chemicals or pesticides). This study presents detailed information on the value of counterfeit trade in such dangerous fake goods, analyses changes in the volumes and composition of the goods, and maps key trade routes. The evidence in this report can be used to raise awareness of the risks of this trade and its implications for health and environmental policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/117e352b-en
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    Évaluation de l’impact environnemental des mesures de la base de données de l’OCDE sur la relance verte (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face au coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Assessing environmental impact of measures in the OECD Green Recovery Database
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Energy ; Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Transport
    Abstract: La présente note d'orientation présente les principales conclusions et informations de la mise à jour d’avril 2022 de la Base de données de l’OCDE sur la relance verte, qui recense les mesures de relance ayant un impact clair sur l’environnement adoptées par les pays membres de l’OCDE, l’Union européenne et certaines grandes économies. Depuis la précédente mise à jour de septembre 2021, le budget alloué aux mesures favorables à l’environnement est passé de 677 milliard USD à 1 090 milliards USD, tandis que les dépenses de relance ayant des effets « mitigés » sont passées de 163 milliards USD à 290 milliards USD. La Note étudie dans quelle mesure des plans de relance bien conçus peuvent présenter le double avantage de renforcer la sécurité énergétique et de permettre de meilleurs résultats pour l’environnement, dans le contexte des préoccupations énergétiques soulevées par la guerre en Ukraine.
    DOI: 10.1787/526488c8-fr
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    Global supply chains at work: A tale of three products to fight COVID-19 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe グローバル・サプライチェーンの活躍：COVID-19対策に活用された三大製品の物語
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Arzneimittel ; Medizinprodukt ; Lieferkette ; Globale Wertschöpfungskette ; Internationale Arbeitsteilung ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: The goods needed to vaccinate, protect and test during the COVID-19 pandemic are produced across many different countries. This brief tells the tale of three products ‒ vaccines, face masks and tests ‒ and highlights the role of trade in the fight against COVID-19. International markets and global supply chains played a pivotal role during the COVID-19 pandemic: first, by helping countries avail themselves of the goods needed to address the pandemic; second, by providing a means to ease temporary supply constraints; and third, by enabling access to key components to ramp up production to meet surging demand.
    DOI: 10.1787/07647bc5-en
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  • 40
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    Illicit Trade in High-Risk Sectors : Implications of Illicit Alcohol for Public Health and Criminal Networks (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264713956 , 9789264849273 , 9789264467248
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Alkoholisches Getränk ; Alkohol ; Kriminalität ; Gesundheitswesen ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: Trade in illicit alcohol products is an attractive target for organised crime, as both the market and potential profits are large, in some cases requiring little investment. The illicit alcohol trade not only fuels criminal networks, but also poses significant risks to public health and safety. This report structures and enhances existing evidence on illicit alcohol trade. It examines the nature and scope of illicit trade in the sector, assesses the impacts of illicit trade on socio-economic development, and identifies the factors driving illicit trade in the sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/1334c634-en
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    Trade and Gender Review of New Zealand (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264786813 , 9789264545601 , 9789264651326
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Außenhandel ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Frauen ; Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Unternehmerinnen ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Neuseeland ; Trade ; New Zealand
    Abstract: This Trade and Gender Review of New Zealand draws on both quantitative and qualitative insights to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of trade, and trade policies, on New Zealand women as workers, consumers, and business owners and leaders. This Review sets out policy recommendations to help tackle the barriers that women face in engaging in trade and ensure that they share in the benefits from trade. Key recommendations include ensuring market access for goods and services that women produce and consume; incorporating gender provisions in trade agreements; trade facilitation reforms that particularly benefit women entrepreneurs; export promotion of women-led businesses; and ensuring diversity in trade policymaking.
    DOI: 10.1787/923576ea-en
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    Illicit Trade in Conflict-affected Countries of the Middle East and North Africa : Focus on Yemen (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264345263 , 9789264425934 , 9789264454996
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Politischer Konflikt ; MENA-Staaten ; Irak ; Libyen ; Syrien ; Jemen ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade ; Environment ; Governance ; Iraq ; Libya ; Syrian Arab Republic ; Yemen ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: To contribute to the existing pool of evidence on the dynamic interplay between illicit trade and armed conflicts, this report looks at illicit trade flows in four separate conflict-affected countries in the MENA region: Iraq, Libya, Syria and Yemen. For the case of Yemen, the report also presents a deep-dive analysis of illicit trade flows and the relevant governance environment. The findings highlight that illicit trade networks in these countries are dynamic, complex, and heavily integrated into regional and global networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/f31fd13a-en
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    L’approvisionnement des matières premières critiques est compromis par l’offensive russe en Ukraine (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face aux conséquences de la guerre en Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The supply of critical raw materials endangered by Russia’s war on Ukraine
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Les graves perturbations qui affectent les marchés mondiaux suite à l’offensive russe en Ukraine ont révélé des failles dans la sécurité de l’approvisionnement en matières premières critiques pour la production industrielle et la transition verte. Ces faiblesses des chaînes d'approvisionnement sont la conséquence des restrictions à l’exportation, des dépendances bilatérales, de l’absence de transparence et de la persistance d'asymétries du marché, notamment la concentration de la production dans un petit nombre de pays. Les pays touchés par ces faiblesses ont la possibilité de diversifier les approvisionnements grâce à un élargissement de la production et à un accès aux réserves de matières premières critiques connues.
    DOI: 10.1787/30a9644e-fr
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    The supply of critical raw materials endangered by Russia’s war on Ukraine (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’approvisionnement des matières premières critiques est compromis par l’offensive russe en Ukraine
    Keywords: Rohstoff ; Rohstoffversorgung ; Rohstoffmarkt ; Kriegsfolgen ; Exportbeschränkung ; Sanktion ; Russland ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Severe disruptions to global markets caused by Russia’s war on Ukraine have exposed vulnerabilities to the security of the supply of raw materials critical for industrial production and for the green transition. These supply chain vulnerabilities are the result of export restrictions, bilateral dependencies, a lack of transparency and persistent market asymmetries, including the concentration of production in just a few countries. A collective and co-ordinated approach among OECD countries can contribute to economic security, while preserving the benefits of open markets and a rules-based international trading system.
    DOI: 10.1787/e01ac7be-en
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    Weathering Economic Storms in Central Asia : Initial Impacts of the War in Ukraine (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264389038
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Wirtschaftslage ; Kriegsfolgen ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Zentralasien ; Ukraine ; Russland ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Trade
    Abstract: Russia’s war against Ukraine and the international sanctions introduced against the former have had an unexpectedly mild impact on Central Asia, despite the region’s deep economic dependence on its northern neighbour. Notwithstanding high inflation, the five Central Asian states – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan – have so far shown surprising resilience to the economic headwinds: remittances registered record-high figures in the first half of 2022, national currencies quickly rebounded to pre-war levels after an initial drop, and an influx of skilled workers boosted demand for services and hospitality. However, as the medium-term effects of the sanctions against Russia, the global cost-of-living crisis, and China’s economic slowdown start to unfold, Central Asia is faced with lingering uncertainty. This publication provides an assessment of the short-term effects of Russia’s war on Central Asian economies and the policy responses provided. It also analyses the challenges ahead and formulates policy recommendations to make Central Asian economies more resilient and diversified.
    DOI: 10.1787/83348924-en
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  • 46
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    Origin of value added in final demand (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on Trade in Value Added
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset shows data concerning the origin of value added in final demand by country and industry of final demand and source country and industry of the value added.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1c00d58-en
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  • 47
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    Trade in value added (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on Trade in Value Added
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This database seeks to analyse the value added by a country in the production of any good or service that is then exported, and offers a fuller picture of commercial relations between nations. The current 2018 edition covers 64 economies (including all OECD, EU and G20 countries and most East and Southeast Asian economies) as well as region aggregates. Indicators are available for 36 industries within a hierarchy based on ISIC Rev. 4.
    DOI: 10.1787/bcd9f0c1-en
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  • 48
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    Harmonised System 2012 (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. The complex nature of the customs and statistical needs require a detailed commodity classification. The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, or HS), or extended versions based on HS, such as the Combined Nomenclature used by European Union countries, provide such classification. Data are expressed in US dollars and are available from 2012 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/f9bdb0f8-en
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  • 49
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    STRI: Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services
    Keywords: Trade
    DOI: 10.1787/7ae72b28-en
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  • 50
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    ITCS Exchange Rates (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset includes conversion factors used for International Trade by Commodity Statistics datasets. Exchange rates are expressed in US dollars per national currency unit and based on annual exchange rates. To convert trade data from US dollars into national currency, trade data in US dollars should be divided by this exchange rate. Data are available from 1961 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/76631bdf-en
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    STRI: Intra-EEA services trade restrictiveness index (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services
    Keywords: Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The intra-EEA Services Trade Restrictiveness Index identifies and catalogues which policy measures restrict trade within the European Economic Area (EEA) for 24 OECD EU member countries. This data complement the existing STRI, which quantifies multilateral services trade restrictiveness, allowing to track the progress of regional services integration across 19 major services sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/0269543d-en
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  • 52
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    Trade in value by partner countries (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Quarterly International Trade Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: OECD quarterly international trade statistics provides a detailed insight into the most recent trends in trading patterns for OECD countries with the rest of the world. International trade data are broken down by country. Dataset has annual and quarterly data.
    DOI: 10.1787/3928be98-en
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  • 53
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    OECD-WTO: Balanced International Trade in Services - EBOPS 2002 (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The OECD-WTO Balanced International Trade in Services dataset provides annual bilateral data on international trade in services statistics covering 191 economies and partners. The data are broken down for the 11 main Extended Balance of Payments Services (EBOPS) classifications.
    DOI: 10.1787/4327e0a5-en
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  • 54
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    STRI: Intra-EEA services trade restrictiveness index heterogeneity Indices (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services
    Keywords: Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The OECD intra-EEA STRI heterogeneity indices complement the newly published intra-EEA STRI's and presents indices of regulatory heterogeneity, The indices are built from assessing – for each country pair and each measure – whether or not the countries have the same regulation. For each country pair and each sector, the indices reflect the (weighted) share of measures for which the two countries have different regulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/a20aa482-en
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    El comercio internacional durante la pandemia de COVID-19 : Grandes cambios e incertidumbres (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Medidas políticas clave de la OCDE ante el coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe International trade during the COVID-19 pandemic: Big shifts and uncertainty
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: El comercio internacional se desplomó en 2020, pero se recuperó con fuerza en 2021. Si bien los flujos comerciales totales se encuentran ahora holgadamente por encima de los niveles anteriores a la pandemia, los impactos comerciales sobre todos los bienes, servicios y socios comerciales específicos son muy diversos, lo cual presiona a determinados sectores y cadenas de suministro. Los cambios en la estructura del comercio provocados por la pandemia de COVID-19 en un solo año fueron de una magnitud similar a los que suelen ocurrir durante un periodo de cuatro a cinco años. A finales de 2021 prevalecían desequilibrios considerables entre socios comerciales y productos, y no se recuperaron todas las pérdidas acumuladas de las fuertes bajas anteriores. La heterogeneidad de las repercusiones comerciales y de los cambios en los flujos respectivos entre productos, fuentes y destinos despierta gran incertidumbre y costos de ajuste e implica brindar incentivos adicionales para que los consumidores, las empresas y los gobiernos adopten nuevas estrategias de mitigación de riesgos o intensifiquen las actuales.
    DOI: 10.1787/7009f761-es
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    Harmonised System 2017 (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. The complex nature of the customs and statistical needs require a detailed commodity classification. The Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (Harmonised System, or HS), or extended versions based on HS, such as the Combined Nomenclature used by European Union countries, provide such classification, of which Harmonized System 2017 is the most recent. Data are expressed in US dollars and are available from 2017 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/532f581e-en
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    Merchandise Trade Price Index Database by CPA (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Despite the growing importance of international trade, driven in large part by the rise of globalisation and the accompanying international fragmentation of production, the availability of statistics on price change in international merchandise trade at more granular level is still limited. To fill this data gap, the OECD has developed this new Merchandise Trade Price Index (MTPI) database using UN COMTRADE.
    DOI: 10.1787/8a98499c-en
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    International transport and insurance costs of merchandise trade - OECD (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Although the costs associated with the international transport and insurance of merchandise trade (also referred to as CIF-FOB margins) are an important determinant of the volume and geography of international trade, remarkably little (official) data exist. Combining the largest and most detailed cross-country sample of official national statistics on explicit CIF-FOB margins to date with estimates from an econometric gravity model, and using a novel approach to pool product codes across World Customs Organization Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature vintages, the OECD has developed a new Database on International Transport and Insurance Costs (ITIC) that aims to fill this gap. The Database shows that distance, natural barriers and infrastructure continue to play an important role in shaping regional (and global) value chains.
    DOI: 10.1787/6f1c88e5-en
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    OECD-WTO: Balanced International Trade in Services - EBOPS 2010 (Edition 2022) (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services
    Keywords: Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The OECD-WTO Balanced Trade in Services (BaTIS) dataset is a complete, consistent and balanced matrix of international trade in services statistics (ITSS). It contains annual bilateral data covering 202 reporters and partners, broken down by the 12 main EBOPS2010 (BPM6) categories.
    DOI: 10.1787/45e839b6-en
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    Roshia ni yoru Ukuraina sensō de kiki ni hin shita jūyō genryō no kyōkyū (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Title: ロシアによるウクライナ戦争で危機に瀕した重要原料の供給
    Language: Japanese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The supply of critical raw materials endangered by Russia’s war on Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’approvisionnement des matières premières critiques est compromis par l’offensive russe en Ukraine
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    DOI: 10.1787/19d495e6-ja
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    Gurōbaru sapuraichēn no katsuyaku: COVID-19 taisaku ni katsuyō sa reta san dai seihin no monogatari (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Title: グローバル・サプライチェーンの活躍：COVID-19対策に活用された三大製品の物語
    Language: Japanese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Shingata koronauirusu (COVID-19) e no OECD seisaku taiō
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Global supply chains at work: A tale of three products to fight COVID-19
    Keywords: Trade
    DOI: 10.1787/5e3ccd2a-ja
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    Using trade to fight COVID-19: Manufacturing and distributing vaccines (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Usar el comercio para combatir la COVID-19: Producción y distribución de vacunas
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Impfung ; Arzneimittel ; Produktion ; Logistik ; Außenhandel ; Lieferkette ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade
    Abstract: All countries need vaccines but not all can produce them. Vaccine production is highly specialised, subject to comparative advantages, and concentrated in few countries, making trade a vital means to deploying vaccines broadly. Keeping markets open by reducing tariffs, streamlining trade-related processes at and behind the border while ensuring better co-ordination of logistical processes will be key to ensuring timely access to vaccines for all. This note discusses trade and trade policy considerations underpinning access to the final and intermediate goods needed to effectively produce, deliver and administer COVID-19 vaccines. It focuses on the international aspects of the vaccine supply chain, discussing the sourcing, production, distribution and need to expedite international border crossing and transportation (including in the context of the cold supply chain).
    DOI: 10.1787/dc0d37fc-en
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    The Impact of Regulation on International Investment in Finland (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264506381 , 9789264317161 , 9789264402201
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (171 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Finnland ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Trade ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Finland ; Latvia ; Lithuania ; Norway ; Sweden
    Abstract: The Impact of Regulation on International Investment in Finland examines what drives FDI into Finland and which domestic regulatory aspects may discourage foreign investment. The report analyses trends in FDI flows towards Finland and other Nordic-Baltic countries and discusses the benefits of foreign investment for the Finnish economy. It provides a comparative overview of the regulatory frameworks in force in Finland and its Nordic-Baltic peers, outlining both economy-wide and sector-specific findings, and explores how changes in these regulatory frameworks are linked to changes in FDI inflows in the region. Foreign investors’ views on Finland’s business environment complement these findings. The report underlines potential areas for reform and suggests policy actions that could further improve Finland’s investment climate and contribute to attracting and retaining more FDI, while also strengthening its positive impact.
    DOI: 10.1787/b1bf8bee-en
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    Intégration régionale dans l’Union pour la Méditerranée : Rapport d'étape (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264462229 , 9789264948679 , 9789264347151
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (211 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Regional Integration in the Union for the Mediterranean: Progress Report
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe التكامل الإقليمي في الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط: تقرير مرحلي
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: Intégration régionale dans l’Union pour la Méditerranée : Rapport d’étape analyse les grandes tendances et l’évolution de l’intégration dans la région euro-méditerranéenne. Le rapport examine cinq domaines d’intégration régionale, à savoir l’intégration commerciale, l’intégration financière, l’intégration des infrastructures, la mobilité des personnes, ainsi que la recherche et l’enseignement supérieur. Le rapport présente une analyse originale des modèles et des défis de l’intégration dans la région euro-méditerranéenne, qui met en évidence l’interdépendance des domaines examinés – par exemple, comment accroître le commerce régional sans une connectivité des transports abordable ? Le rapport apporte un nouvel éclairage basé sur l’analyse temporelle d’indicateurs de performances quantitatifs et qualitatifs spécifiques. Près de 100 graphiques et tableaux présentent les données de 42 pays membres de l’Union pour la Méditerranée et, le cas échéant, des pays partenaires de la région. Le rapport fournit des points clés à retenir et des recommandations stratégiques visant à favoriser l’intégration régionale dans chacun des cinq domaines.
    DOI: 10.1787/3a41651e-fr
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    COVID-19 emergency government support and ensuring a level playing field on the road to recovery (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Welt ; Trade ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered necessary large scale emergency government support for businesses and industries. The design and implementation of this support is crucial in avoiding domestic and international market distortions in the medium- and long-term. This brief considers ways to ensure that short-term crisis responses do not result in unintended negative implications for competition and trade in the medium- and long-term. It highlights the competition and trade policy tools governments can use to effectively balance the needs of the COVID-19 pandemic response while ensuring that this response does not undermine efforts to maintain a level playing field, domestically and globally.
    DOI: 10.1787/1e5a04de-en
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    Misuse of E-Commerce for Trade in Counterfeits (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264821132 , 9789264588769 , 9789264527690
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Illegaler Handel ; Online-Handel ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: Networks of illicit trade in counterfeits use many modern solutions, including e-commerce, a tool that offers numerous advantages for consumers and businesses. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated both illicit trade and its misuse of the online environment. This report uses a tailored, statistical methodology to assess the misuse of e-commerce for trade in counterfeit goods. It also presents key government actions and industry initiatives to counter this risk.
    DOI: 10.1787/1c04a64e-en
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    Perspectives de l'OCDE sur les PME et l'entrepreneuriat 2021 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264557031 , 9789264580459 , 9789264671225
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (330 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2021
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) et les entrepreneurs ont été durement touchés pendant la crise du COVID-19. Les réponses politiques ont été rapides et sans précédent, aidant à amortir le choc et à maintenir la plupart des PME et des entrepreneurs à flot. Malgré l’ampleur du choc, les données disponibles jusqu’à présent indiquent une création soutenue de start-ups, aucune vague de faillites et une impulsion à l’innovation dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE. Cependant, le soutien des gouvernements a été moins efficace pour les travailleurs autonomes, les petites et jeunes entreprises, les femmes et les entrepreneurs issus de minorités. Les pays n’ont pas non plus tous été en mesure de soutenir les PME. Alors que les campagnes de vaccination se déploient et que les perspectives économiques s’éclaircissent, les gouvernements doivent prendre le virage d’une sortie de crise et créer les conditions nécessaires pour reconstruire en mieux. Les Perspectives 2021 de l’OCDE pour les PME et l’entrepreneuriat apportent de nouvelles données probantes sur l’impact de la crise sur les PME et les entrepreneurs et les réponses politiques apportées. Elles réfléchissent à des questions à plus long terme, telles que l’endettement des PME ou le rôle des PME dans des chaînes d’approvisionnement plus résilientes, ou la diffusion de l’innovation. Le rapport contient des profils de pays qui comparent l’impact, les facteurs de vulnérabilité et les sources de résilience dans les pays de l’OCDE, et mettent l’accent sur le soutien à la liquidité et les plans de redressement pour les PME.
    DOI: 10.1787/dbe26a97-fr
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    Balanced merchandise trade statistics by CPA - OECD (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: The balanced merchandise trade database comprises international trade statistics where calculations have been made to reduce the asymmetries between import and export data. Differences arise from valuation (CIF for imports and FOB for exports), in partner country classification, in customs regimes, and in compilation and dissemination methodologies. Data are expressed in US dollars and are available from 2007 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/3158e38e-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 69
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    Trade by enterprise characteristics: Trade by exports intensity (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on Measuring Globalisation
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset presents data by export intensity: that is the share of exports on total turnover.
    DOI: 10.1787/72e53aa1-en
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  • 70
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    ITCS Exchange Rates (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset includes conversion factors used for International Trade by Commodity Statistics datasets. Exchange rates are expressed in US dollars per national currency unit and based on annual exchange rates. To convert trade data from US dollars into national currency, trade data in US dollars should be divided by this exchange rate. Data are available from 1961 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/3abf7618-en
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  • 71
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    Trade in value by partner countries (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Quarterly International Trade Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: OECD quarterly international trade statistics provides a detailed insight into the most recent trends in trading patterns for OECD countries with the rest of the world. International trade data are broken down by country. Dataset has annual and quarterly data.
    DOI: 10.1787/5d6b3b13-en
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  • 72
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    Merchandise Trade Price Index Database by CPA (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Despite the growing importance of international trade, driven in large part by the rise of globalisation and the accompanying international fragmentation of production, the availability of statistics on price change in international merchandise trade at more granular level is still limited. To fill this data gap, the OECD has developed this new Merchandise Trade Price Index (MTPI) database using UN COMTRADE.
    DOI: 10.1787/b44db4eb-en
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  • 73
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    Trade in employment - Core indicators (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: STAN: OECD Structural Analysis Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Growing economic and political integration worldwide has increased the sensitivity of employment in one country or region to changes in demand in other countries or regions. The OECD’s Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) database enables researchers to derive experimental indicators that reveal how annual changes in OECD employment can be decomposed to account for changes in final demand for goods and services across different countries and regions. The notion of jobs embodied in final demand attempts to capture the average number or share of jobs engaged in producing output that satisfied demand for final goods and services. Final demand figures for both domestic and foreign part include Household consumption, General government final expenditure, Gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories and acquisition of valuables. The changes in inventories by definition may be negative, therefore jobs embodied in final demand may become negative in some specific sectors
    DOI: 10.1787/4883bfe6-en
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  • 74
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    Counterfeiting, piracy and the Swiss economy (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264573871 , 9789264595279 , 9789264763906
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 100 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Illicit trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Immaterialgüterrechte ; Schweiz ; Governance ; Trade ; Switzerland ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Swiss economy is innovative and knowledge-intensive. Consequently, it relies heavily on intellectual property rights. Swiss industries are also export-oriented and solidly integrated in the global economy. At the same time, the threats of counterfeiting and piracy are growing, and Swiss industries are vulnerable. This report measures the direct economic effects of counterfeiting on Swiss industry and the Swiss government. It estimates the impact of the global trade in fake products that pose as “Swiss made” in terms of lost jobs, forgone profits and lower tax revenues.
    DOI: 10.1787/1f010fc9-en
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 75
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    COVID-19, international mobility and trade in services: The road to recovery (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Dienstleistungshandel ; Internationaler Personenverkehr ; Welt ; OECD-Staaten ; Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: COVID-19 disruptions to international mobility drove a collapse in services trade. In the medium term, the OECD estimates that closing borders to passengers could increase services trade costs by an average of 12% across sectors and countries. Restoring safe cross-border mobility through internationally co-ordinated border health protocols and mutual recognition agreements is therefore crucial to a strong economic recovery.
    DOI: 10.1787/ec716823-en
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  • 76
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    OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels: Country Notes (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264874077
    Language: English
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: This new web format for Country Notes on Fossil Fuel Support provides interactive on-line access to the latest data from the OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels by country – identifying and estimating the value of support arising from policies that encourage the production or consumption of fossil fuels. The web version allows users to download, share and play with the data. Interactive graphics enable data visualisation, in national currency, by beneficiary and by energy product. These Country Notes provide, for each of the 50 economies covered in the Inventory, a snapshot of energy market structure, the current state of energy prices and taxes, and recent developments and trends in fossil fuel support. Data and country notes for the EU Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries have been collected and prepared as part of the GREEN Action Task Force.
    DOI: 10.1787/5a3efe65-en
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  • 77
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    Regional integration in the Union for the Mediterranean : progress report (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264504622
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (194 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Keywords: Regionale Wirtschaftsintegration ; Integration ; EU-Staaten ; Mittelmeerraum ; Internationale Politik ; Mittelmeerpolitik ; Integration ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Fortschrittsbericht ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Trade ; Mittelmeerraum ; Naher Osten ; Mittlerer Osten ; Nordafrika
    Abstract: Regional Integration in the Union for the Mediterranean: Progress Report monitors major trends and evolutions of integration in the Euro-Mediterranean region. The Report examines five domains of regional integration, namely trade integration, financial integration, infrastructure integration, movement of people, as well as research and higher education. It presents an original analysis of the patterns and challenges of integration in the Euro-Mediterranean region, which highlights the interdependence of the areas examined – e.g. how to increase regional trade without affordable transport connectivity? The Report offers new insights, based on specific quantitative and qualitative performance indicators that are monitored over time. Almost 100 graphs and tables in the report cover data for the 42 member countries of the Union for the Mediterranean and, when relevant, for partners of the region. The Report includes key takeaways and policy recommendations on how to foster regional integration in each of the five domains.
    DOI: 10.1787/325884b3-en
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 78
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    Trade finance in the COVID era: Current and future challenges (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Außenhandelsfinanzierung ; Exportkredit ; OECD-Staaten ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade
    Abstract: In response to the challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, governments are looking to their Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) to fill any financing gaps left by the private market and to mitigate the impact of the crisis by engaging in both short-term (ST) and medium- and long-term (MLT) trade finance. In the absence of comprehensive data on trade finance, this brief uses OECD surveys and other related indicators to attempt to identify emerging trends. These indicators suggest that ST trade finance is facing access problems (increased costs of ST financing for SMEs and higher rates of rejected applications) while MLT trade finance appears to be relatively resilient (decrease of 34% in volume and 15% in number of MLT export credit transaction). ECAs may therefore have a role to play in ST trade finance by acting on liquidity and increasing capacity. However for MLT trade finance, ECAs might have fewer levers for action, especially if the pandemic is affecting the demand side and reducing the pipeline of projects.
    DOI: 10.1787/79daca94-en
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  • 79
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    Trade finance for SMEs in the digital era (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.24
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Access to trade finance, i.e. financial instruments and means of payments for international transactions, can enable SME engagement in international activities through direct exporting and participation in global value chains, and ultimately foster inclusive economic growth and innovation. The study examines trade finance for SMEs in the context of digital advancements and investigates how policy approaches can support SMEs in reaping the benefits of digitalisation in this respect. It also takes into account recent developments related to the COVID-19 crisis.
    DOI: 10.1787/e505fe39-en
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  • 80
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    Measuring distortions in international markets: Below-market finance (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (106 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.247
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The support that governments provide to their industrial producers has been a growing source of concern. Much of that support is provided by governments through the financial system, either in the form of below‑market borrowings or below-market equity. To better understand the nature and scale of this support, this report uses publicly available information for 306 of the largest manufacturing firms in 13 industrial sectors, covering the period 2005-19. It finds that below-market borrowings tend to be relatively large in heavy industries, including some that reportedly suffer from excess capacity, while below-market equity returns appear to be more common in high-tech industries such as aerospace and semiconductors. Below-market borrowings also appear to benefit firms with more than 25% government investment relatively more. These findings on below-market finance raise a number of important issues for trade rules, including in relation to transparency and the scope of subsidy disciplines.
    DOI: 10.1787/a1a5aa8a-en
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  • 81
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    Biodiversity, natural capital and the economy : A policy guide for finance, economic and environment ministers (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (81 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.26
    Keywords: Artenvielfalt ; Naturschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Finanzpolitik ; G7-Staaten ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Trade
    Abstract: Nature underpins all economic activities and human well-being. It is the world’s most important asset. Yet humanity is destroying biodiversity at an unprecedented rate, posing significant but often overlooked risks to the economy, the financial sector and the well-being of current and future generations. This report provides the latest findings and policy guidance for G7 and other countries in four key areas: measuring and mainstreaming biodiversity; aligning budgetary and fiscal policy with biodiversity; embedding biodiversity in the financial sector; and improving biodiversity outcomes linked to international trade. The report shows how Finance, Economic and Environment Ministries can drive the transformative changes required to halt and reverse the loss of biodiversity. This Policy Paper was prepared as an input document for the United Kingdom Presidency of the G7 in 2021.
    DOI: 10.1787/1a1ae114-en
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  • 82
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    Usar el comercio para combatir la COVID-19: Producción y distribución de vacunas (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.)
    Series Statement: Medidas políticas clave de la OCDE ante el coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Using trade to fight COVID-19: Manufacturing and distributing vaccines
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade
    Abstract: Todos los países necesitan vacunas, pero no todos pueden producirlas. La producción de vacunas es una actividad altamente especializada, sujeta a las ventajas comparativas, y concentrada en pocos países, por lo que el comercio es un medio indispensable para que las vacunas se distribuyan ampliamente. Para asegurar el acceso oportuno a las vacunas para todos será clave mantener los mercados abiertos reduciendo los aranceles, agilizar los procesos comerciales relacionados antes y después de frontera, al tiempo que se garantiza una mejor coordinación en los procesos logísticos. Este documento aborda el comercio y las consideraciones de política comercial que sostienen el acceso a los insumos finales e intermedios necesarios para producir, entregar y aplicar las vacunas contra la COVID-19. Asimismo, se enfoca en los aspectos internacionales de la cadena de suministro de la vacuna, analiza el suministro, producción, distribución y la necesidad de hacer expeditos el cruce de la frontera internacional y la transportación (en el contexto de suministro de la cadena de frío).
    DOI: 10.1787/59660b60-es
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  • 83
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    التكامل الإقليمي في الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط : تقرير مرحلي (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264678040
    Language: Arabic
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (189 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Regional Integration in the Union for the Mediterranean: Progress Report
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Intégration régionale dans l’Union pour la Méditerranée : Rapport d'étape
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Transport ; Trade
    Abstract: التكامل الإقليمي في الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط: تقرير مرحلي يرصد الاتجاهات الرئيسية والتكامل في المنطقة الأورو - متوسطية. يحلل هذا التقرير خمسة مجالات للتكامل الإقليمي: التكامل التجاري، والتكامل المالي، وتكامل البنية التحتية، وحركة السكان، والبحث والتعليم العالي. يقدم التقرير تحليلا مبدعا لأنماط وتحديات التكامل في المنطقة الأورو - متوسطية، مما يسلط الضوء على الترابط بين المجالات التي تم بحثها - مثل كيفية تطوير المبادلات في ضل ظروف خصاص بنية تحتية ملائمة. ويقدم التقرير رؤى ثاقبة جديدة تستند إلى مؤشرات أداء كمية ونوعية محددة يجري رصدها بمرور الوقت. ويغطي ما يقرب من 100 رسم بياني وجداول بيانات عن 42 بلدا عضوا في الاتحاد من أجل المتوسط وعن شركاء المنطقة. ويتضمن التقرير مقترحات رئيسية وتوصيات تتعلق بالسياسات بشأن كيفية تعزيز التكامل الإقليمي في كل مجال من المجالات الخمسة.
    DOI: 10.1787/dc416437-ar
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  • 84
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    The Impact of the Growth of the Sharing and Gig Economy on VAT/GST Policy and Administration (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264530409 , 9789264760615 , 9789264914780
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (118 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L’impact de la croissance de l'économie du partage et à la demande sur la politique et l’administration de la TVA/TPS
    Keywords: Gig Economy ; Share Economy ; Umsatzsteuer ; Steuerpolitik ; Taxation ; Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: This report aims at assisting tax authorities in designing and implementing an effective Value Added Tax/Goods and Services Tax (VAT/GST) policy response to the growth of the sharing and gig economy. The rise of this phenomenon, powered by digital platforms, has transformed a number of industries within just a few short years. It involves large numbers of new economic operators (often private individuals), who monetise (often) underutilised goods and services by offering these, via digital platforms, for temporary (“shared”) use by primarily private consumers. Questions have been raised whether existing VAT/GST policy and administration frameworks are sufficiently capable of dealing with this new economic reality notably with a view to protecting VAT/GST revenue and minimising economic distortions. This report sets out the core components of a comprehensive VAT/GST policy strategy for tax authorities to consider in response. It analyses the key features of the sharing and gig economy and its main business models; identifies the associated VAT/GST challenges and opportunities; and presents a wide range of possible measures and approaches to support an effective policy response. This includes detailed guidance on the possible role of digital platforms in facilitating and enhancing VAT/GST compliance in the sharing and gig economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/51825505-en
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  • 85
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    Trade in value added (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on Trade in Value Added
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This database seeks to analyse the value added by a country in the production of any good or service that is then exported, and offers a fuller picture of commercial relations between nations. The current 2018 edition covers 64 economies (including all OECD, EU and G20 countries and most East and Southeast Asian economies) as well as region aggregates. Indicators are available for 36 industries within a hierarchy based on ISIC Rev. 4.
    DOI: 10.1787/c773c46d-en
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  • 86
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    STRI: Digital services trade restrictiveness Index (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services
    Keywords: Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The OECD Digital STRI identifies, catalogues and quantifies barriers that affect trade in digitally enabled services across 50 countries. This data provide policy makers with an evidence-based tool that helps to identify regulatory bottlenecks, design policies that foster more competitive and diversified markets for digital trade, and analyze the impact of policy reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/1f6d855b-en
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  • 87
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    Trade by enterprise characteristics: Trade by type of trader (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on Measuring Globalisation
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset shows imports/exports by type of trader: that is exporter only, importer only or both importer and exporter (Two-way trader).
    DOI: 10.1787/06f3bc68-en
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  • 88
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    Trade by enterprise characteristics: Trade by partner countries and size-class (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on Measuring Globalisation
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: The central issue of trade by enterprise characteristics is to disaggregate trade flows according the characteristics of the enterprises engaged in cross-border transactions. The feasibility of doing so largely depends on the possibility of using or developing common identifiers between the trade register and the business register. Countries differ in their ability to perform such a linking, and matching ratios (between business and trade registers) vary across countries, and as a consequence the degree of representativeness of the results also varies across countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/e81e0e1b-en
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  • 89
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    SITC Revision 2 (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. Commodities are available at the most detailed level of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) Revision 2, a statistical classification of the commodities entering external trade, designed to provide the commodity aggregates for purposes of economic analysis and to facilitate international comparisons of trade-by-commodity data. Revision 2 corresponds to the previous international standard. Data are expressed in US dollars and are available from 1961 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/dc4bea98-en
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  • 90
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    SITC Revision 3 (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: International Trade by Commodity Statistics
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This dataset contains values and quantities of exports and imports by partner countries and by commodity. Commodities are available at the most detailed level of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) Revision 3, a statistical classification of the commodities entering external trade, designed to provide the commodity aggregates for purposes of economic analysis and to facilitate international comparisons of trade-by-commodity data. Revision 3 corresponds to the current international standard. Data are expressed in US dollars and are available from 1988 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/2e6c533f-en
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  • 91
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    Misuse of containerized maritime shipping in the global trade of counterfeits (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264647381 , 9789264438088 , 9789264498280
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Illicit trade
    Keywords: Containerverkehr ; Container ; Illegaler Handel ; Frachtschifffahrt ; Schifffahrt ; Governance ; Transport ; Trade ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The report provides empirical evidence about the misuse of container ships in international trade in counterfeits. It also suggests the main routes of trade with containers polluted with illicit trade. Finally, the report also outlines the economic landscape for containerized maritime transport and investigates policy gaps that enable its misuse by criminals in illicit trade.
    DOI: 10.1787/e39d8939-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 92
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    Global value chains: Efficiency and risks in the context of COVID-19 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
    Keywords: Globale Wertschöpfungskette ; Coronavirus ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade
    Abstract: The policy debate on whether the gains from international specialisation in global value chains (GVCs) outweigh the associated risks of transmission of shocks has intensified in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak and the resulting disruptions in supply chains of some manufacturing and medical products. Questions are even being asked whether governments should use policy tools to “re-localis” GVCs. This policy brief first identifies key potential sources of exposure to shocks in GVCs. Second, it uses the OECD’s global trade model to shed light on the consequences of a stylised re-localisation policy scenario, in terms of both economic efficiency and stability. In this scenario, countries are less exposed to foreign shocks, but they are also less efficient and less able to cushion shocks through trade. Quantitatively, the latter effect tends to dominate. The economic case for policy-induced reshoring of GVCs is therefore weak. There is nevertheless scope for international co-operation and governments to join efforts with businesses to improve risk preparedness.
    DOI: 10.1787/67c75fdc-en
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  • 93
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    STRI: Intra-EEA services trade restrictiveness index heterogeneity Indices (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services
    Keywords: Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The OECD intra-EEA STRI heterogeneity indices complement the newly published intra-EEA STRI's and presents indices of regulatory heterogeneity, The indices are built from assessing – for each country pair and each measure – whether or not the countries have the same regulation. For each country pair and each sector, the indices reflect the (weighted) share of measures for which the two countries have different regulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/1ecfc681-en
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  • 94
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    STRI: Intra-EEA services trade restrictiveness index (Edition 2021) (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services
    Keywords: Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The intra-EEA Services Trade Restrictiveness Index identifies and catalogues which policy measures restrict trade within the European Economic Area (EEA) for 24 OECD EU member countries. This data complement the existing STRI, which quantifies multilateral services trade restrictiveness, allowing to track the progress of regional services integration across 19 major services sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/692726c8-en
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  • 95
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    Industrial Policy for the Sustainable Development Goals : Increasing the Private Sector’s Contribution (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264890541 , 9789264731714 , 9789264868076
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (196 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals ; Industriepolitik ; Privatwirtschaft ; Welt ; Environment ; Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Canada ; Costa Rica ; France ; Germany ; Japan ; Korea, Republic of ; New Zealand
    Abstract: How can governments support the private sector’s contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? This book investigates the contribution of firms to the SDGs, particularly through their core business, taking into account inter-sectoral linkages and global value chains, using novel techniques and data sources. Despite the fact that the private sector has the potential to contribute to a wide range of SDGs, and that many firms find it economically viable to develop sustainable products and services, firms still face significant hurdles in their sustainability transition. Based on this new evidence, this book provides some recommendations on the design of industrial policies to enhance the contribution of businesses to the SDGs.
    DOI: 10.1787/2cad899f-en
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  • 96
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    Atténuer l’impact du COVID-19 sur le tourisme et soutenir la reprise (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.)
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur le tourisme no.2020/03
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on tourism and supporting recovery
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: À la date de publication du présent rapport, les perspectives dans le secteur du tourisme restent très incertaines. La pandémie de coronavirus (COVID-19) continue d’affecter durement ce secteur ; selon les prévisions, le repli du tourisme international devrait avoisiner 80 % en 2020. Le tourisme interne contribue à atténuer le choc, tout au moins partiellement, et les pouvoirs publics ont pris des mesures immédiates remarquables pour aider et relancer le secteur tout en protégeant les emplois et les entreprises. Bon nombre de pays s’emploient aussi maintenant à élaborer des mesures visant à construire une économie touristique plus résiliente dans la perspective de l’après-COVID-19. Elles consistent notamment à préparer des plans de soutien à une relance durable du secteur, en encourageant les transitions numérique et écologique de la filière et en repensant l’avenir du tourisme.
    DOI: 10.1787/8e56bcf9-fr
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  • 97
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    OECD Companion to the Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels 2021 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264962392
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Taxation ; Trade
    Abstract: This report draws on more than 1 300 government budgetary transfers and tax expenditures providing preferential treatment for the production and consumption of fossil fuels as documented in the 2020 OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels to track progress in reform of support. It sets out principal trends across 50 OECD, G20 and European Union (EU) Eastern Partnership (EaP) economies, including as resulting from the COVID-19 crisis and novel sectoral decomposition of Inventory data. It reports on developments in tracking and monitoring fossil fuel support in the context of the G20 and the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and with respect to enhancing the interpretation of tax expenditure data. Finally, the report offers a sequential framework to assist governments assess and address the effects of fossil-fuel support measures and their reform, given ongoing challenges in gaining traction for reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/e670c620-en
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  • 98
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    OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2021 (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264579316 , 9789264355781 , 9789264593237
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (294 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and entrepreneurs have been hit hard during the COVID-19 crisis. Policy responses were quick and unprecedented, helping cushion the blow and maintain most SMEs and entrepreneurs afloat. Despite the magnitude of the shock, available data so far point to sustained start-ups creation, no wave of bankruptcies, and an impulse to innovation in most OECD countries. However, government support has been less effective at reaching the self-employed, smaller and younger firms, women, and entrepreneurs from minorities. Countries were not all even in their capacity to support SMEs either. As vaccine campaigns roll out and economic prospects brighten, governments have to take the turn of a crisis exit and create the conditions to build back better. The OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2021 brings new evidence on the impact of the crisis and policy responses on SMEs and entrepreneurs. It reflects on longer-term issues, such as SME indebtedness or SME role in more resilient supply chains or innovation diffusion. The report contains country profiles that benchmark impact, factors of vulnerability, and sources of resilience in OECD countries, and give a policy spotlight on liquidity support and recovery plans for SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/97a5bbfe-en
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  • 99
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    Global Trade in Fakes : A Worrying Threat (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264732100 , 9789264712416 , 9789264813021
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Markenartikel ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Governance ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: This report quantifies the magnitude, value, scope and trends of global trade in counterfeit and pirated goods, also known as fakes. Using a unique enforcement dataset and tailored methodology, it estimates the overall scale of this threat and outlines which industries are particularly at risk. It also gauges the main economies of origin of fakes in global trade, and the key directions of trade flows. Finally, it analyses recent trends in terms of modes of shipment and the evolution of trade routes.
    DOI: 10.1787/74c81154-en
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  • 100
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    Understanding the Spillovers and Transboundary Impacts of Public Policies : Implementing the 2030 Agenda for More Resilient Societies (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264765504
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (212 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Politik ; Spillover-Effekt ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Development ; Trade
    Abstract: The multidimensional and intergenerational nature of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) calls for integrated policies. Progress made in a particular social, economic or environmental area or individual goal may generate synergies and trade-offs across dimensions (spillover effects), and steps taken in one country could have positive or negative impacts beyond national borders (transboundary effects). Assessing the multidimensional and cross-border effects of policies has become even more urgent in the context of COVID-19 containment measures. However, there are gaps in governance and analytical tools for identifying and managing spillover and transboundary effects, posing challenges for governments in designing and implementing sustainability strategies. This book, a collaborative effort by the OECD and the European Commission-Joint Research Centre (EC-JRC) presents a set of new governance and analytical tools, lessons learned from country experiences, and good emerging practices for managing spillover and transboundary effects in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/862c0db7-en
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