Abstract: 1 - Psychological and Sociological Parameters for Studies of Breakdown in Human Adaptation -- I. General Overviews -- Towards a taxonomy of methods: a general overview of psychological approaches in the study of breakdown of human adaptation -- Psychological field study techniques: overview and needs -- Psychological field study techniques: a critical evaluation -- Sociological parameters in studies of breakdown: a selective overview -- Use of psychological indices in epidemiological studies: overview and needs -- Stressful life events and illness: a review with special reference to a criticism of the life-event method -- II. Conceptual Approaches -- A lifetime prospective study of human adaptation and health -- Psychosocial and psychophysiological factors in the design and the evaluation of working conditions within health care systems -- The relation of social to pathophysiological processes: evidence from epidemiological studies -- Unemployment and health: a review of methodology -- Ontogenetic development and breakdown in adaptation: a review on psychosocial factors contributing to the development of myocardial infarction, and a description of a research program -- Physiological issues in establishing links between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular illness -- White collar occupation and coronary prone behaviour -- III. Methods -- Psychological methods: an overview of clinical applications -- Psychological factors in the breakdown of human adaptation: some methodological issues -- Monitoring signs of decrease in human adaptation: use of quantitative measures available in official statistics -- Inventory of stressful life-events (ILE) -- The Norwegian female climacteric project (VOS) -- Questionnaire for organisational stress (VOS) -- A scale for measuring the marital relationship among males -- 2 - Human Performance and Breakdown in Adaptation -- Human performance in transport operations: introductory remarks -- I. Air Transport -- Air crew workload -- Safety, individual performance and mental workload in air transport: Oedipus as Icarus -- Stress management in air transport operations: beyond alcohol and drugs -- Reasons for eliminating the “age 60” regulation for airline pilots -- Human factors education in European air transport operations -- II. Road Transport -- Behaviour research in road traffic -- Some theoretical considerations on accident research -- Accident of bus drivers — practical and methodological problems -- Effects of alcohol on driving performance: a critical look on the epidemiological, experimental and psychosocial approaches -- Investigations on the influence of continuous driving on the motion activity of vehicle drivers -- III. Sea Transport -- Human performance in seafaring -- Stress factors and countermeasures in navigation -- Ship of the future: human problems and performance -- Accidents on board merchant ships -- Sleep data sampled from the crew of a merchant marine ship -- IV; Special Reviews -- Transport operators as responsible persons in stressful situations -- Stress response as a function of age and sex -- Drugs and transport operations -- Mechanical vibration in transport operations -- V. Methods -- Continuous electrophysiological recording -- Dimensions of flight crew performance decrements: methodological implications for field research -- Methodology in workstress studies.

Abstract: The widespread interest in "stressful" aspects of contemporary society which contribute to its burden of illness and diseases (e.g. gastro intestinal, cardiovascular) has led to a large number of state­ ments and reports which relate the manifestations to a maladaptation of the individual. Furthermore, recent research suggests that under some condi tions stress may have a more generalized effect of decreasing the body's ability to combat destructive forces and expose it to a variety of diseases. Breakdown in adaptation occurs when an individual cannot cope with demands inherent in his environment. These may be due to an excessive mental or physical load, including factors of a social or psychological nature and task performance requirements ranging from those which are monotonous, simple and repetitive to complex, fast, decision-taking ones. Experience shows however that not all people placed under the same condi tions suffer similarly, and it follows that to the social and psychological environment should be added a genetic factor influencing, through the brain, the responses of individuals. It is clear that, besides human suffering, this "breakdown in adaptation" causes massive losses of revenue to industry and national health authorities. Thus a reduction in "stress", before "breakdown" occurs, or an improvement in coping with it would be very valuable.

Abstract: 1. The Medium and the Market — An Overview -- 1.1 A Telecommunications Overview -- 1.2 Understanding the Basics -- 1.3 A Bright Future with Fiber Optics -- 1.4 A View from the Business Side -- 2. Modems and Multiplexers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Role of Modems -- 2.3 Modem Applications -- 2.4 Industry Standards -- 2.5 Modem Features -- 2.6 Multiplexing Reduces Communications Cost -- 2.7 Multiplexer Technology -- 2.8 Statistical Multiplexer -- 3. Protocols and Codes -- 3.1 What is a Protocol? -- 3.2 Protocol Hierarchy -- 3.3 Physical Electrical Interface -- 3.4 Link Control Structure -- 3.5 Bisync Protocol -- 3.6 HDLC Protocol -- 3.7 SDLC Overview -- 3.8 System Network Architecture (SNA) -- 3.9 Polling Explained -- 3.10 Transmission Codes -- 3.11 Code and Speed Converters -- 3.12 Treatment of Errors -- 3.13 Front-End Processors -- 4. Terminal Technology -- 4.1 CRT Display Terminals -- 4.2 Printing Technologies -- 4.3 Graphic Terminals -- 4.4 Facsimile Technology -- 4.5 Integrated Workstations -- 5. Network Management -- 5.1 Network Control Design Considerations -- 5.2 Elementary Monitoring -- 5.3 Redundancy and Compatability -- 5.4 Network Testing -- 5.5 Centralized Troubleshooting -- 5.6 Network Control Center -- 5.7 Specialized Test Equipment -- 5.8 Network Security -- 6. Network Structures -- 6.1 Topology Tradeoffs -- 6.2 Local Area Networks -- 6.3 Distributed Communications -- 6.4 Message Switching Networks -- 6.5 Integrated Voice and Data -- 6.6 Shared Resources -- 6.7 Packet Switching Networks -- 6.8 Network Design Considerations -- 7. Satellite and Carrier Services -- 7.1 Satellite Overview -- 7.2 Selecting a Transmission Method -- 7.3 Facsimile Services -- Glossary of Terms.

Abstract: Modern technology began in the 1950's and 1960's, with the devel­ opment of transistor technology. At first it was useful in improving the performance of voice communications. But then it made possible extraordinary computer capability in manageable size-and at man­ ageable cost. First came large mainframe computers for only the largest companies; and later the microcomputer as we know it today. The increasing use of computers, in the 1960's with their ability to manipulate and store vast quantities of information, stimulated the need for computers to communicate with one another and so tele­ phone circuits had to be segregated and conditioned specifically for computer traffic, using the modem. Computers ushered in a new era of business communications in which data could be developed, ma­ nipulated, stored or transmitted with remarkable ease. The recent pace of technological advancement has been breath­ taking and, today, the distinction between communications and computers is no longer even necessary. Computers, at the very core of communications networks, route and control communications on major common carriers. The decade of the 1980's is bearing the fruits of the marriage of computers and communications. For the first time networks are en­ abling organizations to utilize the combined processing power of computers and communications equipment.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Lead in the atmosphere -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sources of lead in air -- 2.3 Concentrations of lead in ambient air -- 2.4 Particle size distributions -- 2.5 Chemical properties of atmospheric lead -- References -- 3 Lead in water -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of lead in surface waters -- 3.3 Concentrations of lead in water -- 3.4 Chemistry of lead in water -- References -- 4 Lead in soils -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of lead in soil -- 4.3 Concentrations of lead in soil -- 4.4 Uptake of soil lead by living organisms -- 4.5 Chemistry of lead in soils -- 4.6 Lead in street dusts -- References -- 5 Control of lead in air -- 5.1 Industrial sources of lead -- 5.2 Control of industrial emissions of lead -- 5.3 Legislative regulations affecting industrial lead emissions -- 5.4 Control of lead emissions from motor vehicles -- 5.5 Ambient air quality standard for lead -- 5.6 Control of lead within the workplace -- References -- 6 Control of lead discharges to water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Water quality criteria and standards -- 6.3 Uniform emission standards versus water quality objectives -- 6.4 Control practices for lead discharges -- References -- 7 Human exposure to lead and its effects -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources and intake of lead -- 7.3 Uptake of lead -- 7.4 Metabolism of lead -- 7.5 Blood leads -- 7.6 Biological and adverse health effects of exposure to lead -- References -- 8 Chemical analysis of lead in the environment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Chemical analysis of lead: available techniques -- 8.3 Sampling and analysis of environmental media -- 8.4 Contamination during lead analysis -- References.

Abstract: At the time of writing, the topic of lead pollution is the subject of an intense and sometimes heated debate. The argument centres upon possible adverse health effects arising from exposure of children to current environmental levels of lead. Such arguments now appear little closer to resolution than they did five years ago, although the development of ever more sophisticated biochemical and epidemiological techniques may eventually provide an answer. Over the past five to ten years, as the general public has become aware of the lead issue, pressure has been put upon governments to limit emissions of lead, and hence limit or reduce the exposure of the population to the metal. Govern­ ments and governmental agencies have responded in several ways, varying between those who prefer to take little or no action on the basis that they see no cause for concern, and those who have taken firm action after concluding that the scientific and medical evidence warrants this approach. Any effective control strategy for lead requires knowledge of the sources of environmental exposure and an understanding of the pathways of this metal in the environment. This book aims to provide such information and to explain the methods available for limiting emissions of lead from the most important sources. To put this information in context a chapter on the routes of human exposure to lead and the health effects is included.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- Joint Configurations: Lap-shear Joints, Butt Joints, Fillets. Metals and Other Constructional Materials. The Decision to Use Adhesive Bonding. The Balance of Advantages and Disadvantages -- 2. The Nature And Magnitude of Stresses In Adhesive Joints -- Introduction: Reality, Methods of Mathematical Analysis. The Single Lap Joint: Linear Elastic Analysis, Volkersen’s Analysis, The Analysis of Goland and Reissner, Effect of Bending in a Double-lap Joint, Volkersen’s Second Theory, Later Work. The Single-lap Joint — End Effects: Reduction of Stress Concentrations. The Single-lap Joint — Elasto-plastic Analysis. The Effect of Adherend Shape — Scarfed, Bevelled and Stepped Adherends. Composite Materials. Tubular Joints. Butt Joints. The Use of Joints in Design: Lap Joints, Tubular Joints, T-joints, Corner Joints, Butt Joints, Stiffeners, Doublers, Assembly -- 3. Standard Mechanical Test Procedures -- Destructive Testing: Tests with Thin Sheet Adherends, Tests for Properties of Adhesives. Nondestructive Testing: Nature of Defects, Tests Carried Out Before Bonding, Post-bonding and In-service Testing -- 4. The General Properties of Polymeric Adhesives -- Polymer Structures: Unsaturation. Mixed Adhesives. Properties and Temperature: The Glass Transition Temperature, Decomposition Temperature, Melting Temperature, The Deformation of Adhesive Polymers by Stress, Viscoelasticity, The Modulus of an Adhesive, Poisson’s Ratio, Strength Properties of Adhesive Polymers, Yielding Stresses of Polymers, Failure Modes After Yielding, Creep, Failure without Yielding — Brittle Fracture, Crazing, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, Resistance to Deterioration -- 5. Factors Influencing The Choice of Adhesive -- Interaction with Substrate. Structural Adhesives for Metals: Check-list for Structural Metal Adhesives Used at Temperatures up to 70°C, The Advantage of Supported Filmic Adhesives (Tapes’), Unsupported Films, Liquids and Pastes, Influence of Metal of Adherend, High Temperature Metal-Metal Adhesion. Structural Adhesives for Wood: Check-list for the Use of Structural Wood Adhesives. Structural Adhesives for Mixed Constructions: Metal-Wood Structures, Metal-reinforced Plastics Structures. Choice of Adhesives for Semi-structural Use: Checklist for Adhesives for Semi-structural Use -- 6. Surface Preparation -- Metals. Wood. Concrete. Glass or Carbon-fibre Reinforced Plastics. Shot, Sand or Grit Blasting. Solvent Degreasing or Wiping. Chemical Etching: Aluminium, Ferrous Metals, Titanium, Other Metals. Priming Layers: Primers as Coupling Agents -- 7. Service Life -- The Creep of Adhesive Joints. Time-to-failure (Under Static Loading). Cycles-to-failure: Influence of Temperature, Influence of Test Frequency, Influence of Amplitude, Influence of Moisture. Effects of Temperature Change on Joint Strength. Service Life as Indicated by Climatic Exposure Trials -- 8. Applications -- Aircraft, Anchorages. Bridges. Carriages. Cars. Decking. Furniture. Glass Reinforced Plastics. Helicopters. Helicopter Blades. Hovercraft. Lamp Posts. Magnets. PABST. Rollers. Segmental Construction. Ski Constructions. Telephone Kiosks. Yachts -- References -- Appendix: Standard American and UK Specifications for -- Adhesion Tests -- Author Index.

Abstract: The intention of this book is that it should contain everything an engineer needs to know to be able to design and produce adhesively bonded joints which are required to carry significant loads. The advan­ tages and disadvantages of bonding are given, together with a sufficient understanding of the necessary mechanics and chemistry to enable the designer to make a sound engineering judgement in any particular case. The stresses in joints are discussed extensively so that the engineer can get sufficient philosophy or feel for them, or can delve more deeply into the mathematics to obtain quantitative solutions even with elasto­ plastic behaviour. A critical description is given of standard methods of testing adhesives, both destructively and non-destructively. The essen­ tial chemistry of adhesives and the importance of surface preparation are described and guidance is given for adhesive selection by me ans of check lists. For many applications, there will not be a unique adhesive which alone is suitable, and factors such as cost, convenience, produc­ tion considerations or familiarity may be decisive. A list of applications is given as examples. The authors wish to increase the confidence of engineers using adhesive bonding in load-bearing applications by the information and experience presented. With increasing experience of adhesives en­ gineering, design will become more elegant as weH as more fitted to its products.

Abstract: 1. The Overall Picture -- 1.1 General papers and books -- 1.2 Conferences, seminars and colloquia -- 1.3 Literature reviews and bibliographies -- 2. National and International Initiatives, Policies and Political Manifestos -- 3. Social Impacts -- 3.1 Education and Training -- 3.2 Employment and Unemployment -- 3.3 Data protection and security -- 3.4 Working environment -- 3.5 Work and leisure -- 4. Economic Structure and Policy -- 4.1 National economy -- 4.2 Regional economy -- 4.3 Urban economy -- 4.4 Rural economy -- 4.5 Science parks -- 5. Impact of New Technology on Business, Industry and Communications -- 5.1 Office automation -- 5.2 Industry and technology -- 5.3 Retailing -- 5.4 Viewdata systems and cable television -- 5.5 Public sector and business -- 6. Administrative Impact and Industrial Relations: Impact of New Technology -- 6.1 Management and new technology -- 6.2 Trade union reactions.

Abstract: Silicon chip technology; microprocessor technology; information technology; or quite simply new technology. These are some of the names representing the microelectronics revolution depending upon the audience being addressed by speaker or writer. No previous new industrial development has caused such widespread publicity and discussion amongst users and researchers as the new technology. Concern is being expressed about the effects of new technology on employment, job satisfaction, social life, leisure activities and the economics of commerce and industry. The late 70s saw many doom-laden predictions of those effects but by 1983 both management and trade unions were taking a more objective view of the social and economic impacts, and many correspondents now see the new technology as a means of opening up new industries and overcoming the effects of world recessions. The "chip" has involved the factory floor, the office, the supermarket and the home. Electronic funds transfer, electronic shopping, microelectronic domestic appliances, word processors and microprocessor-controlled machinery mean that the new technology has pervaded all aspects of social and economic life, and the developed countries are now coming to accept it as part of society as a whole. Inevitably the flood of literature on the social and economic impacts of new technology has been overwhelming. Unfortunately the quality of information and arguments propagated at conferences, in journal papers and research reports has indicated that there has been little quantifiable evidence available on the effects of these impacts.

Abstract: 1: Principal Robot Applications -- 1.1 Industrial Applications Index: Manufacturing and Assembly Robots -- 1.2 Industrial Applications Index: Automated Guided Vehicles -- 1.3 Industrial Applications Index: Vision Systems -- 2: Technical Specifications -- 2.1 Technical Specifications: Manufacturing and Assembly Robots -- 2.2 Technical Specifications: Automated Guided Vehicles -- 2.3 Technical Specifications: Vision Systems -- 3: Directory of Manufacturers and Distributors -- 3.1 Directory of Manufacturers -- 3.2 Directory of Distributors.

Abstract: The industrial application of robots is growing steadily. This is reflected in the number of manufacturers now in­ volved in the field of robotics. Thanks to pioneers such as Joseph Engelberger of Unimation Inc, industry has seen their rapid deployment in all areas of manufacturing. Manufacturers of robots and robotic equipment have increased their production levels and at the same time have made great efforts to improve and adapt their pro­ ducts to allow them to be used for a wider range of appli­ cations. The demand for ever more sophisticated robotic devices has made the choice of robot for a particular application an extremely hard one. Industrial Robot Specifications has been compiled to enable users to assess robotics in the context of their own needs. The book contains detailed information on over 300 robots manufactured and distributed under licence throughout Europe. More than 90 companies are cov­ ered, and details are given of their distributors and agents, regional addresses and names of key contacts. Information is provided on robots as diverse as simple teaching machines, costing perhaps £1500, to those highly sophisticated computer-controlled robot devices commonly found in flexible manufacturing systems, costing tens of thousands of pounds each. Introduction Industrial Robot Specifications is divided into three sec­ adjustable mechanisms that command manipulation.

Abstract: 1 The nature of viruses -- 2 Exposure to viruses and some consequences -- 3 Viruses associated with invertebrates -- 4 Viruses and the terrestrial environment -- 5 Viruses in aquatic environments -- 6 Strategies of virus maintenance in communities -- Conclusion -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: 1 Microcomputers in Brief -- Of Bits and Bytes -- Storing Information -- Elementary Computer Architecture -- Computer Languages -- 2 Cassette Deck Notes -- Cassette Decks -- Cassette Interface Cable -- Loading and Saving Programs -- 3 Keyboard Guide -- Enter Key -- Shift and Alpha Lock -- Special Symbols -- Mathematical Operators -- Control Keys -- Function Keys -- Automatic Repetition -- Using the Screen Editor -- 4 Introducing TI BASIC -- Commands, Functions, and Statements -- Immediate Mode -- Using the PRINT Command -- CALL Commands -- Command Mode Calculator -- Variables -- Functions -- Math Functions -- TAB Function -- Statement and Program Lines -- GOTO -- 5 Tools for Building Programs -- Line Numbering -- RESEQUENCE -- Editing Programs -- LIST -- Edit Mode -- Starting and Stopping Programs -- Diamond Track -- RUN -- CONtinue -- BREAK and UNBREAK -- END and STOP -- REMark Statements -- 6 Working with Numbers -- Order of Arithmetic Operations -- Relational Expressions -- 7 Variables -- Numeric Variables -- Naming Numeric Variables -- String Variables -- The Role of Variables in Programming -- 8 Using PRINT -- The PRINT System -- Quotation Marks -- Print Separators -- The TAB Function -- The Sick Rose -- 9 Branching Statements -- The Unconditional Branchers -- GOTO -- GOSUBroutine -- Conditional Branching Statements -- ON-GOTO -- ON-GOSUB -- IF-THEN-ELSE -- 10 Data Anyone? -- INPUT -- The READ/DATA Statements -- Setting Up a Data Bank -- Checking Variable Status -- Multiple-Variable READ/DATA Statements -- RESTORE -- Using Counters To Manipulate Data -- Using Data Flags -- 11 The FOR-NEXT Loop -- Entering Data with FOR-NEXT Loops -- Defining Loops With STEP -- Nested Loops -- 12 Debugging Programs -- Error Messages -- TRACE and UNTRACE -- PRINT Debug -- 13 Numeric Functions -- INTeger -- RANDOMIZE and the Random Number Function — (RND(X)) -- Other Numeric Functions -- ABS(X) -- ATN(X) -- COS(X) -- SIN(X) -- TAN(X) -- EXP(X) -- LOG(X) -- SQR(X) -- SGN(X) -- User-Defined Functions -- 14 Computer Sound and Music -- The Sound Chip -- CALLing Sound -- Noise Settings -- Negative Duration Values -- Programming a Song for One Voice -- RESTORE for Repeats -- A Song for Three Voices -- Sound Effects -- 15 BASIC Graphics -- The Screen -- BASIC Graphics Statements -- CALL CHAR -- CALL CLEAR -- CALL HCHAR and CALL VCHAR -- CALL COLOR -- CALL SCREEN -- The RANDOM Character Generator -- Combining Characters in Space: White Knight -- Combining Characters in Time: Running Man -- 16 Interacting with Your Computer: Keyboard and Joystick -- CALL KEYboard -- Key-Unit -- Return Variable -- Status Variable -- Mazemaker -- CALL JOYSTick -- Joystick Mazemaker -- 17 Arrays -- Subscripted Variables and Simple Arrays -- Using READ/DATA To Load Arrays -- OPTION BASE 1 and the DIM Statements -- Two-Dimensional Arrays -- 18 String Functions -- ASCII Value—ASC -- Character—CHR$ -- Value—VAL -- String Number—STR$ -- Length—LEN -- Position—POS -- String Segment—SEG$ -- 19 More Graphics -- FOR-NEXT Looping -- CALLing COLOR -- Strings and String Functions -- Using PRINT -- Using SEGment and LENgth String Functions -- Printing Text with HCHAR -- Using Arrays in Graphics -- 20 Live Time on the Keyboard -- Links in a Chain -- 21 Your Home Computer as a Terminal -- 22 System Options -- Extended BASIC -- Speech Synthesizer -- Peripheral Expansion Box -- RS232 Card -- Disk Drive Controller Card -- 32K Memory Expansion Card -- P-CodeCard -- Disk Drives -- Printers -- Telephone Modems -- The Fully Configured System -- Alternatives to the Peripheral Expansion Box System -- Word Processing -- Microsoft Multiplan™ -- UCSD p-System™ -- LOGO -- Machine Language -- FORTH -- Voice Recognition -- Winchester Hard Disk -- 23 Resource List.

Abstract: Welcome to the world of computer programming. Your Texas Instruments TI-99/4A is a real 16-bit microcomputer, complete with sound and color graphics. Making these features do what you want may seem impossible at fIrst, but don't worry; there's nothing mysterious about computer programming. Learning to program computers simply means learning a new language-in this case, TI BASIC (for Beginner's All­ purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), a version of the most popular language used on today's microcomputers. This book will teach you, step by step, how to tell your machine what you wish it to do-in other words, how to program it. But that's not all. You'll also find chapters on general microcomputer principles, cassette deck use, the TI-99/4A as a terminal for much larger systems, options for expansion, and a list of resources for getting the most out of your home computer. With the 99/4A you have access to a large library of programs, or software, already written by someone else. Without knowing anything about programming, you can use this software to play games, learn math, or store addresses. But at some point you'll want to make your personal computer really personal. You might want to create your own video game or compose a tune. And that's when you'll want to learn programming.

Abstract: 1 Immunogenetic Approaches to Cell Surface Molecules in the Mouse -- 2 Genetics of the Human Red Cell Surface -- 3 Analysis of the Human Cell Surface by Somatic Cell Genetics -- 4 Molecular Genetics of the HLA Region -- 5 Cell Genetic Analysis of the Receptor Systems for Bioactive Polypeptides -- 6 Genetics of the Cell Surface of the Preimplantation Embryo: Studies on Antigens Determined by Chromosome 17 in the Mouse -- 7 The Male-Specific Antigen (H-Y) and Sexual Differentiation.

Abstract: The cell surface is the barrier between the cell and its environment which regulates the flow of both simple and complex molecules into and out of the cell; it is also the organelle responsible for communication between the cell and its environment. Each cell expresses receptors for a wide variety of hormones, growth factors, growth substrates and other cells. In multicellular organisms communication between cells is required for controlling development, cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and, in a more general sense, integration of myriad cell types into a single organism. The series Receptors and Recognition has as its overall aim the dissection of the cell surface to correlate structure and function for this complex organelle. In most of the preceding volumes the approach has been biochemical or physiological. In this volume the mammalian cell surface is analysed by a genetic approach. Genetic analysis of the cell surface, especially when combined with immuno­ logical techniques, has a long history. In 1900 Landsteiner showed that serum from one individual could agglutinate the red cells of another. Besides the practical result of making blood transfusion safe, this was the first demon­ stration of a human genetic polymorphism and for the next 50 years the red blood cell surface provided most of the genetic markers used to study human populations.

Abstract: I: Energy Resources -- Scenarios of Energy Requirement in Seven Regions of the World -- Energy Supply in Seven Regions of the World and International Oil Trade -- Nature of Energy Demand -- Nuclear Energy Strategies -- The Second Fossil and Nuclear Age -- Modelling and Assessment of Energy Demand -- Energy Supply Model Message and Its Application to IIASA’s World Region V -- Macro — A General Equilibrium Model -- The IIASA-ENP Energy Picture of Latin America: An Overview -- Biomass Energy -- A Twenty Year Perspective on Energy Demand and Supply Situation of Pakistan -- II: Physics and Technology -- Computer Simulation -- Development of Application Software for Minicomputer Systems -- Initiation Mechanics: The Prediction of Metal Fatigue Damage -- III: Biophysics -- Restriction Endonucleases, DNA Sequencing and Computers -- Biophysics of Radiation Action -- Medical Uses of Accelerators -- Self-Copying DNA Programs -- IV: Frontiers of Physics -- Stellar Structure and Stellar Evolution — Another View -- Cosmological Consequences of Massive Neutrinos -- Interfaces Between Particle Physics and Cosmology -- Participants.

Abstract: This volume consists of lectures delivered at the Sixth Inter­ national Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held at Islamabad from June 15 to July 2, 1981. The College used to be held at one of the scenic hill resorts of Pakistan, Nathiagali, hence the name of the College. The College was organized by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), under the patronage of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, with a view to providing an opportunity for local physicists and physicists from developing countries for learning of the latest developments in various branches of physics. The University Grants Commission provided a financial grant for the participation of physicists from the universities of Pakistan. The College had 18 lecturers from 7 countries. The total participation in the College was by over 200 people from 18 different countries. There were 15 days of concentrated lecturing during the day followed by seminars and discussion sessions in the evenings. From its inception the College has had a broad-based, multi­ disciplinary emphasis. The purpose of the College has been to provide­ physicists in the developing countries with enough information in various branches of physics so that they can shift, or broaden, their field of research. In the poor countries, like Pakistan, physicists cannot always get facilities and opportunities to continue research in their original field of specialisation at a reasonable level.

Abstract: I: Physics and Chemistry of Porphyrins and Related Compounds -- Excited State Properties of Haematoporphyrin -- Fluorescence Properties of HpD and its Components -- The Structure of the Active Component of Hematoporphyrin Derivative -- Photophysical and Photosensitizing Properties of Photofrin II -- On the Purification of Hematoporphyrin IX and its Acetylated Derivatives -- Photosensitizing Properties of Porphyrin in Model Cell Systems -- Photosensitizing Properties of Free and Bound Uroporphyrin I -- Chemical and Biological Studies on Haematoporphyrin Derivative: An Unexpected Photosensitization in Brain -- A Chromatographic Study of Hematoporphyrin Derivatives -- Protection by Carotenoids from Singlet Oxygen Photoproduced by Porphyrins -- Effect of He-Ne Laser on Human Erythrocytes Incubated with Hematoporphyrin Derivative and Bonellin: Comparative Study -- Survey of Potential PRT Dyes and their Spectroscopic Properties -- II: Interactions of Porphyrins with Model Systems and Cells -- Fluorescence of Porphyrins in Cells -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative: Fluorometric Studies in Solution and Cells -- Time-Resolved Laser Fluorescence and Photobleaching of Single Cells after Photosensitization with Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD) -- Effects of Hpd and Laser on Transformed and Corresponding Normal Cultured Cells: Differential Cytotoxicity as an in Vitro Model for Tumor Photochemotherapy -- Interaction of Free and Liposome-Bound Porphyrins with Normal and Malignant Cells: Biochemical and Photosensitization Studies in Vitro and in Vivo -- Photodynamic Inactivation of L929 Cells after Treatment with Hematoporphyrin Derivative -- Bacterial and Yeast Cells as Models for Studying Hematoporphyrin Photosensitization -- Cholesterol Impregnation into Erythroleukemia Cell Membrane Induces Resistance to Hematoporphyrin Photodynamic Effect -- Photodynamic Effect of the He-Ne Laser with HpD on the Ultrastructure of Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell -- III: Studies on Experimental and Spontaneous Animal Tumors -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative Phototherapy in Experimental Oncology -- Photoradiation Therapy (PRT) of Lewis Lung Carcinoma in B6D2 Mice, Dosimetry Considerations -- Study of Irradiation Parameters in HpD Phototherapy of MS-2 Tumor Model -- Experimental ENU Induced Brain Tumors with HpD and Dye Laser Light -- Studies with Hematoporphyrin Derivative in Transplantable Urothelial Tumors -- Time Dependence of 3 H Hematoporphyrin Derivative Distribution in the Digestive Tract of the Rat -- Nd YAG Destruction of Tumor Sensitized or Non Sensitized by HpD -- HpD Phototherapy on Spontaneous Tumors in Dog and Cat -- IV: Light Dosimetry and Instrumentation for Tumor Diagnosis and Phototherapy -- Thermal and Optical Dosimetry for Photoradiation Therapy of Malignant Tumors -- Photophysics and Dosimetry of Photoradiation Therapy -- An Optimised Laser System for the Evaluation of HpD Therapy -- A Multi-Led Source for Photoradiation Therapy -- Side Radiation Optical Fibers for Medical Applications -- Fluorescence of Hematoporphyrin-Derivative for Detection and Characterization of Tumors -- In Vivo Fluorescence Excitation Spectra of Hematoporphyrin-Derivative (HpD) -- In Vivo Observation of Porphyrin and of the Light Action -- Monitoring of Hematoporphyrin Injected in Humans and Clinical Prospects of its Use in Gynecologic Oncology -- V: Clinical Applications of HpD Phototherapy -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative Photoradiation Therapy, in Theory and in Practice -- Evaluation of Photoradiation Therapy (PRT) in 20 Cases of Cancers -- Hematoporphyrin Phototherapy of Malignant Tumors -- Hematoporphyrin-Derivative and Phototherapy in Extensive Basal-Cell Carcinoma of the Dorsal Skin -- Hematoporphyrin Derivative Photoradiation Therapy of Endobronchial Lung Cancer -- Photoradiation Therapy in Early Stage Cancer Cases of the Lung, Esophagus and Stomach -- Experimental and Clinical Studies on HpD-Photoradiation Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer -- Endoscopic HpD-Laser Photoradiation Therapy (PRT) of Cancer -- Dye-Laser Photoradiation-Therapy of Bladder Cancer after Photosensitization with Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD)-Basis for an Integral Irradiation -- Photoradiation Therapy with Hematoporphyrin Derivative and an Argon Dye Laser of Bladder Carcinoma -- Preclinical Examination of Ocular Photoradiation Therapy -- Photoradiation for Choroidal Malignant Melanoma.

Abstract: This book contains the contributions of the participants to the International Symposium on Porphyrins in Tumor Phototherapy held in Bruzzano (Milano), Italy on May 26-28, 1983. The contributions are written as extended papers to provide a broad and representative coverage of the use of porphyrins in tumor phototherapy and diagnosis. In the last few years, this technique has received increasing interest for its potential applications in clinical oncology. In fact, 1,500 patients have been already treated by this therapy which has been tested in more than 100 clinical centres. Among the reported cases, a significant therapeutic effectiveness was found in some early stage cancers of lung, esophagus and stomach. The development of ·this therapy requires interdisciplinary studies from such diverse fields as physics, chemistry, biology, pharmacology, and experimental and clinical oncology. The contents of the book reflect the character of this research and deal with all the problems, from fundamental to clinical, that still require to be analysed and understood for a better evaluation 'of the potential of this therapy. The first chapter of the book deals with photophysics ?;nd.

Abstract: 1. Infant enzyme chemistry -- 2. The mechanistic basis of enzyme catalysis -- 3. Chemical models of coenzyme catalyses -- 4. Selectivity in synthesis — chemicals or enzymes -- 5. Enzymes as targets for drug design -- 6. Metal ions in biological systems -- 7. Enzyme-level studies of the biosynthesis of natural products -- 8. The impact of enzymology in biochemistry and beyond.

Abstract: In the molecular sciences, enzyme chemistry occupies a special niche as one of the major contact points between chemical and biological disciplines. The special properties of enzymes as selective and efficient catalysts are so central to current challenges to chemists that the development of enzyme chemistry in the past thirty years has been a major stimulus to chemical research in general. On the one hand studies of the intrinsic properties of enzymes and, on the other hand, their applications to synthesis, drug design, and biosynthesis have had an immense impact. This book brings together in one volume essays describing several such fields with emphasis on the applications. It would be unnecessarily repetitious to outline the approach and contents of the book in a Preface; the first short chapter is more eloquent than a formal Preface can be. I shall therefore encourage you to begin with the Introduction in Chapter 1 and here I wish to extend my warm thanks to those who have contributed to the production of this book: the authors for their acceptance of the overall concept of the book and for the thoughtfulness of their writing; Dr Charles Suckling, FRS and Professor Hamish Wood for their constructive criticism of the whole book; and Dr John Buckingham and his colleagues at Chapman and Hall for their efficiency and enthusiasm in transforming the typescripts into the book that you now hold. Colin J. Suckling University of Strathclyde Contributors Donald H.

Abstract: The Yellow Crescent of Ascidian Eggs: Molecular Organization, Localization and Role in Early Development -- Expression of Maternal and Embroyonic Genes During Sea Urchin Development -- Translational Regulation of Gene Expression in Early Development -- mRNA Distributions in Sea Urchin Embryos -- Subcellular Localization of Maternal Histone mRNAs and The Control of Histone Synthesis in The Sea Urchin Embryo -- A Family of mRNAs Expressed in The Dorsal Ectoderm of Sea Urchin Embryos -- Segregation of Germ-Line-Specific Antigens During Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis Elegans -- Genetic and Developmental Approaches to Understanding Determination in Early Development -- Homoeotic Genes and The Specification of Segmental Identity in The Embryo and Adult Thorax of Drosophila Melanogaster -- Isolation and Characterization of Genes Differentially Expressed in Early Drosophila Embryogenesis -- Accumulation and Behavior of mRNA During Oogenesis and Early Embryogenesis of Xenopus Laevis -- Protein Synthesis Patterns During Early Amphibian Embryogenesis -- Changes in Synthesis of RNA and Protein During Reactivation of Delayed Implanting Mouse Blastocysts -- Contributors -- Photos of Participants.

Abstract: The early embryo has emerged as the focal point for analysis of the regulation of gene expression for several reasons. First, the fact that embryogenesis is under genetic control has been appreciated from the earliest days of classical embryology. When experimental techniques became available it was therefore logical that they should be applied to the embryo. With each new advance in methodology, interest in embryonic gene expression studies has increased. Second, many embryos offer unique opportunities for the investigation of specific aspects of the regulation of gene expression. Several phenomena--eg. , control of translation--can be very conveniently studied in a variety of marine invertebrate embryos. Those embryos contain large stores of maternally inherited mRNA which are translated in a highly ordered fashion during specific stages of post fertilization development. Marine invertebrate eggs can be conveniently artifically inseminated and labeled with radioactive precursors. Their analysis is leading to important insights into the mechanisms which regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional levels. Third, recent advances in both transmission and recombinant DNA genetics, especially in organisms such as Drosophila, are providing special opportunities for the analysis of regulatory mechanisms which operate at the level of the genome. Specific genes have been identified, isolated, and--in some instances--sequenced. The opportunity is now available to study the regulation of the expression of single genes in a vertical fashion--from the primary sequence of the gene to the tissues and organs which are the products of morphogenesis.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Laboratory instrumentation and microcomputers -- 1.2 Measurement systems -- 1.3 Electronic black boxes -- 1.4 A practical footnote -- 2 The Basics of Laboratory Signals -- 2.1 Transducers -- 2.2 Measurement signals -- 2.3 The transducer connection -- 2.4 Noise and interference -- 2.5 Minimising interference -- 2.6 Signal-to-noise ratio -- 2.7 Control signals -- 3 The Elements of Analog Signal Handling -- 3.1 Op-amps -- 3.2 Feedback systems -- 3.3 Basic amplifier configurations -- 3.4 Bandwidth and slew rate -- 3.5 Practical dc signal circuits -- 3.6 Ac signal circuits -- 3.7 Integrators -- 3.8 Differentiators -- 3.9 Pulse amplifiers -- 3.10 Filters -- 4 The Elements of Digital Signal Handling -- 4.1 Logic gates -- 4.2 TTL families -- 4.3 CMOS families -- 4.4 CMOS and TTL together -- 4.5 MSI circuits -- 4.6 Generating logic levels -- 4.7 Analog/digital interconversion -- 4.8 Serial digital signals -- 5 The Modern Microcomputer -- 5.1 The eight bit micro -- 5.2 The programming language -- 5.3 The operating system -- 5.4 Peripherals -- 5.5 Byte handling busses -- 5.6 The video display -- 5.7 Bit manipulation -- 5.8 Timing and addressing -- 5.9 Interrupts and interrupt flags -- 5.10 The 16 bit micro -- 6 Interfacing Microcomputers with Laboratory Instrumentation -- 6.1 Basic instrumental interface types -- 6.2 Multiplexing -- 6.3 Multiple byte interfaces -- 6.4 Interface control -- 6.5 Handshaking -- 6.6 Synchronous byte transfers -- 6.7 Dynamic interfaces -- 7 Standard Interface Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The IEEE 488 standard -- 7.3 The RS232C link -- 8 System Design -- 8.1 An approach to system design / Case study -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 Decimal-hexadecimal conversion tables -- Appendix 2 The ASCII code -- Appendix 3 Sample assembler routine for GPIB adaptor -- Device index.

Abstract: The invention of the microcomputer in the mid-1970s and its subsequent low-cost proliferation has opened up a new world for the laboratory scientist. Tedious data collection can now be automated relatively cheaply and with an enormous increase in reliability. New techniques of measurement are accessible with the "intelligent" instrumentation made possible by these programmable devices, and the ease of use of even standard measurement techniques may be improved by the data processing capabilities of the humblest micro. The latest items of commercial laboratory instrumentation are invariably "computer controlled", although this is more likely to mean that a microprocessor is involved than that a versatile microcomputer is provided along with the instrument. It is clear that all scientists of the future will need some knowledge of computers, if only to aid them in mastering the button pushing associated with gleaming new instruments. However, to be able to exploit this newly accessible computing power to the full the practising laboratory scientist must gain sufficient understanding to utilise the communication channels between apparatus on the laboratory bench and program within the computer. This book attempts to provide an introduction to those communication channels in a manner which is understandable for scientists who do not specialise in electronics or computers.

Abstract: Basics Of Brain Edema -- Brain Edema Mediator Compounds and Biochemistry -- Diagnosis and Assessment of Brain Edema -- Brain Edema, Blood Flow and Metabolism -- Ischemic Brain Edema -- Pharmacology and Therapy of Brain Edema -- Contributors.

Abstract: This issue contains the proceedings of the most recent Inter­ national Symposium on Brain Edema, the 5th in a series of confer­ ences starting 1965 in Vienna. The ever since increasing interest in this field may not only result from the fact that - in clinical terms - the problem is not solved yet, but also from the many fascinating physiological and biochemical questions remaining. Moreover, the rapid progress of technical, physiological and bio­ chemical developments provides a permanent challenge to probe the subject with better and better resolution. The current proceedings provide many examples. It is safe to assume, that the history of brain edema research is familiar to most of its participants. Therefore, suffice it to remark that since the first histopathological recognition of brain edema as a separate entity among the multitude of intracranial space occupying lesions, progress in the understanding of its pathogenesis has not been straightforward. On the contrary, it has been complicated by confusing notions and concepts, some of which may have resulted from the elusiveness of the edematous changes in early histological studies, due to the inadequacy of the light microscope. Although brain edema occurs concomitantly in many pgtho10gica1 conditions of the brain, it has been suggested that its role is collateral only. Nevertheless, the potential of brain edema as a space occupying lesion is not trivial, since it raises intracranial pressure and eventually may result in lethal cerebral herniation.

Abstract: 1 Methods of Plant Analysis -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methods of extraction and isolation -- 1.3 Methods of separation -- 1.4 Methods of identification -- 1.5 Analysis of results -- 1.6 Applications -- 2 Phenolic Compounds -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Phenols and phenolic acids -- 2.3 Phenylpropanoids -- 2.4 Flavonoid pigments -- 2.5 Anthocyanins -- 2.6 Flavonols and flavones -- 2.7 Minor flavonoids, xanthones and stilbenes -- 2.8 Tannins -- 2.9 Quinone pigments -- 3 The Terpenoids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Essential oils -- 3.3 Diterpenoids and gibberellins -- 3.4 Triterpenoids and steroids -- 3.5 Carotenoids -- 4 Organic Acids, Lipids and Related Compounds -- 4.1 Plant acids -- 4.2 Fatty acids and lipids -- 4.3 Alkanes and related hydrocarbons -- 4.4 Polyacetylenes -- 4.5 Sulphur compounds -- 5 Nitrogen Compounds -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Amino acids -- 5.3 Amines -- 5.4 Alkaloids -- 5.5 Cyanogenic glycosides -- 5.6 Indoles -- 5.7 Purines, pyrimidines and cytokinins -- 5.8 Chlorophylls -- 6 Sugars and their Derivatives -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Monosaccharides -- 6.3 Oligosaccharides -- 6.4 Sugar alcohols and cyclitols -- 7 Macromolecules -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Nucleic acids -- 7.3 Proteins -- 7.4 Polysaccharides.

Abstract: 1 Signals, systems and communications -- Communication signals -- Communication channels -- Communication Networks -- Telecommunications Worldwide -- 2 Signal representation and analysis -- The time domain -- The frequency domain -- Fourier series analysis -- Frequency domain representation of aperiodic signals -- Fourier transforms -- Frequency domain representation for signals of arbitrary waveshape -- Amplitude distribution of signals -- 3 Sinusoidal carrier modulation -- Amplitude modulation -- Angle modulation -- Frequency division multiplexing -- 4 Radio receiver principles -- Tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver -- Superheterodyne (superhet) receivers -- 5 Pulse modulation systems -- Pulse amplitude modulation -- Other pulse modulation schemes -- Time division multiplexing -- 6 Pulse code modulation -- Quantization -- Sampling and pulse encoding -- Non-uniform quantization -- Differential pulse code modulation -- PCM-TDM telephony -- 7 Digital communications -- Digital transmission -- The eye diagram -- Signal design -- Error probability -- Coding for digital transmission -- Digital modulation -- 8 Systems case studies -- Broadcast FM radio -- Television systems -- Videotex systems -- Appendix: Decibels -- Answers to Numerical Problems.

Abstract: This book provides a first introduction to the subject of telecommunications suit­ able for first and second year undergraduates following degree or similar courses in electronic engineering. There are very few specific prerequisites other than a general background in electric circuit principles and a level of mathematical maturity consistent with entry to engineering courses in British universities. The intention is to provide a broad perspective of modern telecommunication principles and applications. Following a general overview of telecommunications, a thorough, albeit introductory, treatment is provided of underlying principles such as signal representation and analysis, sampling, analogue and digital trans­ of several mission, modulation and coding. The book concludes with a description important systems applications which serve as case studies to illustrate further the principles introduced and demonstrate their application in a practical context. Many people have contributed, directly and indirectly, to this book. I am espe­ cially grateful to Professor Kel Fidler of the Open University for suggesting that I write the book and for the support and guidance he has provided throughout the endeavour. The Telecommunications Research Group of the Department of Elec­ trical Engineering Science at the University of Essex has provided a stimulating environment in which to develop my appreciation of telecommunication systems and in particular Professor Ken Cattermole has influenced my thinking greatly.

Abstract: 1 Polymer Structure and Physical Properties -- 2 Stress-Strain Behavior of Plastics Materials -- 3 Effects of Fillers on Properties and Performance -- 4 Stress Analysis for Plastics -- 5 Structural Design of Beams, Plates and Other Structural Members -- 6 Dynamic Load Response of Plastics Members and Effects of Cyclical Loading -- 7 Other Forms of Stress Applied to Plastics Parts -- 8 Design for Stiffness -- 9 Processing Limitations on Plastics Product Design -- 10 CAD/CAM and Plastics Product Design -- 11 Material and Process Interaction and the Effects on the Performance of Plastics Parts and the Resulting Design Limitations -- 12 Performance in Service and Environmental Exposure -- 13 Design Procedure for Plastics Parts: Function, Material, Geometry, Test -- 14 Design of Plastics Structural Parts for Static Loads -- 15 Design of Dynamically Loaded Plastics Parts and Evaluation Procedures -- 16 The Design of Plastics Parts for Electrical Applications -- 17 Design of Plastics Parts for Optical Applications -- 18 Other Design Applications for Plastics -- Index/.

Abstract: Plastics have become increasingly important in the products used in our society, ranging from housing to packaging, transportation, business machines and especially in medicine and health products. Designing plastic parts for this wide range of uses has become a major activity for designers, architects, engineers, and others who are concerned with product development. Because plastics are unique materials with a broad range of proper­ ties they are adaptable to a variety of uses. The uniqueness of plastics stems from their physical characteristics which are as different from metals, glasses, and ceramics as these materials are different from each other. One major concern is the design of structures to take loads. Metals as well as the other materials are assumed to respond elastically and to recover completely their original shape after the load is removed. Based on this simple fact, extensive litera­ ture on applied mechanics of materials has been developed to enable designers to predict accurately the performance of structures under load. Many engineers depend on such texts as Timoshenko's Strength of Materials as a guide to the performance of structures. Using this as a guide, generations of engineers have designed economical and safe structural parts. Unfortunately, these design principles must be modified when designing with plastics since they do not respond elastically to stress and undergo permanent deformation with sus­ tained loading.

Abstract: 0. Introduction -- 1. Problem Examples -- 2. Algorithms, Data, and Programs -- 3. The Choice of Pascal as our Programming Language -- 4. Equipment — Micro, Mini, and Maxi Computers -- 5. Graphic Display Devices -- 6. Organization of the Book -- 7. Computer Jargon -- 8. The Goal Statements -- 9. Study Habits -- 1. Getting Started -- 1. Goals -- 2. Commands to the Computer. -- 3. Drawing Simple Pictures with Commands -- 4. A Pascal Program Using the Turtle -- 5. Modifying a Program with the Editor -- 6. Running the Modified Program -- 7. Disk Library and Workfile -- 8. Syntax Diagrams -- 9. Syntax for and -- 10. Sample Program Using ’s -- 2. Procedures and Variables -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Procedures -- 4. Calling One Procedure from Another -- 5. Parameters -- 6. Syntax for Procedures -- 7. Variables -- 8. Syntax for Variables -- 9. Preliminaries on Arithmetic Expressions -- 10. Working with STRING variables -- 11. Built-in Procedures and Functions for Strings -- 12. Sample Programs Using Strings -- 3. Control Structures 1 -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 1. The WHILE Statement -- 2. The IF Statement -- 3. Two-way IF Statement, Syntax for IF Statements -- 4. Syntax of Boolean Expressions -- 5. Sample Program — PLOTNAME -- 4. Control Structures II -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. The FOR Statement -- 4. The REPEAT Statement -- 5. The CASE Statement -- 6. Boolean Variables -- 7. Hints on Boolean Expressions and IF Statements -- 8. Note on Indentation -- 5. More on Procedures — Scope -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Scope of Variable Identifiers -- 4. Nested Procedures -- 5. Case Study — Using Nested Procedures -- 6. Declaring Your Own Functions -- 7. Variable Parameters -- 8. Recursive Procedures -- 9. Misuses of Recursion in Pascal -- 10. Applications of Recursion -- 6. Handling Complex Program Structure -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. What is an Algorithm? -- 4. Level of Detail -- 5. Structure Diagrams -- 6. Progressive Development of Algorithms -- 7. Structure Diagrams of some Sample Programs -- 8. Solving a Problem based on Conceptual Description -- 9. Three Challenging Problems -- 7. Data Representation -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Character Encoding -- 4. Arithmetic Expressions Assignment of Value -- 5. Integer Representations -- 6. Sample Program — Decimal to Binary Conversion -- 7. Real Number Representation -- 8. Rounding Error -- 9. Sample Program Converge -- 10. Random Numbers -- 8. Input and Output -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Differences Among Input/Output Systems -- 4. READ and READLN Statements -- 5. EOF and EOLN -- 6. File Identifiers: INPUT, OUTPUR and KEYBOARD -- 7. Sample Program AVERAGE -- 8. Sample Program MAKECHANGE -- 9. Sample Program DENOISE -- 10. Sample Program DEVOWEL -- 11. Sample Program DATECHECK -- 12. TEXT files -- 9. Basic Data Structures — I. Arrays -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Subscripted Variables -- 4. Declaration of ARRAY Variables -- 5. Using Arrays of One Dimention -- 6. Packed Character Arrays — Two Dimensions -- 7. Row and Column Sums — Crossfooting -- 8. Three or More Dimensions -- 9. More on Indexing. -- 10. Basic Data Structures — II. Sets — Types -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Enumerated Types -- 4. Declaring Your Own Types -- 5. Subrange Types -- 6. Sets -- 7. Sample Program FOODSETS -- 8. Sample Program SETDEMO -- 9. Using Sets with Characters -- 11. Basic Data Structures — III.. Records -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Sample Program CLASSDATA -- 4. The WITH Statement -- 5. Sample Program STURECORD -- 12. Pointers -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Static and Dynamic Variables -- 4. Declaring pointers -- 5. Creating a dynamic variable -- 6. Records with pointers -- 7. Linked lists -- 8. Comparison of ponters -- 9. Summary of pointer operations -- 10. SPORTSCORE2 solved with pointers -- 13. Searching -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Review of Problem Solving Approach -- 4. Linear Search -- 5. Binary Search -- 6. Recursive Binary Search Algorithm -- 14. Sorting — I. Simple Algorithms -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Insertion Sort -- 4. Bubble Sort -- 5. Merging -- 15. Sorting — II. QUICKSORT -- 1. Goals -- 2. Background -- 3. Description of Quicksort -- 4. Improving on Bad Median Guesses -- 5. Recursive Structure Diagram -- Appendix A — Differences of UCSD’s Pascal -- Appendix B — Glossary of Computer Jargon -- Appendix C — Built-in Procedures and Functions -- Appendix D — The UCSD Pascal System -- Appendix E — Syntax Diagrams -- Appendix F — ASCII.

Abstract: To the Second Edition This book is designed both for introductory courses in computer problem solving, at the freshman and sophomore college level, and for individual self study. The first edition of this book has been used for teaching introductory classes at University of California San Diego (UCSD), University of California Irvine (UCI), and many other schools. This second edition is based on our experience using the text over the past six years with a broad range of students. We have taught the course using variations on Keller's Personalized System of Instruction (PSI). The organization of this book is conducive to this approach but does not require it. PSI methods allow slightly more material to be absorbed by the students than is the case with the traditional lecture/recitation presentation. PSI allows grading according to the number of chapter units completed. In a 10 week quarter, virtually all students who pass the course at UCSDand UCI complete the material covered in the first eleven chapters and the exercises associated with them. A substantial portion complete the entire fifteen chapters. For a conventional presentation under the semester system, the 15 chapters should present an appropriate amount of material for the average student.

Abstract: The economic crisis and the social security -- Synthesis reports -- The financing of social security -- Pensions -- Le droit à la santé à l’épreuve de la crise économique -- Le chômage -- Family allowances and minimum income -- Sécurité sociale et insécurité économique -- National reports -- Rapport allemand -- Rapport autrichien -- Rapport belge -- Dutch report -- Rapport espagnol -- Rapport français -- Rapport grec -- Rapport italien -- Norvegian report -- Rapport suédois.

Abstract: 1 Fundamental principles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Euler equation -- 1.3 Reaction -- 1.4 Application to a centrifugal machine -- 1.5 Application to axial pumps and turbines -- 1.6 Alternative operating modes -- 1.7 Compressible flow theory -- 1.8 Shock wave effects -- 1.9 Cavitation -- 1.10 Illustrative examples -- 2 Principles and practice of scaling laws -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Performance laws -- 2.3 Concept of specific speed -- 2.4 Cavitation parameters -- 2.5 Scale effects in incompressible units -- 2.6 Scale effects in compressible machines -- 2.7 Illustrative examples -- 3 Principles of axial flow machines -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Wing theory -- 3.3 Isolated aerofoil data -- 3.4 Cascade data -- 3.5 Radial equilibrium theories -- 3.6 Actuator disc approach -- 3.7 Stall and surge effects -- 4 Principles of radial and mixed flow machines -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 One-dimensional approach -- 4.3 Two-dimensional approach -- 4.4 Three-dimensional problem -- 4.5 Discussion of theoretical approaches to analysis and design -- 5 Centrifugal machines -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Inlet or intake systems -- 5.3 Impeller -- 5.4 Outlet systems -- 5.5 Thrust loads due to hydrodynamic effects -- 6 Axial machines for incompressible flow -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Axial flow pumps and fans -- 6.3 Axial water turbines -- 6.4 Forces on blades and their implications for design -- 6.5 Concluding remarks -- 7 Axial turbines and compressors for compressible flow -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Approach to axial compressor principles -- 7.3 Axial turbine principles -- 7.4 Other problems -- 8 Radial flow turbines -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Water turbines -- 8.3 Radial inflow gas turbine -- 8.4 Ljungström or radial outflow turbine -- 9 Cavitation and other matters -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Effects of cavitation on machines -- 9.3 Problems involved in special pumping applications -- 9.4 Pumped storage systems -- 9.5 Some comments on output control of rotating machines -- References -- Additional bibliography.

Abstract: This text outlines the fluid and thermodynamic principles that apply to all classes of turbomachines, and the material has been presented in a unified way. The approach has been used with successive groups of final year mechanical engineering students, who have helped with the development of the ideas outlined. As with these students, the reader is assumed to have a basic understanding of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. However, the early chapters combine the relevant material with some new concepts, and provide basic reading references. Two related objectives have defined the scope of the treatment. The first is to provide a general treatment of the common forms of turbo machine, covering basic fluid dynamics and thermodynamics of flow through passages and over surfaces, with a brief derivation of the fundamental governing equations. The second objective is to apply this material to the various machines in enough detail to allow the major design and performance factors to be appreciated. Both objectives have been met by grouping the machines by flow path rather than by application, thus allowing an appreciation of points of similarity or difference in approach. No attempt has been made to cover detailed points of design or stressing, though the cited references and the body of information from which they have been taken give this sort of information. The first four chapters introduce the fundamental relations, and the suc­ ceeding chapters deal with applications to the various flow paths.

Abstract: 1 The Ancestors of the Mammals -- 2 The Therapsids -- 3 Specialised Cynodont Derivatives -- 4 The First Mammals -- 5 Dentitions, Tooth-replacement and Jaw Articulation -- 6 The Evolution of Mammalian Sight and Hearing -- 7 The Completion of the First Stage of Mammalian Evolution in the Middle Jurassic -- 8 The Mammals of the Upper Jurassic -- 9 The Mammals of the Lower Cretaceous -- 10 Epilogue.

Abstract: This book is not intended to give a full and comprehensive account of the Mesozoic mammals, and nor is it intended as a handbook for research workers studying pre-Tertiary mammals. Our intention is to give an account of the origin and evolution of certain of the characters of the Mammalia. We have tried to portray the fossils we describe as the living animals they once were, not as dead bones. Our account ends with the end of the Lower Cretaceous, since by that time the major characters of the mammals had become established. There exist a number of characters which, at the present day, are confined to the Mammalia. These include: (1) a jaw articulation formed by the squamosal and the dentary; (2) a chain of three bones, malleus, incus and stapes connecting the tympanic membrane to the inner ear; (3) the presence of hair or fur; (4) the presence of milk-glands in the female; (5) the left aortic arch is the systemic arch; (6) the phalangeal formula in both manus and pes is 2.3.3.3.3; (7) some of the teeth have more than one root. Of these characters (1) or (2) are sufficient by themselves to define a mammal; characters (6) and (7) are known to have been already in existence in some of the mammal-like reptiles - the ancestors of the mammals.

Abstract: 1 -- 1. Welcoming address -- 2. Integration and implementation of computer-aided engineering (CAE) — the strategy for innovative product design in the 1980s -- 3. Getting the CADCAM tool working -- 4. Encouraging new technology links between industrial and teaching institutions: Aston Science Park -- 2: Ergonomics -- 5. Education for human-centred systems -- 6. CAD and the human operator -- 3: Training — general -- 7. The training needs of CADCAM -- 8. New directions in training -- 9. Skills and knowledge requirements for CADCAM -- 10. The teaching of CAD — a review of the proceedings of a conference held at Newcastle upon Tyne Polytechnic, April 1982 -- 11. The integration of a commercial CAD package in the teaching of CAE on an undergraduate course -- 4: Training — curriculum and training equipment -- 12. The development of micro-based procedure for the teaching of three-dimensional geometric design -- 13. A comprehensive approach for CAD ED curriculum elaboration -- 14. New technology-based training and its role in CADCAM -- 15. A review of computer graphics equipment for engineering applications -- 16. Educational software for CAD teaching -- 17. Implementing graphics in design, process and manufacturing industries -- 18. PELICAM: An interactive educational software for training students to the finite element method -- 19. Computer-aided design for design and craft students -- 5: Training — the introduction of CADCAM into particular disciplines -- 20. Training requirements for architects: a view from an experienced user -- 21. Education and training in computer-aided building design -- 22. Introducing CAD into the design office -- 23. Training and learning during the introduction of an interactive computer-aided building design system into government design offices -- 24. Implications of CADCAM for training in the engineering industry -- 25. A practical approach to the training of engineers -- 26. Educating engineering designers: the introduction of desktop computers and software to the design environment -- 27. Computer-aided design for chemical engineers -- 28. A practical approach to training in the use of an integrated plant modelling system -- 29. Computer-aided design and development planning -- 30. A case history of introducing CAD into a large aerospace company -- 6: Training course experience -- 31. Teaching CAD for electronics at the Norwegian Institute of Technology — present status and future trends -- 32. Post-professional education in computers in architecture at the University of Sydney -- 33. CAD in the Cambridge Engineering Tripos 1977–82 -- 34. CAD in structural engineering at UMIST -- 35. CAD — the first year -- 36. Six years of teaching computer-aided design at the University of Stellenbosch -- 37. CADCAM education at Cranfield Institute of Technology -- 38. Teaching computer graphics to mechanical engineers in Britain and the United States -- 39. The teaching of CAE in a polytechnic engineering department — Huddersfield experience -- 40. Teaching CAD and CAM -- 41. A practical approach to CADCAM training -- 42. Promoting industrial awareness of CADCAM -- 7: International experience -- 43. International implementation of a CAAD project in schools of architecture -- 44. A cost-effective two-way computer-aided tertiary education network for industrially developing countries -- 45. Education and training for CAD — a comparative study of requirements for developing and developed nations -- 46. Chairman’s concluding remarks.

Abstract: 1. Carotenoid-Protein Complexes -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Carotenolipo (glyco) proteins -- 1.3 Carotenoproteins -- 1.4 Nature of bonding of pigments to apoproteins -- 1.5 References -- 2. Porifera -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nature and distribution -- 2.3 Source of sponge carotenoids -- 2.4 Chemosystematics of sponge carotenoids -- 2.5 References -- 3. Coelenterates -- 3.1 Class Hydrozoa -- 3.2 Class Scyphozoa -- 3.3 Class Anthozoa -- 3.4 References -- 4. Echinodermata, Annelida, Sipunculida, Priapulida, Platyhelminthes and Bryozoa -- 4.1 Echinodermata -- 4.2 Annelida -- 4.3 Sipunculida -- 4.4 Priapulida -- 4.5 Platyhelminthes -- 4.6 Bryozoa -- 4.7 Formation and metabolism -- 4.8 References -- 5. Mollusca -- 5.1 Pelecypoda (Bivalvia, Lamellibranchia, Acephala) -- 5.2 Gastropoda -- 5.3 Amphineura -- 5.4 Cephalopoda -- 5.5 Function of carotenoids -- 5.6 References -- 6. Crustacea -- 6.1 Nature and distribution -- 6.2 Localization -- 6.3 Metabolism -- 6.4 Hormonal control of pigmentation -- 6.5 Sexual dimorphism -- 6.6 Colour variants -- 6.7 Environmental and ecological considerations -- 6.8 Crowding -- 6.9 Parasitization -- 6.10 Function -- 6.11 References -- 7. Arachnids and Insects -- 7.1 Arachnida -- 7.2 Insecta -- 7.3 Function -- 7.4 References -- 8. Tunicates and Fish -- 8.1 Tunicates -- 8.2 Fish -- 8.3 References -- 9. Amphibia and Reptiles -- 9.1 Amphibia -- 9.2 Reptiles -- 9.3 References -- 10. Birds -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Distribution -- 10.3 Formation -- 10.4 Metabolism -- 10.5 Function -- 10.6 Coloration of poultry foods -- 10.7 References -- 11. Mammals -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Carotenoid accumulators -- 11.3 Non-accumulators -- 11.4 Conversion of carotenoids into Vitamin A -- 11.5 References -- General Index -- Species Index.

Abstract: des Plantes (Hermann, Paris), and in 1935 by Lederer's Les Carotenoides des Animaux (Hermann, Paris). Since then a survey such as the present one has not appeared. In order to present a full picture, much of the pre-1934 work has been reconsidered and, as far as is known, every important contribution which has appeared since that date has been discussed. Two peripheral aspects ofthe subject have, however, been omitted, namely (a) the qualita­ tive and quantitative changes which the carotenoids of plant materials undergo in storage or during processing into food and (b) the carotene (pro-vitamin A) requirements of different animal species; it was felt that the former, about which a great deal has been written, was too technological to be suitable for inclusion in the present volume, whilst the latter is more suitable for a monograph on vitamin A. The very wide distribution of the carotenoids in Nature suggests that, in spite of the superficially diverse functions ascribed to them in different living tissues, there may be some factor or property through which all these functions will eventually be correlated; any suggestion as to the nature of this common property can perhaps come most readily from a comparative approach. Apart from critically surveying the literature this book has been constructed so as to focus attention on comparative data and their possible implications.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1A General remarks -- 1B Classification of organisms -- 1C Lipid nomenclature -- 2 Major Lipid Types in Plants and Micro-Organisms -- 2A Fatty acids -- 2B Acyl lipids -- 2C Terpenoids -- 2D Sterols -- 2E Other lipid types -- 2F Ether lipids -- 3 Distribution of Lipids -- 3A Lipid distributions in different organisms and their use in taxonomy -- 3B Subcellular distribution of lipids -- 3C Intramembrane lipid distribution -- 3D Subcellular fractionation and membrane isolation -- 3E Factors affecting the lipid composition of plants and microorganisms -- 4 Biosynthesis -- 4A Fatty acids -- 4B Acyl lipids -- 4C Terpenoids and steroids -- 4D Complex lipids -- 4E Ether lipids -- 5 Degradation -- 5A Degradation of acyl lipids -- 5B Oxidation of fatty acids -- 6 Lipid Functions -- 6A Membrane structure and function -- 6B Storage -- 6C Microbial lipids as virulence factors -- 6D Conclusion -- Further reading.

Abstract: This short text is designed to provide basic information about plant and microbial lipids not only for scientists working in the microbiological and plant fields, but for anyone wanting a concise introduction to this aspect of lipid biochemistry. We have long been aware that standard biochemistry books tend to. concentrate (sometimes exclusively) on animal lipids, thus neglecting many of the important and special features of other organisms. It is not our intention that the book should be comprehensive and we have not, for instance, provided complete lists of lipid compositions of all plants and bacterial species; a number of excellent specialist texts exist and many of these are listed for further reading. Instead we have sought to provide sufficient information for an advanced undergraduate or a research student to give them a 'feel' for the subject. By a combination of generalisation and the use of examples of special interest we hope the book will whet the appetite of the reader so that, by their own research, they are stimulated to discover and, perhaps, answer some of the fascinating questions concerning plant and microbial lipids. We trust that we shall succeed in these aims, even if that will mean more competition for research funds in our own fields! J. L. HARWOOD N. J. RUSSELL November 1983 Acknowledgements Our research careers have been devoted to a study of lipids: we have no regrets and are happy to acknowledge Professors J. N.

Abstract: 1. Aerospace Engineering -- 2. Agricultural Economics, Sciences, and Engineering -- 3. Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning -- 4. Astronomy -- 5. Astrophysics -- 6. Ceramic Engineering -- 7. Chemical Engineering -- 8. Chemistry and Biochemistry -- 9. Civil Engineering -- 10. Communications Engineering and Computer Science -- 11. Cryogenic Engineering None -- 12. Electrical Engineering -- 13. Engineering Mechanics -- 14. Engineering Physics -- 15. Engineering Science -- 16. Fuels, Combustion, and Air Pollution -- 17. General and Environmental Engineering -- 18. Geochemistry and Soil Science -- 19. Geological Sciences and Geophysical Engineering -- 20. Geology and Earth Science -- 21. Geophysics -- 22. Industrial Engineering and Operations Research -- 23. Irrigation Engineering -- 24. Marine and Ocean Engineering -- 25. Materials Science and Engineering -- 26. Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering -- 27. Metallurgy -- 28. Meteorology and Atmospheric Science -- 29. Mineralogy and Petrology -- 30. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering -- 31. Missile and Space Systems Engineering -- 32. Nuclear Engineering -- 33. Nuclear Physics -- 34. Nuclear Science None -- 35. Oceanography and Marine Science -- 36. Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering -- 37. Photogrammetric and Geodetic Engineering -- 38. Physics and Biophysics -- 39. Plastics Engineering -- 40. Wood Technology, Forestry, and Forest Science -- 41. Reactor Science -- 42. Sanitary Engineering, Water Pollution and Resources -- 43. Textile Technology -- 44. Transportation Engineering -- Theses without Specification of School or Department.

Abstract: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) * at Purdue University in 1 957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all con­ cerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an interna­ tional publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Cor­ poration of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 28 (thesis year 1 983) a total of 10,661 theses titles from 26 Canadian and 197 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 28 reports theses submitted in-1983, on occasion, certain univer­ sities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Abstract: 1. Voluntarism -- 2. A Distinctive Management Approach -- 3. Management Measurability and the Immeasurable -- 4. Distinctive Purposes -- 5. The Volunteer Tool -- 6. Dual Internal Systems -- 7. A Constituency -- 8. Money Matters -- 9. Special Legal Status -- 10. Profit and Loss -- 11. Politics and Diplomacy -- 12. Multiple Purposes -- 13. Distinctive Social Character -- 14. Boundless Resources -- 15. Staggering Consumption -- 16. The Complexity of Voluntary Enterprises -- 17. Where Do You Go from Here? -- References.

Abstract: My values, attitudes, and behaviors, like those of most Americans, have been profoundly influenced by not-for-profit enterprises. My parents were students in one when they met. I was born in one. I learned about God in one, my ABCs in another, how to make a fire and tie knots in another, how to play ball and be part of a team in another, and I met my first girlfriend in another. I prepared for my career at a not-for-profit university, met my wife at a not-for-profit church, went on to several not-for-profit graduate schools, joined numerous not-for-profit profes­ sional and special interest groups, brought two newly born sons horne from not-for-profit hospitals. I read magazines published by several of them, sail Cj. nd hunt with their members, and when I vote I consider a variety of their admonitions. Voluntary not-for-profit enterprises have been molding and shaping me as long as I have been alive, and they will even be represented at my funeral. Therefore, it seems only fair that I should help to shape some of them. I have been at that task for some time now-Ieading seminars, consulting, writing, and serving on boards and committees. This book is an outgrowth of what I have learned through formal study, observation and analysis, and personal experience in more than half the states of the union and many foreign nations.

Abstract: Pathophysiology and Classification of Soft Tissue Injuries Associated with Fractures -- The Management of Open Fractures -- Results of the Treatment of Open Fractures, Aspects of Antibiotic Therapy -- The Treatment of Closed Fractures with Soft Tissue Injuries -- The Operative Treatment of Tibial Shaft Fractures with Soft Tissue Injuries -- Compartment Syndrome: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Anatomy, Localization, Diagnosis and Treatment -- External Articular Transfixation for Joint Injuries with Severe Soft Tissue Damage -- Guidelines for the Postoperative Management of Fractures with Severe Soft Tissue Injuries -- Early Complications of Fractures with Soft Tissue Injuries -- The Plastic Repair of Large Soft Tissue Defects -- Replantation Surgery: Indications and Limitations.

Abstract: Progress in medical science, and the deeping of physician experience in general, make continuing education a fundamental obligation on the part of the practicing physician. Besides academies of advanced medical training, we feel that medical schools and uni­ versities offer a particularly good setting for continuing medical education. When the Hannover Medical School established West Germany's fIrst Department of Trauma Surgery in 1970, we committed ourselves to this goal and instituted the Hannover Trauma Seminars as a regional forum for continuing physician education. Made up almost entirely of our colleagues at the Trauma Surgery Clinic, the basic goal of the seminars is to review new discoveries and techniques in the fIeld of traumatology and assess their practical relevance to the physician who treats trauma victims. In addition to research, the experience ofthe Hannover School of Trauma Surgery form an important basis for seminar activities. The fIrst Trauma Seminar was held on February 2, 1972. Initially, copies ofthe proceed­ ings were simply distributed to all interested participants. But as attendance grew and demand for the proceedings increased, it became necessary to seek a broader form of publication. Henceforth, the Hannover Trauma Seminars will be published as part of the Topics in Traumatology series. For this we are grateful to Springer Verlag and to series editors Jorg Re~ and Leonhard Schweiberer.

Abstract: C. D. Darlington — In Memoriam -- Molecular Cytogenetics -- Sorting, Cloning and Analysis of Specific Human Chromosomes -- High Resolution Linkage Map of Human Chromosome llp -- Molecular Organisation of the Chromosome -- Z-DNA and Chromosome Structure -- Centromeric DNA in Yeast -- Telomeres and Artificial Chromosomes in Yeast -- Meiosis -- Genic Control of Meiosis -- Application of the Spreading Techniques to Structural Heterozygotes -- Synapsis, Synaptic Adjustment and DNA Synthesis in Mouse Oocytes -- The Synaptonemal Complex in Chromosome Pairing and Disjunction -- X-Inactivation and Its Role in Male Sterility -- Age-Related Aneuploidy and Its Aetiology — Testing Some of the Hypotheses -- Chromosomes and Cancer -- Chromosomes and Cancer: Chromatin’s Re-Awakening -- Structure and Function of Chromosomes -- Balbiani Ring Genes and Their Induction -- Active Genes and Puffs -- Mapping of Genetic Activity on Mammalian Chromosomes -- Spatial Order of Chromosomes -- Ordered Arrangement of Chromosomes in Wheat -- Towards a General Model for Spatial Law and Order in Nuclear and Karyotypic Architecture -- Correlation Between Interphase and Metaphase Chromosome Arrangements as Studied by Laser-Uv-Microbeam Experiments -- Chromosomes and Evolution -- Chromosomal Evolution, Speciation and Morphological Change in Vertebrates: The Role of Social Behaviour -- DNA Family Turnover and the Coevolution of Chromosomes -- The Evolution of Sex Chromosomes and Their Consequences for the Evolutionary Process -- The Evolutionary Consequence of Major Genomic Changes in Amphibia -- Linkage Group Conservation and the Notion of 24 Primordial Vertebrate Linkage Groups -- Explosive Chromosomal Speciation in Seismic Active Regions -- Abstracts of Selected Posters -- Author Index.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The ethological approach to the study of behaviour -- 1.2 A brief outline of classical ethological theory -- 1.3 The modern study of animal behaviour -- 1.4 An outline of the book -- 2 The description and measurement of behaviour -- 2.1 Describing behaviour by its function -- 2.2 Describing behaviour by its form -- 2.3 Describing and measuring the relationship between an animal and its environment -- 2.4 What is the point of all this sophisticated analysis? -- 3 The study of the causes of behavioural change -- 3.1 What constitutes a causal explanation of behaviour? -- 3.2 The different kinds of causal explanation -- 3.3 Motivational models -- 3.4 Studying external influences on behaviour -- 3.5 Studying internal influences on behaviour -- 3.6 What is the nature of the mechanisms which cause behavioural change? -- 3.7 Studying the physiological bases of behavioural change -- 4 The development of behaviour -- 4.1 Problems with the instinct-learning dichotomy -- 4.2 Why is the term innate still used? -- 4.3 Describing the ontogeny of behaviour -- 4.4 Characterizing the factors which influence the development of behaviour -- 4.5 Classifying the factors which influence the development of behaviour -- 4.6 Some general features of behavioural development -- 5 The adaptive significance of behaviour -- 5.1 Sources of evidence about the adaptive significance of behaviour -- 5.2 Difficulties in studying the adaptive significance of behaviour -- 5.3 The state of the art -- 5.4 The adaptive significance of the way animals pattern their behavior in time -- 5.5 The adaptive significance of the way animals use space -- 5.6 The adaptive significance of an animal’s aggressive responses -- 5.7 The adaptive significance of an animal’s breeding habits; mating systems -- 5.8 Adaptive significance of behaviour accompanying mating -- 5.9 The adaptive significance of parental care -- 5.10 The adaptive significance of living in groups -- 5.11 Behaviour which cannot be explained by classic natural selection theory -- 5.12 Overview; sociobiology and behavioural ecology -- 6 The phylogeny of behaviour -- 6.1 Sources of evidence about the phylogeny of behaviour -- 6.2 Some representative behavioural phylogenies -- 6.3 Deriving general principles of behavioural evolution -- 7 The role of behaviour in the evolutionary process -- 7.1 The behaviour of other animals as a major selective force -- 7.2 Behaviour dictates the selection pressures to which an animal is exposed -- 7.3 The impact of behaviour on population structure -- 8 Behavioural genetics -- 8.1 The objectives of research into the inheritance of behaviour -- 8.2 Potential contributions of genetics to the study of animal behaviour -- 8.3 Quantitative genetics -- 8.5 Screening known genetic variants for behavioural differences -- 8.6 Characterizing the precise behavioural effects of genetic differences -- 8.7 The mechanisms whereby genes influence behaviour -- 8.8 Genetic mosaics -- 8.9 Animal behaviour and behavioural genetics -- 9 Applied ethology -- 9.1 Clarification of terms; what is applied ethology? -- 9.2 Ways in which etiological research can be applied to practical problems -- 9.3 Pest control -- 9.4 Increasing the productivity of commercially important species -- 9.5 Animal welfare -- 9.6 Conservation -- 9.7 Human behaviour -- References -- Author index -- Species index.

Abstract: The aim of this book is to identify the main areas of active discussion about, and research into, the biology of animal behaviour, to describe and assess ways in which these can be studied and using selected examples, to illus­ trate the kinds of results which are emerging. It is not intended to provide an exhaustive review of all we know about animal behaviour, although the examples have been chosen to cover as many as possible of the things that animals do. XlV Preface Acknowledgements I would like to thank C. Swann, M.L.N. Murthy and the Superbrain for typing the manuscript; Linda Partridge, Pat Monaghan, Douglas Fraser and Richard Wilson for constructive criticism of earlier drafts; Alan Crowden for help in planning and producing the book and, particularly, Tim Huntingford for help and encouragement at all stages of its pro­ duction. Acknowledgements are gratefully made to Jim Tulley fot producing plates 1, 2, 3, 7 and 12 and to Michael Hansell for the remainder.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is meant by ‘ionization constants’? -- 1.2 Why do we determine ionization constants? -- 1.3 Brief summary of the chemistry of ionization -- 1.4 The nature of pKa values -- 1.5 The shape of a titration curve -- 1.6 Methods commonly used for determining ionization constants -- 1.7 What degree of precision is required? -- 1.8 The effect of temperature on ionization constants -- 1.9 Molality and molarity -- 2 Determination of Ionization Constants by Potentiometrie Titration using a Glass Electrode -- 2.1 Apparatus for general use -- 2.2 Preparation of solutions -- 2.3 Choice of concentration for the titration -- 2.4 Details of the titration method -- 2.5 Derivation and choice of equations for calculating pKa -- 2.6 Some typical titrations (worked examples) -- 2.7 Precision and accuracy. Checking the precision obtained -- 2.8 Common sources of error, and their elimination -- 2.9False constants -- 2.10 Partly aqueous solvents -- 3 Refinements of Potentiometrie Titration: Apparatus and Calculations -- A Apparatus -- 3.1 Semi-micro titrations -- 3.2 Micro titrations -- 3.3 The rapid-flow method -- 3.4 The hydrogen electrode -- B Calculations -- 3.5 Monofunctional acids and bases -- 3.6 Method of calculation -- 3.7 Diacidic bases, dibasic acids and ampholytes -- 3.8 Overlapping ionization processes -- 3.9 Polyelectrolytes -- 3.10 Accuracy of the potentiometric method -- 3.11 Non-aqueous solvents -- 4 Determination of Ionization Constants by Spectrophotometry -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Apparatus -- 4.3 Buffers -- 4.4 Acidity functions -- 4.5 Preparation of the stock solution of the unknown -- 4.6 The search for the spectra of two pure ionic species -- 4.7 The choice of an analytical wavelength -- 4.8 Preliminary search for an approximate value of pKa -- 4.9 Exact determination of pKa -- 4.10 Worked examples -- 4.11 Activity corrections -- 4.12 Extensions of the spectrometric method -- (a)The pKa of a very weak acid (graphical treatment) -- (b)Overlapping pKa values -- (c)Computer program for overlapping values -- 4.13 Errors, precision and accuracy -- 4.14 Common sources of error -- 4.15 Spectrophotometric determination of the pKa of a substance that lacks an absorption spectrum -- 4.16 A rapid method for the approximate measurement of pKa -- 5 Relations between Ionization and Solubility. Determination of Ionization Constants by Phase Equilibria -- 5.1 Ionization constants in preparative work -- 5.2 Prediction of solubility from ionization constants -- 5.3 Determination of ionization constants from solubilities -- 5.4 Determination of ionization constants from vapour pressure, by partitioning between a pair of solvents, or by other phase equilibria -- 6 Determination of Ionization Constants by Conductimetry -- 6.1 Scope of the method -- 6.2 Apparatus -- 6.3 Procedure -- 6.4 Refinements of calculation -- 7 Some Other Methods for the Determination of Ionization Constants -- 7.1 Raman spectrometry -- 7.2 Proton nuclear magnetic resonance -- 7.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance using other atoms -- 7.4 Thermometric methods -- 8 Zwitterions (Dipolar Ions) -- 8.1 Zwitterions compared to ordinary amphoteric substances -- 8.2 How to distinguish zwitterions from ordinary ampholytes -- 8.3 Zwitterionic equilibria: macroscopic and microscopic constants -- 9 The Ionization Constants of Typical Acids and Bases -- A Organic Section -- 9.1 The oxygen acids (monobasic) -- (a) Aliphatic carboxylic acids -- (b) Aromatic carboxylic acids -- (c) Aliphatic hydroxylie acids -- (d) Aromatic hydroxylie acids (phenols) -- (e) Other oxygen acids -- 9.2 The oxygen acids (dibasic) -- 9.3 Sulphur acids, nitrogen acids and carbon acids -- (a) Mercaptans -- (b) Nitrogen acids -- (c) Carbon acids -- 9.4 The nitrogen bases (monoacidic) -- (a) Aliphatic bases -- (b) Aromatic and heteroaromatic bases -- 9.5 The nitrogen bases (diacidic) -- 9.6 Carbinolamine bases -- 9.7 Oxygen bases and carbon bases -- 9.8 Amphoteric substances -- B Inorganic Section -- 9.9 Inorganic acids -- 9.10 Inorganic bases 164 -- C Biologically-Active Substances -- 10 Chelation and the Stability Constants of Metal Complexes -- 10.1 The nature of chelation -- 10.2 Methods of calculation -- 10.3 Choice of ionic medium and the preparation of standard solutions -- 10.4 Measurement of pH and the calculation of pCH -- 10.5 Common difficulties and how they can be overcome -- 11 Appendices -- I An outline of the Brønsted-Lowry Theory -- II Comparison of classical and thermodynamic quantities -- III Calculations of hydrogen ion activity and concentration: also of hydroxyl ion activity and concentration -- IV Some effects of temperature on ionization constants -- V How percentage ionized may be calculated, given pKa and pH -- VI An outline of the theory of pH -- References.

Abstract: This practical manual is devised for organic chemists and biochemists who, in the course of their researches and without previous experience, need to determine an ionization constant. We are gratified that earlier editions were much used for this purpose and that they also proved adequate for the in­ service training of technicians and technical officers to provide a Department with a pK service. The features of previous editions that gave this wide appeal have been retained, but the subject matter has been revised, extended, and brought up to date. We present two new chapters, one of which describes the determination of the stability constants of the complexes which organic ligands form with metal cations. The other describes the use of more recently introduced techniques for the determination of ionization constants, such as Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermometric titrations, and paper electro­ phoresis. Chapter 1 gives enhanced help in choosing between alternative methods for determining ionization constants. The two chapters on potentiometric methods have been extensively revised in the light of newer understanding of electrode processes and of the present state of the art in instrumen tation.

Abstract: I Theoretical -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gas adsorption -- 3 Adsorption isotherms -- 4 Langmuir and BET theories -- 5 The single point BET method -- 6 Adsorbate cross-sectional areas -- 7 Other surface area methods -- 8 Pore analysis by adsorption -- 9 Microporosity -- 10 Theory of wetting and capillarity for mercury porosimetry -- 11 Interpretation of mercury porosimetry data -- 12 Hysteresis, entrapment, and contact angle -- II Experimental -- 13 Adsorption measurements-Preliminaries -- 14 Vacuum volumetric measurements -- 15 Dynamic methods -- 16 Other flow methods -- 17 Gravimetric method -- 18 Comparison of experimental adsorption methods -- 19 Chemisorption -- 20 Mercury porosimetry -- 21 Density measurement -- References.

Abstract: The rapid growth of interest in powders and their surface properties in many diverse industries prompted the writing of this book for those who have the need to make meaningful measurements without the benefit of years of experience. It is intended as an introduction to some of the elementary theory and experimental methods used to study the surface area, porosity and density of powders. It may be found useful by those with little or no training in solid surfaces who have the need to quickly learn the rudiments of surface area, density and pore-size measurements. Syosset, New York S. Lowell May, 1983 J. E. Shields Xl List of symbols Use of symbols for purposes other than those indicated in the following list are so defined in the text. Some symbols not shown in this list are defined in the text. d adsorbate cross-sectional area A area; condensation coefficient; collision frequency C BET constant c concentration D diameter; coefficient of thermal diffusion E adsorption potential f permeability aspect factor F flow rate; force; feed rate 9 gravitational constant G Gibbs free energy GS free surface energy h heat of immersion per unit area; height H enthalpy Hi heat of immersion Hsv heat of adsorption BET intercept; filament current k thermal conductivity; specific reaction rate K Harkins-Jura constant I length L heat of liquefaction M mass M molecular weight n number of moles N number of molecules; number of particles N Avagadro's number .

Abstract: 1. Principles of thin section preparation -- 1.1 Choosing the size of the thin section -- 1.2 Collecting the sample -- 1.3 Removing water from the sample -- 1.4 Impregnating the sample -- 1.5 Lapping the impregnated sample -- 1.6 Polishing the impregnated sample -- 1.7 Grinding, lapping and polishing the slide -- 2. Preparation of polished blocks and thin sections of soils -- 2.1 Collection of samples of soft coherent non-stony material -- 2.2 Collection of samples of hard material -- 2.3 Collecting loose friable surface samples -- 2.4 Removal or replacement of water and impregnation with Crystic resin -- 2.5 Transferring the specimen to the impregnation mould -- 2.6 Removal of water -- 2.7 Impregnation -- 2.8 Sawing the impregnated block -- 2.9 Surface impregnation with Crystic resin -- 2.10 Lapping the block -- 2.11 Polishing the block -- 2.12 Cleaning the polished block -- 2.13 Mounting the polished block -- 2.14 Labelling the slide -- 2.15 Cutting off the excess specimen -- 2.16 Machine grinding the specimen -- 2.17 Final lapping stages for the specimen -- 2.18 Polishing the specimen -- 2.19 Mounting the cover glass -- 2.20 Logitech machine systems for thin section production -- 3. Examination of thin sections and polished blocks -- 3.1 Examination of thin sections and polished blocks with the stereo-microscope -- 3.2 Examination of thin sections with the petrological microscope -- 3.3 The construction and use of the petrological microscope -- 3.4 Properties of minerals determined with the petrological microscope -- 4 Properties of minerals in thin sections -- 4.1 Allophane -- 4.2 Amphiboles -- 4.3 Anatase -- 4.4 Antigorite-chrysotile -- 4.5 Apatite -- 4.6 Augite -- 4.7 Biotite -- 4.8 Calcite -- 4.9 Chalcedony -- 4.10 Chlorite -- 4.11 Clinozoisite -- 4.12 Diopside -- 4.13 Enstatite -- 4.14 Epidote -- 4.15 Feldspars -- 4.16 Ferric hydroxide -- 4.17 Garnet -- 4.18 Gibbsite -- 4.19 Goethite -- 4.20 Gypsum -- 4.21 Halite -- 4.22 Halloysite and metahalloysite -- 4.23 Hematite -- 4.24 Hornblende -- 4.25 Hypersthene -- 4.26 Ice -- 4.27 Iddingsite -- 4.28 Ilmenite -- 4.29 Jarosite -- 4.30 Kaolinite -- 4.31 Lepidocrocite -- 4.32 Magnetite -- 4.33 Manganese dioxide -- 4.34 Microcline -- 4.35 Montmorillonite -- 4.36 Muscovite -- 4.37 Olivine -- 4.38 Opal -- 4.39 Orthoclase -- 4.40 Plagioclases -- 4.41 Pyrite -- 4.42 Quartz -- 4.43 Rutile -- 4.44 Serpentine -- 4.45 Siderite -- 4.46 Titanite -- 4.47 Tourmaline -- 4.48 Tremolite - actinolite -- 4.49 Vermiculite -- 4.50 Volcanic glass -- 4.51 Zircon -- 5 Properties applicable to most features seen in thin sections -- 5.1 Colour -- 5.2 Frequency -- 5.3 Prominence -- 5.4 Size -- 5.5 Shape -- 5.6 Roundness and sphericity -- 5.7 Surface characteristics -- 5.8 Boundaries -- 5.9 Distribution pattern -- 5.10 Relationships with other features -- 5.11 Orientation -- 6 Fabric, structure and matrix -- 6.1 Fabric and structure -- 6.2 Matrix -- 6.3 Conclusions -- 7 Features present in thin sections -- 7.1 Fabric -- 7.2 Structure and pores -- 7.3 Passages-faunal and root -- 7.4 Faecal material -- 7.5 Organic materials -- 7.6 Rock fragments -- 7.7 Detrital grains -- 7.8 Particle size distribution -- 7.9 Fine material -- 7.10 Coatings -- 7.11 Clay plugs -- 7.12 Surface residues -- 7.13 Impregnated surfaces -- 7.14 Anisotropic surfaces - false coatings -- 7.15 Subsurface organizations and accumulations -- 7.16 Secondary mineral material -- 7.17 Amorphous and microcrystalline material -- 7.18 Segregations and concretions -- 7.19 Weathering features and products -- 7.20 Microorganisms -- 7.21 Soil erratics -- 7.22 Infillings and intergrowths -- 7.23 Other features -- 7.24 Features observed in polished blocks -- 8 Description of thin sections and polished blocks -- 8.1 Homogeneity and heterogeneity -- 8.2 Recognition of individuals -- 8.3 Recognition of patterns -- 8.4 Description of individuals and patterns -- 8.5 Quantification -- 8.6 Interpretation -- 8.7 Description of thin sections -- 8.8 Description of polished blocks -- 8.9 Reminder data of properties -- 8.10 Reminder data of features -- 9 Teaching micromorphology -- 9.1 Introductory course in thin section morphology -- 9.2 Advanced course in thin section morphology -- 9.3 Exercises -- 10 Photography -- 10.1 Photographing the whole specimen using transmitted light -- 10.2 Photographing the whole specimen using ultraviolet light -- 10.3 Photomicrography -- 10.4 Photography for pore identification -- 11 Ancillary techniques -- 11.1 Electron analyses -- 11.2 X-ray analysis of thin sections -- 11.3 Ion thinning -- 11.4 Low temperature ashing -- 11.5 Image analysis -- 11.6 Three-dimensional analysis -- 11.7 Polarization-interference contrast examinations -- 11.8 Phase contrast -- 11.9 Fluorescence -- 11.10 Staining feldspars -- 11.11 Staining carbonates -- 11.12 Staining clay minerals -- 11.13 Staining microorganisms -- 11.14 Preparation of acetate peels -- 11.15 Removal of iron oxides from thin sections -- 11.16 Autoradiographs of impregnated blocks and thin sections -- 12 Applications -- 12.1 Agriculture -- 12.2 Archeology -- 12.3 Engineering -- 12.4 Geomorphology -- 12.5 Paleoclimatology -- 12.6 Pedology and paleopedology -- 12.7 Soil microbiology -- 12.8 Soil zoology -- 13 The micromorphology of soils -- References.

Abstract: One of the first major studies of weathering and soil formation was made by Harrison (1933) who used thin sections in association with other procedures to study the transformation of minerals in different kinds of rock under the tropical conditions of Guyana. However, Kubiena (1938) is regarded as pioneering thin section studies of soils and during the last two decades there has been a rapid increase in the number of publications devoted almost exclusively to the study of soils in thin sections. In addition to the rather straightforward examinations with the polarizing microscope, thin section techniques are being linked with X-ray diffraction, X-ray microprobe, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, microbiological and other procedures to obtain a fuller insight into the composition and genesis of soils. Thus the study of thin sections of soils is now a major pedological technique for investigating small details in the nature, type and degree of organization of the soil fabric and structure. Thin sections reveal that particles of various sizes and composition react differently to pedological processes and become weathered or organized to form many specific patterns. This book is an attempt to give a comprehensive treatment of thin section studies of soils. Although primarily about the study of thin sections with optical microscopes a few transmission and scanning electron photomicro­ graphs are included to confirm the inferences based upon the studies made with the optical microscope.

Abstract: Section One-The Scope of the Foreman / Supervisor’s Job -- 1. The Foreman/Supervisor’s Total Job -- 2. The Foreman/Supervisor as a Leader -- Section Two-The Foreman / Supervisor’s Know-How -- 3. Quality Assurance -- 4. Production Control: Planning and Scheduling -- 5. Time Study and Methods Improvement -- 6. Budgets and Cost Control -- 7. Maintenance and the Foreman -- 8. The Art of Communicating -- Section Three-Direct Personnel Responsibilities -- 9. The Foreman/Supervisor’s Training Responsibilities -- 10. What to Do about Safety -- 11. Industrial Fatigue -- 12. The Emerged Role of Women in Industry -- 13. Anti-Discrimination Legislation -- Section Four-Cooperative Personnel Responsibilities -- 14. Wage Payment Plans and Incentives -- 15. Job Evaluation -- 16. Employee Performance Appraisal -- 17. The Tools of Industrial Psychology -- 18. The Foreman/Supervisor’s Role in Labor Relations -- Section Five-Background Information -- 19. Concepts of Organization -- 20. Scientific Management and the Newer Management Sciences -- 21. Electronic Data Processing -- 22. Automation and Robotics -- 23. What the Foreman/Supervisor Should Know about Economics -- Section Six-Motivation—The “Payoff” of Effective Supervision -- 24. Insights Into Employee Motivation -- 25. Eleven Basic Principles of Work Simplification -- Section Seven-Executive Development for Foremen / Supervisors -- 26. Performance Assessment and Management by Objectives -- 27. Self-Quiz -- 28. Keys to Self-Quiz Questions.

Abstract: The Foreman/Supervisor's Handbook is offered as a com­ prehensive and authoritative text which presents the kind of prac­ tical information the foreman or supervisor needs in order to be effective on the job. It completely revises and updates The Foreman's Handbook, a work which, through four previous edi­ tions, has become the standard text in its field. The term "foreman/supervisor" in the title of the new edition was decided upon by the editors despite a reluctance to tamper with a well established name, in recognition of a change in usage which has come about over the years. "Supervisor" is now more generally used in industry for the first level of management and is espe­ cially appropriate since the emerging role of women in super­ visory (and higher) positions has rendered the earlier, gender­ specific term less properly descriptive. Moreover, although the orientation of the book is to manufacturing operations, the prin­ ciples and techniques discussed have wide application in office operations, where the term "supervisor" is the designation uni­ versally used. To retain continuity with the previous editions, the compromise term "foreman/supervisor" was adopted. As in previous editions, each chapter is written by an authority in the ~ubject covered. Each, morever, stands on its own feet, i. e. , it can be read as a separate article, independent of preceding or succeeding chapters.

Abstract: 1 -- Cognition: Its Origin and Future in Psychology -- 2 -- Schema and Inference: Models in Cognitive Social Psychology -- Progress and Problems in Cognitive Social Psychology -- Schemata and Inferences across Time and Space: On the Thematic Continuities of Cognitive Psychology -- The Cognitive Movement: A Turn in the Möbius Strip? -- Perspectives on Cognitivism: Reply to Commentators -- 3 -- Freud’s Secret Cognitive Theories -- Sigmund Freud as a Logical Phenomenologist -- Freud’s Not-So-Secret Theories: A Potential Stimulant to Contemporary Cognitive Theorizing -- Freud’s Secret Cognitive Theories: Reply to Commentators -- 4 -- Limitations of the Dispositional Analysis of Behavior -- Merits and Limits of Dispositional Analysis -- Dispositions Do Explain: Picking up the Pieces after Hurricane Walter -- Limitations of the Dispositional Analysis of Behavior: Reply to Commentators -- 5 -- The Place of Individual Differences in a Scientific Psychology -- Problems with Parameters -- The Scientific Status of Individual Differences -- Surface and Deep Structures in Individual Differences -- The Place of Individual Differences in a Scientific Psychology: Reply to Commentators -- Author Index.

Abstract: Some one hundred years ago the founding fathers optimistically launched psychology as a science. The premise was that the new science must break away from its parental ties to philosophy and confine itself to gathering data, preferably in the psychology laboratory. There is little doubt that this early commitment to an "observation and accumulation of data only" policy was helpful in the launching of the new science. Some idea of how critical this move to empiricism was can be gathered from the following quotation taken from Wolman (1973, p. 32): It was not an easy task to transform the old "mental philosophy" into a natural science. Natural science used observation and experimentation; they observed their subject matter, as it were, from without. Wundt's psychology was supposed to study observable stimuli and responses, but there was so much that was unobservable in psychology. Although the launching was eventually a success, there is little doubt that the high hopes of the founding fathers have not materialized.

Abstract: 1. The Nature of Polysaccharides -- A. General Introduction -- B. The Emerging View of Carbohydrate Structure -- C. The Sequencing of Oligo- and Poly-saccharides -- D. Structures of Carbohydrates -- Further Reading -- 2. Sugar Nucleotides and Cyclitols -- A. Introduction -- B. The Discovery of Sugar Nucleotides -- C. The Detection, Analysis and Chemistry of Sugar Nucleotides -- D. Classes of Sugar Nucleotides -- E. The Use of ‘Cell-Free’ Systems in Studying Saccharide Assembly: Some Problems -- F. Mechanisms of Interconversion of Sugar Nucleotides -- G. Cyclitol Metabolism -- H. The Fate and Re-use of Degradation Products of Glycoconjugates and Polysaccharides -- I. Pathways of Sugar Nucleotide Interconversion -- Further Reading -- 3. Glycosylation in Bacteria -- A. The Structure of Bacterial Surfaces -- B. Bacterial Carbohydrates -- C. The Strategy of Analysing Glycosyl Transfers in Bacteria -- D. Undecaprenol -- E. Synthesis of Teichoic Acids and Allied Polymers -- F. Peptidoglycan Assembly -- G. Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis (in Salmonella and Related Genera) -- H. Polysaccharide Synthesis -- I. Organisational Aspects of Glycosyl Transfers in Bacteria -- Further Reading -- 4. Glycoprotein and Glycolipid Assembly and Related Processes in Eukaryotic Cells -- A. Glycosylation in Eukaryotes: General Schemes -- B. The Synthesis of N-Glycosidic Oligosaccharide ‘Cores’ in Higher Animals -- C. The Initiation and Early Assembly of ‘Mucin-type’ Structures -- D. The Formation of the Clc1,2Gal 1-Hyl Sequence in Collagens and Clq -- E. Construction of Saccharide Sequences by Mechanisms Independent of Dolichol -- F. Biosynthesis of Glycosphingolipids -- G. Glycerol-based Glycolipids -- H. Sulphated Glycolipids -- I. Complex Glycolipids of Lower Animals -- J. Fungal Cell Wall Mannans and Glycoproteins -- K. The Glycoproteins and Glycolipids of Plants -- Further Reading -- 5. Polysaccharide Assembly in Eukaryotes -- A. Introduction -- B. General Problems and Principles -- C. Specific Polysaccharides -- Further Reading -- 6. Cytological Aspects of Glycosyl Transfer in Eukaryotes -- A. Basic ideas of Membrane Structure and Carbohydrates -- B. The Genetic Commitment to Glycosyl Transfer -- C. Self-assembly in Polysaccharide Structures -- D. The Integration of Glycosyl Transfer into General Metabolism -- Further Reading -- 7. Pathological Aspects of Glycosylation -- A. Introduction -- B. Catabolic Defects in the Metabolism of Glycoconjugates -- C. Abnormal Glycosylation and Uptake of Glycoproteins -- D. Defective Intracellular Targeting of Glycoconjugates -- E. Defective Synthesis of Glycoconjugates -- Further Reading -- Appendix: Terminology -- 1. Shape of Sugars -- 2. Derivatives of Simple Sugars -- (a) Deoxy-sugars -- (b) Amino- and Acetamido-sugars -- (c) Uronic Acids -- (d) Sugar Alcohols -- (e) Acyl, Ether and Sulphate Groups in Sugars -- 3. Sialic Acids -- 4. Notations for Sugars -- (a) Simple Sugars: Three-letter Notation -- (b) Uronic Acids -- (c) Amino-and Acetamido-sugars -- (d)’ single-letter’ Notation in Special Cases -- (e) Sulphates and Phosphates -- (f) Sialic Acids -- (g) D and L Sugars -- (h) Pyranose and Furanose Forms -- (i) Linkage -- (j ) Anomeric Configuration -- (k) Branching -- (1) Special Symbols -- 5. Special Nomenclature of Glycolipids -- 6. Special Nomenclature of Glycoproteins and Related Polymers -- (c) Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans -- 7. Special Nomenclature of Polysaccharides -- References.

Abstract: For many years studies of the structure and biosynthesis of saccharides formed a specialised and somewhat abstruse part of biochemistry, with little or no place in molecular biology. In recent years this has changed profoundly, as has the character of much of carbohydrate biochemistry. Saccharides are now seen as generally possessing specific structures, which are potentially informational-though there is little firm evidence, as yet, as to the nature and expression of this information. Biosynthetic studies, especially upon glyco­ proteins, have provided major new insights into the ways by which specific sugar sequences can be assembled and the relationship of this to membranes and membrane flow. While the study of polysaccharide 'biosynthesis has developed more slowly, its future progress will be profoundly affected by the new knowledge of glycoproteins and this, in turn, will have major implications in the understanding of biological matrices and microenvironments. With this rapid growth and change, ever more scientists - of increasingly diverse backgrounds - are needing to understand something of carbohydrate biochemistry. This book is directed towards them, not with the intention that it should compete with existing text books, or simply be an elementary introduction, but with the intent that it should provide a bridge between the rather disparate and diverging lines of development in the subject and to bring out the important principles of saccharide assembly that are emerging.

Abstract: 1 The UK tractor population -- Types of tractor. Tractor-mounted loaders. Diversification. Conventional tractors. Technical variations -- 2 The farming scene: The statistics of how tractors fit in -- The land. Cropping. Labour. Tractor numbers. The EEC. The individual farm -- 3 Matching the tractor to the individual farm -- Size up the farm. The individual farm—the individual circumstances. Ground work. What really happens on the farm. Your production — your enterprise. The crops on the land. Livestock. Machinery. Work in the field. Work on the roads. Farm layout. Work in the buildings. Gather the facts. Your costs. Detailed conclusions. Labour. Weather. Night light. Individual enterprises. Arable work. Grassland work. Transport. Building up a specification. Type of tractor. Size -- 4 The choice: What makes a good tractor? -- The engine. Transmission. Overlap of gears. Competitive price for a full specification. A comfortable and functional cab. Comprehensive hydraulics. Single-lever hydraulics. Lower link sensing. Good brakes. Versatile PTO. Steering. Rigid frame design. Selective steering -- 5 Tractor numbers and sizes -- Purchase of a new tractor. Production. Profit motive. Tractor size. Weather. Available work days for cultivation. Power required. Tractor power. Financial considerations. Financial performance. Acres per hour per £1 invested. Work output per horse power -- 6 Ownership, replacement policy and contractors -- Securing ownership. Sources of finance. Outright purchase. Bank loan. Leasing. Other finance. Replacement policy. Contractor services -- 7 Operation -- Knowledge of the machine. Practical details of tractor operation. The controls. Seat belts. Starting and stopping procedures. Use of throttles. Brakes. Independent PTO clutch. Clutch. Two-speed PTO. Differential lock. Transmissions. Synchromesh transmission. Gear selection. Four-wheel drive. Power-shift transmission. Four-speed mechanical gear selection. Hydraulics. The Selectamatic system. Trailed implements. Operating with draft control. Operating with position control. Lower link sensing. Operating the linkage. Operating draft implements. Operating non-draft implements. External services. Check list — hydraulics operation -- 8 Maintenance and care -- Routine maintenance. Consumables — Fuel. Cold weather. Flash point. Grease. Oil. Additives. Key component — the PTO shaft. Check lists — Periodic inspections. Adjustments and replacements. Service. Special conditions. Replacement Before Failure. Repairs after failure. Service facilities. Layout and choice of equipment -- 9 Professionalism -- Hidden costs. Knowledge. The Health and Safety Regulations. List of Agricultural safety leaflets. Further advice. Further information. Ability. The Agricultural Training Board (ATB). Training. Staff management skills training. Adult worker training. Apprenticeship and craft training scheme. Useful addresses. Insurance. The tractor policy.

Abstract: Despite the fact that the farmer spends more on machinery than anything else except the land and despite the fact that he spends more on tractors than on any other machine, there are few books on the choice and operation of tractors to fit modern farming conditions. Most of this book is about farming and how to fit tractors to the individual situation. Those sections are completely unbiased and Case are happy to sponsor such a book in the wider interests of sensible, more productive and safer use of tractors and machinery. Where the Company's views are expressed it is clearly stated as such. This is mainly in the area of design detail and then only for the sake of being concise and brief. The first part of the book is concerned with relating the needs of the individual farm to specific details of tractor performance. Later chapters deal with policy on size, numbers and replacement. This section is a major development specifically about tractors. It is developed from the author's work Farm Mechanisationfor Prl!fitwhich deals with machinery in the wider sense. Later chapters of this book are related to profes­ sionalism in operation, maintenance and care.

Abstract: 1 Introduction to electron beam instruments -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Basic properties of electron emitters -- 1.3 Electron optics, electron lenses and deflection systems -- References -- 2 Electron-specimen interactions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Elastically scattered electrons -- 2.3 Inelastically scattered electrons -- 2.4 Generation of X-rays -- 2.5 Generation of Auger electrons -- 2.6 Generation of electron beam induced current and cathodoluminescence signals -- References -- 3 Layout and operational modes of electron beam instruments -- 3.1 Transmission electron microscopy -- 3.2 Scanning electron microscopy -- 3.3 Scanning transmission electron microscopy -- 3.4 Auger electron spectroscopy -- 3.5 Electron microprobe analysis -- 3.6 X-ray spectrometers -- 3.7 Electron spectrometers -- References -- 4 Interpretation of diffraction information -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Analysis of electron diffraction patterns -- 4.3 Interpretation of diffraction maxima associated with phase transformations and magnetic samples -- 4.4 Interpretation of diffraction patterns from twinned crystals -- 4.5 Interpretation of channelling patterns and backscattered electron patterns in scanning electron microscopy -- References -- 5 Analysis of micrographs in TEM, STEM, HREM and SEM -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Theories of diffraction contrast in transmission electron microscopy -- 5.3 Analysis of images in transmission electron microscopy -- 5.4 Influence of electron optical conditions on images in TEM and STEM -- 5.5 Interpretation of high resolution electron microscopy images -- 5.6 Interpretation of scanning electron microscopy images -- References -- 6 Interpretation of analytical data -- 6.1 Interpretation of X-ray data -- 6.2 Interpretation of data from thin samples -- 6.3 Interpretation of X-ray data from bulk samples -- 6.4 Interpretation of electron energy loss spectra -- 6.5 Interpretation of Auger spectra -- 6.6 Spatial resolution of analysis -- References -- Appendix A The reciprocal lattice -- Appendix B Interplanar distances and angles in crystals. Cell volumes. Diffraction group symmetries -- Appendix C Kikuchi maps, standard diffraction patterns and extinction distances -- Appendix D Stereomicroscopy and trace analysis -- Appendix E Tables of X-ray and EELS energies.

Abstract: The examination of materials using electron beam techniques has developed continuously for over twenty years and there are now many different methods of extracting detailed structural and chemical information using electron beams. These techniques which include electron probe microanalysis, trans­ mission electron microscopy, Auger spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy have, until recently, developed more or less independently of each other. Thus dedicated instruments designed to optimize the performance for a specific application have been available and correspondingly most of the available textbooks tend to have covered the theory and practice of an individual technique. There appears to be no doubt that dedicated instru­ ments taken together with the specialized textbooks will continue to be the appropriate approach for some problems. Nevertheless the underlying electron-specimen interactions are common to many techniques and in view of the fact that a range of hybrid instruments is now available it seems appropriate to provide a broad-based text for users of these electron beam facilities. The aim of the present book is therefore to provide, in a reasonably concise form, the material which will allow the practitioner of one or more of the individual techniques to appreciate and to make use of the type of information which can be obtained using other electron beam techniques.

Abstract: 1 The mechanical construction of the microscope -- 2 Image formation in the microscope -- 3 Objectives and eyepieces -- 4 Illumination of the object -- 5 Polarized light microscopy -- 6 Opaque stop and phase contrast microscopy -- 7 Interference microscopy -- 8 Quantitative microscopy -- 9 Specimen preparation -- 10 Photomicrography -- References and further reading -- Appendix: The care of the microscope.

Abstract: Since Sorby published his observations on the structures of steels in 1863, the optical microscope has become one of the most widely used and versatile instruments for examining the structures of engineering materials. Moreover, to examine the diverse range of materials encountered, it must be used in both the reflected-light and transmitted-light forms, and with polarized light. It is complementary to, but not superseded by, the wide range of electron-optical instruments that are now used. Despite its extensive use, it has been described as the most misused, abused, and misunderstood of scientific instruments, for it will produce an image of a sort no matter how badly it is used. To use it effectively, even in its simplest applications, a knowledge of the simple theory of the microscope is necessary, for the theory shows and explains how it should be used. Thus my aim has been to give a simple and, where possible, quantitative account of both the theory and the use of the microscope, including the various special techniques for which it can be used. But, no matter how effectively the microscope is used, if the specimen is inadequately prepared the results of examination will be of doubtful value.

Abstract: 1 Predators and predation -- 2 Predation theory -- 3 Clearing the decks -- 4 Field studies -- 5 Self-limitation of prey and predator populations -- 6 Age and size structure in predator and prey populations -- 7 Prey refugia -- 8 The functional response: the influence of predatory behavior upon dynamics -- 9 Spatial structure in prey populations -- 10 Predation and population cycles -- 11 The evolution of predator-prey systems -- 12 Predation and the ecological community 140 -- Appendix of scientific names.

Abstract: When assuming the task of preparing a book such as this, one inevitably wonders why anyone would want to read it. I have always sympathized with Charles Elton's trenchant observation in his 1927 book that 'we have to face the fact that while ecological work is fascinating to do, it is unbearably dull to read about . . . ' And yet several good reasons do exist for producing a small volume on predation. The subject is interesting in its own right; no ecologist can deny that predation is one of the basic processes in the natural world. And the logical roots for much currently published reasoning about predation are remarkably well hidden; if one must do research on the subject, it helps not to be forced to start from first principles. A student facing predator-prey interactions for the first time is confronted with an amazingly diverse and sometimes inaccessible literature, with a ratio of wheat to chaff not exceeding 1: 5. A guide to the perplexed in this field does not exist at present, and I hope the book will serve that function. But apart from these more-or-Iess academic reasons for writing the book, I am forced to it by my conviction that predators are important in the ecological scheme. They playa critical role in the biological control of insects and other pests and are therefore of immediate economic concern.

Abstract: I. Regression of Atherosclerosis in Animals -- The Pathobiology of the Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Mid-1980s -- Interaction of Therapeutic Diets and Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs in Regression Studies in Animals -- Progression and Regression of Nonhuman Primate Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Considerations of Experimental Design -- The Comparative Pathology of Nonhuman Primate Atherosclerosis -- Plant Glycosides. Effects on Atherosclerosis Regression in Macaca fascicularis -- Plasma Lipoprotein Changes Induced by Diets. Effect on Progression and Regression of Arterial Lesions in Nonhuman Primates -- Regression of Arterial Lesions in Animal Models: Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic Aspects -- Use of Cholesteryl Ester Analogs to Study Transport of Lipoproteins in Intact Animals -- Interaction Between Lipids and the Intercellular Matrix of the Arterial Wall: Its Role in the Evolution of the Atherosclerotic Lesion -- II. Studies on Human Atherosclerosis -- The Evolution of Human Atherosclerotic Lesions -- Possible Recognition of Atherosclerosis Regression in Humans -- High-Density Lipoproteins and Their Role in Preventing or Retarding Atherosclerosis -- Studies on Arterial Interstitial Fluid -- Comparison of the Morphology of Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Coronary Arteries of Man with Morphology of Lesions Produced and Regressed in Experimental Primates -- Control or Reversal of Atherosclerosis Through Therapy of Lipid Disorders -- Planning and Evaluation of Studies on Atherosclerosis in Controlled Clinical Trials -- Status of Controlled Clinical Trials in Peripheral Vessel Atherosclerosis -- Regression of Atherosclerosis in Man: Current Data and Their Methodological Limitations -- Regression of Femoral Atherosclerosis in Humans: Methodological and Clinical Problems Associated with Studies of Femoral Atherosclerosis Development as Assessed by Angiograms -- Regression of Atherosclerosis in Humans: Anatomical Evidence from Postmortem Studies.

Abstract: The Advanced Study Institute on Regression of Atherosclerotic Lesions, sponsored by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was held in Maratea, Italy, September 11-13, 1983. The institute was designed to foster discussion of experimental data on the regression of atherosclerosis in animals and evidence of a similar phenomenon in humans. The participating scientists showed with anatomical and biochemical data, that atherosclerosis regresses in cholesterol fed animals after withdrawal of atherogenic stimuli. The existence of regression in humans was inferred from sequential angiographic visualization of arteries, but anatomical and biochemical characteristics of the process have not been defined. Two mechanisms are probably involved in such an angiographic regression. The first, which may occur when hyperlipidemia is partly or fully corrected or during undernutrition or other metabolic abnormalities, may be related to atherosclerosis changes noted in animals undergoing regression. The second type seems independent of changes in plasma lipid levels and may involve resolution of thrombi or other underlying arterial wall factors. The relative frequencies of the two mechanisms are unknown; whether they can occur simultaneously also warrants consideration. It is likely that an exciting milestone will be forthcoming when regression of atherosclerosis is unequivocally demonstrated in humans. Publication of these institute proceedings constitutes a valuable background for future developments.

Abstract: 1. Electrochemistry of Oil-Water Interfaces -- 1. Potential Difference at Oil-Water Interfaces -- 2. Electrocapillarity -- 3. Binding at Oil-Water Interfaces -- 4. Electrocapillary Emulsification -- 5. Coalescence of Droplets -- 6. Potential Distribution of Membrane Systems -- Abbreviations -- Notation -- References -- 2. Kinetic Theory of Flotation of Small Particles -- 1. Specific Features of the Mechanism Involving Fixation of Small Particles on the Surface of a Bubble -- 2. Specific Features of the Mechanism of Transfer of Small Particles to the Bubble Surface -- 3. Quantitative Theory of Flotation of Small and Medium-Sized Spherical Particles -- 4. Quantitative Experimental Research into Flotation of Small Particles -- 5. Detachment of Small Particles in Contactless Flotation and the Dynamic Adsorption Layer of a Bubble -- 6. Nonequilibrium Surface Forces in Flotation -- 7. Collision Efficiency and Flotation Kinetics -- 8. Influence of Aggregation of the Particles on the Elementary Act of Inertia-free Flotation -- 9. Flotation of Submicron Particles -- 10. Conclusions -- Notation -- References -- 3. Specifically Impermeable Precipitate Membranes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Hirsch Effect -- 3. Precipitate Formation by Double Diffusion in Gels -- 4. Place of First Formation of Precipitate Lines in Double Diffusion in Gels -- 5. Evolution of Precipitate Lines in Double Diffusion as a Function of Reagent Concentration and Time -- 6. Nondiffusion Methods for Generating Precipitate Lines -- 7. Single-Diffusion Precipitation -- 8. Liesegang Phenomenon -- 9. Biological Precipitate Membranes -- References -- 4. Dynamic Surface Tension and Capillary Waves -- 1. Introduction: Surface Constitutive Equations -- 2. General Theoretical Discussion -- 3. General Remarks on Ripple Methods for the Study of Dynamic Surface Tension -- 4. Interfacial Wave Methods -- 5. The Spectroscopy of Ripples -- 6. Appendix: Reduction of the Determinant Given by Hansen et al. -- References -- 5. Digital-Computer-Oriented Numerical Analysis in Surface Chemistry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nonlinear Least-Squares Analysis -- 3. Analysis of Model Stability to Small Errors: Prediction Analysis -- 4. Methods -- 5. Appendix -- References -- 6. Advances in Experimental Techniques for Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mercury Intrusion Instruments -- 3. Sample Selection and Preparation -- 4. Low-Pressure Intrusion Measurements -- 5. High-Pressure Intrusion Measurements -- 6. Rate of Pressurization -- 7. Presentation of Intrusion Results -- 8. Microcomputers and Porosimeters -- 9. Testing Particulate Materials -- 10. Other Useful Information Available from an Intrusion Experiment -- 11. Closing Statement -- References -- 7. The Contact Angle of Mercury on the Internal Surfaces of Porous Bodies: A Footnote to D. N. Winslow’s Review of Porosimetry -- 1. Introduction -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: I -- Soil Profile Descriptions -- Soil Maps -- Laboratory Analyses -- Soil Taxonomy -- Computerized Groupings of Soils -- Projects -- Photographs -- First Exam -- II -- Engineering Applications -- Waste Disposal -- Agricultural Land Classification -- Erosion Control -- Yield Correlations -- Farm Planning -- Community Planning -- III -- Soil Potentials -- Soil Variability -- Sequential Testing -- Land Uses and Soils -- Tragedy of the Commons -- Strategic Implications -- Military Campaigns -- Research -- Predictions -- Soils Tours -- Slide Sets -- Final Exam -- Evaluation.

Abstract: The success of the book Soils and the Environment imagination in the applications of soil surveys, illustrates the need for further, more detailed toward the end of improving productivity and information about soil survey interpretations (uses efficiency in the use of soils and the environment. of soil surveys), especially for laypersons, teachers, Although laypersons, teachers, and students are the and students. Much information about soils and primary groups addressed by this Field Guide, the environment is secluded in offices of various other people involved with using soil surveys are agencies and institutions and thus is not readily (or will be) agriculturalists, agronomists, assessors, available to the people who need it. Techniques for botanists, conservationists, contractors, ecologists, finding and using the information are also not well economists, engineers, extension workers, fores­ known, so there is great need for this Field Guide ters, geologists, groundwater experts, planners, to Soils and the Environment to provide teachers politicians, public health officials, range managers, and learners with exercises that will give them recreationists, soil scientists, wildlife specialists, and many others. This Field Guide complements practice leading to confidence in the manipulation and enhances the book Soils and the Environment and utilization of soil survey data. In a sense, all published in 1981. of us are (or should be) learners and teachers in the use of soil survey information. This Field Guide DONALD R.

Abstract: I -- 1 Minerals in History -- 2 National Mineral Policy -- 3 Environment -- 4 Mineral Economics -- 5 Energy -- 6 Exploration -- 7 Mineral Production Technology -- 8 Crystal Gazing -- II -- 9 METALS -- 10 Non-Metals -- Annotated Bibliography.

Abstract: This volume discusses the mineral resources upon which modern civiliza­ tion is built. Take away these minerals and humanity will rapidly return to the stone age, with its greatest concern the depletion of flint (also a mineral). It would, of course, result in about a 99% reduction in population. In other words, approximately 99% of the worlds' population is dependent on minerals for its existence. That is a pretty strong statement, but how many have even seen a travois? Without minerals, pack animals, rafts, rowboats, sail boats, sledges, and the backs of man would be the only forms of transport. Sufficient food could not be transported, nor could it be grown on our tired soils without tractors and fertilizer. Even in the more fertile tropics where nearly half of the population is now suffering from malnutrition, crops are dependent on "miracle" grains that require mechanization and mineral fertilizers. Modern buildings cannot operate without electricity and, without mineral fuels, few people in the northern latitudes would survive the first winter.

Abstract: 1 The General Statement -- Definition of an Inexact Task -- Inexact Tasks and Control Systems -- Two Methods for Solving Inexact Problems -- The Goal of the Game and the Scoring Function -- Goal and Prognosis (The Optimal Variation) -- Multi-level Control Systems -- Types of Multi-level Systems -- Advantages of the General Goal -- The Method for Connecting the Optimal Variations of the Components for Types C and E Regimes -- Computer Programs and Humans -- The Expansion of Artifical Intelligence -- 2 Methods for Limiting the Search Tree -- Truncation -- The Goal of an Inexact Game -- The Scoring Function -- Breaking Off a Variation -- The Pruning of Branches -- The Horizon -- Two Trees: The Mathematical Model (MM) -- The Stratification of the System -- Three General Limitation Principles -- Improving the Results of a Search -- 3 The Search for a Solution and Historical Experience -- The Search for a Solution by Association -- The Handbook Method of Searching -- 4 An Example of the Solution of an Inexact Problem (Chess) -- A. The Search for a Move in an Original Situation -- B. The Use of Historical Experience -- 5 Three Endgame Studies (An Experiment) -- 6 The Second World Championship -- KAISSA-CHESS 4.6 -- Conclusions -- Appendix 1 -- Fields of Play (by B. M. Stilman) -- 1. The Formation of Fields and the Search Within Them -- 1.1. The Concept of a Field -- 1.2. The Search Procedure in the Initial Position -- 1.3. The Formation of Fields During the Search—An Example -- 1.4. Formation of a Field -- 1.5. Storage of Information about Sheaves of Trajectories in Computer Memory. Linked Lists -- 1.6. Information on the Trajectories of a Field -- 1.8. Computing the Length of a Denial Trajectory -- 1.9. Correction of the Sighting Method -- 1.10. The Pseudosearch -- 1.11. The Extent of the Climb Up a Branch in the Pseudosearch -- 1.14. Freezing a Trajectory for Lack of a Connection to an Active One -- 1.15. Criteria for Freezing -- 1.16. The Algorithm for Freezing -- 1.18. Trajectory and Field -- 2. The Choice of Moves in an Ensemble of Fields (The Mathematical Model) -- 2.1. The Goal of the Game and the Ending of a Variation -- 2.2. The Criteria for Breaking Off a Variation in the Search -- 2.3. Testing the Criteria for Ending a Variation -- 2.4. Pruning Branches by the Minimax Principle. On the Branch-and-Bound Method -- 2.5. Pruning Branches by the Worst Case Method -- 2.6. Priority of Moves in a Search -- 2.7. Analysis of the Trajectories of a Sheaf for Inclusion in the Search -- 2.8. Analysis of Trajectories for Forking -- 2.9. Retreat and Deblockade -- 2.10. Pruning in the Presence of Branching in a Sheaf of Trajectories -- 2.11. The Structure of the Search Tree -- 2.12. A New Content of Known Procedures -- Appendix 2 The Positional Estimate and Assignment of Priorities (by M. A. Tsfasman and B. M. Stilman) -- Appendix 3 The Endgame Library in PIONEER (Using Historical Experience by the Handbook Method and the Outreach Method) (by A. D. YUDIN) -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Formulation of the Problem -- 3.3. Configurations -- 3.4. The Boundary Effect. Decomposition Formulae -- 3.5. Symmetries -- 3.6. The Structure of the Library. Classes. Coding of the Information -- 3.7. Organization of the Information in the Form of Two-Dimensional Tables with Subordination of Entries -- 3.8. The Algorithm for Using the Endgame Library (The Search for Exact Coincidence) -- 3.9. Examples of the Operation of the Subroutine for Using the Endgame Library -- 3.10. Outreach for a Library Position -- 3.11. The Search for Nearby Positions -- 3.12. Filter with Respect to the Pawn Structure -- 3.13. The “One Color-Different Color” Filter -- 3.14. Filters Within a Set of Positions -- 3.15. Finding a Group of Neighboring Positions -- 3.16. Implementation of the Outreach Method. Anti-outreach -- 3.17. Entry from the Move-Search Routine -- 3.18. Outreach and Exact Coincidence -- 3.19. The Potential for Wide Use of Library Rules in PIONEER -- 3.20. The Breakoff Criterion Based on the Rule of the Square -- 3.21. Conclusion -- Appendix An Associative Library of Fragments (by A. I. Reznitsky and A. D. Yudin) -- References -- Glossary of Terms -- Index of Notation.

Abstract: Much water has flowed over the dam since this book went to press in Moscow. One might expect that PIONEER would have made substantial advances-unfortunately it has not. There are reasons: the difficulty of the problem, the disenchantment of the mathematicians (because of the delays and drawing out of the work), and principally the insufficiency and some­ times complete lack of machine time. The general method used by PIONEER to solve complex multidimen­ sional search problems had already been formulated at that time. It was supposed that the successful completion of the chess program PIONEER-l would provide a sufficient validation for the method. We did not succeed in completing it. But, unexpectedly, PIONEER's method obtained a different kind of validation. Since our group of mathematicians works at the Institute for Electroen­ ergy, we were invited to solve some energy-related problems and were assigned the task of constructing a program that would plan the recondi­ tioning of the equipment in power stations-initially for one month. Until then, the technicians had been preparing such plans without the aid of computers. Although the chess program was not complete even after ten years, the program PIONEER-2 for computing the monthly repair schedule for the Interconnected Power System of Russian Central was completed in a few months. In mid-October of 1980 a medium-speed computer constructed the plan in 40 seconds. When, at the end of the month, the mathematician A.

Abstract: One Introduction to Robotics -- Two What is a Robot? -- Background -- Definitions -- Types of Automation -- Classification of Robots -- Cost Limitations -- Social Implications -- Three The Mechanical Arm -- Overview -- Types of Joints -- Classification of Robots by Type of Joint -- Comparison of Robot Work Envelopes -- Suitability for Particular Tasks -- Link Construction -- Robot Arm Drive Units -- Four The Robot Controller -- Robot Control Levels -- Off-Line Programming Control and Real-Time Control -- Controller Programming -- Five Robot Teaching Methods -- Preview -- Teaching Methods -- Programming Methods -- Comparison of Teaching and Programming Methods -- Six The End Effector -- Two-Finger Grippers -- Three-Finger Grippers -- Cylindrical Object Grippers -- Fragile Object Grippers -- Jointed Grippers -- Vacuum and Electromagnetic Grippers -- Automatic Gripper Changers -- Seven Integration and Operation of Robot Subsystems -- A Robot Task -- Eight Industrial Applications of Robots -- Industrial Applications -- Adapting Robots to Work Stations -- Stages in Selecting Robots for Industrial Application -- Nine Sensors and Sensing -- Artificial Intelligence -- Human Versus Artificial Senses -- Sensor Types -- Ten Future Developments -- Preview -- Unmanned Factories -- Personal Robots -- Man-Machine Communications -- Artificial Bodies -- Conclusion.

Abstract: Session I: Algorithms and Theory -- Knapsack Public Key Cryptosystems and Diophantine Approximation (Extended Abstract) -- Solving Low Density Knapsacks -- Evaluation of the Adleman Attack on Multiply Iterated Knapsack Cryptosystems (Abstract) -- On the Power of Cascade Ciphers (Extended Abstract) -- The Prisoners’ Problem and the Subliminal Channel -- Session II: Modes of Operation -- An Overview of Factoring -- New Ideas for Factoring Large Integers -- Factoring Numbers on the Massively Parallel Computer -- Factorization Using the Quadratic Sieve Algorithm -- Session III: Protocols and Transaction Security -- Signatures through Approximate Representations by Quadratic Forms (Extended Abstract) -- A Simple Protocol for Signing Contracts -- Reducibility among Protocols (Extended Abstract) -- How to Exchange Half a Bit -- Blind Signature System (Abstract) -- Session IV: Applications -- A Layered Broadcast Cryptographic System -- Analytical Characteristics of the DES -- Producing a One-Way Hash Function from DES -- On the Security of Compressed Encodings -- Field Encryption and Authentication -- Shift-Register Synthesis (Modulo m) (Abstract) -- Session V: Special Session on Cryptanalysis -- Probabilistic Analysis and Performance Modelling of the ‘Swedish’ Algorithm and Modifications -- A Subexponential-Time Algorithm for Computing Discrete Logarithms over GF(p2) -- Permutation Polynomials in RSA-Cryptosystems -- Some Results on the Information Theoretic Analysis of Cryptosystems -- Rump Session: Impromptu Talks -- Improving the Security of Exponential Key Exchange -- RSA Bits Are 732+? Secure (Preliminary Abstract) -- Use of the ‘Signature Token’ to Create a Negotiable Document -- Electronic Wallet -- Design Concepts for Tamper Responding Systems -- Author Index.

Abstract: An international community of researchers is now flourishing in the area of cryptology-there was none half-a-dozen years ago. The intrinsic fascination of the field certainly is part of the explanation. Another factor may be that many sense the importance and potential consequences of this work, as we move into the information age. I believe that the various meetings devoted to cryptology over the past few years have contributed quite significantly to the formation of this community, by allowing those in the field to get to know each other and by providing for rapid exchange of ideas. CRYPTO 83 was once again truly the cryptologic event of the year. Many of the most active participants continue to attend each year, and attendance continues to grow at a healthy rate. The informal and collegial atmosphere and the beach side setting which contribute to the popularity of the event were again supported by flawless weather. The absence of parallel sessions seemed to provide a welcome opportunity to keep abreast of developments in the various areas of activity. Each session of the meeting organized by the program committee is repre­ sented by a section in the present volume. The papers were accepted by the program committee based on abstracts, and appear here without having been otherwise refereed. The last section contains papers presented at the informal rump session. A keyword index and an author index to the papers is provided at the end of the volume.

Abstract: When we first contemplated a book on this subject we were faced with a number of options: (a) to write it all ourselves, which would have had the merit of internal consistency and continuity of style; (b) to produce a collection of existing papers. which would have given us expert views in the various sub-fields of the economics of nuclear energy and would have put us in the position of knowing from the start exactly what the authors' contribu­ tions would be: (c) to commission contributions from individual specialists, chapter by chapter; or (d) some combination of these options. We settled for the last - we have written some of the material ourselves, have obtained permission to use some existing papers that seem to us to be valuable contributions to the subject, and have been fortunate in persuading a number of eminent people in their fields to produce papers especially for the book. This has given us a great deal of work and taken up more time than we planned for but we believe the result justifies this time and effort. It enabled us to design a structure for the book from the outset, recognizing that there are several aspects to the economics of nuclear energy - especially if we take a broad view of what is embraced by the word 'economics'.

Abstract: ONE Components of Robotic Systems -- General -- Mechanical Arm -- End Effector -- Robot Motors -- Computer (Controller) -- Sensors -- Two The Mechanical Arm -- Mechanical Arm Structure -- Classifying Robots -- Structural Characteristics of Robots -- Three Fundamental Concepts of Control -- Control Systems -- Open-Loop Control -- Closed-Loop Control -- Negative and Positive Feedback -- Control System Errors and Stability -- Controller Types -- Four Electrical Drive Components -- DC Servo Motors -- Stepping Motors -- Considerations in the Use of Stepping Versus DC Servo Motors -- Five Hydraulic Drive Systems -- Properties of Hydraulic Fluids -- Cylinders -- Power Sources -- Valves -- Electrohydraulic Servo Valves -- Six Feedback Devices -- Potentiometers -- Optical Encoders -- DC Tachometers (Tachogenerators) -- Seven Drive and Control Systems: An Appraisal -- Automatic Drilling Process: Computerized Control System for One Axis -- Automatic Command for Filling Containers with a Constant Powder Volume -- Computer-Controlled System for Hydraulic Cylinder Position and Velocity Control -- Hydraulic Cartesian Robot with Three Degrees of Freedom -- Eight Robot Path Control -- What is Path Control? -- Point-to-Point Control -- Continuous Path Control -- Nine A Case Study -- Defining the Task -- Can this Robot Perform this Task? -- Operation of the Robot Components during Execution of the Assigned Task.

Abstract: A substantial amount of research on Boundary Elements has taken place since publication of the first Volume of this series. Most of the new work has concentrated on the solution of non-linear and time dependent problems and the development of numerical techniques to increase the efficiency of the method. Chapter 1 of this Volume deals with the solution of non-linear potential problems, for which the diffusivity coefficient is a function of the potential and the boundary conditions are also non-linear. The recent research reported here opens the way for the solution of a: large range of non-homogeneous problems by using a simple transformation which linearizes the governing equations and consequently does not require the use of internal cells. Chapter 2 summarizes the main integral equations for the solution of two-and three­ dimensional scalar wave propagation problems. This is a type of problem that is well suited to boundary elements but generally gives poor results when solved using finite elements. The problem of fracture mechanics is studied in Chapter 3, where the ad vantages of using boundary integral equations are demonstrated. One of the most interesting features of BEM i~ the possibility of describing the problem only as a function of the boundary unknowns, even in the presence of body, centrifugal and temperature induced forces. Chapter 4 explains how this can be done for two-and three-dimensional elastostatic problems.

Abstract: The characteristics of living things -- The differences between animals and plants -- The cell -- Cell division -- Animal classification -- The origins and interrelationships of animals -- Animals and their environment -- Phylum Protozoa -- Amoeba: a protozoan of simple structure -- A general consideration of protozoan structure -- Euglena: a ‘plant-like’ protozoan -- Paramecium: a complex protozoan -- Monocystis and Plasmodium: parasitic Protozoa -- The classification of the Protozoa -- Protozoan diversity -- Synopsis of the Protozoa -- Phylum Porifera -- The Radiata -- Phylum Cnidaria -- Hydra: an example of a polyp -- Obelia: a representative hydrozoan -- Characteristics of the Cnidaria -- Class Scyphozoa -- A urelia: a representative scyphozoan -- Class Anthozoa -- Actinia: a representative anthozoan -- Cnidarian classification and diversity -- Synopsis of phylum Cnidaria -- Phylum Ctenophora -- The acoelomate bilateral phyla -- Phylum Platyhelminthes -- Class Turbellaria -- The planarians: examples of free-living platyhelminths -- Characteristics of the Platyhelminthes -- Class Trematoda -- Structure of a generalized trematode -- Trematode life cycles -- Order Monogenea: Polystomum -- Order Digenea: Fasciola -- Class Cestoda -- Subclass Eucestoda: Taenia -- Synopsis of phylum Platyhelminthes -- Phylum Nemertinea -- Phylum Mesozoa -- Phylum Gnathostomulida -- Animal body cavities -- The pseudocoelomate phyla -- Super phylum Aschelminthes -- Phylum Nematoda: Ascaris -- Minor pseudocoelomate phyla -- Phylum Rotifera -- Phylum Gastrotricha -- Phylum Kinorhyncha -- Phylum Nematomorpha -- Phylum Acanthocephala -- Phylum Annelida -- to the coelomate animals and metamerism -- Class Polychaeta: Nereis -- Arenicola marina -- Polychaete diversity -- Class Oligochaeta: Lumbricus terrestris -- Earthworms and the soil -- Class Hirudinea: Hirudo medicinalis -- Hirudinean diversity -- Synopsis of phylum Annelida -- Phylum Arthropode -- to the Arthropoda -- Synopsis of the phylum Arthropoda -- Subphylum Crustacea -- Astacus -- Crustacean diversity and classification -- Class Branchiopoda -- Class Ostracoda -- Class Copepoda -- Class Cirripedia -- Classes Mystacocarida and Branchiura -- Class Malacostraca -- Synopsis of the subphylum Crustacea -- Successful land arthropods -- Subphylum Uniramia -- Class Insecta -- Locusta: the locust -- Periplaneta: the cockroach -- Metamorphosis -- Insect diversity -- Insect social organization -- Synopsis of the main insect orders -- The myriapodous arthropoda -- Class Chilopoda: the centipedes -- Class Diplopoda: the millipedes -- Class Symphyla -- Class Pauropoda -- The chelicerate arthropods -- Class Merostomata: Limulus -- Class Arachnida: Araneus -- Arachnid diversity -- Class Pycnogonida -- Synopsis of subphylum Chelicerata -- Primitive arthropods -- Subphylum Trilobitomorpha -- Phylum Onychophora: Peripatus -- Phylum Mollusca -- The molluscan plan: a hypothetical ancestor -- Molluscan larvae -- Primitive living molluscs: Class Monoplacophora: Neopilina -- Class Polyplacophora -- The major mollusc classes -- Class Gastropoda: Helix -- Gastropod diversity -- Subclass Prosobranchia -- Subclass Opisthobranchia -- Subclass Pulmonata -- Synopsis of class Gastropoda -- Class Bivalvia: Mythus edulis -- Bivalve diversity -- Subclass Protobranchia -- Subclass Lamellibranchia -- Subclass Septibranchia -- Freshwater bivalves -- Synopsis of class Bivalvia -- Two minor mollusc classes -- Class Scaphopoda -- Class Aplacophora -- Class Cephalopoda: Sepia -- Cephalopod diversity -- Synopsis of class Cephalopoda -- Early embryonic development: the protostomes and deuterostomes -- The minor coelomate phyla -- to the minor coelomate phyla -- The minor protostome coelomates -- Phylum Priapuloidea -- Phylum Sipunculoidea -- Phylum Echiuroidea -- Phylum Pogonophora -- Phylum Tardigrada -- Phylum Pentastomida -- The lophophorate phyla -- Phylum Bryozoa (also known as Ectoprocta or Polyzoa) -- Bryozoan diversity -- Phylum Brachiopoda -- Phylum Entoprocta -- Phylum Phoronida -- The invertebrate deuterostomes -- Phylum Echinodermata -- Class Asteroidea: Asterias -- Echinoderm diversity -- Class Ophiuroidea: Ophiothrix -- Class Echinoidea: Echinus -- The minor echinoderm classes -- Class Holothuroidea -- Class Crinoidea -- Echinoderm relationships -- Synopsis of the Echinodermata -- The minor deuterostome phyla -- Phylum Chaetognatha -- Phylum Hemichordata -- Class Enteropneusta -- Class Pterobranchia -- Phylum Chordata -- to the phylum Chordata -- Subphylum Urochordata: Ciona -- Urochordate diversity -- Class Ascidiacea -- Class Thaliacea -- Class Larvacea -- Synopsis of subphylum Urochordata -- Subphylum Cephalochordata: Branchiostoma -- Synopsis of the phylum Chordata -- to the subphylum Vertebrata -- Animal body tissues -- Epithelial tissue -- Connective tissues -- Skeletal connective tissue -- Muscular tissue -- Nervous tissue -- Vertebrate organ systems -- The integumentary system -- The skeleto-muscular system -- The digestive system -- The respiratory system -- The circulatory system -- The urinogenital system -- The nervous system -- The endocrine system -- The early development of chordates -- The development of amphioxus -- Vertebrate development -- The development of the frog -- Amniote development -- The development of mammals -- Summary of chordate embryology -- Summary of the fate of the primary germ layers -- Vertebrate diversity -- Class Agnatha -- Lampetra -- Agnathan diversity -- The living Agnatha -- Fossil agnathans: the ostracoderms -- Synopsis of the class Agnatha -- to the gnathostomes -- Class Elasmobranchiomorphii -- Subclass Chondrichthyes: Scyliorhinus -- Chondrichthyan diversity -- Living forms -- Fossil elasmobranchs -- Synopsis of Class Elasmobranchiomorphii -- Class Teleostomi (Osteichthyes) -- Salmo -- Telestome diversity -- The Actinopterygii -- Subclass Sarcopterygii -- Synopsis of the class Teleostomi -- to the tetrapods: the pentadactyl limb -- Class Amphibia -- Rana -- Amphibian diversity -- Order Urodela -- Order Anura -- Order Apoda -- The fossil Amphibia: Subclasses Labyrinthodontia and Lepospondyli -- Synopsis of the class Amphibia -- to the amniotes -- Class Reptilia -- Lacerta -- Reptile diversity -- Living reptiles -- Fossil reptiles -- Synopsis of the class Reptilia -- Class Aves -- Columba -- Bird diversity -- Synopsis of the class Aves -- Class Mammalia -- Rattus -- Mammalian diversity -- Subclass Prototheria (the monotremes) -- Subclass Theria -- Infraclass Metatheria: the marsupials -- Infraclass Eutheria -- Order Insectivora -- Order Chiroptera -- The carnivorous mammals -- The small herbivorous mammals -- The large herbivores -- The subungulates -- Some minor mammalian orders -- Order Primates -- Synopsis of the class Mammalia.

Abstract: This book has been written with two main purposes in mind, page. At the same time animals show immense variation the first being to give a general review of the entire animal and none is truly typical. Some idea of the immense variety kingdom, and the second to give more detailed functional of animals is given in the diversity sections, with a synopsis accounts of the anatomy of a representative of each major of the classification of each major phylum. animal group. It is intended to be used by those who are Zoology has a language of its own, which appears highly interested in animals and does not start with the assumption complicated but in most cases can, in fact, be derived simply of any great zoological knowledge. It is hoped that it will from either Latin or Greek. Translations and derivations prove particularly helpful to those studying biology or have been given of a selection of zoological terms; these zoology at 'A' level, or in the early stages of a university should be regarded as examples. The interested zoologist course. may find the use of a Greek and Latin dictionary rewarding.

Abstract: 1 Mammalian Thermogenesis: An Introduction -- 2 Cellular Mechanisms of Heat Dissipation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The thermodynamics of heat dissipation -- 2.3 Extra-mitochondrial ATP-hydrolysing mechanisms: general considerations -- 2.4 The status of ATP-hydrolysing mechanisms in brown fat -- 2.5 Mitochondrial dissipatory mechanisms: general considerations -- 2.6 The proton short-circuit of brown-fat mitochondria -- 2.7 The molecular basis for the adaptive cold- and diet-induced increase in brown-fat thermogenic capacity -- 2.8 The acute regulation of the proton short-circuit in brown-fat mitochondria -- 2.9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Brown Fat: An Energy Dissipating Tissue -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The survival value of an energy dissipator -- 3.3 Anatomy -- 3.4 The capacity for heat production -- 3.5 Evidence for a concerted regulation between substrate supply and respiration rate -- 3.6 Tissue blood flow -- 3.7 The adaptive response to cold exposure -- 3.8 The acute thermogenic response -- 3.9 Alpha- and beta-adrenergic mediated membrane potential changes and metabolism -- 3.10 Sodium pump and thermogenesis -- 3.11 Control of brown-fat thermogenesis -- References -- 4 Autonomic Regulation of Thermogenesis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cold exposure -- 4.3 Diet -- 4.4 Summary and conclusions -- References -- 5 Thyroid Hormones and Thermogenesis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Role of thyroid hormones in thermogenesis -- 5.3 Summary -- References -- 6 Energetics of Maintenance and Growth -- 6.1 Measurement of energy exchange -- 6.2 The energy cost of maintenance and fattening -- 6.3 Food intake and heat production -- 6.4 Eating and rumination -- 6.5 Efficiency of utilization of absorbed nutrients -- 6.6 Regulatory dietary-induced thermogenesis -- 6.7 Body size and heat production -- 6.8 The energetics of growth -- 6.9 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Diet-Induced Thermogenesis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Force-feeding and diet-induced thermogenesis -- 7.3 Voluntary hyperphagia and diet-induced thermogenesis -- 7.4 Mechanism of diet-induced thermogenesis -- 7.5 Other factors affecting diet-induced thermogenesis -- 7.6 Reduced thermogenesis -- 7.7 Summary -- References -- 8 Thermogenesis and Obesity -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Energy balance in genetically obese rodents -- 8.3 Mechanisms of heat production -- 8.4 Thermogenesis in man -- 8.5 Concluding comments -- References -- 9 Hypermetabolism in Trauma -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Afferent mediators of metabolic alterations -- 9.3 Neuroendocrine responses -- 9.4 Metabolic responses -- 9.5 Cardiovascular responses -- 9.6 Thermoregulatory response -- 9.7 Treatment -- 9.8 Summary -- References -- 10 Thermogenesis and Fever -- 10.1 Temperature regulation as a reflex -- 10.2 The biology of fever -- 10.3 The biology of malignant hyperthermia -- References -- 11 Pharmacology of Thermogenesis -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Central control of thermogenesis -- 11.3 Neural control of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis -- 11.4 Receptors mediating thermogenic responses in brown adipose tissue -- 11.5 Intracellular mediators of the acute, subacute and chronic effects of sympathetic stimulation -- 11.6 Impact of various pharmacological agents on thermogenesis -- 11.7 Hormonal control of thermogenesis -- 11.8 A rationale for selecting thermogenic agents -- References.

Abstract: an attempt to rationalize these terminological and conceptual difficulties we have considered the origins of mammalian heat production from two different points of view. The scheme depicted in Fig. 1. 1 illustrates the fate of energy in the body as seen by the nutritionist. After allowing for losses of energy in faeces and urine, the metabolizable energy obtained from food is utilized for main­ taining and increasing body energy content (maintenance, external work, growth and production). The transformation of metabolizable energy into these forms of net energy also involves inevitable energy losses in the form of heat - thermic energy. Similarly, maintaining homeothermy in cold en­ vironments involves shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and the energy costs of assimilating nutrients and retaining net energy results in obligatory heat losses due to diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). This obligatory DIT is mainly due to the energy cost of protein and fat synthesis but, in addition to this, there is an adaptive component of DIT that helps maintain body energy content (i. e. body weight) by dissipating the metabolizable energy consumed in excess of the requirements for maintenance, growth and production. In Fig. 1. 2, we have converted this nutritionist's scheme (A) into one that A B r-------. . . , I I Production, Growth I I External work I I I I Essential energy expenditure NET BASAL Obligatory 1 I ENERGY Maintenance HEAT heat I FASTING at (BMR) productlpn for t ROC thermoneutrallty homeothermia r.

Abstract: I Introduction -- 1 Vegetables and the World Food Supply -- 2 Origin and Evolution of Vegetables -- 3 Vegetable Classifications -- 4 Importance of Vegetables in Nutrition -- 5 Toxic Substances and Folk Medicinal Uses of Vegetables -- II Principles of Growing Vegetables -- 6 Environmental Factors Influencing the Growth of Vegetables -- 7 Devices and Means of Controlling Climate for Vegetable Production in Adverse Climates and During Off Seasons -- III World Vegetables -- 8 Global View of Vegetable Usage -- A Starchy Roots, Tubers and Fruits -- 9 White or Irish Potato -- 10 Sweet Potato -- 11 Cassava (Manioc) -- 12 Yam -- 13 Edible Aroids: Taro, Yautia, and Others -- 14 Other Starchy Underground Vegetables -- 15 Sweet Corn -- 16 Plantain (Starchy Banana) and Breadfruit -- B Succulent Roots, Bulbs, Tops, and Fruits -- 17 Alliums: Onion, Garlic, and Others -- 18 Composites -- 19 Crucifers -- 20 Umbellifers: Carrot, Celery, and Condiment Herbs -- 21 Vegetable Legumes -- 22 Solanaceous Fruits: Tomato, Eggplant, Peppers, and Others -- 23 Cucurbits -- 24 Chenopods -- 25 Other Succulent Vegetables.

Abstract: This text and reference book was written because of the urgings of my colleagues here and abroad and also by my students to fill the need for a comprehensive book describing vegetables important as food crops of the world. in this book was first used as outlines for the course on The material world vegetables taught by the staff of the Department of Vegetable Crops at the University of California at Davis. Over the course of the decade the author taught the course, new topics were added with each succeeding year. In 1978 the handouts were revised and compiled into a syllabus. In addition to the students taking the course, the syllabus was purchased and used by others as a reference book. Word ofits existence travelled far; the syllabus is presently used by one other university in the United States and by another in a foreign country. This edition has been extensively revised; many new materials and references have been added. Included are many photographs taken by the author in his travels abroad. The book has three parts. The first is introductory and background meant for students who are not familiar with vegetables as food crops.

Abstract: 1 Earth structures and air photo interpretation -- 1.1 Earth materials: soils and rock -- 1.2 Basic information sources -- 1.3 Air photo interpretation -- 1.4 Rock landforms -- 1.5 Glacial landforms -- 1.6 Lacustrine, marine and alluvial landforms -- 1.7 Eolian and residual landforms -- 1.8 Uses of air photos in earth structures engineering -- 1.9 Other remote sensing and probing techniques -- 1.10 Problems on air photo interpretation -- 2 Earth mechanics in earth structures engineering -- 2.1 Strength and deformation of earth materials -- 2.2 Ground water and earth structures -- 2.3 Settlement of earth structures -- 3 Embankments and tunnels -- 3.1 Embankments on soft ground -- 3.2 Soft-ground tunneling -- 3.3 Problems on bearing capacity and tunnels -- 4 Slope stability -- 4.1 Types of slope movements -- 4.2 Slope stability analyses -- 4.3 Design charts for slopes in homogeneous materials -- 4.4 Crest loadings, dynamic loadings, submergence and drawdown -- 4.5 Recommended design factors of safety and procedures -- 4.6 Construction considerations and remedial measures -- 4.7 Permanent retaining walls -- 4.8 Problems on slope stability -- 5 Earth dams -- 5.1 Types of earth dams -- 5.2 Dam design considerations -- 5.3 Foundation treatments and efficiencies -- 5.4 Dam settlements and distortion -- 5.5 Earthquake and rapid drawdown design -- 5.6 Some special considerations in construction of earth dams -- 5.7 Monitoring, performance and maintenance of earth dams -- 5.8 Mine-tailings dams and process-water impoundments -- 5.9 Problems on earth dams -- 6 Ground subsidence and mine backfill -- 6.1 Ground control using backfill -- 6.2 Cemented tailings backfill design -- 6.3 Use of uncemented tailings backfill -- 6.4 Subsidence and surface effects -- 6.5 Problems on mine backfill and subsidence -- Appendix: units and symbols -- References -- Answers to problems.

Abstract: Earth structures engineering involves the analysis, design and construction of structures, such as slopes and dams, that are composed mainly of earth materials, and this is a growth area in geotechnical engineering practice. This growth is due largely to increased involvement in designing various types of earth structures for the resources industries (slopes, impoundment structures, offshore islands, mine backfills), to the development of increas­ ingly large hydroelectric projects, to the need for more freshwater storage and diversion schemes, and to the need for transportation, communications and other facilities in areas where the natural earth materials are occasionally subject to mass instabilities. Although geotechnical engineering transects traditional disciplinary boundaries of civil, geological and mining engineering, the majority of geotechnical engineers are graduates from civil engineering schools. Here the geotechnical instruction has been concentrated on soil mechanics and foundation engineering because foundation engineering has traditionally been the major component of geotechnical practice. Geotechnical special­ ists, however, generally have acquired considerable formal or informal training beyond their first engineering degree, and an advanced degree with considerable cross-discipline course content is still considered an advantage for a young engineer entering a career in geotechnical engineering. Practical job experience is, of course, a necessary part of professional development but is readily interpreted and assimilated only if the required background training has been obtained.

Abstract: 1. Surface activity -- 1.1 Amphipathic molecules -- 1.2 Surface activity in aqueous solution -- 1.3 Adsorption at liquid surfaces -- 1.4 Adsorption at solid surfaces -- 1.5 The wettability of solid surfaces -- 1.6 Modification of the surface properties of solids by adsorbed surfactants -- References -- 2. Phase behaviour of surfactants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Liquid crystalline phases in binary surfactant systems -- 2.3 Liquid crystalline phases in ternary surfactant systems -- 2.4 Factors affecting phase behaviour -- 2.5 Quaternary phase systems -- References -- 3. Micellization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Micellar structure -- 3.3 Micellar shape -- 3.4 Polydispersity of micellar size -- 3.5 Factors affecting the CMC and micellar size -- 3.6 Thermodynamics of micelle formation -- 3.7 Kinetics of micelle formation -- 3.8 Non-micellar association -- 3.9 Micelle formation in non-aqueous solvents -- References -- 4. Surface activity and colloidal properties of drugs and naturally occurring substances -- 4.1 Colloidal properties of drugs -- 4.2 Some biological consequences of drug surface activity -- 4.3 Biological relevance of micelle formation by drug molecules -- 4.4 Naturally occurring micelle formers: the bile salts, phospholipids and related systems -- References -- 5. Solubilization -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Experimental methods of studying solubilization -- 5.3 Mobility of solubilizate molecules -- 5.4 Factors influencing solubilization -- 5.5 Effect of solubilizate on micellar properties -- 5.6 Solubilization in non-aqueous solvents -- References -- 6. Pharmaceutical aspects of solubilization -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Solubilization of drugs -- 6.3 Pharmaceutical aspects of solubilization in non-aqueous systems -- 6.4 Solubilization with block co-polymeric surfactants -- 6.5 Polymer-surfactant interactions -- 6.6 Surfactant interactions with oppositely charged species -- 6.7 Hydrotropy in pharmaceutical systems -- References -- 7. Biological implications of surfactant presence in formulation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Effect of surfactants on dissolution of drugs -- 7.3 Effect of surfactants on membrane permeability -- 7.4 Effect of surfactants on drug absorption -- 7.5 Miscellaneous formulations and the influence of surfactants -- 7.6 Surfactants and antibacterial activity -- 7.7 Utilization of solubilization in drug delivery systems -- References -- 8. Emulsions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Aspects of emulsion stability -- 8.3 Multiple emulsions -- 8.4 Microemulsions -- 8.5 Viscosity and rheological characteristics of emulsions -- 8.6 Solute disposition in emulsion systems -- 8.7 Biopharmaceutical aspects of emulsions -- References -- 9. Surfactants in suspension systems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Settling of suspended particles -- 9.3 Suspension stability -- 9.4 Effect of surfactants on the adsorptive capacity of suspensions -- 9.5 Rheological characteristics of suspensions -- 9.6 Crystal changes in suspensions -- 9.7 Bacterial and other cell suspensions -- References -- 10. Aspects of surfactant toxicity -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Metabolism of surfactants -- 10.3 Interactions of surfactants with membranes and membrane components -- 10.4 Toxicology of surfactants -- 10.5 Surfactants and plant systems -- References -- 11. Reactivity in surfactant systems -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Chemistry at interfaces -- 11.3 Micellar reactions -- 11.4 Stability of drugs in surfactant systems -- 11.5 Stability of surfactant systems -- 11.6 Polymerization of surface-active molecules -- 11.7 Some analytical consequences of surfactant presence -- References.

Abstract: It is now twelve years since Solubilization by Surface-Active Agents appeared. Since the publication of that monograph the subject has expanded rapidly as the unique potential of surfactants has become known to a wider circle of scientists. In a recent review Menger (Accounts of Chemical Research, 12 (1979) 111) estimated that since 1970 there have been over 2800 publications on micelles and micellization alone. The topic of catalysis in micellar media was in an early stage of development in 1968 but the growth in this subject has given rise to an excellent textbook by Fendler and Fendler. We have felt for some time that a revision of Solubilization by Surface-Active Agents was overdue. The book has been out of print for some time. Owing to pressure of other work, Professor P. H. Elworthy and Dr C. B. Macfarlane were unable to undertake the work of revision but while working together on an undergraduate textbook the present authors decided to set to work, realizing both the impossibility of producing a comprehensive textbook and the need to alter the scope of the book. Micellar solubilization occurs over a relatively small surfactant concentration range; because of this and because the phenomenon is never observed in isolation, we have extended the text to include surface activity, emulsions and suspensions and, as our emphasis is on formulation of medicinal products, to the of the toxicology of surface-active agents.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- The Front End 12; Image Processing 13; Pattern Recognition 13; Applications 14; Structure of the Book 16; Future Directions for Robot Vision 21 -- I: Techniques -- 2 Software or Hardware for Robot Vision? -- 3 Comparison of Five Methods for the Recognition of Industrial Parts -- 4 Syntactic Techniques in Scene Analysis -- II: Applications -- 5 Recognition of Overlapping Workpieces by Model-Directed Construction of Object Contours -- 6 Simple Assembly Under Visual Control -- 7 Visually Interactive Gripping of Engineering Parts from Random Orientation -- 8 An Interface Circuit for a Linear Photodiode Array Camera -- III: Adaptive Processing for Vision -- 9 Networks of Memory Elements: A Processor for Industrial Automation -- 10 Computer Vision Systems for Industry: Comparisons -- 11 Memory Networks for Practical Vision Systems: Design Calculations -- 12 Emergent Intelligence from Adaptive Processing Systems.

Abstract: I. ALEKSANDER Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics BruneI University, England The three key words that appear in the title of this book need some clarification. First, how far does the word robot reach in the context of indus­ trial automation? There is an argument maintaining that this range is not fixed, but increases with advancing technology. The most limited definition of the robot is also the earliest. The history is worth following because it provides a convincing backdrop to the central point of this book: vision is likely to epitomize the technolo­ gical advance, having the greatest effect in enlarging the definition and range of activity of robots. In the mid 1950s it was foreseen that a purely mechanical arm-like device could be used to move objects between two fixed locations. This was seen to be cost-effective only if the task was to remain fixed for some time. The need to change tasks and therefore the level of programmability of the robot was a key issue in the broadening of robot activities. Robots installed in industry in the early 1960s derived their programmability from a device called apinboard. Ver­ tical wires were energized sequentially in time, while horizontal wires, when energized, would trigger off elementary actions in the manipulator arm. The task of reprogramming was a huge one, as pins had to be reinserted in the board, connecting steps in time with robot actions.

Abstract: 1 Some Principles Governing the Luminescence of Organic Molecules -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Spontaneous Emission -- 3. Molecular Luminescence Characteristics -- 4. Principles of Luminescence Experiments Carried Out with Lasers -- 5. Coherent Interactions of Molecules and Light -- 6. Ultrafast Fluorescence Decay -- 7. The Effects of Inhomogeneous Distributions -- 8. Bibliography -- 2 Covalent Fluorescent Probes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Primary Considerations in Fluorescent Labeling of Biomolecules -- 3. Covalent Labeling of Biomolecules -- 4. Selective Modification Reactions -- 5. References -- 3 Nanosecond Pulse Fluorimetry of Proteins -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Instrumentation and Data Analyses -- 3. Fluorescence Lifetime Studies -- 4. Fluorescence Quenching Studies -- 5. Fluorescence Energy Transfer for Distance Measurements in Proteins -- 5. Nanosecond Pulse Fluorimetry Studies of Muscle Contractile Proteins -- 7. References -- 4 The Use of Fluorescence Anisotropy Decay in the Study of Biological Macromolecules -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theory -- 3. Experimental Procedures: Measurement of Anisotropy Decay -- 4. Applications of Fluorescence Anisotropy -- 5. References -- 5 Plasma Lipoproteins: Fluorescence as a Probe of Structure and Dynamics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structural Studies of Native Lipoproteins, Apoproteins, and Reassembled Lipoproteins, Using Intrinsic Protein Fluorescence and Covalently Attached Fluorescence Probes -- 3. Extrinsic Fluorescence Probes of Lipoprotein Structure and Function -- 4. Dynamics of Lipid Transfer -- 5. Summary and Perspectives -- 6. References -- 6 Fluorescent Dye—Nucleic Acid Complexes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Intercalating and Nonintercalating Dyes -- 3. Nucleic Acid—Dye Binding Isotherms -- 4. Fluorescence Lifetimes and Quantum Yields -- 5. Decay of Fluorescence Anisotropy -- 6. Radiationless Energy Transfer -- 7. Cytological Applications -- 8. References.

Abstract: During the past decade, fluorescence techniques have come to occupy a position of central importance in biochemistry. Such areas as laser techniques, radiation­ less energy transfer, and nanosecond fluorometry have evolved from esoteric research specialties into standard procedures that are applied routinely to bio­ chemical problems. Indeed, discussion of the above three areas occupies the greater part of this book. Its level and approach are appropriate for the bio­ logical or physical scientist who is interested in applying fluorescence techniques, but is not necessarily an expert in this area. The coverage of the literature has, in general, been selective rather than exhaustive. It is likely that what is summarized here will prove resistant to the erosion of time and provide a basis for the future evolution of this rapidly developing area of science. Robert F. Steiner Catonsville, Maryland vii Contents Chapter 1 Some Principles Governing the Luminescence of Organic Molecules R. M Hochstrasser 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Spontaneous Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. 1. General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. 2. Luminescence from Nearby States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. 3. Multiple State Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Molecular Luminescence Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. 1. The Transition Dipole Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. 2. Determination of Transition-Moment Directions from Fluorescence . . . 8 3. 3. Polarization of Fluorescence from Crystals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4. Principles of Luminescence Experiments Carried Out with Lasers. . . . . . . 12 4. 1. Nonlinear Processes and Optical Pumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5. Coherent Interactions of Molecules and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5. 1. The Distinctions between Fluorescence and Resonance Raman Effects 17 6. Ultrafast Fluorescence Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abstract: 1. Physiological Effects of Near-Ultraviolet Radiation on Bacteria -- 2. The Electronic Spectroscopy of Photoreceptors (Other Than Rhodopsin) -- 3. Photodynamic Agents as Tools for Cell Biology -- 4. Photoacoustic Spectroscopy and Related Techniques Applied to Biological Materials -- 5. Photobiology and Radiobiology of Micrococcus (Deinococcus) radiodurans -- 6. Cherenkov Radiation: Its Properties, Occurrence, and Uses -- 7. Neurospora crassa: A Unique System for Studying Circadian Rhythms.

Abstract: The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four cate­ gories: to develop (1) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine. To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and phys­ icists, because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multidisciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for the­ oretical or practical use. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in-depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that these reviews will provide an important service to the younger sci­ entists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking, or suggest a redirection when appropriate.

Abstract: of Volume 6 -- 1 Types of Alcohol Dependence -- Factors of Change -- The Need for a Unifying Concept -- Individual Variability -- The Problems of Alcohol -- Types of Alcohol Dependence -- The Concept of Social Dependence -- Summary and Some Implications for Research, Prevention, and Treatment -- 2 The Natural History of Alcoholism -- Historical Aspects -- Natural History Studies -- Alcoholism in Females -- Spontaneous Remission -- Social Drinking in Ex-Alcoholics -- Abstinence -- Morbidity -- Mortality -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 Psychiatric Characteristics of Alcoholics -- Acute Alcohol Psychoses: Intoxication and Withdrawal -- Alcoholism and Affective Disorders -- Alcoholism and Suicide -- Alcoholism and Schizophrenia -- Alcoholism and Sociopathy -- Alcoholism and Neurosis -- Treatment Implications -- Summary -- References -- 4 Clinical and Prealcoholic Personality Characteristics -- Objective Personality Batteries -- Projective Personality Tests -- Perceptual Tests -- A Clinical Alcoholic Personality Model -- References -- 5 Why Do Alcoholics Drink? -- The Evolution of “Addictive” Drinking Behavior -- The Issue of Loss of Control -- Individual Drinking Patterns -- Summary -- References -- 6 Alcoholism in Women -- The Causative Theories -- General Conclusions -- References -- 7 The Alcoholic Family -- Family Assessment and Measurement Techniques -- Family Environment and the Development of Alcoholism -- Family Determinants of the Course of Alcoholism -- The Impact of Alcoholism on the Family: Family Violence -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Ethnicity and Nationality in Alcoholism -- Drinking Subcultures -- A Socialization Model of Drinking -- The Dynamics of Drinking Socialization -- The Effects of Assimilation on Ethnic Drinking Patterns -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Religion and Alcoholism -- Theories of the Moral and Symbolic Dimensions of Drinking -- Religion and Drunkenness in Primitive and Traditional Societies -- Religion and Alcoholism in Modern Societies -- References -- 10 Social-Class Factors in Alcoholism -- Historical Background -- Institutional Rates -- Statistics of Troubles -- Direct Measures of Drinking -- Measures of Drinking Problems -- Summary, Discussion, and Conclusion -- References -- 11 Occupational Factors in Alcoholism -- Review of the Literature -- Structural Characteristics of Occupations -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 12 Region and Urbanization as Factors in Drinking Practices and Problems -- Geography and Drinking -- Alcohol Measures and Geographic Variables -- Geographic Units and Alcohol Studies -- Variation by Region and Urbanicity in Drinking Practices and Problems in the United States -- New Data on Drinking Patterns -- Alcohol-Related Problems -- Regional Differences in an International Perspective -- Urban-Rural Differences in an International Perspective -- Alcohol and the Process of Urbanization -- References -- 13 A Comprehensive Theory of the Pathogenesis of Alcoholism -- System Dynamics -- A Theory of Alcoholism -- Investigating Ways to Deal with Alcoholism -- Conclusion -- References.

Abstract: Pathogenesis is defined in Blakiston's Medical Dictional), as "the course of development of disease, including the sequence of processes or events from inception to the characteristic lesion or disease. " The central position of the word "pathogenesis" in the titles of Volumes 6 and 7 in itself connotes a bias on the part of the editors in favor of the disease concept of alcoholism, inasmuch as the end product of the pathogenetic process is presumed to be a disease. But the disease model as here conceptualized is vastly different from that of Jellinek, or of Alcoholics Anonymous, or of psychoanalysis. In those theories, alcoholism is seen as the inevitable consequence of some specific flaw in the heredity or the experience of the afflicted individual that inexorably leads to alcoholism. In these present volumes, the alcoholic syndrome is viewed rather as the outgrowth of the interaction of a variety of biological, psychological, and social influences which, depending on the predom­ inance of one or another, may lead to different types of alcoholism. This view, which has been labeled the bio-psycho-social perspective, encompasses a larger view of the dynamics of the development of alcoholism, incorporating data from each of the phenomenologic levels involved. An additional complication arises from the fact that the physiolog­ ical and psychosocial stigmata of alcoholics, which are probably most often the result of prolonged drinking, frequently have come to be considered as causes of the disease.

Abstract: Convexity and Optimization in Discrete Structures July 1982 -- Isoperimetric inequalities -- Convex Bodies of Constant Width -- Algebraic Lattices -- The Twenty-Seven Lines on the Cubic Surface -- Convexity Through the Ages -- Approximation of convex bodies -- Geometric convexity and differential geometry -- Valuations on convex bodies -- Minimal and Closest Points Nonexpansive and Quasi-Nonexpansive Retractions in Real Banach Spaces -- Ellipsoids -- Convexity in Banach spaces: some recent results -- Zonoids and Related Topics -- New Results in the Theory of Packing and Covering -- Stereology: A Survey for Geometers -- Semi-Platonic Manifolds.

Abstract: This collection of surveys consists in part of extensions of papers presented at the conferences on convexity at the Technische Universitat Wien (July 1981) and at the Universitat Siegen (July 1982) and in part of articles written at the invitation of the editors. This volume together with the earlier volume «Contributions to Geometry» edited by Tolke and Wills and published by Birkhauser in 1979 should give a fairly good account of many of the more important facets of convexity and its applications. Besides being an up to date reference work this volume can be used as an advanced treatise on convexity and related fields. We sincerely hope that it will inspire future research. Fenchel, in his paper, gives an historical account of convexity showing many important but not so well known facets. The articles of Papini and Phelps relate convexity to problems of functional analysis on nearest points, nonexpansive maps and the extremal structure of convex sets. A bridge to mathematical physics in the sense of Polya and Szego is provided by the survey of Bandle on isoperimetric inequalities, and Bachem's paper illustrates the importance of convexity for optimization. The contribution of Coxeter deals with a classical topic in geometry, the lines on the cubic surface whereas Leichtweiss shows the close connections between convexity and differential geometry. The exhaustive survey of Chalk on point lattices is related to algebraic number theory. A topic important for applications in biology, geology etc.

Abstract: 1 Using the VIC Keyboard -- 2 Introduction to BASIC Programming -- 3 Bookkeeping in BASIC -- 4 The Basics of Editing -- 5 Printing with Color -- 6 Color and the POKE Command -- 7 Loops in Loops in Loops -- 8 Music 1 -- 9 Number Theory 1 -- 10 Music 2 -- 11 Microsurgery -- 12 Game Making -- 13 Moving Color -- 14 Number Theory 2 -- 15 Advanced Color -- 16 User Defined Characters -- Inde.

Abstract: This book is a basic BASIC programming text. Intended primarily for beginners, experienced programmers also will find a few things of in­ terest. The VIC-20 is a simple and easy to use computer that may be coupled with this book to provide perhaps the most user-friendly and least intimidating introduction to programming possible. This book is designed to complement, not replace, the USER'S GUIDE that is included in the VIC-20 package. The USER'S GUIDE is primarily an introduction to the VIC-20 while this book is primarily an introduction to programming. Many of the available computer manuals include dozens of long pro­ grams for the reader to type in and use, but those programs don't necessarily further one's understanding of programming. Although most of the programs in this book are short (to save unnecessary typing on your part), they are the foundation for a complete understanding of BASIC programming that will enable you to build long programs de­ signed to do exactly what you want them to do.

Abstract: 1. An Outline of the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Vascular Responses to Injury -- Platelet Responses to Vessel Wall Injury -- The Coagulation System -- Morphology of the Hemostatic Plug -- The Fibrinolytic System -- References -- 2. Platelet Structure and Function -- Platelet Morphology and Structure -- Megakaryocytes -- The Regulation of Thrombopoiesis -- Platelet Heterogeneity -- Platelet Plasma Membrane -- Platelet Intracellular Membrane -- Platelet Prostaglandins -- Platelet Granules -- Platelet Calcium -- Platelet Cytoskeleton -- Contractile Apparatus of Platelets -- Platelet Activation -- References -- 3. The Coagulation System -- Contact Activation System -- Vitamin K -- Factor IX -- Factor VIII -- Factor X -- Interaction between Factors IXa, Villa and X -- Tissue Factor -- Factor VII -- Factor V -- Prothrombin -- Interaction between Factors Xa, Va and Prothrombin -- Thrombin -- Fibrinogen -- Factor XIII -- Coagulation Inhibitors -- Antithrombin III -- Alpha2-Macroglobulin -- Alphaj-Antitrypsin -- CI Inactivator -- Protein C -- Protein S -- Protein Z -- Lipoprotein Factor Xa Inhibitor -- Inhibition of Thrombin -- Inhibition of Factor Xa -- Inhibition of the Contact Activation System -- Anticoagulant Effect of Fibrinogen Degradation Products -- References -- 4. The Fibrinolytic Enzyme System -- Plasminogen -- Plasmin -- Plasminogen Activators -- Inhibitors of the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System -- Plasma Antiplasmins -- Platelet Antiplasmins -- Plasma Antiactivators -- Platelet Antiactivators -- Tissue Inhibitors of Fibrinolysis -- Plasminogen-independent Fibrinolysis -- Mechanism of Physiological Thrombolysis -- References -- 5. Interactions Between the Hemostatic and Complement Systems -- Outline of the Complement System -- Complement and Platelets -- Complement and the Coagulation System -- Complement and the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System -- References -- 6. Hormonal Influences on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Catecholamines -- Corticosteroids -- Thyroxine/Triiodothyronine -- Estrogens and Progestogens -- Androgens -- Pancreatic Hormones -- Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones -- References -- 7. Age, Sex, Circadian and Seasonal Variations in the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Influence of Age on Hemostatic Components -- Fetal Life -- Infancy -- Adult Life -- Influence of Sex on Hemostatic Components -- Circadian Variations in Hemostatic Components -- Seasonal Variations in Hemostatic Components -- References -- 8. Ethnic and Blood Group Variations in the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Ethnic Influences on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Influence of Blood Group on Hemostatic Components -- References -- 9. Environmental Influences on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Effect of Environmental Cold on Hemostasis -- Effect of Environmental Heat on Hemostasis -- Effect of Altitude on Hemostasis -- Effect of Compression-Decompression on Hemostasis -- References -- 10. Nutritional Influences on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Plasma Lipids -- Effect of Lipids on Platelet Function -- Effect of Lipids on Coagulation -- Effect of Lipids on the Fibrinolytic System -- Effect of Carbohydrates on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Pyridoxal 5?-Phosphate and Hemostasis -- Vitamin B12 and Platelets -- Influence of Ascorbic Acid on the Hemostatic -- Mechanism -- Influence of Vitamin E on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Effect of Alcoholic Beverages on the Hemostatic -- Mechanism -- Effect of Onion and Garlic on Hemostatic Function -- Miscellaneous Ingestants and Hemostatic Function -- Influence of Obesity on Hemostatic Components -- Effect of Starvation on Hemostasis -- Effect of Zinc Deficiency on Hemostasis -- References -- 11. The Influence of Physical Activity, Mental Stress and Injury on the Hemostatic Mechanism -- Physical Activity -- Mental Stress -- Injury -- References -- 12. The Hemostatic Mechanism in Pregnancy, Labor and the Puerperium -- Platelet Numbers and Function in Pregnancy, Labor and the Puerperium -- The Coagulation System in Pregnancy -- The Coagulation System in Labor and the Puerperium -- The Fibrinolytic Enzyme System in Pregnancy -- The Fibrinolytic Enzyme System in Labor, Parturition and the Puerperium -- Physiological Significance of the Hemostatic Changes in Pregnancy and the Puerperium -- References -- 13. Hemostasis and the Menstrual Cycle -- Hemostatic Components in Different Stages of the Menstrual Cycle -- The Fluidity of Menstrual Discharge -- Uterine Hemostasis at Menstruation -- References.

Abstract: The current widespread interest in the hemostatic mechanism stems largely from the probability that its inappropriate function may lead to thrombosis, but also for its relevance to the causation and manage­ ment of bleeding disorders. Our understanding of the pathological events leading to thrombus formation or abnormal bleeding depends on knowledge of the basic physiology of the hemostatic system. A number of excellent multiauthor texts are available on the general area of hemostasis and thrombosis, and many symposia proceedings on specific topics in hemostasis have been published. The present volume aims to cover the normal function of hemostasis and ex­ plicitly excludes consideration of disease states and therapy. In addition, it is concerned with human hemostasis only although reference is made to studies on other mammalian species when the information supplements that available on man. The book is divided broadly into two sections. The first covers the current knowledge of the principal components contributing to the hemostatic process; the second examines the changes in these com­ ponents induced by physiological events, and details an accumula­ tion of information not previously brought together in a single text. An introductory chapter, intended for the non-specialist, outlines the whole hemostatic process and provides an orientation for the later detailed information on individual components.

Abstract: 1 Alcohol Use and Abuse: Historical Perspective and Present Trends -- 1. Alcohol Use in Historical Perspective -- 2. Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol Problems -- 3. Development of the Concept(s) of Alcoholism -- 4. References -- 2 The Genetics of Alcoholism -- 1. Types of Studies Supporting a Genetic Influence in Alcoholism -- 2. Possible Biological Mechanisms for a Genetic Influence in Alcoholism -- 3. A Prospective Search for the Biological Determinants of Alcoholism -- 4. Summary -- 5. References -- 3 The Absorption, Distribution, and Metabolism of Ethanol and Its Effects on Nutrition and Hepatic Function -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Absorption and Distribution -- 3. Pharmacokinetics and Alcohol Elimination Rates -- 4. Processes and Organs Responsible for Ethanol Elimination -- 5. Significant Pathways of Ethanol Metabolism -- 6. Enzymes That Oxidize Ethanol to Acetaldehyde -- 7. Enzymes That Oxidize Acetaldehyde to Acetate -- 8. Control of Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Metabolism in Liver -- 9. Effect of Chronic Ethanol Ingestion on Alcohol Elimination Rate -- 10. Chronic Ethanol Ingestion and Nutrition -- 11. Ethanol Oxidation and Hepatic Metabolism -- 12. References -- 4 Effects of Ethanol upon Organ Systems Other than the Central Nervous System -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ethanol and the Gastrointestinal Tract -- 3. Muscle Systems -- 4. The Hematologic System -- 5. Kidney Disease and Alcoholism -- 6. Pulmonary Disease and Alcoholism -- 7. The Endocrine System and Alcoholism -- 8. Effects of Ethanol on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis -- 9. Effects of Alcohol on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroidal Axis -- 10. The Effects of Alcohol on Growth Hormone and Prolactin -- 11. Effects of Alcohol on Vasopressin and Oxytocin -- 12. Biological Markers of Alcoholism -- 13. References -- 5 Ethanol and the Central Nervous System -- 1. Ethanol and Behavior -- 2. Ethanol and Membrane Structure and Function -- 3. Ethanol and Electrical Cellular Activity -- 4. Ethanol and Synaptic Transmission -- 5. Ethanol and Metabolism -- 6. Consequences of Long-term Ethanol Consumption -- 7. Summary -- 8. References -- 6 Neurologic Diseases Associated with Chronic Alcohol Abuse -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Physical Dependence -- 3. Chronic Diseases of the Central Nervous System -- 4. Peripheral Polyneuropathy -- 5. Nutritional Deficiencies -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. References -- 7 Biology of Tolerance and Dependence -- 1. Introduction to Tolerance and Dependence -- 2. Factors Contributing to Tolerance and Dependence -- 3. Classifications and Definitions of Tolerance -- 4. Biochemical Determinants of Ethanol Tolerance -- 5. Characteristics of Physical Dependence on Ethanol -- 6. Etiological Factors Contributing to the Development of Physical Dependence -- 7. Neurochemical Systems Determining Physical Dependence -- 8. Pharmacologic Management of the Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome -- 9. References -- 8 Alcohol Consumption and Prenatal Development -- 1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects -- 2. Alcohol as a Teratogen in Animals, 1973–1979 -- 3. Critical Discussion and General Conclusions -- 4. References -- 9 Interaction of Ethanol with Other Drugs -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Centrally Acting Compounds -- 3. References -- 10 Psychological Correlates and Explantions of Alcohol Use and Abuse -- 1. Psychodynamic Models -- 2. The Disease Model -- 3. Behavioral and Social-Learning Approach -- 4. Future Directions -- 5. References -- 11 Alcoholism Treatment Approaches: Patient Variables, Treatment Variables -- 1. Critical View of Treatment Outcome Evaluation -- 2. Treatment Variables -- 3. Patient Variables -- 4. Implications -- 5. References -- 12 Prevention of Alcohol Abuse -- 1. Approaches to Prevention -- 2. Alcohol Education -- 3. Mass Media -- 4. Alcohol Control Legislation -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. References.

Abstract: Alcohol use affects, either directly or indirectly, nearly all facets of Western civi­ lization. Eastern cultures are also not exempt from the influence of alcohol, and the present decade has been a time of increased alcohol use in all parts of the world. The problems of alcohol abuse and alcoholism are of concern to a variety of professionals in the biomedical and psychosocial health sciences, and-although the alcohol research literature contains much information on the relationships between alcohol ingestion and physiological, neurochemical, pharmacologic, genetic, environmental, and psychological effects in humans and in subhuman spe­ cies-there is at the present time no advanced textbook that integrates the avail­ able information for use by both students and professionals. The writing of Medical and Social Aspects of Alcohol Abuse constitutes an attempt to create a scholarly reference and resource for students, researchers, prac­ ticing clinicians, and paraprofessionals who wish to understand the complex inter­ play of factors related to acute and chronic alcohol intoxication, the effects of alco­ hol on body functions, and treatment approaches to alcohol abusers and alcoholics.

Abstract: 1 The Concept of Machinability -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Definition of Machinability -- 2 Fundamental Aspects of the Machining Process -- 2.1. Mechanics of Metal Cutting -- 2.2. Tool Wear -- 2.3. Surface Finish -- 2.4. Chip Formers -- 2.5. The Action of Cutting Fluids -- References -- 3 The Assessment of Machinability -- 3.1. Types of Machinability Test -- 3.2. Short Machinability Tests -- 3.3. Non-Machining Tests -- 3.4. Machining Tests -- 3.5. Combination of Machining Parameters -- 3.6. Machinability Assessment for Processes Other than Single Point Turning -- 3.7. Machinability Assessment Relating One Process to Another -- 3.8. On-Line Assessment of Tool Wear -- References -- 4 Tool Materials -- 4.1. Historical Background -- 4.2. Requirements of Tool Materials -- 4.3. High-Speed Steels -- 4.4. Cemented Carbides -- 4.5. Cast Cobalt Alloys -- 4.6. Ceramic Cutting Tool Materials -- 4.7. Diamond -- References -- 5 Workpiece Materials -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Ferrous Materials -- 5.3. Titanium Alloys -- 5.4. Nickel-Based Alloys -- 5.5. Aluminium Alloys -- 5.6. Magnesium and its Alloys -- 5.7. Copper and its Alloys -- References -- 6 The ISO Machinability Test -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Reference Work pieces -- 6.3. Reference Tool Materials and Tool Geometries -- 6.4. Reference Cutting Fluids -- 6.5. Cutting Conditions -- 6.6. Tool Life Criteria and Tool Wear Measurements -- 6.7. Tool Wear Measurement -- 6.8. Equipment -- 6.9. Tool Life Test Procedure -- 6.10. Evaluation of Tool Life Data -- 7 The Effect of Machinability Data on Metal Removal Performance and Economics -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Criteria of Performance -- 7.3. Economics of Turning Operations -- 7.4. Machining for Minimum Cost -- 7.5. Machining for Maximum Production -- 7.6. Machining for Maximum Profit -- 7.7. Machinability Data Applied to Milling -- 7.8. Reliability of Machinability Data -- Reference -- Appendix 1 Analysis to Determine Cutting Temperatures in Single Point Metal Cutting -- Appendix 2 Analyses for Two Short Absolute Machinability Tests -- A2.1 The Variable-Rate Machining Test -- A2.2 The Step Turning Test.

Abstract: In the manufacturing industries, despite the development and improvement of metal forming processes, a great deal of reliance is still placed on metal cutting processes and this will continue into the foreseeable future. Thus, there will continue to be a requirement for the development of improved cutting tool materials, workpiece materials, cutting fluids and testing methods; collectively this activity can be described as improving machinability. Machinability is a parameter which in many ways is vague, sometimes qualitative and very often misunderstood. The purpose of this text is to give a broad understanding of the concept, methods of assessment and ways of improving machinability to the manufacturing engineer, the metallurgist and the materials scientist. The text should also be of interest to those engaged in research in manufacturing engineering and metal cutting. The text, of necessity, does not attempt to give detailed information about the machining characteristics of a wide range of tool and workpiece materials. It is felt that this is beyond the scope of the book and is best left to other sources, such as machinability data banks and the Machining Handbook*, whose main objective is to present this kind of information. It is hoped that the reader will be able to progress logically from the fundamental aspects of the metal cutting process to the sections on the more specific topics of machinability including machinability testing and the properties of tool and workpiece materials which affect their machining performance.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Tissue Culture of Coniferous Trees -- 3. Tissue Culture of Hardwoods -- 4. Tissue Culture Propagation of Coconut, Date and Oil Palm -- 5. Culture of Ornamental Trees -- 6. Tissue Culture Propagation of Temperate Fruit Trees -- 7. Tissue Culture of Citrus -- 8. The Influence of Physical Factors on Xylem Differentiation In Vitro -- 9. The Use of Protoplast Technology in Tissue Culture of Trees -- 10. Tissue Culture Conservation of Woody Species -- 11. Conclusions -- Author Index.

Abstract: 1 John H. Dodds The culture offragmen ts of plant tissue is not a particularly new science, in fact as long ago as 1893 Rechinger (1893) described the formation of callus on isolated fragments of stems and roots. The culture of plant tissues in vitro on a nutrient medium was performed by Haberlandt (1902), however, his attempts were unsuccessful because he chose too simple a medium that lacked critical growth factors. Over the last fifty years there has been a surge of development in plant tissue culture techniques and a host of techniques are now avail­ able (Dodds and Roberts, 1982). The major areas are as follows. Callus Culture Callus is a rather ill-dermed material. but is usually described as an un­ organised proliferating mass of tissue. Although callus cultures have a great deal of potential in the biotechnological aspects of tissue culture, i.e. secondary product formation, they are not very suitable for plant propagation. The key reason for their unsuitability is that genetic aber­ rations occur during mitotic divisions in callus growth (D'amato.l965). The aberrations can be of a major type, such as aneuploidy or endo­ reduplication. It follows therefore that the genetic status of the re­ generated plants is different from that of the parent type. In general terms this genetic instability is undesirable, but there are occasions when a callus stage can be purposely included to diversify the genetic base of the crop.

Abstract: Puzzles -- 1 Hymn Numbers -- 2 Extra Homework -- 3 Crossnumber 1 -- 4 Phone Number -- 5 Maximum Capacity -- 6 The Gilberts and the Sullivans -- 7 Stamps -- 8 Perfect Squares -- 9 Dance Tickets -- 10 The Cube of the Aztecs -- 11 Sarah’s Number -- 12 Encyclopedia -- 13 Jim and Joe -- 14 Count Your Change -- 15 A Collection of Primes -- 16 Lucky Seven -- 17 Tables -- 18 The Professor’s Railway Ticket -- 19 Raise the Flag! -- 20 Diggett and Trowell -- 21 Jumbles -- 22 Keeping Up With the Joneses -- 23 Piggy Banks -- 24 Perfect Numbers -- 25 A Tale of Scheherezade -- 26 Memorial Day Picnic -- 27 Professor Hex in Los Angeles -- 28 Fudge -- 29 Crossnumber 2 -- 30 Round Trip -- 31 Jamie and His Calculator -- 32 Salaries -- 33 The Spy’s the Limit -- 34 An Odd Game -- 35 More Stamps -- 36 Marbles -- 37 Square Inches -- 38 Flight of the Bumblebee -- 39 Another Discovery -- 40 Mrs. Hex Goes to Market -- 41 The Monkey and the Coconuts -- 42 Two Families -- 43 Friendly Numbers -- 44 The Hexes Tour England -- 45 Lead Soldiers -- 46 Computer -- 47 Chuck-a-Luck -- 48 More Marbles -- 49 Cannon-Balls -- 50 Farmer Watkins and the Devil -- Programming Tips -- Programs -- Solutions.

Abstract: 1. The Composition and Structure of Milk Lipids -- 2. Influence of Nutritional Factors on the Yield, Composition and Physical Properties of Milk Fat -- 3. Origin of Milk Fat Globules and the Nature of the Milk Fat Globule Membrane -- 4. Physical Chemistry of Milk Fat Globules -- 5. Physical Properties and Modification of Milk Fat -- 6. Lipolytic Enzymes and Hydrolytic Rancidity in Milk and Milk Products -- 7. Lipid Oxidation -- 8. The Nutritional Significance of Lipids.

Abstract: Many of the desirable flavour and textural attributes of dairy products are due to their lipid components; consequently, milk lipids have, tradi­ tionally, been highly valued, in fact to the exclusion of other milk components in many cases. Today, milk is a major source of dietary lipids in western diets and although consumption of milk fat in the form of butter has declined in some countries, this has been offset in many cases by increasing consumption of cheese and fermented liquid dairy products. This text on milk lipids is the second in a series entitled Developments in Dairy Chemistry, the first being devoted to milk proteins. The series is produced as a co-ordinated treatise on dairy chemistry with the objective of providing an authoritative reference source for lecturers, researchers and advanced students. The biosynthesis, chemical, physical and nutritional properties of milk lipids have been reviewed in eight chapters by world experts. However, space does not permit consideration of the more product-related aspects of milk lipids which play major functional roles in several dairy products, especially cheese, dehydrated milks and butter.

Abstract: 1. Corporate Planning: Case Study of Corporate Planning, Income Planning and Control -- 2. Organization -- 3. Management by Objectives -- 4. The Performance Appraisal Process -- 5. Education, Training and Development -- 6. Providing Management Information -- 7. Labour Standard Costing -- 8. Establishing Standards For Labour Cost Control -- 9. Using Standards For Labour Cost Control -- 10. Underground Incentive Bonus Systems -- 11. Maintenance Management -- 12. Materials Management -- 13. Compensation Management -- 14. Industrial Relations -- 15. Summary.

Abstract: This book had its start when Douglas A. Sloan and the late Ralph Davies first decided to share our firm's experience in mine manage­ ment consulting assignments by using this experience as the basis for a mine management and productivity course. Over the years with more and more assignments, the course text notes were continuously updated and improved. However, the notes only reached the relatively few persons in the mining industry who attended each year's courses. The purpose of this book is to make this experience and knowledge available to everyone who has an interest in systematic mine management. The book is based on nearly 500 mine management consulting assignments which over the years were carried out by too many consultants to begin to mention names. However, some of the international experts whose work was used or who directly contrib­ uted must be mentioned. First would be Col. 1. F. Urwick whose books, articles and personal guidance of the author have had a general influence on the whole book and a specific influence on the Organization chapter. Others are John Humble whose work in developing Management by Objectives (MBO) is reflected in that chapter and Patrick H. Irwin for his work in Corporate Planning, which he has written of in that chapter.