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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Labor Market and Poverty in Sudan (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Education ; Food Security ; Gender ; Incentives ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Using the most recent household survey data, this paper examines the characteristics of Sudan's labor market as it relates to poverty outcomes. Several important aspects of the labor market are analyzed, including the relationship between labor market indicators and the demographic structure of the population, geographic location, education, and gender. It highlights the significant differences in labor market outcomes depending on the structure and distribution of the population and Sudan's labor market's many challenges across different dimensions, including demography, gender, and geography. The four key messages can be summarized as follows: first, Sudan is at the verge of entering the earl-dividend stage of the demographic transition. Sudan's population, while still very young, is on track to enter into the early-dividend stage of the demographic transition within just a few years, raising the stakes for job creation and investment in human capita. Second, while we find evidence for an increase in employment and labor force participation at the national level, this increase seems to be driven by seasonal labor in agriculture and increasing economic hardship, respectively. In urban areas, however, unemployment increased sharply, especially among youth. And despite the overall increase in employment and labor force participation, Sudan's labor market still underperforms in comparison to its peers. Third, Sudan's labor market is characterized by large gender disparities, including in terms of employment opportunities and pay. Finally, we find no signs of the beginnings of a structural transformation over the time-period author study; agriculture remains the mainstay of a large majority of employed Sudanese. Rather, labor productivity and real wages outside of agriculture declined markedly between 2009 and 2014, especially in sectors with links to the oil economy. The paper offers policy insights to enhance the role of the labor market in reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity in Sudan, key among which are 1) encouraging private sector growth, 2) overcoming gender discrimination in the labor market, 3) investing in agriculture and re-storing price incentives, and 4) further expanding access to quality education
    DOI: 10.1596/36101
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty
    Keywords: Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: While the incidence of extreme poverty in China fell dramatically over 1980–2001, progress was uneven over time and across provinces. Rural areas accounted for the bulk of the gains to the poor, though migration to urban areas helped. The pattern of growth mattered. Rural economic growth was far more important to national poverty reduction than urban economic growth. Agriculture played a far more important role than the secondary or tertiary sources of GDP. Rising inequality within the rural sector greatly slowed poverty reduction. Provinces starting with relatively high inequality saw slower progress against poverty, due both to lower growth and a lower growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Taxation of farmers and inflation hurt the poor. External trade had little short-term impact. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the causes of country success in poverty reduction
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s? (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?
    Keywords: Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion present new estimates of the extent of the developing world's progress against poverty. By the frugal
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Labor Market Distortions, Rural-Urban Inequality, and the Opening of China's Economy (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zhai, Fan Labor Market Distortions, Rural-Urban Inequality, and the Opening of China's Economy
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Factor Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Product Market ; Product Market Reform ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development Policy ; Urban Housing and Land ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Factor Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Product Market ; Product Market Reform ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development Policy ; Urban Housing and Land ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Factor Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Product Market ; Product Market Reform ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development Policy ; Urban Housing and Land
    Abstract: Hertel and Zhai evaluate the impact of two key factor market distortions in China on rural-urban inequality and income distribution. They find that creation of a fully functioning land market has a significant impact on rural-urban inequality. This reform permits agricultural households to focus solely on the differential between farm and nonfarm returns to labor in determining whether to work on or off-farm. This gives rise to an additional 10 million people moving out of agriculture by 2007 and lends a significant boost to the incomes of those remaining in agriculture. This off-farm migration also contributes to a significant rise in rural-urban migration, thereby lowering urban wages, particularly for unskilled workers. As a consequence, rural-urban inequality declines significantly. The authors find that reform of the Hukou system has the most significant impact on aggregate economic activity, as well as income distribution. Whereas the land market reform primarily benefits the agricultural households, this reform's primary beneficiaries are the rural households currently sending temporary migrants to the city. By reducing the implicit tax on temporary migrants, Hukou reform boosts their welfare and contributes to increased rural-urban migration. The combined effect of both factor market reforms is to reduce the urban-rural income ratio dramatically, from 2.59 in 2007 under the authors' baseline scenario to 2.27. When viewed as a combined policy package, along with WTO accession, rather than increasing inequality in China, the combined impact of product and factor market reforms significantly reduces rural-urban income inequality. This is an important outcome in an economy currently experiencing historic levels of rural-urban inequality. This paper—a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to evaluate the poverty impacts of trade policy reforms
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  • 5
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    Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ianchovichina, Elena Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty
    Keywords: Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: Many fear China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) will impoverish its rural people by way of greater import competition in its agricultural markets. Anderson, Huang, and Ianchovichina explore that possibility bearing in mind that, even if producer prices of some (land-intensive) farm products fall, prices of other (labor-intensive) farm products could rise. Also, the removal of restrictions on exports of textiles and clothing could boost town and village enterprises, so demand for unskilled labor for nonfarm work in rural areas may grow even if demand for farm labor in aggregate falls. New estimates, from the global economywide numerical simulation model known as GTAP, of the likely changes in agricultural and other product prices as a result of WTO accession are drawn on to examine empirically the factor reward implications of China's WTO accession. The results suggest farm-nonfarm and Western-Eastern income inequality may well rise in China but rural-urban income inequality need not. The authors conclude with some policy suggestions for alleviating any pockets of farm household poverty that may emerge as a result of WTO accession. This paper—a product of the Economic Policy Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network—is part of a larger effort in the network to assess the impact of China's WTO accession
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion use China's national household surveys for rural and urban areas to measure and explain the welfare impacts of the changes in goods and factor prices attributed to WTO accession. Price changes are estimated separately using a general equilibrium model to capture both direct and indirect effects of the initial tariff changes. The welfare impacts are first-order approximations based on a household model incorporating own-production activities and are calibrated to the household-level data imposing minimum aggregation. The authors find negligible impacts on inequality and poverty in the aggregate. However, diverse impacts emerge across household types and regions associated with heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with possible implications for compensatory policy responses. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the household welfare impacts of economywide policy changes
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Land Allocation in Vietnam's Agrarian Transition (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Land Allocation in Vietnam's Agrarian Transition
    Keywords: Allocation ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Contract ; Cost ; Economics ; Efficiency ; Environment ; Forestry ; Historical Context ; Labor ; Land ; Land Use and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Economy ; Municipal Housing ; Political Economy ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Price Variation ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing ; Allocation ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Contract ; Cost ; Economics ; Efficiency ; Environment ; Forestry ; Historical Context ; Labor ; Land ; Land Use and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Economy ; Municipal Housing ; Political Economy ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Price Variation ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing ; Allocation ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Contract ; Cost ; Economics ; Efficiency ; Environment ; Forestry ; Historical Context ; Labor ; Land ; Land Use and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Economy ; Municipal Housing ; Political Economy ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Price Variation ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing
    Abstract: While liberalizing key factor markets is a crucial step in the transition from a socialist control-economy to a market economy, the process can be stalled by imperfect information, high transaction costs, and covert resistance from entrenched interests. Ravallion and van de Walle study land-market adjustment in the wake of Vietnam's reforms aiming to establish a free market in land-use rights following de-collectivization. Inefficiencies in the initial administrative allocation are measured against an explicit counterfactual market solution. The authors' tests using a farm-household panel data set spanning the reforms suggest that land allocation responded positively but slowly to the inefficiencies of the administrative allocation. They find no sign that the transition favored the land rich or that it was thwarted by the continuing power over land held by local officials. This paper—a joint product of the Poverty Team and the Public Services Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the welfare impacts of major policy reforms
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    The Poverty/Environment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita The Poverty/Environment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic
    Keywords: Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Environment ; Environmental Degradation ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Living Conditions ; Ministry of Health ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Pollution ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Environmental degradation can inflict serious damage on poor people because their livelihoods often depend on natural resource use and their living conditions may offer little protection from air, water, and soil pollution. At the same time, poverty-constrained options may induce the poor to deplete resources and degrade the environment at rates that are incompatible with long-term sustainability. In such cases, degraded resources may precipitate a downward spiral, by further reducing the income and livelihoods of the poor. This "poverty/environment nexus" has become a major issue in the recent literature on sustainable development. In regions where the nexus is significant, jointly addressing problems of poverty and environmental degradation may be more cost-effective than addressing them separately. Empirical evidence on the prevalence and importance of the poverty/environment nexus is sparse because the requisite data are often difficult to obtain in developing countries. The authors use newly available spatial and survey data to investigate the spatial dimension of the nexus in Cambodia, and Lao People's Democratic Republic. The data enable the authors to quantify several environmental problems at the district and provincial level. In a parallel exercise, they map the provincial distribution of poor households. Merging the geographic information on poverty and the environment, the authors search for the nexus using geo-referenced indicator maps and statistical analysis. The results suggest that the nexus is country-specific: geographical, historical, and institutional factors may all play important roles in determining the relative importance of poverty and environment links in different contexts. Joint implementation of poverty and environment strategies may be cost-effective for some environmental problems, but independent implementation may be preferable in many cases as well. Since the search has not revealed a common nexus, the authors conclude on a cautionary note. The evidence suggests that the nexus concept can provide a useful catalyst for country-specific work, but not a general formula for program design. This paper—a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand poverty/environment links in different contexts
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    The Static and Dynamic Incidence of Vietnam's Public Safety Net (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Walle, de van Dominique The Static and Dynamic Incidence of Vietnam's Public Safety Net
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Vietnam's social welfare programs do not adequately protect and promote the poor. Increased spending, with better coverage and targeting, could help poor and vulnerable households. How does Vietnam's public safety net affect outcomes for the poor? Although social welfare programs in Vietnam are centrally mandated, they are locally implemented according to local norms and local poverty standards and often rely heavily on local financing. Van de Walle examines the coverage, incidence, and horizontal equity of the programs that can be identified in the data from the Vietnam Living Standards Survey. She looks at the role of location in determining whether the poor are assisted nationally. And she explores dynamic incidence between 1993 and 1998 and the degree to which programs performed a safety net function. The author's analysis shows that coverage and payments to households are low and have had a negligible impact on poverty. In principle, better targeting could improve the impact of current outlays. The analysis also shows that the system was ineffective in protecting households that were vulnerable to shocks. Finally, the results suggest that although there is a greater concentration of poverty-related programs and greater household participation in poorer communes, the system spends more (absolutely and relatively) on the poor in richer communes. This paper—a product of Public Services, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to improve the delivery and effectiveness of social protection programs. The author may be contacted at dvandewalleworldbank.org
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Universal(ly Bad) Service : Providing Infrastructure Services to Rural and Poor Urban Consumers (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wallsten, Scott Universal(ly Bad) Service
    Keywords: Benefits ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Competition ; Competition Policy ; Consumers ; Costs ; Development ; Development Strategies ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Goods ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Levels ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Benefits ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Competition ; Competition Policy ; Consumers ; Costs ; Development ; Development Strategies ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Goods ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Levels ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Benefits ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Competition ; Competition Policy ; Consumers ; Costs ; Development ; Development Strategies ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Goods ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Levels ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: Until recently, utility services (telecommunications, power, water, and gas) throughout the world were provided by large, usually state-owned, monopolies. However, encouraged by technological change, regulatory innovation, and pressure from international organizations, many developing countries are privatizing state-owned companies and introducing competition. Some observers worry that even if reforms improve efficiency, they might compromise an important public policy goal—ensuring "universal access" for low-income and rural households. Clarke and Wallsten review the motivation for universal service, methods used to try to achieve it under monopoly service provision, how reforms might affect these approaches, and the theoretical and empirical evidence of the impact of reform on these consumers. Next, using household data from around the world, they investigate empirically the historical performance of public monopolies in meeting universal service obligations and the impact of reform. The results show the massive failure of state monopolies to provide service to poor and rural households everywhere except Eastern Europe. Moreover, while the data are limited, the evidence suggests that reforms have not harmed poor and rural consumers, and in many cases have improved their access to utility services. Nevertheless, because competition undermines traditional methods of funding universal service objectives (cross-subsidies), the authors also review mechanisms that could finance these objectives without compromising the benefits of reforms. This paper—a product of Regulation and Competition Policy, Development Research Group—is a background paper for the Policy Research Report on The Regulation of Infrastructure. The authors may be contacted at gclarkeworldbank.org or swallsten@worldbank.org
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  • 11
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    The Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Vietnam and the Potential for Targeting (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Baulch, Bob The Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Vietnam and the Potential for Targeting
    Keywords: Anti-Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Aid ; Food Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Incidence of Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anti-Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Aid ; Food Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Incidence of Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anti-Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Aid ; Food Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Incidence of Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Minot and Baulch combine household survey and census data to construct a provincial poverty map of Vietnam and evaluate the accuracy of geographically targeted antipoverty programs. First, they estimate per capita expenditure as a function of selected household and geographic characteristics using the 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Survey. Next, they combine the results with data on the same household characteristics from the 1999 census to estimate the incidence of poverty in each province. The results show that rural poverty is concentrated in 10 provinces in the Northern Uplands, 2 provinces in the Central Highlands, and 2 provinces in the Central Coast. The authors use Receiver Operating Characteristics curves to evaluate the effectiveness of geographic targeting. The results show that the existing poor communes system excludes large numbers of poor people, but there is potential for sharpening poverty targeting using a small number of easy-to-measure household characteristics. This paper is a joint product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group, and the International Food Policy Research Institute. The authors may be contacted at n.minotcgiar.org or b.baulch@lds.ac.uk
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  • 12
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    Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam : A Socioeconomic Perspective (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Baulch, Bob Ethnic Minority Development in Vietnam
    Keywords: Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adoption ; Anthropology ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Culture & Development ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Education for All ; Ethnic Groups ; Fertility ; Fertility Rate ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human Capital ; Living Standards ; Minority ; Policy ; Population ; Population Policies ; Populations ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Baulch, Chuyen, Haughton, and Haughton examine the latest quantitative evidence on disparities in living standards between and among different ethnic groups in Vietnam. Using data from the 1998 Vietnam Living Standards Survey and 1999 Census, they show that Kinh and Hoa ("majority") households have substantially higher living standards than "minority" households from Vietnam's other 52 ethnic groups. Subdividing the population into five broad categories, the authors find that while the Kinh, Hoa, Khmer, and Northern Highland minorities have benefited from economic growth in the 1990s, the growth of Central Highland minorities has stagnated. Disaggregating further, they find that the same ethnic groups whose living standards have risen fastest are those that have the highest school enrollment rates, are most likely to intermarry with Kinh partners, and are the least likely to practice a religion. The authors then estimate and decompose a set of expenditure regressions which show that even if minority households had the same endowments as Kinh households, this would close no more than a third of the gap in per capita expenditures. While some ethnic minorities seem to be doing well with a strategy of assimilating (both culturally and economically) with the Kinh-Hoa majority, other groups are attempting to integrate economically while retaining distinct cultural identities. A third group comprising the Central Highland minorities, including the Hmong, is largely being left behind by the growth process. Such diversity in the socioeconomic development experiences of the different ethnic minorities indicates the need for similar diversity in the policy interventions that are designed to assist them. This paper—a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to study household welfare and poverty reduction in Vietnam. Jonathan Haughton may be contacted at jhaughtobeaconhill.org
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  • 13
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    Rich and Powerful? : Subjective Power and Welfare (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Rich and Powerful?
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Bank ; Contingency ; Culture & Development ; Demand ; Disposable Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Income Increases ; Inequality ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Inter ; Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Windpower ; Anthropology ; Bank ; Contingency ; Culture & Development ; Demand ; Disposable Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Income Increases ; Inequality ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Inter ; Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Windpower ; Anthropology ; Bank ; Contingency ; Culture & Development ; Demand ; Disposable Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Income Increases ; Inequality ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Inter ; Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Windpower
    Abstract: Does "empowerment" come hand-in-hand with higher economic welfare? In theory, higher income is likely to raise both power and welfare, but heterogeneity in other characteristics and household formation can either strengthen or weaken the relationship. Survey data on Russian adults indicate that higher individual and household incomes raise both self-rated power and welfare. The individual income effect is primarily direct, rather than through higher household income. There are diminishing returns to income, though income inequality emerges as only a minor factor reducing either aggregate power or welfare. At given income, the identified covariates have strikingly similar effects on power and welfare. There are some notable differences between men and women in perceived power. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to explore broader measures of well-being. The authors may be contacted at mlokshinworldbank.org or mravallion@worldbank.org
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  • 14
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    Beyond Oaxaca-Blinder : Accounting for Differences in Household Income Distributions across Countries (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco Beyond Oaxaca-Blinder
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Bourguignon, Ferreira, and Leite develop a microeconometric method to account for differences across distributions of household income. Going beyond the determination of earnings in labor markets, they also estimate statistical models for occupational choice and for conditional distributions of education, fertility, and nonlabor incomes. The authors import combinations of estimated parameters from these models to simulate counterfactual income distributions. This allows them to decompose differences between functionals of two income distributions (such as inequality or poverty measures) into shares because of differences in the structure of labor market returns (price effects), differences in the occupational structure, and differences in the underlying distribution of assets (endowment effects). The authors apply the method to the differences between the Brazilian income distribution and those of Mexico and the United States, and find that most of Brazil's excess income inequality is due to underlying inequalities in the distribution of two key endowments: access to education and to sources of nonlabor income, mainly pensions. This paper is a product of the Research Advisory Staff. The authors may be contacted at fbourguignonworldbank.org, fferreira@econ.puc-rio.br or phil@econ.puc-rio.br
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  • 15
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    Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind? (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind?
    Keywords: 1958-2000 ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Armut ; Teilstaat ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Indien ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: There has been much debate about how much India's poor have shared in the economic growth unleashed by economic reforms in the 1990s. Datt and Ravallion argue that India has probably maintained its 1980s rate of poverty reduction in the 1990s. However, there is considerable diversity in performance across states. This holds some important clues for understanding why economic growth has not done more for India's poor. India's economic growth in the 1990s has not been occurring in the states where it would have the most impact on poverty nationally. If not for the sectoral and geographic imbalance of growth, the national rate of growth would have generated a rate of poverty reduction that was double India's historical trend rate. States with relatively low levels of initial rural development and human capital development were not well-suited to reduce poverty in response to economic growth. The study's results are consistent with the view that achieving higher aggregate economic growth is only one element of an effective strategy for poverty reduction in India. The sectoral and geographic composition of growth is also important, as is the need to redress existing inequalities in human resource development and between rural and urban areas. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the department to better understand the relationship between economic growth and poverty. The authors may be contacted at gdattworldbank.org or mravallion@worldbank.org
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  • 16
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    Private Interhousehold Transfers in Vietnam in the Early and Late 1990s (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cox, Donald Private Interhousehold Transfers in Vietnam in the Early and Late 1990s
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Crowding Out ; Economic Growth ; Farm Productivity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Labor ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Welfare ; Human Capital ; Human Capital Investment ; Income ; Income Redistribution ; Labor Policies ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crowding Out ; Economic Growth ; Farm Productivity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Labor ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Welfare ; Human Capital ; Human Capital Investment ; Income ; Income Redistribution ; Labor Policies ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crowding Out ; Economic Growth ; Farm Productivity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Labor ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Welfare ; Human Capital ; Human Capital Investment ; Income ; Income Redistribution ; Labor Policies ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Cox uses date from the 1992-93 and 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS) to describe patterns of money transfers between households. Rapid economic growth during the 1990s did little to diminish the importance of private transfers in Vietnam. Private transfers are large and widespread in both surveys, and are much larger than public transfers. Private transfers appear to function like means-tested public transfers, flowing from better-off to worse-off households and providing old age support in retirement. Panel evidence suggests some hysteresis in private transfer patterns, but many households also changed from recipients to givers and vice versa between surveys. Changes in private transfers appear responsive to changes in household pre-transfer income, demographic changes, and life-course events. Transfer inflows rise upon retirement and widowhood, for example, and are positively associated with increases in health expenditures. It also appears that private transfer inflows increased for households affected by Typhoon Linda, which devastated Vietnam's southernmost provinces in late 1997. This paper is a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Economic Growth and Household Welfare: Policy Lessons from Vietnam. The author may be contacted at donald.coxbc.edu
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  • 17
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    Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s? : An Analysis of Poverty and Inequality Trends (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (64 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Glewwe, Paul Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s?
    Keywords: Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators ; Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators ; Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators
    Abstract: January 2000 - Vietnam's gains in poverty reduction between 1992 and 1998 were striking, and the country's impressive growth has been fairly broad-based. Households that have benefited most are well-educated, urban, white-collar households, while agricultural workers, ethnic minorities, and those residing in poorer regions have progressed least. Glewwe, Gragnolati, and Zaman assess the extent to which Vietnam's rapid economic growth in the 1990s was accompanied by reductions in poverty. They also investigate factors that contribute to certain households benefiting more than others. Using information from two household surveys, the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys (VNLSS) for 1992-93 and 1997-98, they show that Vietnam's gains in poverty reduction were striking during this period and that the country's impressive growth has been fairly broad-based. After discussing descriptive statistics for both years, the authors examine factors contributing to poverty reduction using both simple decomposition analysis and a multinomial logit model. The results show that: · Returns to education increased significantly during this period, particularly for higher levels of education. · Location significantly affected a household's probability of escaping poverty during this period. Urban households enjoyed a greater reduction in poverty than did rural households, and households residing in the Red River Delta and the southeast were also better able to take advantage of new opportunities. · White-collar households benefited most, and agricultural laborers the least. However, Vietnam cannot afford to be complacent, as nearly half its rural population lives below the poverty line, poverty rates among ethnic minorities remain very high, and natural calamities are a serious impediment to poverty reduction. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the dynamics of poverty. The authors may be contacted at pglewwedept.agecon.umn.edu, mgragnolati@worldbank.org, or hzaman@worldbank.org
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  • 18
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    Household Savings in Transition Economies (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Denizer, Cevdet Household Savings in Transition Economies
    Keywords: Bank ; Consumer ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Future Income ; Household Expenditure ; Household Savings ; Income ; Incomes ; Lifetime ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Precautionary Savings ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Purchases ; Rapid Growth ; Retail Cred Savings Behavior ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings Rates ; Social Welfare ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Bank ; Consumer ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Future Income ; Household Expenditure ; Household Savings ; Income ; Incomes ; Lifetime ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Precautionary Savings ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Purchases ; Rapid Growth ; Retail Cred Savings Behavior ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings Rates ; Social Welfare ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Bank ; Consumer ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Future Income ; Household Expenditure ; Household Savings ; Income ; Incomes ; Lifetime ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Precautionary Savings ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Purchases ; Rapid Growth ; Retail Cred Savings Behavior ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings Rates ; Social Welfare ; Unemployment ; Wages
    Abstract: In Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland, the higher the relative household income is, the higher the savings rate is. But, surprisingly, savings rates appear to be unaffected by either sector of employment (public or private) or form of employment. Savings rates are significantly higher for households that do not own their own homes or that own few of the standard consumer durables - possibly because, with no retail credit or mortgage markets, households must save to purchase houses and durables. - During the transition from central planning to market economies now under way in Eastern Europe, output levels first collapsed by 40 to 50 percent in most countries, then staged a modest recovery in the last two years. Longer-term revival of growth requires a resumption of investment and thus, realistically, of domestic savings. To explore the determinants of household savings rates in transition economies, Denizer, Wolf, and Ying studied matching household surveys for three Central European economies: Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland. They find that savings rates strongly increase with relative income, suggesting that increasing income inequality may play a role in determining savings rates. Savings rates are significantly higher for households that do not own their homes or that own few of the standard consumer durables - possibly because, with no retail credit or mortgage markets, households must save to purchase houses and durables. The influence of demographic factors broadly matches earlier findings for developing countries. Perhaps surprisingly, variables associated with the household's position in the transition process - including either sector of employment (public or private) or form of employment - do not play a significant role in determining savings rates. This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to understand determinants of savings, at both the household and the aggregate level
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  • 19
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    An Ecological and Historical Perspective on Agricultural Development in Southeast Asia (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hayami, Yujiro An Ecological and Historical Perspective on Agricultural Development in Southeast Asia
    Keywords: Agricultural Industry ; Agricultural Production ; Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Cash Crops ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Cultivated Land ; Cultivation ; Ecological Zones ; Environment ; Export Crops ; Farm ; Farms ; Forestry ; Forests and Forestry ; Green Revolution ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Land Distribution ; Land Use and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Plantations ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Produce ; Rice ; Rice Areas ; Rice Production ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Shifting Cultivation ; Tropical Products ; Tropical Rain Forests ; Agricultural Industry ; Agricultural Production ; Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Cash Crops ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Cultivated Land ; Cultivation ; Ecological Zones ; Environment ; Export Crops ; Farm ; Farms ; Forestry ; Forests and Forestry ; Green Revolution ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Land Distribution ; Land Use and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Plantations ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Produce ; Rice ; Rice Areas ; Rice Production ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Shifting Cultivation ; Tropical Products ; Tropical Rain Forests ; Agricultural Industry ; Agricultural Production ; Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Cash Crops ; Common Property Resource Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Cultivated Land ; Cultivation ; Ecological Zones ; Environment ; Export Crops ; Farm ; Farms ; Forestry ; Forests and Forestry ; Green Revolution ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Land Distribution ; Land Use and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Plantations ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Produce ; Rice ; Rice Areas ; Rice Production ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Shifting Cultivation ; Tropical Products ; Tropical Rain Forests
    Abstract: March 2000 - How location, natural resources, and different policies toward the elite's preemption of unused land shaped the historical development of different agrarian structures across Southeast Asia, conditioning agricultural growth performance until today. According to Myint's vent-for-surplus theory, development of the economies of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand from the nineteenth century on took natural advantage of large tracts of unused empty land with low population density and abundant natural resources of the type typically found in Southeast Asia and Africa at the outset of Western colonization. When these economies were integrated into international trade, hitherto unused natural resources (primary commodities the indigenous people had not valued) became the source of economic development, commanding market value because of high import demand in Western economies. The major delta of Chao Phraya River was the resource base of vent-for-surplus development with rice in Thailand; tropical rain forests filled that role in Indonesia and the Philippines with respect to the production of tropical cash crops. This basic difference underlay differences in distribution of farm size: the unimodal distribution of peasants or family farms in Thailand and the coexistence of peasants and large estate farms or plantations specializing in tropical export crops in Indonesia and the Philippines. Differences in agrarian development were also shaped by different policies toward the elite's preemption of unused land. Under Spanish colonialism, the elite preempted unused land in the Philippines wholesale, bifurcating land distribution between noncultivating landlords and sharecroppers in lowland rice areas, and between plantation owners and wage laborers in upland areas. In Indonesia, the Dutch government granted long-term leases for uncultivated public land to foreign planters, but prevented alienation of cultivated land from native peasants, to avoid social instability. In Thailand, concessions were granted for private canal building, but the independent kingdom preserved the tradition of giving land to anyone who could open and cultivate it. Relatively homogeneous landowning peasants dominated Thailand's rural sector. As frontiers for new cultivation closed, the plantation system's initial advantage (large-scale development of land and infrastructure) began to be outweighed by its need to monitor hired labor. The peasant system, based on family labor needing no supervision, allowed Thailand's share of the world market in tropical cash crops to grow, as Indonesia and the Philippines lost their traditional comparative advantage. Moreover, land reform in the Philippines made land markets inactive, with resulting distortions in resource allocation and serious underinvestment in agriculture. This paper - a product of Rural Development, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to review rural development in Asian countries. The author may be contacted at hayamisipeb.aoyama.ac.jp
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