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  • 1995-1999  (84)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (84)
  • Science and Technology  (84)
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  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (84)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Managing National Innovation Systems (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189416
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gérer les systèmes nationaux d'innovation
    RVK:
    QR 000
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftspolitik
    Abstract: With the emergence of a knowledge-based society, innovation has become an increasingly important factor in the competitiveness of firms, the prosperity of nations and dynamic world growth. Innovation uses scientific progress to meet the changing needs of society and is thus one of the keys to sustainable development. Promoting innovation is now a high priority in most OECD countries. However, the pursuit of this objective is often hampered by an inadequate understanding of the extent to which the mechanisms of innovation are being transformed by globalisation, the development of information and communications technologies and the expanding scientific knowledge base. Drawing on new empirical data, this book analyses the fundamental changes in the linkages between industry and the science system as well as in the nature of the competencies required for firms to innovate. The changes which are transforming the respective roles of competition and co-operation in stimulating innovation and which are enabling enterprise creation and SMIs to play an increasingly active role in innovation are also examined. This book shows that innovation performance depends on the way in which the different components of the "innovation system" -- businesses, universities and other research bodies - interact with one another at the local, national and international levels, and concludes that the public authorities must change their approach to the promotion of innovation. This study defines the aims and tools of this new innovation policy and identifies examples of good policy practice recently implemented in OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189416-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boosting Innovation : The Cluster Approach (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174399
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QP 210
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Innovation ; Wirtschaftspolitik
    Abstract: Both firms, keen to improve their competitiveness, and governments, keen to exploit new sources of economic and social progress, need to understand how innovation works in order to better stimulate it. The paradox of innovation is that it uses co-operation to enhance competition and to link many different actors in innovative clusters. In a knowledge-based economy, these clusters of innovative firms form around sources of knowledge. They are based on a sophisticated infrastructure in which knowledge is developed, shared and exchanged, and are characterised by highly concentrated and effective links between entrepreneurs, investors and researchers. Clusters can take a variety of forms, depending on their main technological and commercial areas of specialisation. In most cases they operate within localised geographical areas and interact within larger innovation systems at the regional, national and international level. With globalisation, dynamic clusters are becoming key factors in a country’s capacity to attract the international investment that generates new technological expertise, to interest investors in innovation (venture capital, etc.) and to benefit from the international mobility of skilled personnel. This book reviews the latest economic research on these issues, shows how technology policy makers in OECD countries are making practical use of the concept of clusters and suggests how government policies to foster innovation might best be refocused.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174399-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Electronic Commerce : Initial Survey of Unilateral Liberalisation and Facilitation Measures (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 14 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.45
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper reports initial results from a Secretariat survey of recent unilateral liberalisation and facilitation measures relevant to the growth of Internet-based electronic commerce that have been undertaken by Governments in both OECD and non-OECD member economies.
    DOI: 10.1787/236541807682
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Economic and Social Impact of Electronic Commerce : Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172081
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les incidences économiques et sociales du commerce électronique ; Résultats préliminaires et programme de recherche
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les incidences économiques et sociales du commerce électronique : Résultats préliminaires et programme de recherche
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Though only three years old, electronic commerce over the Internet has the potential to transform the marketplace. E-commerce will change the way business is conducted. Traditional intermediary functions will be replaced, new products and markets will be developed, and new relationships will be created between business and consumers. It will alter the way work is organised and open new channels of knowledge diffusion and human interactivity in the workplace. Workers will need to be more flexible as their functions and skills are redefined. The changes e-commerce will bring are far-reaching. They require new frameworks for doing business and a re-examination of government policies relating to commerce and skills. What is electronic commerce? What is the current state and likely future direction of e-commerce? What are the drivers and what are the inhibitors? What is its impact on costs, prices, and ultimately on economic efficiency? How is it affecting intermediaries? How do firms compete in the electronic environment? What market structure is likely to emerge? What is the impact on jobs? What types of skills will be needed? What major societal transformations will it entail? The full impact of e-commerce remains to be seen. This book begins to address these questions and provides a ground-breaking assessment of the economic and social impacts of electronic commerce and its effects on jobs by drawing on existing qualitative and quantitative evidence. This early analysis of an extremely dynamic activity identifies a number of areas where research is urgently needed and serves as the basis for an informed policy debate.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172081-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Global Action Plan for Electronic Commerce : Prepared by Business with Recommendations for Governments (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 89 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.44
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This second edition of the Global Action Plan for Electronic Commerce published by the Alliance for Global Business (AGB) reflects a number of developments in the global discussions about electronic commerce since the first Global Action Plan was submitted on behalf of business to the OECD Ministerial in Ottawa, Canada, in October 1998.
    DOI: 10.1787/236544834564
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La mondialisation des industries dans les pays de l'OCDE (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Globalisation of Industry in the OECD Countries
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The most highly internationalised industries are thought to be more competitive than the rest, since their high exposure to international competition forces them to strive constantly to become more efficient and they are in a position to take advantage of all the opportunities that arise in world markets. But to determine whether this is in fact the case, each country’s industries must first be classified in terms of their degree of globalisation. This report proposes a method for classifying each country’s manufacturing industries by their extent of globalisation, using a set of indicators. The results obtained show that the degree of globalisation is more closely linked to the characteristics of industrial sectors than to the country’s specialisation. These results could be improved significantly if some of the proposed indicators were available ...
    DOI: 10.1787/070210702255
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Description of National Innovation Surveys Carried Out, or Foreseen, in 1997-99 in OECD Non-CIS-2 Participants and NESTI Observer Countries (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1999/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Following the revision of the Oslo Manual (1997) and the preparation of the second Community Innovation Survey (CIS-2), a number of OECD and NESTI observer countries have carried out (or are preparing) new innovation surveys. According to national policy needs, these new national innovation surveys may or may not fully follow the Oslo Manual methodology and/or the proposed CIS-2 questionnaire prepared by EUROSTAT in co-operation with national experts and the OECD. The following document is intended to provide the main characteristics of national innovation surveys carried out (or intended to be carried out) in 1997-99 in OECD non-CIS-2 participants and NESTI observer countries. After a summary description of all national innovation surveys (including CIS-2 participants), more detailed information is presented by country for non-CIS-2 participants. This basic information will be helpful in evaluating the extent to which internationally comparable information could be expected from ...
    DOI: 10.1787/651678082118
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Les incidences économiques et sociales du commerce électronique : Résultats préliminaires et programme de recherche (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264272088
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Economic and Social Impact of Electronic Commerce; Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Economic and Social Impact of Electronic Commerce: Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Le commerce électronique sur Internet est apparu il y a seulement trois ans, mais il est porteur de transformations radicales de l'espace marchand. Il va modifier la façon dont l'activité économique est conduite. Les fonctions traditionnelles des intermédiaires vont être remplacées, des produits et marchés nouveaux vont se développer, et des relations nouvelles vont se nouer entre les entreprises et les consommateurs. L'organisation du travail s'en trouvera modifiée et de nouveaux canaux de diffusion du savoir et des échanges interpersonnels sur le lieu de travail vont se créer. Les fonctions et les qualifications des travailleurs se redéfinissant, ces derniers devront faire preuve de plus de flexibilité et d'adaptabilité. Les changements induits par le commerce électronique ont une portée considérable. Ils exigent de nouveaux cadres pour la conduite des transactions commerciales ainsi qu'un réexamen des politiques gouvernementales à l'égard du commerce et des qualifications. Qu'est-ce que le commerce électronique ? Quelle est la situation actuelle du commerce électronique et comment devrait-elle évoluer à l'avenir ? Quels sont les facteurs qui stimulent son développement et quels sont ceux qui le freinent ? Quelle est son incidence sur les coûts, les prix et, au bout du compte, l'efficience économique ? Dans quelle mesure affecte-t-il les intermédiaires ? A quelle concurrence les entreprises se livrent-elles dans l'environnement électronique ? Quelle structure de marché devrait voir le jour ? Quelles sont les répercussions sur l'emploi ? Quels types de qualifications seront nécessaires ? Quelles transformations sociales de fond le commerce électronique va-t-il entraîner ? L'impact réel du commerce électronique reste à élucider. Ce livre fait oeuvre de pionnier en s'appuyant sur les données qualitatives et quantitatives existantes pour offrir la première évaluation des répercussions du commerce électronique et de ses effets sur l'emploi. Cette analyse précoce d'une activité extrêmement dynamique révèle les domaines auxquels il est urgent de consacrer des travaux de recherche et permet d'éclairer le débat sur les mesures à prendre.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264272088-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    L' investissement étranger direct et le commerce international : Sont-ils complémentaires ou substituables ? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Foreign Direct Investment and International Trade: Complements or Substitutes?
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The relationships between trade and foreign investment (FDI) are at the core of globalisation. Analytical work has recently been developed by OECD in order to explore the nature of these links in quantitative terms. This report combines the previous more technical work developed over the last three years. This empirical work revealed the complexity of these links but, at the same time, showed the main and positive influence of foreign direct investment on international trade particularly after the mid–1980s. Empirical results show that foreign direct investment abroad stimulates the growth of exports from countries of origin and consequently this investment is complementary to trade ...
    DOI: 10.1787/771416201121
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Xenotransplantation : International Policy Issues (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172654
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Over one million people world-wide have benefited from successful tissue and organ transplants and survival rates have dramatically improved. But transplantation has become a victim of its own success. The demand for human organs can no longer be met and deaths of persons on waiting lists have more than doubled since 1988. A number of alternatives have been proposed to fill the gap between the supply and demand of organs and the past few years have seen the development of various approaches derived from recent advances in biotechnology. Among these technologies is xenotransplantation - the transplantation of viable cells, tissues and organs from one animal species to another. Xenotransplantation of cells and tissues has been approved for clinical trials in a number of OECD countries. However, opinions about the risks from these early procedures and whether to proceed any further vary. At the New York 1998 Workshop on "International issues in transplantation biotechnology including the use of non-human cells, tissues and organs", world leaders in the field reported on the state of the art and unmet needs in transplantation, addressing in particular the potential, the risks, the ethics and socio-economic impacts of xenotransplantation. Based on presentations, transcripts of round-table discussions and comments raised at the workshop, this book provides an overview of the field and of current regulatory frameworks and addresses the most pressing international policy considerations on xenotransplantation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172654-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Social Sciences at a Turning Point? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172920
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: How can the social and behavioural sciences contribute more effectively to solving the problems of society? Authoritative experts and policy makers examine the current state and status of the social sciences and present their views on what needs to be done. The authors, who represent OECD countries with diverse traditions and experience, discuss in particular the need to restructure social sciences, to better link them to policy making, to strengthen related basic research, to take advantage of progress made in information technologies for large-scale surveys and data storage, etc. Illustrative developments concern youth and urban problems, education reforms, immigration and environmental policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172920-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Review of Market Openness and Trade in Telecommunications (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.43
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is twofold. First, to begin a policy and regulatory evaluation of developments in telecommunication market openness following the liberalisation in 1998 in the context of the WTO agreement and the liberalisation in the European Union. Second, it is aimed at stimulating reflection on the issues that may need to be examined to enhance market liberalisation and market openness. Although a full assessment of recent market opening may be too premature, there are nevertheless indications of areas where further consideration and action may be required. In addition market developments are raising a number of issues which are likely to become relevant in the event that there are further discussions on market opening in the context of any future WTO service negotiations. As a paper aimed at beginning discussion and reflection, a number of questions are raised which could be used by delegations to provide their own assessment of issues and future problem areas which need consideration.
    DOI: 10.1787/236555535321
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Strategic Business Services (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173590
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les services stratégiques aux entreprises
    RVK:
    QQ 200
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Unternehmensberatung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; OECD ; Dienstleistung ; Industriebetrieb
    Abstract: Strategic business services, examined in twenty-one OECD country case studies in this book, comprise services in computer software and information processing, research and development and technical testing, marketing, business organisation (management consultancy and labour recruitment) and human resource development. This sector has been growing at around 10% per year, and overall turnover for 1999 is likely to be close to USD 1.5 trillion. These services create jobs in OECD countries, directly employing at least 11 million persons. Business organisation services were the major employer, with 3.6 million people in personnel recruitment services and 1.5 million in management consultancy in the mid-1990s. This sector’s strong performance is driven by the general shift towards services, the rise of the knowledge-based economy, the need for greater flexibility within firms, specialisation and increased division of labour in many areas, outsourcing by established firms, and the trend towards smaller production units and firms.Governments influence the demand for business services by promoting private sector investment in intangibles such as R&D, training and education and business organisation, and by supporting the supply of these services through a range of intermediary agencies. The provision of strategic business services is seen as key to improving the performance and competitiveness of small and medium-sized firms.Countries covered Australia Austria Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands Norway New Zealand Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173590-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Les services stratégiques aux entreprises (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273597
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Strategic Business Services
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Les services stratégiques aux entreprises, que cet ouvrage étudie dans 21 pays de l'OCDE, englobent les services de logiciels et de traitement de l'information, les services de recherche-développement (R-D) et techniques, les services de marketing, d'organisation de l'entreprise (services de conseil en gestion et de recrutement du personnel), et de mise en valeur des ressources humaines. Ces services se sont développés à un rythme d’environ 10 % par an, leur chiffre d’affaires cumulé devant avoisiner 1 500 milliards de dollars des États-Unis en 1999. Ces services, qui sont créateurs d’emplois, représentent au moins 11 millions d’emplois directs dans les pays de l’OCDE. Au milieu des années 90, les services d’organisation de l’entreprise étaient le principal employeur avec 3,6 millions d’emplois dans les services de recrutement de personnel et 1,5 million dans le conseil en gestion. L’excellente performance de ce secteur tient à de nombreux facteurs : l'évolution générale de l’économie vers les services, la montée des économies fondées sur le savoir, le besoin d'une plus grande flexibilité au sein des entreprises, la spécialisation et la division accrue du travail dans de nombreux secteurs, le recours des entreprises bien établies à la sous-traitance et la tendance à privilégier les petites unités de production et entreprises. Les pouvoirs publics peuvent influencer la demande de services aux entreprises en favorisant les investissements incorporels du secteur privé dans la R-D, dans la formation et l'éducation et dans l'organisation de l'entreprise, et en soutenant l’offre de ces services à travers toute une série d’organismes intermédiaires. La fourniture de services stratégiques aux entreprises est considérée comme essentielle pour améliorer la performance et la compétitivité des PME. Pays couverts Allemagne Australie Autriche Canada Danemark Espagne États-Unis Finlande France Irlande Italie Japon Mexique Norvège Nouvelle-Zélande Pays-Bas Portugal Royaume-Uni Suède Suisse Turquie
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273597-fr
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La publicité et le marketing en ligne visant les enfants (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.46
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Online Advertising and Marketing Directed Toward Children
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Le Comité de la politique à l’égard des consommateurs de l’OCDE a tenu une Session Forum sur “Le marketing et la publicité en ligne destinés aux enfants”. Cette session se composait de brèves présentations par les Délégués du Royaume-Uni, des Etats-Unis, de la Suède et de la Belgique, destinées à fournir des informations sur la façon dont différents pays Membres de l’OCDE abordent les questions concernant les enfants et l’Internet.
    DOI: 10.1787/236503518832
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  • 16
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    Gérer les systèmes nationaux d'innovation (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264289413
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing National Innovation Systems
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Avec l’émergence d’une économie fondée sur le savoir, l’innovation détermine plus que jamais la capacité concurrentielle des entreprises, la prospérité des nations et le dynamisme de la croissance mondiale. Elle mobilise le progrès scientifique au service des besoins évolutifs de la société et constitue ainsi l’une des clés d’un développement durable. La promotion de l’innovation s’affiche aujourd’hui comme une haute priorité dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE. Cet objectif se heurte toutefois souvent à une compréhension insuffisante de la portée des transformations du processus d’innovation, que celles-ci soient produites par la mondialisation, le développement des technologies de l’information et des communications, ou l’élargissement de la base de connaissances scientifiques. A partir de données empiriques nouvelles, cet ouvrage montre combien les liens qui existent entre l’industrie et le système scientifique se trouvent transformés et analyse la nature des compétences nécessaires pour innover. Il rend également compte des mutations qui modifient les rôles respectifs de la concurrence et de la coopération en matière d'innovation et prend toute la mesure de l'impulsion croissante que la création d’entreprises et les PME donnent à la dynamique d’innovation. A la lumière de cette publication, il apparaît que la performance en matière d’innovation dépend de manière cruciale de la façon dont interagissent, aux niveaux local, national et mondial, les différents éléments constitutifs du « système d’innovation » que sont les entreprises, les universités et les autres organismes de recherche. D'où la nécessité pour les pouvoirs publics de modifier leur approche de la promotion de l’innovation. Cette étude énonce les objectifs et définit les instruments de cette nouvelle politique de l’innovation tout en identifiant certaines mesures exemplaires prises récemment dans les pays de l'OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264289413-fr
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  • 17
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    University Research in Transition (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264166929
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    QX 850
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology ; Hochschule ; Forschung
    Abstract: Universities are key elements in the science systems in all OECD countries. However, university research in OECD countries is currently the object of considerable tensions in a context of globalisation, reduced budgets and a changing interface with industry. How can universities adapt to this new order? How can the potential of university research best be enhanced? This study surveys these issues, consolidating the most up-to-date data on resources and structures of research activities in higher education systems and providing illustrative examples of institutional adaptations. It discusses related government measures and formulates policy orientations to enable countries to rise to the challenges of the coming years.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264166929-en
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  • 18
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    Online Advertising and Marketing Directed Toward Children (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.46
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La publicité et le marketing en ligne visant les enfants
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: OECD Committee on Consumer Policy Forum Session on Online Advertising and Marketing Directed toward Children, intended to provide information on how OECD Member countries are dealing with issues related to children and the Internet.
    DOI: 10.1787/236506677507
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  • 19
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    Building Infrastructure Capacity for Electronic Commerce : Leased line developments and pricing (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.41
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper focuses on the capacity requirements and price development for telecommunication infrastructure for business-to-business electronic commerce.
    DOI: 10.1787/236587114810
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  • 20
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    Economic and Social Impact of E-commerce : Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 169 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.40
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This book represents one of the first analyses of the role of e-commerce in the broader economy, and addresses such issues as the impact of e-commerce on employment and on society as a whole, as well as its contribution to economic growth and efficiency.
    DOI: 10.1787/236588526334
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  • 21
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    The Globalisation of Industry in the OECD Countries (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1999/02
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mondialisation des industries dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The most highly internationalised industries are thought to be more competitive than the rest, since their high exposure to international competition forces them to strive constantly to become more efficient and they are in a position to take advantage of all the opportunities that arise in world markets. But to determine whether this is in fact the case, each country’s industries must first be classified in terms of their degree of globalisation. This report proposes a method for classifying each country’s manufacturing industries by their extent of globalisation, using a set of indicators. The results obtained show that the degree of globalisation is more closely linked to the characteristics of industrial sectors than to the country’s specialisation. These results could be improved significantly if some of the proposed indicators were available ...
    DOI: 10.1787/426820521745
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  • 22
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    Foreign Direct Investment and International Trade : Complements or Substitutes? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1999/03
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement étranger direct et le commerce international : Sont-ils complémentaires ou substituables ?
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The relationships between trade and foreign investment (FDI) are at the core of globalisation. Analytical work has recently been developed by OECD in order to explore the nature of these links in quantitative terms. This report combines the previous more technical work developed over the last three years. This empirical work revealed the complexity of these links but, at the same time, showed the main and positive influence of foreign direct investment on international trade particularly after the mid– 1980s. Empirical results show that foreign direct investment abroad stimulates the growth of exports from countries of origin and consequently this investment is complementary to trade ...
    DOI: 10.1787/788565713012
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  • 23
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    Conditional Access Systems : Implications for Access (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.42
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Digital television, whether delivered via terrestrial transmissions, via satellite transmissions, via cable, or via some other medium, will be an important component in the audio-visual market.
    DOI: 10.1787/236561160725
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  • 24
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    Dismantling the Barriers to Global Electronic Commerce, Turku (Finland) : 19-21 November 1997 - Conference Report (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.38
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The Conference addressed broad areas through a format that permitted business representatives to identify problems, governments to discuss how they hope to deal with the problem and international organisations to suggest how they can help to implement the solution internationally.
    DOI: 10.1787/236647320075
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  • 25
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    Internet Voice Telephony Developments (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.35
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Internet telephony is a voice service over the Internet. It is different from the present telephony service which is transported over the circuit switched public telephone network because Internet telephony is transported using Internet protocols over packet switched networks. Internet telephony calls can be set up between personal computers and also from a computer to a normal telephone.
    DOI: 10.1787/236747051303
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  • 26
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    Le secteur du logiciel : un profil statistique pour certains pays de l'OCDE (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.33
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Ce document construit un profil statistique d’un des secteur des technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) à la croissance la plus rapide, celui des logiciels, et examine quelques aspects importants inhérents à l’économie de l’information. On peut penser que c’est ce secteur des TIC qui est le plus important économiquement, et qu’il est à l’économie fondée sur le savoir ce que les secteurs de l’acier et de l’automobile étaient à l’économie industrielle. D’un point de vue statistique, ce document soulève également des questions qui sont au coeur des changements qui apparaissent alors que se développe l’économie de l’information. De par sa nature intangible, le logiciel est difficile à mesurer et plus facilement sujet à duplication ou piratage.
    DOI: 10.1787/236781432330
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology for Clean Industrial Products and Processes : Towards Industrial Sustainability (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163409
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La biotechnologie au service de produits et de procédés industriels propres ; Vers un développement industriel durable
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Biotechnology for clean industrial products and processes
    DDC: 600
    RVK:
    QR 500
    RVK:
    VN 8908
    Keywords: Biotechnologie ; Umweltmanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Biotechnologische Industrie ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Industrial biotechnology has come of age: after decades spent in the shadow of two better-known fields, health and agro-food biotechnology, it has emerged into a world where environmental sustainability has become a global concern. However, sustainability and "clean" industrial processes will not be achieved without a stream of innovations based on science and technology, among which biotechnology will play an important role.This report illustrates how modern process biotechnology is penetrating industrial operations, and highlights its environmental and economic advantages over other technologies. It identifies technical and other bottlenecks, but also emphasizes that industry and governments must act together to address the challenges of industrial sustainability.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163409-en
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  • 28
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    Cryptography Policy: The Guidelines and the Issues : The OECD Cryptography Policy Guidelines and the Report on Background and Issues of Cryptography Policy (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162426
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La politique de cryptographie ; les lignes directrices et les questions actuelles ; Les lignes directrices régissant la politique de cryptographie de l'OCDE et le rapport sur la politique de cryptographie ; contexte et questions actuelles
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Cryptography policy
    RVK:
    ST 276
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Cryptography is one of the technological means to provide security for data on information and communications systems. It can be used to protect the confidentiality of data, such as financial or personal data, whether that data is in storage or in transit. Cryptography can also be used to verify the integrity of data by revealing whether data has been altered and identifying the person or device that sent it. These techniques are critical to the development and use of national and global information and communications networks and technologies, as well as the development of electronic commerce. This book includes the Recommendation of the OECD Council concerning Guidelines for Cryptography Policy, the text of the Guidelines itself, and a report which explains the context for the guidelines and the basic issues involved in the cryptography policy debate.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: La politique de cryptographie
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162426-en
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  • 29
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    Measuring Electronic Commerce : International Trade in Software (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.36
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Electronic commerce is creating a new mode of delivering new types of products in a global market in which geographical boundaries and location lose their meaning.
    DOI: 10.1787/236737752267
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  • 30
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    OECD Data on Skills : Employment by Industry and Occupation (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1998/04
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document is aimed at disseminating to a wider public the data on employment by industry and occupations for ten OECD countries, that have been collected over the last few years in the context of analytical work aimed at exploring empirically the changing patterns of skills in OECD countries. The industrial coverage of the data allows them to be used in conjunction with similar disaggregated OECD databases, while the occupational detail and time coverage track the evolution of skills profiles over the last one or two decades. The data in this document have been declassified by the Statistical Working Party of the OECD Industry Committee with the understanding that they represent OECD Secretariat estimates and not official country submissions. The country-specific data are not included in the paper version of this document, but are available on the OECD Web site at the following address: http://www.oecd.org/dsti/sti/prod/sti_wp.htm ...
    DOI: 10.1787/502262621044
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  • 31
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    Electronic Commerce : Prices and Consumer Issues for Three Products: Books, Compact Discs and Software (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.32
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Rapid technological advances in information and communication technologies and their widespread diffusion have led some to speculate about "frictionless" economies where transaction costs are nearly zero, barriers to entry and contestability disappear and markets clear instantly.
    DOI: 10.1787/236868513480
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  • 32
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    Les technologies du XXIe siècle : Promesses et périls d'un futur dynamique (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263536
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 21st Century Technologies; Promises and Perils of a Dynamic Future
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. 21st Century Technologies: Promises and Perils of a Dynamic Future
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Les décennies à venir sont porteuses de progrès remarquables dans de nombreuses technologies à vocation universelle. Notre façon de vivre, de travailler, ainsi que nos loisirs devraient en être profondément remodelés. Les technologies vont révolutionner la médecine, l'agriculture, les voyages, le commerce de détail... des bouleversements qui toucheront le coeur même de notre vie quotidienne. Si elle utilise ces technologies à bon escient, l'humanité pourra retirer des bienfaits immenses. Dans le cas contraire, ce seront autant d'opportunités manquées et de risques inutiles. L'enjeu est donc de taille pour la société. Quel coût cela entraînerait-il, si nous rations le coche du changement dynamique ? Quels problèmes éthiques les nouvelles avancées du génie génétique vont-elles poser ? La diffusion des nouvelles technologies créera-t-elle de nouvelles divisions sociales ? Quels types de sociétés seront les mieux armés pour exploiter ce vaste potentiel ? Quelle voie la coopération internationale doit-elle suivre pour tirer le plus grand profit des retombées de la technologie ? Cette étude passe en revue les promesses extraordinaires qu'annoncent les vingt prochaines années. Elle prend la mesure de questions essentielles -- économiques, sociales, environnementales ou éthiques -- auxquelles les décideurs du secteur public, du secteur des entreprises et de la société devront faire face pour écarter les incertitudes de la technologie et transformer ses promesses en réalités.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263536-fr
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  • 33
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    Content as a New Growth Industry (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.37
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper provides an initial analysis of the main issues in network-based production and delivery of music and audio-visual services content. It is intended to provide a basis for a more comprehensive comparative analysis of the international development of new network-based services by the main content-producing information and entertainment industries (printed, music and motion picture, radio and TV broadcasting).
    DOI: 10.1787/236675130467
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  • 34
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    Gateways to the Global Market : Consumers and Electronic Commerce (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162341
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Information technology, especially the electronic network known as the World Wide Web, is changing the way that businesses and consumers interact. This expansive electronic network allows both businesses and consumers to transcend global barriers, gaining access to products and information in ways that were once unimaginable. However, travelling outside the realm of the terrestrial marketplace with its commercial and geographic restraints can also mean moving in an unpredictable environment without the security that traditional marketplace practices and consumer protection laws provide. In March 1997, the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy, along with the OECD Committee on Information, Computer and Communications Policy convened an international gathering of information technology policy experts, consumer advocates, business and government representatives. This report, based on this diverse gathering, examines ways to protect and empower consumers to make informed choices in this expanding global online marketplace.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162341-en
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  • 35
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    La biotechnologie au service de produits et de procédés industriels propres : Vers un développement industriel durable (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263406
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biotechnology for Clean Industrial Products and Processes; Towards Industrial Sustainability
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biotechnology for Clean Industrial Products and Processes: Towards Industrial Sustainability
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Si les applications de la biotechnologie ont plusieurs décennies durant surtout concerné la santé et l'agro-alimentaire, la biotechnologie industrielle prend aujourd'hui de l'importance à l'heure où le développement industriel durable est devenu une préoccupation à l'échelle mondiale. En effet, pour assurer un développement durable et la mise en oeuvre de procédés industriels « propres », il faudra toute une série d'innovations scientifiques et technologiques, parmi lesquelles la biotechnologie aura un rôle important à jouer. Ce rapport montre le rôle croissant des procédés biotechnologiques modernes dans les processus industriels. Il met en relief leurs avantages économiques et environnementaux par rapport à d'autres technologies, attire l'attention sur des goulets d'étranglement techniques ou autres, et souligne la nécessité d'une action concertée de l'industrie et des gouvernements pour relever le défi du développement industriel durable.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Biotechnology for clean industrial products and processes
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263406-fr
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  • 36
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    Information and Communication Technology and the Measurement of Real Output, Final Demand and Productivity (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1998/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Over the past decades, the majority of information and communication technology (ICT) products have undergone rapid technical change. To the extent that such technical progress benefits consumers and users, quality improvements should be reflected in official price and quantity indices. When this is not the case, there is a tendency to overestimate price movements and underestimate volume changes of ICT products. All statistical offices deal with this issue, but the degree and nature of quality adjustment of price indices of ICT products varies considerably across OECD countries. The present work does not venture to determine “best practice” for quality adjustment in statistical offices. However, it simulates measurement effects on key economic variables (real output, private final consumption, government expenditure, investment, exports and imports), and productivity, under the assumption that the price indices of ICT products are fully quality-adjusted. The paper draws on ...
    DOI: 10.1787/612002336516
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  • 37
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    La politique de cryptographie : les lignes directrices et les questions actuelles : Les lignes directrices régissant la politique de cryptographie de l'OCDE et le rapport sur la politique de cryptographie : contexte et questions actuelles (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262423
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cryptography Policy; The Guidelines and the Issues; The OECD Cryptography Policy Guidelines and the Report on Background and Issues of Cryptography Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cryptography Policy: The Guidelines and the Issues: The OECD Cryptography Policy Guidelines and the Report on Background and Issues of Cryptography Policy
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Cryptography policy
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262423-fr
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  • 38
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    Internet Traffic Exchange : Developments and Policy (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.34
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Discussion of Internet traffic exchange is important because some parts of the communication industry are asking governments to address an increasing number of regulatory issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/236767263531
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  • 39
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    Mesurer le commerce électronique (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.39
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring Electronic Commerce
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Le présent rapport a pour objet d’entreprendre de cerner les questions que pose la mesure du commerce électronique, de proposer un cadre initial et d’amorcer la comparaison de certaines des données disparates existant à ce sujet, de manière à former une mosaïque susceptible d’apporter une image quantitative plus claire de l’état actuel et de l’orientation future du commerce électronique. Ce faisant, il est possible de se faire une meilleure idée de l’importance relative des divers domaines d’action des pouvoirs publics.
    DOI: 10.1787/236635088543
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  • 40
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    Assessment of the Belgian S&T Statistical System and Priorities for Development Work : An OECD Perspective (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1998/05
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The objective of this report is to make recommendations regarding the most important S&T statistical information required by the DSTI to enable it to include Belgian indicators more frequently in its official reports and publications. The suggested priority areas are defined with respect to OECD’s most important S&T statistics and indicators, recent progress in Belgian institutions and OECD future prospects in terms of new indicators. The main recommendations are: i) the methodological framework implemented to compute the ANBERD database provides strong foundations that would allow for the construction of other basic S&T statistics and analytical indicators; ii) Belgium should join the group of core countries for which a feasibility study on the mobility of human resources is to be launched; iii) the R&D survey sampling procedure could be improved by implementing it in the light of the CIS questionnaires and extended to comprehend complementary information related to new ...
    DOI: 10.1787/213888760181
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  • 41
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    21st Century Technologies : Promises and Perils of a Dynamic Future (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163539
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als 21st century technologies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les technologies du XXIe siècle : Promesses et périls d'un futur dynamique
    DDC: 303.48/3
    RVK:
    QC 344
    Keywords: Technischer Fortschritt ; Sozialer Wandel ; Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftsprognose ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift ; Direktinvestition ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: The next few decades hold the prospect of remarkable progress in a wide range of pervasive technologies that are likely to have a profound effect on how we live, work, and spend our leisure time. These technologies are set to revolutionise the worlds of medicine, agriculture, travel, retailing...so much that is familiar in our daily lives. Used wisely, they could be of huge benefit to mankind. Used wrongly, they could mean lost opportunities and unnecessary risks. The challenge for society is immense. What would be the cost of failure to embrace dynamic change? What kind of ethical dilemmas will arise from further breakthroughs in genetic engineering? Will the spread of new technologies create new social divisions? What sort of societies will prove most adept at harnessing the vast technological potential? How can countries best co-operate to maximise the benefits of spillovers? This book reviews the extraordinary promise of technological advances over the next twenty years or so, and assesses some of the key issues -- economic, social, environmental, ethical -- that decision-makers in government, business and society will face in the decades ahead.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163539-en
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  • 42
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    Novel Systems for the Study of Human Disease : From Basic Research to Applications (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162389
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (400 p)
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Transgenic mice have become of central importance for basic biological research, and for understanding diseases involving malfunction of the genetic machinery. The value of these animals as research tools may extend far beyond the purposes of the research project for which they were generated. Their documentation and conservation -- as live animals, embryos or gametes (eggs or sperm) -- therefore becomes of high importance. This proceedings brings together scientific papers covering the breadth and significance of model animals used in scientific research, and scientific and policy summaries based on workshop discussions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162389-en
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  • 43
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    Measuring Electronic Commerce (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.39
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer le commerce électronique
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Electronic commerce is creating a new mode of delivering new types of products in a global market in which geographical boundaries and location lose their meaning. This paper outlines some of the issues associated with measuring electronic commerce.
    DOI: 10.1787/236645656805
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  • 44
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    Relative Trade-Weighted Unit Labour Costs by Industry (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1998/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document presents three alternative methods for the construction of indicators of relative tradeweighted unit labour costs by industry as well as the empirical results based on these methods for 18 OECD Member countries. With some exceptions, the results show that the indicators derived from the alternative methods are highly correlated. It also turns out that there are significant variations in time profiles of relative unit labour costs by industry, an observation that underlines the usefulness of industryspecific information for an in-depth analysis of price competitiveness ...
    DOI: 10.1787/735410348132
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  • 45
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    Institutional Arrangements for Access to Confidential Micro-Level Data in OECD Countries (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1998/03
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document, based on country surveys carried out by the OECD, compares the experiences of OECD countries in dealing with confidentiality constraints in an effort to meet the demand for policy-relevant analysis using micro-data. It shows that countries have made significant efforts to implement confidentiality rules and practices which balance increasing demands for microdata for policy analysis with the protection of confidential information on individual firms or establishments. Country-specific descriptions of data sources for micro datasets, the legal framework, and conditions for access to and use of data are provided for Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States ...
    DOI: 10.1787/041104314765
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  • 46
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    Revision of the High-Technology Sector and Product Classification (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1997/02
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Révision des classifications des secteurs et des produits de haute technologie
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper describes the methods used to classify the OECD countries’ industrial sectors and manufactures by level of technology, and presents the resulting classifications. In the proposed new classification by industrial sector, the concept of technology intensity has been expanded to take into account both the level of technology specific to the sector (measured by the ratio of R&D expenditure to value added) and the technology embodied in purchases of intermediate and capital goods. Four groups of industries have been identified on the basis of the degree of technology intensity. The classification by product consists solely of high-technology products (products which are the most technology-intensive). The classification was drawn up by the OECD Secretariat in collaboration with Eurostat, the object being to finalise the approach by sector and provide a more appropriate instrument for analysing international trade. Because no detailed data were available for services, the two ...
    DOI: 10.1787/134337307632
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  • 47
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    Principes directeurs proposés pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation technologique : Manuel d'Oslo (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264292260
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: La mesure des activités scientifiques et technologiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data; Oslo Manual
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data: Oslo Manual
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Évaluer l'ampleur des activités d'innovation, les caractéristiques des firmes menant ces activités et les facteurs internes et systémiques qui les influencent est essentiel à la conduite et à l'analyse des politiques de promotion de l'innovation technologique. Le Manuel d'Oslo est la source internationale de principes directeurs en matière de collecte et d'utilisation d'informations sur les activités d'innovation dans l'industrie. Cette seconde édition reflète les progrès réalisés dans la compréhension du processus de l'innovation, l'expérience acquise lors de la précédente vague d'enquêtes sur l'innovation, l'extension du champ d'enquête à d'autres secteurs d'activité industrielle ainsi que les révisions des classifications internationales types.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264292260-fr
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  • 48
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    Bibliometric Indicators and Analysis of Research Systems : Methods and Examples (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1997/01
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs bibliométriques et analyse des systèmes de recherche : Méthodes et exemples
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report – linked to the technical documents of the OECD manuals for the measurement of R&D activities (“Frascati Family”) – presents the essential elements of bibliometrics and its application to the analysis of research systems. Bibliometrics is based on the enumeration and statistical analysis of scientific output in the form of articles, publications, citations, patents and other, more complex indicators. It is an important tool in evaluating research activities, laboratories and scientists, as well as the scientific specialisations and performance of countries. The report, having set the background for the development of bibliometrics, presents the databases on which bibliometrics is built, as well as the principal indicators used. Twenty-five examples are presented at the end of the document, illustrating the various uses of bibliometric methods for analysing research systems. These indicators measure scientific output, by counting the number of papers; the impact of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/208277770603
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  • 49
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    Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Technological Innovation Data : Oslo Manual (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264192263
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs proposés pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation technologique ; Manuel d'Oslo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes directeurs proposés pour le recueil et l'interprétation des données sur l'innovation technologique : Manuel d'Oslo
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The ability to determine the scale of innovation activities, the characteristics of innovating firms, and the internal and systemic factors that can influence innovation is a prerequisite for the pursuit and analysis of policies aimed at fostering technological innovation. The Oslo Manual, issued in 1997, is the foremost international source of guidelines for the collection and use of data on innovation activities in industry. This second edition has been updated to take account of the progress made in understanding the innovation process, the experience gained from the previous round of innovation surveys, the extension of the field of investigation to other sectors of industry and the latest revisions of international standard classifications.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264192263-en
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  • 50
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    Internet Domain Names : Allocation Policies (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.30
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The Domain Name System (DNS) maps Internet addresses and is a necessary element enabling communication routing to function.
    DOI: 10.1787/237020717074
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  • 51
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    Access to and Use of Information Technologies at Home (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 14 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.26
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Chapter 5 of the 1997 Information Technology Outlook.
    DOI: 10.1787/237222208123
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  • 52
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    Révision des classifications des secteurs et des produits de haute technologie (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Revision of the High-Technology Sector and Product Classification
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper describes the methods used to classify the OECD countries’ industrial sectors and manufactures by level of technology, and presents the resulting classifications. In the proposed new classification by industrial sector, the concept of technology intensity has been expanded to take into account both the level of technology specific to the sector (measured by the ratio of R&D expenditure to value added) and the technology embodied in purchases of intermediate and capital goods. Four groups of industries have been identified on the basis of the degree of technology intensity. The classification by product consists solely of high-technology products (products which are the most technology-intensive). The classification was drawn up by the OECD Secretariat in collaboration with Eurostat, the object being to finalise the approach by sector and provide a more appropriate instrument for analysing international trade. Because no detailed data were available for services, the two ...
    DOI: 10.1787/050148678127
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  • 53
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    New Technologies and their Impact on the Accounting Rate System (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.28
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine and highlight policy implications of developments taking place in new technologies which are impacting on international telecommunication prices and the accounting rate and settlements system, used by telecommunication operators to compensate each other for terminating international telecommunications traffic.
    DOI: 10.1787/237180271128
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  • 54
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    Global Information Infrastructure -- Global Information Society (GII-GIS): Policy Requirements (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.25
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Industrial economies are at the threshold of potentially radical structural changes in their economic structures. Communication networks and interactive multimedia applications are providing the foundation for the transformation of existing social and economic relationships into an "information society".
    DOI: 10.1787/237255568475
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  • 55
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    Webcasting and Convergence : Policy Implications (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.31
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Convergence between different telecommunication and broadcasting infrastructures and services is increasingly raising challenges for regulatory frameworks and may require adjustment in view of emerging services.
    DOI: 10.1787/236876806032
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  • 56
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    Sacher Report (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.29
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: A group of high-level private-sector experts on electronic commerce, (senior executives of major enterprises that use electronic commerce), chaired by John Sacher, Executive Director of UK retailer Marks and Spencer, prepared a report on the framework conditions necessary for the favourable development of global electronic commerce and the action required by governments at national and international level.
    DOI: 10.1787/237058611046
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  • 57
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    Indicateurs bibliométriques et analyse des systèmes de recherche : Méthodes et exemples (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bibliometric Indicators and Analysis of Research Systems: Methods and Examples
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report – linked to the technical documents of the OECD manuals for the measurement of R&D activities (“Frascati family”) – presents the essential elements of bibliometrics and its application to the analysis of research systems. Bibliometrics is based on the enumeration and statistical analysis of scientific output in the form of articles, publications, citations, patents and other more complex indicators. It is an important tool in evaluating research activities, laboratories and scientists as well as the scientific specialisations and performances of countries. The report, having set the background to the development of bibliometrics, presents the databases on which bibiometrics are elaborated as well as the principal indicators used. Twenty-five exemples are presented at the end of the document, illustrating the various uses of bibliometrics methods for analysing research systems. These indicators measure scientific output by counting the number of publications, the impacts ...
    DOI: 10.1787/233811774611
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  • 58
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    Measuring Electronic Commerce (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.27
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The purpose of this report is to begin to outline the issues associated with measuring electronic commerce, propose an initial framework and begin to compare some of the disparate data on the subject so as to form a mosaic which gives a clearer quantitative picture of the current status and future direction of electronic commerce. From this position a better sense of the relative importance of the various policy issues can be obtained.
    DOI: 10.1787/237203566348
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  • 59
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    Alternative Local Loop Technologies : A Review (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.24
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the economic and policy implications of various technologies available to provide local telecommunication access. This part of the network is referred to as the "local loop". For the purposes of this document the switching functions in local access networks are assumed to be part of the local loop.
    DOI: 10.1787/237285366867
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  • 60
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    Information Infrastructure Policies (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.20
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Modern society relies heavily on information and communications. New advanced information technologies are being developed and exploited on an increasing scale by both the private and public sectors, providing new business opportunities for supplying industries as well as user industries. Governments realise that adequate action is needed to facilitate and accelerate this transition in order to benefit fully from the economic and social opportunities. Their conviction is that information infrastructures are expected to stimulate economic growth, increase productivity, create jobs, and improve the quality of life. Therefore, governments view that the developments in information infrastructures must be encouraged and supported, and existing or foreseen obstacles need to be removed. Governments themselves have an important role in adjusting the legal and regulatory frameworks. These frameworks cover a range of policy areas (employment, culture, legal, etc.), usually addressed by separate ministries and agencies. In addition, as information infrastructures are not limited by national boundaries, governments have begun to co-operate to discuss a set of common rules in order to build a global information society. Such co-operation began at the G-7 Information Society Conference, in Brussels (February 1995), and continued at the Information Society and Development Conference in South Africa (May 1996). This paper aims to provide an outline of positions adopted by, or proposed for adoption by governments on the issues of information infrastructures, as of May 1996. Reports from the following OECD countries have been examined: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. The EU initiatives are expected to provide an integrated vision for the European Union countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/237347378543
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  • 61
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    OECD Reflections on the Benefits of Mobile Cellular Telecommunication Infrastructure Competition (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 11 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.21
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The primary findings of this report are: markets with infrastructure competition, and in particular where there is competition in both fixed and mobile networks, are delivering best practice performance in terms of market expansion; while there is evidence that monopoly markets are improved by the introduction of a second operator, developments in duopoly markets have been far from optimal, and substantial gains are being lost by delaying further liberalisation; competitive mobile markets are delivering the most employment gains; universal service applications and social gains are being enhanced by the application of competition in mobile telecommunication.
    DOI: 10.1787/237346446806
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  • 62
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    Factors Influencing the Steel Work Force : 1980 to 1995 (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/06
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The steel industry in OECD countries has undergone profound change during the past several decades. Capacity has been reduced significantly, while substantial investment has been made to improve processing efficiency and product quality. Two key technological developments have driven this process. The first is rapid expansion of the use of continuous casting, a technology that has improved product quality, reduced energy consumption and greatly increased efficiency. The second is significant growth in electric furnace steelmaking, particularly at highly efficient small-scale mini-mills, that produce an expanding range of steel products using ferrous scrap as the principal raw material. These and other technological changes, combined with plant closures and other restructuring, have greatly reduced industry employment. Despite growth in finished steel production, employment has fallen by close to 40 per cent in the OECD area since 1980. This document examines how the employment ...
    DOI: 10.1787/828864608423
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  • 63
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    The Role of Information in Telecommunications Regulations (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.22
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Information is power. Nowhere is this truer than in regulation; and in telecommunications regulation particularly. For the complexity of the telecommunications systems to be regulated and the rapidly developing technology involved means that, in telecommunications even more than elsewhere, detailed information is the indispensable basis for the knowledge that the regulator needs to perform his role effectively.
    DOI: 10.1787/237308737277
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  • 64
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    Mobile Cellular Communication : Pricing Strategies and Competition, ICCP No. 39 (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.23
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Competition is driving growth of mobile telecommunication into new markets, particularly personal communication markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/237304123855
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  • 65
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    SMEs and Employment Creation : Overview of Selected Quantitative Studies in OECD Member Countries (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/04
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: High and rising unemployment rates in the early 1990s have moved the employment question centrestage in the policy debate. Among the structural aspects, the relation between firm size and employment creation has attracted policy makers’ attention, triggered by empirical work on the United States which showed that the small business sector had been a major source of net job creation. This work and the rising interest by policymakers led to further studies of the subject, the identification of important methodological and data questions and a broader body of empirical research about the relation between firm size and job creation. This document aims at identifying common results and trends from national studies, as well as identifying “best practices” of analysis and data gathering, and thereby promoting international harmonisation of such analytical work. Principal results from a survey of national studies include: (a) both the rates of gross job creations and gross job losses are ...
    DOI: 10.1787/374052760815
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  • 66
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    The Evolution of Skills in OECD Countries and the Role of Technology (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/08
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is two-fold: to highlight stylised facts about recent trends in the skill distribution of employment and to analyse the role that technological change might have in explaining these dynamics. Data on industrial employment broken down by occupation recently assembled by the OECD Secretariat are used to examine the changing skill composition of OECD economies, the occupational structure of industry and services, and the dynamics of upskilling. They show that in most OECD countries during the 1980s, employment grew fastest in high-skilled jobs and slowest – or declined – in low-skilled jobs. The upskilling trend is more apparent in manufacturing than in services, while overall the shift to higher skilled jobs has occurred primarily within industries, rather than between them. Econometric work that explores the role of technology in the changing skill mix in five of the G7 countries in the 1980s shows that upskilling has occurred faster in industries that have ...
    DOI: 10.1787/613570623323
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    Short-Term Indicators : Using Qualitative Indicators to Update Production Indices (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/03
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Short-term economic indicators play an important role in the assessment of current cyclical situations and in the establishment of forecasts. Broadly, two types of short-term indicators can be distinguished: qualitative indicators, reflecting businessmen’s subjective assessment of the cyclical situation (e.g., production prospects or judgements on orderbooks), and quantitative indicators, reflecting past developments of production or employment. The usefulness of qualitative indicators rests on their reliability to approximate the possible evolution of the quantitative ones. The present document shows the results of a pilot study for six industrial sectors in seven Member countries whereby short-term qualitative indicators are used to “nowcast” a quantitative indicator, the production index. The objective is to enhance the timeliness of short-term industrial statistics through estimation of data points for the most recent periods for which they are not yet available. From the current ...
    DOI: 10.1787/728450723264
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  • 68
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    Global Information Infrastructure and Global Information Society (GII-GIS) : Statement of Policy Recommendations Made by the ICCP Committee (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 11 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.18
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This statement is an initial response to the OECD Council, meeting at Ministerial level, in May 1995 to provide a policy report on the Global Information Infrastructure - Global Information Society (GII-GIS), at its meeting in May 1996.
    DOI: 10.1787/237382063227
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  • 69
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    Embodied Technology Diffusion : An Empirical Analysis for 10 OECD Countries (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper examines the process of embodied technology diffusion in 10 OECD countries with the help of a methodology whereby the purchases of intermediate and capital goods act as carriers of technology across industries and countries. In terms of supply and demand of technology, it establishes that while innovations are developed mainly in a cluster of high technology manufacturing industries, a different cluster of industries in the services sector are the main acquirers of technologically sophisticated machinery and equipment. R&D performance is more concentrated (the top 5 industries account for between 60-80% of total) than technology use (the top 5 user industries account in most countries for 40-50% of total). In terms of the channels of technology diffusion, the share of technology obtained through capital investment is less than 50% of total acquired technology for every country, with the US leading in the diffusion of technology through capital investment. Imports are also an ...
    DOI: 10.1787/686654085563
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    Measuring R&D in the Services (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/07
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is to identify the main problems of comparison between countries and over time of the data on R&D performed in the services industries collected by Member countries and reported to OECD, given the recent rapid growth in their share of total R&D expenditures in the business enterprise sector. The degree to which national R&D surveys cover the service industries varies considerably. Some have made substantial efforts to extend this coverage recently in response both to national policy needs and to the implementation the revised OECD R&D questionnaire, notably concerning the computer services industry/software R&D. The coverage and classification of special R&D institutes continues to vary between countries. The coverage and quality of the data is clearly improving but considerable further progress will be needed before the R&D statistics for service industries can be used for integrated economic studies. Despite these variations in coverage, the data already ...
    DOI: 10.1787/686633754184
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    Payments for Goods and Services on the Information Superhighway : Reproduction Rights and Remuneration in the Electronic Marketplace (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.19
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document was prepared by Mr Peter Davies, consultant, in collaboration with the Secretariat. The main conclusions are that: Copyright is the right regime for software protection on the information superhighway. Exclusive reproduction rights should remain with the copyright holder. Content owners will place their goods on the superhighway and decide for themselves about price, payment and the risk of piracy. Schemes for electronic payment for the use of services on the superhighway are being tried. For many people, the traditional means of payment will suffice for some time.
    DOI: 10.1787/237354274358
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  • 72
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    Globalisation and Competitiveness : Relevant Indicators (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/05
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The economy’s entry into its globalisation phase has radically altered the nature of competition. Now, numerous new actors from every market in the world (see section 1 and summary table) are simultaneously in competition on every market. This new competition has accentuated the interdependence of the different levels of globalisation (trade in goods and services, direct investment, technology transfers, capital movements), with direct investment becoming a central factor in the process of industrial restructuring and the development of genuine world industries. To contend with the challenges of globalisation, firms have altered their strategies, strengthening the activities in which they were in a dominant position (refocusing), seeking to achieve critical size and attaching priority to external growth (mergers and acquisitions). At the same time, they have multiplied the number of co-operation agreements and alliances and changed their internal organisation. Globalisation has ...
    DOI: 10.1787/885511061376
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  • 73
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    The Impact of R&D and Technology Diffusion on Productivity Growth : Evidence for 10 OECD Countries in the 1970s and 1980s (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.1996/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper examines the empirical evidence on the impact of performed R&D and of embodied R&D on productivity performance in 10 major OECD countries (the G7 countries, Australia, Denmark and the Netherlands) over the last two decades. Industry-level performed R&D and embodied R&D variables were constructed from an input-output model developed in a previous paper on technology diffusion. The productivity variables used in this paper are Divisia growth indexes of TFP which were consistently estimated by an input-output based growth accounting procedure. The aggregate TFP estimates showed some recovery in the 1980s in most countries and notably in the United States, where most of this recovery was in manufacturing. The results from pooled regressions across countries and across industries during the 1970s and 1980s indicate that the rates of return of both R&D variables are positively significant and increasing in the 1980s. The estimated rate of return of direct R&D for manufacturing ...
    DOI: 10.1787/413581370285
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  • 74
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    The Economic and Regulatory Aspects of Telecommunication Numbering (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Over the last few years numbering arrangements for telecommunication services have become a key issue for discussion among policy-makers, regulators and telecommunication operators in a number of countries. Historically, the allocation of numbers has been seen primarily as a technical issue. Engineers at the Public Telecommunication Operators (PTOs) have had complete control over number allocation functions.
    DOI: 10.1787/237502514428
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  • 75
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    International Infrastructure Competition (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.10
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: In recent years there has been an acceleration in the liberalisation of OECD national telecommunication markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/237571870376
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  • 76
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    International Telecommunication Pricing Practices and Principles : A Progress Review, No. 36 (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 115 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.15
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Where do OECD countries stand on international telecommunication pricing practices regarding accounting rates and collection charges?
    DOI: 10.1787/237413366320
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  • 77
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    The Changing Role for Telecommunications in the Economy : Globalisation and its Impact on National Telecommunication Policy (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 74 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.11
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Since the end of the 1980s, the increasing globalisation of corporate activities (in both the manufacturing and service sectors) in OECD Member countries has spilled over into the telecommunication sector, thus creating fundamental changes in the paradigm of international telecommunication service provision.
    DOI: 10.1787/237551337570
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  • 78
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    Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities : Manual on the Measurement of Human Resources Devoted to S&T - Canberra Manual (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065581
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The Manual on the Measurement of Human Resources devoted to S&T (the "Canberra Manual") was issued in 1995. It was prepared in close co-operation between the OECD and the DGXII/Eurostat of the European Commission, other OECD Directorates, UNESCO and the International Labour Office (ILO), with the support of national experts. Drawing on best international and national practice and classifications, the "Canberra Manual" provides definitions of human resources devoted to science and technology in terms of qualification (levels and fields of study) and occupation and discusses a number of variables of policy interest.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065581-en
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  • 79
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    Satellite Communication : Structural Change and Competition (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.17
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The aim of this report was to analyse the existing regulatory situation and policies regarding the provision of national and international satellite services in the OECD area and provide policy options.
    DOI: 10.1787/237382733117
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  • 80
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    IT Policies : Organisation Structure in Member Countries (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 100 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.8
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Over the past ten years, some general trends have been observed in information technology (IT) policy developments in OECD Member countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/237641225520
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  • 81
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    IT Diffusion Policies for SMEs (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 146 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.9
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report deals with the role and specific problems of SMEs in implementing information technologies (IT), and the possibilities for public policy to support SMEs in their efforts to modernise and adapt to technical change.
    DOI: 10.1787/237628373440
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  • 82
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    Price Caps for Telecommunications : Policies and Experiences, No. 37 (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Governments often regulate prices for public utilities. As telecommunication services markets have been opened to competition, new ways had to be found to regulate prices of the former monopoly carriers.
    DOI: 10.1787/237474373343
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  • 83
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    Mobile and PSTN Communication Services : Competition or Complementarity? (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 115 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.13
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Mobile communication services, especially analogue cellular radio, have been one of the success stories of the last decade in the telecommunication industry.
    DOI: 10.1787/237485605680
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  • 84
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    Restructuring in Public Telecommunications Operator Employment (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.16
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: At its Twenty-Fifth Session the OECD's Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy agreed to derestrict a statement on the Benefits of Telecommunication Infrastructure Competition.
    DOI: 10.1787/237387340060
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