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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Russian Federation 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180116
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Fédération de Russie 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Fédération de Russie 1999
    Keywords: Environment ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This review of the Russian Federation's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180116-en
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  • 2
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Denmark 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172548
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Danemark 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Danemark 1999
    Keywords: Environment ; Denmark
    Abstract: This review of Denmark's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172548-en
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  • 3
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    Energy: The Next Fifty Years (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173163
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Énergie ; les cinquante prochaines années
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Énergie : les cinquante prochaines années
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: How long will conventional fossil fuels remain the predominant source of energy? Does nuclear power have a future? What new energy technologies are emerging on the horizon? What are the implications of the growing role played by developing countries as producers and users of energy? What can be done to avoid international energy crises in the future? How will the information society affect the production and use of energy? And what will be the long-term implications of international environmental agreements for a sustainable energy future? Endeavours to set world energy on a sustainable footing are entering a critical phase. By 2050 the energy landscape could be completely transformed. A highly diversified mix of conventional and new fuels will be in use; unprecedented levels of energy efficiency in transport systems, housing and other infrastructures will likely have been attained; and people could at last be reaping the rewards of environmentally responsible lifestyles. But such a shift towards sustainable use of energy will take decades to achieve. This book reviews the options likely to shape the energy picture over the next half-century, and assesses some of the key issues -- economic, social, technological, environmental -- that decision-makers in government and corporations will need to address in the very near future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173163-en
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  • 4
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173804
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Turquie 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Turquie 1999
    Keywords: Environment ; Turkey
    Abstract: This review of Turkey's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173804-en
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  • 5
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Czech Republic 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172166
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; République Tchèque 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République Tchèque 1999
    Keywords: Environment ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: This review of the Czech Republic's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172166-en
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  • 6
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Belgium 1998 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163522
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Belgique 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Belgique 1998
    Keywords: Environment ; Belgium
    Abstract: This review of Belgium's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163522-en
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  • 7
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    Test No. 214: Honeybees, Acute Contact Toxicity Test (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070189
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 214; Abeille domestique, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈ par contact
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 214: Abeille domestique, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈ par contact
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is a laboratory test method, designed to assess the acute contact toxicity of pesticides and other chemicals to adult worker honeybees. Anaesthetized adult worker honeybees are exposed to five doses in a geometric series of the test substance dissolved in appropriate carrier (in total a volume of 1 ml), by direct application to the thorax (droplets). A minimum of three replicate test groups, each of ten bees, should be dosed with each test concentration. A toxic standard (usually dimethoate) should be included in the test series. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 ìg active ingredient/bee. The test duration is 48h. Mortality is recorded daily during at least 48 hours and compared with control values. If the mortality rate is increasing between 24 and 48h whilst control mortality remains at an accepted level, it is appropriate to extend the duration of the test to a maximum of 96h. The results are analysed in order to calculate the LD50 at 24h and 48h and, in case the study is prolonged, at 72h and 96h.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070189-en
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  • 8
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    Test No. 409: Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Non-Rodents (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070721
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 409; Toxicité orale à doses répétées - non-rongeurs; 90 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 409: Toxicité orale à doses répétées - non-rongeurs: 90 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from short-term exposure to test substance. The determination of sub-chronic oral toxicity using repeated doses may be carried out after initial information on toxicity has been obtained from acute or repeated dose 28-day toxicity tests. The method is based on the repeated oral administration of the substance of interest over a prolonged period (one dose level daily during 90 days). This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with non-rodents species. The commonly used non-rodent species is the dog (the beagle is frequently used). At least 8 animals (4 female and 4 male) should be used for each test group. Three concentrations, at least, should be used. The test compound is administered in the diet or in the drinking water, by gavage or in capsules. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The results of this study include: measurements (weighing at least once a week, food/water consumption) and daily (preferably at the same time) and detailed observations (ophtalmological examination, haematology, clinical biochemistry and urinalysis), as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. A properly conducted 90-day subchronic test should provide a satisfactory estimation of a no-effect level.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070721-en
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  • 9
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    Test No. 212: Fish, Short-term Toxicity Test on Embryo and Sac-Fry Stages (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070141
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 212; Poisson, essai de toxicité à court terme aux stades de l'embryon et de l'alevin
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 212: Poisson, essai de toxicité à court terme aux stades de l'embryon et de l'alevin
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: In this Short-term Toxicity Test on Fish Embryo and Sac-Fry Stages, the life stages from the newly fertilized egg to the end of the sac-fry stage are exposed. The embryo and sac-fry stages of fish are exposed to five concentrations of the test substance dissolved in water. A choice, depending on the nature of the test substance, is possible between a semi-static and a flow-through procedure. The test starts with placing at least 30 fertilised eggs divided equally between at least three replicate test chambers per concentration, and is terminated just before the yolk-sac of any larvae in any of the test chambers has been completely absorbed or before mortalities by starvation start in controls. Lethal and sub-lethal effects are assessed and compared with control values to determine the lowest observed effect concentration and hence the no observed effect concentration. Alternatively, they may be analysed using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause a given percentage effect. The study report should include: the daily counting of the offspring, the daily recording of the parent mortality, the weekly measurement of oxygen concentration, temperature, and pH values; and the determination of the concentrations of test substance. It should also include the observations of abnormal appearance, abnormal behaviour, hatching and survival...
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070141-en
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  • 10
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    Test No. 213: Honeybees, Acute Oral Toxicity Test (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070165
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 213; Abeille domestique, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 213: Abeille domestique, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈ par voie orale
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is a laboratory test method, designed to assess the oral acute toxicity of pesticides and other chemicals, to adult worker honeybees. Adult worker honeybees are exposed to five doses in a geometric series of the test substance dispersed in sucrose solution. A minimum of three replicate test groups, each of ten bees, should be dosed with each test concentration. A toxic standard (usually dimethoate) should be included in the test series. The bees are then fed the same diet, free of the test substance. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 ìg active ingredient/bee. Mortality is recorded daily during at least 48 hours and compared with control values. If the mortality rate is increasing between 24 and 48h whilst control mortality remains at an accepted level it is appropriate to extend the duration of the test to a maximum of 96h. The study report should include the amount of diet consumed per group and the observation of all abnormal behavioural. The results are analysed in order to calculate the LD50 at 24h and 48h and, in case the study is prolonged, at 72h and 96h.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070165-en
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  • 11
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Switzerland 1998 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163591
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Keywords: Environment ; Switzerland
    Abstract: This review of Switzerland's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163591-en
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  • 12
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Mexico 1998 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162594
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Mexique 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Mexique 1998
    Keywords: Environment ; Mexico
    Abstract: This review of Mexico's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162594-en
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  • 13
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Australia 1998 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162693
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Australie 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Australie 1998
    Keywords: Environment ; Australia
    Abstract: This report evaluates Australia's progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162693-en
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  • 14
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    Test No. 408: Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070707
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 408; Toxicité orale à doses répétées - rongeurs; 90 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 408: Toxicité orale à doses répétées - rongeurs: 90 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to test substance via oral administration. The determination of sub-chronic oral toxicity using repeated doses may be carried out after initial information on toxicity has been obtained from acute or repeated dose 28-day toxicity tests. The method is based on the repeated oral administration of the substance of interest over a prolonged period (one dose level daily during 90 days). This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with rodents (rat preferably). At least 20 animals (10 female and 10 male) should be used for each test group. Three concentrations, at least, should be used. The test compound is administered by gavage or via the diet or drinking water. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The results of this study include: measurements (weighing at least once a week, food and water consumption) and daily and detailed observations (ophtalmological examination, haematology, clinical biochemistry and urinalysis), each day preferably at the same time; as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. A number of endocrine-related measurements, particularly relevant to thyoid function have been added in 2018. A properly conducted 90-day subchronic test should provide a satisfactory estimation of a no-effect level.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070707-en
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  • 15
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    Sustainable Development : OECD Policy Approaches for the 21st Century (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174283
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, sustainability has emerged as an over-arching policy goal in the OECD Secretariat and in its Member countries. Real progress depends upon the integration of environmental and social goals with economic ones. This publication provides an overview and analysis of trends and identifies policy gaps and trade-offs that have been encountered and points to future options. The authors document positive trends which have emerged signalling greater sustainability, as well as areas where progress has proved more elusive. While the main focus is the OECD region, expanding linkages -- among all countries and regions -- form an important part of the story. The coverage of the volume reflects the OECD's diverse subject matter expertise, and some of the interdisciplinary synergies that the Organisation can generate. Part I of this two-part volume concentrates on socio-economic issues, including the integration of economics and environment; trade and environment; changing consumption and production patterns; assessing environmental performance; development co-operation; and the evolution of aid agencies since Rio. Part II takes an in-depth look at nine sectoral issues: energy; transport; agriculture; toxic chemicals; climate change; nuclear energy; urbanisation; biotechnology; and education. In short, this publication gives essential keys to meet the major challengeof the 21st century: helping to make sustainability a reality.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174283-en
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  • 16
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    Test No. 424: Neurotoxicity Study in Rodents (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071025
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 424; Étude de neurotoxicité
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 424: Étude de neurotoxicité
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline has been designed to obtain the information necessary to confirm or to further characterise the potential neurotoxicity of chemicals in adult animals. This Test Guideline is designed for use with the rat. It specifically addresses the daily oral administration, by gavage, (in the diet, in drinking water or by capsules) of the test substance. When the study is conducted as a separate study, at least 20 animals (10 females and 10 males) should be used in each dose. At least three dose groups and a control group should generally be used. Dose levels should be selected by taking into account any previously observed toxicity and kinetic data available for the test compound or related materials. The dosing regimen may be 28 days, subchronic (90 days) or chronic (1 year or longer). The procedures set out in this Test Guideline may also be used for an acute neurotoxicity study. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 1000 mg/kg body weight. The results of this study include measurements (weighing, food /water consumption), functional tests, and, at least, daily detailed observations (Ophthalmology, haematology, clinical biochemistry and histopathology). At least five males and five females, selected from test group, should be perfused in situ and used for detailed neurohistopathology at the end of the study. The findings of the study should be evaluated in terms of the incidence, severity and correlation of neurobehavioural and neuropathological effects (neurochemical or electrophysiological effects as well if supplementary examinations are included) and any other adverse effects observed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071025-en
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  • 17
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    Test No. 483: Mammalian Spermatogonial Chromosome Aberration Test (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071469
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 483; Toxicologie génétique; Essai cytogénétique sur cellules germinales de mammifère
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 483: Toxicologie génétique: Essai cytogénétique sur cellules germinales de mammifère
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This test measures chromosome events in spermatogonial germ cells and is, therefore, expected to be predictive of induction of inheritable mutations in germ cells. Male Chinese hamsters and mice are commonly used. Animals are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) by an appropriate route of exposure, usually by gavage or by intraperitoneal injection. Then, they are sacrificed at appropriate times after treatment. Each treated and control group must include at least five analysable males. Test substances are preferably administered once or twice but they may also be administered as a split dose to facilitate administering a large volume of material. Prior to sacrifice, animals are treated with a metaphase-arresting agent. Chromosome preparations are then made from germ cells and stained, and metaphase cells are analyzed for chromosome aberrations. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw/d. Positive results from the in vivo spermatogonial chromosome aberration test indicate that a substance induces chromosome aberrations in the germ cells of the species tested.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071469-en
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  • 18
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    Test No. 476: In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071322
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 476; Essai in vitro de mutation génique sur des cellules de mammifères
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 476: Essai in vitro de mutation génique sur des cellules de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test can be used to detect gene mutations induced by chemical substances. In the cell lines the most commonly-used genetic endpoints measure mutation at thymidine kinase (TK) and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), and a transgene of xanthineguanine phosphoribosyl transferase (XPRT). The TK, HPRT and XPRT mutation tests detect different spectra of genetic events. Cells in suspension or monolayer culture are exposed to, at least four analysable concentrations of the test substance, both with and without metabolic activation, for a suitable period of time. They are subcultured to determine cytotoxicity and to allow phenotypic expression prior to mutant selection. It is recommended to utilise at least 106cells. Cytotoxicity is usually determined by measuring the relative cloning efficiency (survival) or relative total growth of the cultures after the treatment period. The treated cultures are maintained in growth medium for a sufficient period of time, characteristic of each selected locus and cell type, to allow near-optimal phenotypic expression of induced mutations. Mutant frequency is determined by seeding known numbers of cells in medium containing the selective agent to detect mutant cells, and in medium without selective agent to determine the cloning efficiency (viability). After a suitable incubation time, colonies are counted.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071322-en
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  • 19
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    Test No. 474: Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071285
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 474; Le test de micronoyaux sur les érythrocytes de mammifères
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 474: Le test de micronoyaux sur les érythrocytes de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The mammalian in vivo micronucleus test is used for the detection of damage induced by the test substance to the chromosomes or the mitotic apparatus of erythroblasts, by analysis of erythrocytes as sampled in bone marrow and/or peripheral blood cells of animals, usually rodents (mice or rats). The purpose of the micronucleus test is to identify substances (liquid or solid) that cause cytogenetic damage which results in the formation of micronuclei containing lagging chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes. An increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in treated animals is an indication of induced chromosome damage. Animals are exposed to the test substance by an appropriate route (usually by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula, or by intraperitoneal injection). Bone marrow and/or blood cells are collected, prepared and stained. Preparations are analyzed for the presence of micronuclei. Each treated and control group must include at least 5 analysable animals per sex. Administration of the treatments consists of a single dose of test substance or two daily doses (or more). The limit dose is 2000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment up to 14 days, and 1000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment longer than 14 days.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071285-en
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  • 20
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    Test No. 486: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) Test with Mammalian Liver Cells in vivo (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071520
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 486; Essai de synthèse non programmée de l'ADN (UDS) sur des hépatocytes de mammifères in vivo
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 486: Essai de synthèse non programmée de l'ADN (UDS) sur des hépatocytes de mammifères in vivo
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of the unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) test with mammalian liver cells in vivo is to identify substances that induce DNA repair after excision and removal of a stretch of DNA containing a region of damage induced by chemical substances (solid or liquid) or physical agents in the liver. The test is usually based on the incorporation of tritium-labelled thymidine, 3H-TdR, (during 3-8 hours) into the DNA of liver cells which have a low frequency of cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle. The uptake of 3H-TdR is usually determined by autoradiography. Rats are commonly used, and the number of animals should be at least three analysable animals per group. Normally, at least two dose levels are used. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw/d. Test substances are generally administered as a single treatment by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula. Liver cells are prepared from treated animals 12-16 hours after dosing of animal. After autoradiography, normally 100 cells are scored from each animal from at least two slides. A positive result from the UDS test with mammalian liver cells in vivo indicates that a substance induces DNA damage in mammalian liver cells in vivo that can be repaired by unscheduled DNA synthesis in vitro. A negative result indicates that, under the test conditions, the test substance does not induce DNA damage that is detectable by this test.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071520-en
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  • 21
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    Test No. 471: Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071247
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 471; Essai de mutation réverse sur des bactéries
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 471: Essai de mutation réverse sur des bactéries
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The bacterial reverse mutation test uses amino-acid requiring at least five strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli to detect point mutations by base substitutions or frameshifts. The principle of this bacterial reverse mutation test is that it detects mutations which revert mutations present in the test strains and restore the functional capability of the bacteria to synthesize an essential amino acid. Suspensions of bacterial cells are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) in the presence and in the absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. At least five different analysable concentrations of the test substance should be used. The recommended maximum test concentration for soluble non-cytotoxic substances is 5 mg/plate or 5 ml/plate. There are two methods: the plate incorporation method and the preincubation method. For both techniques, after two or three days of incubation at 37°C, revertant colonies are counted and compared to the number of spontaneous revertant colonies on solvent control plates.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071247-en
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  • 22
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    Economic Globalisation and the Environment (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174436
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (90 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: This book summarises the environmental implications of globalisation (both positive and negative) in terms of governance (the changing role of the nation-state and other institutions), competitiveness, foreign investments (pollution havens/industrial migration), sectoral economic activities (energy, transport, agriculture), technological change, and corporate environmental strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174436-en
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  • 23
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    Test No. 475: Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosome Aberration Test (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071308
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 475; Essai d'aberration chromosomique sur moelle osseuse de mammifères
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 475: Essai d'aberration chromosomique sur moelle osseuse de mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The mammalian in vivo chromosome aberration test is used for the detection of structural chromosome aberrations induced by test compounds in bone marrow cells of animals, usually rodents (rats, mice and Chinese hamsters). Structural chromosome aberrations may be of two types: chromosome or chromatid. Animals are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) by an appropriate route of exposure (usually by gavage using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula, or by intraperitoneal injection) and are sacrificed at appropriate times after treatment. Prior to sacrifice, animals are treated with a metaphase-arresting agent. Chromosome preparations are then made from the bone marrow cells and stained, and metaphase cells are analysed for chromosome aberrations. Each treated and control group must include at least 5 analysable animals per sex. The limit dose is 2000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment up to 14 days, and 1000 mg/kg/body weight/day for treatment longer than 14 days.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071308-en
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  • 24
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    Test No. 473: In vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071261
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 473; Essai d'aberration chromosomique in vitro chez les mammifères
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 473: Essai d'aberration chromosomique in vitro chez les mammifères
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of the in vitro chromosome aberration test is to identify agents that cause structural chromosome aberrations in cultured mammalian somatic cells. Structural aberrations may be of two types: chromosome or chromatid. The in vitro chromosome aberration test may employ cultures of established cell lines, cell strains or primary cell cultures. Cell cultures are exposed to the test substance (liquid or solid) both with and without metabolic activation during about 1.5 normal cell cycle lengths. At least three analysable concentrations of the test substance should be used. At each concentration duplicate cultures should normally be used. At predetermined intervals after exposure of cell cultures to the test substance, the cells are treated with a metaphase-arresting substance, harvested, stained. Metaphase cells are analysed microscopically for the presence of chromosome aberrations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071261-en
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  • 25
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    Test No. 305: Bioconcentration: Flow-through Fish Test (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070462
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 305; Bioconcentration; Essai dynamique chez le poisson
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 305: Bioconcentration: Essai dynamique chez le poisson
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a procedure for characterising the bioconcentration potential of substances in fish, under flow-through conditions (but semi-static regimes are permissible). The test consists of two phases: the exposure (uptake) and post-exposure (depuration) phases. During the uptake phase (28 days normally and 60 days maximum), separate groups of four fishes of one species are exposed to at least two concentrations of the test substance. They are then transferred to a medium free of the test substance for the depuration phase. A depuration phase is always necessary unless uptake of the substance during the uptake phase has been insignificant. In addition to the two test concentrations, a control group of fish is held without the test substance. The concentration of the test substance in/on the fish is followed through both phases of the test. During the test, dissolved oxygen, TOC, pH, total hardness and salinity, and temperature should be measured in vessels. The lipid content should be determined on the same biological material as is used to determine the concentration of the test substance, when feasible. Where possible the bioconcentration factor at apparent steady-state (BCF), expressed as a function of the total wet weight of the fish, and the kinetic bioconcentration factor (BCFK) are calculated. The bioconcentration should be expressed in relation to lipid content in addition to whole body weight.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070462-en
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  • 26
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    Test No. 118: Determination of the Number-Average Molecular Weight and the Molecular Weight Distribution of Polymers using Gel Permeation Chromatography (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069848
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 118; Détermination de la masse moléculaire moyenne en nombre et de la distribution des masses moléculaires des polymères par chromatographie sur gel perméable
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 118: Détermination de la masse moléculaire moyenne en nombre et de la distribution des masses moléculaires des polymères par chromatographie sur gel perméable
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test guideline describes the Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). This method permits to determine the molecular weight distribution and the average molecular weights (Mn, Mw). GPC is a special type of liquid chromatography in which the sample is separated according to the hydrodynamic volumes of the individual constituents.According to their size, the eluted molecules can or not penetrate in the porous material (typically an organic gel) of which the columns are filled. Thus, the smallest molecules are retained whereas largest elute more quickly. At exit of column, detectors (generally by differential refractometry) provide the refractive index or UV-absorption and yield a simple distribution curve. However, to attribute actual molecular weight values to the curve, it is necessary to calibrate the column by passing down polymers of known molecular weight and, ideally, of broadly similar structure, e.g. various polystyrene standards. For each sample analyzed, two independent experiments must be undertaken. They have to be analysed individually. Mn, Mw, Mw/Mn must be provided for every measurement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069848-en
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  • 27
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    Test No. 119: Determination of the Low Molecular Weight Content of a Polymer Using Gel Permeation Chromatography (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069862
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 119; Détermination de la teneur en polymères de faible masse moléculaire par chromatographie sur gel perméable
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 119: Détermination de la teneur en polymères de faible masse moléculaire par chromatographie sur gel perméable
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test guideline describes the Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). This method permits to determine the molecular weight distribution and the average molecular weights (Mn, Mw). GPC is a special type of liquid chromatography in which the sample is separated according to the hydrodynamic volumes of the individual constituents. Low molecular weight is arbitrarily defined as a molecular weight below 1000 dalton.According to their size, the eluted molecules can or not penetrate in the porous material (typically an organic gel) of which the columns are filled. Thus, the smallest molecules are retained whereas largest elute more quickly. At exit of column, detectors (generally by differential refractometry) provide the refractive index or UV-absorption and yield a simple distribution curve. However, to attribute actual molecular weight values to the curve, it is necessary to calibrate the column by passing down polymers of known molecular weight and, ideally, of broadly similar structure, e.g. various polystyrene standards. For each sample analyzed, two independent experiments must be undertaken.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069862-en
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  • 28
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    Test No. 422: Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070981
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 422; Étude combinée de toxicité à doses répétées et de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 422: Étude combinée de toxicité à doses répétées et de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The test substance is administered in graduated doses to several groups of males and females. Males should be dosed for a minimum of four weeks; females should be dosed throughout the study (approximately 54 days). Normally, matings “one male to one female” should be used in this study. This Test Guideline is designed for use with the rat. It is recommended that the test substance be administered orally by gavage. This should be done in a single dose daily to the animals using a stomach tube or a suitable intubation cannula. Each group should be started with at least 10 animals of each sex. Generally, at least three test groups and a control group should be used. Dose levels should be selected taking into account any existing toxicity and (toxico-) kinetic data available. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 1000 mg/kg body weight. The results of this study include measurements (weighing, food/water consumption) and daily detailed observations (including sensory reactivity to stimuli), preferably each day at the same time, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this toxicity study should be evaluated in terms of the observed effects, necropsy and microscopic findings. The evaluation will include the relationship between the dose of the test substance and the presence or absence of observations. Because of the short period of treatment of the male, the histopathology of the testis and epididymus must be considered along with the fertility data, when assessing male reproduction effects.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070981-en
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  • 29
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    OECD Economies at a Glance : Structural Indicators (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264149472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Coup d'oeil sur les économies de l'OCDE ; Indicateurs structurels
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Coup d'oeil sur les économies de l'OCDE : Indicateurs structurels
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: How many passenger cars are there per inhabitant in Spain? How can you become eligible for unemployment benefits in Canada? How did the total final consumption of energy evolve over the last few decades in OECD countries? How is privatisation of telecommunications firms progressing in various OECD countries? This publication answers these and many other questions concerning economic structure and policy in the OECD area, and its evolution over time, giving a broad set of valuable and reliable data in a range of areas -- labour markets, banking, regulation and competition, public finance and expenditures, social services, agriculture, energy, and environment, among others -- as well as some general indicators on basic living standards
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264149472-en
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  • 30
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    Test No. 109: Density of Liquids and Solids (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069664
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 109; Densité des liquides et des solides
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 109: Densité des liquides et des solides
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline lists methods for determining the density of liquids and solids, giving only a very succinct description of them. The density of a substance is the quotient of its mass and its volume and is expressed in kg/m3. Several methods are for liquid substance only: hydrometer, immersed body method (both are buoyancy methods) and oscillating densitometer. These methods are applicable to liquids with a dynamic viscosity below 5 Pa s for hydrometer and oscillating densitometer and below 20 Pa s for immersed body method. The method for solids only is the air comparison pycnometer. The volume of a sample of the solid is measured in air or in an inert gas in a calibrated cylinder of variable volume. After concluding the volume measurement, the sample is weighed. The methods for liquids and solids are the hydrostatic balance (a buoyancy method) and the pycnometer. The dynamic viscosity of liquids to be investigated should not exceed 5 Pa s for hydrostatic balance, and should not be above 500 Pa s for pycnometer.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069664-en
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  • 31
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    Test No. 421: Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070967
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 421; Essai de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 421: Essai de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The test substance is administered in graduated doses to several groups of males and females. Males should be dosed for a minimum of four weeks. Females should be dosed throughout the study, so approximately 54 days. This Test Guideline is designed for use with the rat. It is recommended that each group be started with at least 10 animals of each sex. Generally, at least three test groups and a control group should be used. Dose levels may be based on information from acute toxicity tests or on results from repeated dose studies. The test substance is administered orally and daily. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 1000 mg/kg body weight. The results of this study include measurements (weighing, food/water consumption) and daily and detailed observations, preferably each day at the same time, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this toxicity study should be evaluated in terms of the observed effects, necropsy and microscopic findings. Because of the short period of treatment of the male, the histopathology of the testis and epididymus must be considered along with the fertility data, when assessing male reproductive effects.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070967-en
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  • 32
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    Test No. 418: Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Substances Following Acute Exposure (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070905
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 418; Neurotoxicité différée de substances organophosphorées à la suite d'une exposiiton aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 418: Neurotoxicité différée de substances organophosphorées à la suite d'une exposiiton aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The test substance is administered orally in a single dose to domestic hens. The animals are observed for 21 days, then the remainder of the hens are killed and histopathological examination is undertaken. The young adult domestic laying hen (Gallus gallus domesticus), aged 8 to 12 months, is recommended. The single dosing with the test substance should normally be by the oral route using gavage, gelatine capsules, or a comparable method. The treatment group should contain, at least 12 hens, and the positive control group at least 6 hens. The objective of the preliminary study is to maximize the main study dose. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 2000 mg/kg body weight/day. The dose level of the main study should be high as possible taking into account the results of preliminary study and the maximum dose level (2000 mg/kg bw/d). The results of this study include measurements (weighing), biochemistry (neuropathy target esterase) and, at least, daily and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this study should be evaluated in terms of the incidence, severity, and correlation of behavioral, biochemical and histopathological effects and any other observed effects in the treated and control groups.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070905-en
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  • 33
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    Test No. 419: Delayed Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Substances: 28-day Repeated Dose Study (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070929
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 419; Neurotoxicité différée de substances organophosphorées; Étude à dose répétée sur 28 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 419: Neurotoxicité différée de substances organophosphorées: Étude à dose répétée sur 28 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is used in the assessment and evaluation of the toxic effects of organophosporus substances. Daily doses of the test substance are administered orally (preferably by gavage or administration of gelatin capsules) to domestic laying hens (aged 8 to 12 months) for 28 days. The animals are observed at least daily until 14 days after the last dose. Biochemical measurements are undertaken on hens randomly selected from each group after the last dose. Two weeks after the last dose, the remainder of the hens are killed and histopathological examination is undertaken. The treatment group should contain at least 12 hens. Generally, at least three treatment groups should be used. The highest dose level should be chosen with the aim of inducing toxic effects; thereafter a descending sequence of dose levels should be selected. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The results of this study include weighing at least once a week, biochemistry (neuropathy target esterase, acetylcholinesterase) and, at least, and detailed observations, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of this study should be evaluated in terms of the incidence, severity, and correlation of behavioral, biochemical and histopathological effects and any other observed effects in each of the treated and control groups.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070929-en
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  • 34
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    Test No. 103: Boiling Point (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069541
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 103; Point d'ébullition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 103: Point d'ébullition
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes methods to determine the boiling point of test substances. The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature (in K) at which the vapour pressure equals the standard atmospheric pressure 101.325 kPa.The influence of impurities on the boiling point depends greatly upon the nature of the impurity. The methods described in this Test Guideline can be applied to liquid and low-melting substances, provided that they do not undergo chemical change below the boiling point. The methods are: the ebulliometer, the dynamic method, the distillation method, the method according to Siwoloboff, the photocell detection, the differential thermal analysis, the differential scanning calorimetry. The photocell detection and thermal analysis permit the determination of boiling as well as melting temperatures. The dynamic method has the advantage that it can also be applied to the determination of the vapour pressure.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069541-en
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  • 35
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    Test No. 107: Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): Shake Flask Method (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069626
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 107; Coefficient de partage (n-octanol/eau); méthode par agitation en flacon
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 107: Coefficient de partage (n-octanol/eau): méthode par agitation en flacon
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to determine experimentally Pow values in the range log Pow between -2 and 4 (occasionally up to 5). This method can not be used with surface-active materials. The partition coefficient is defined as the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of a dissolved substance in a two-phase system consisting of two largely immiscible solvents. The test should be done at a temperature in the range 20 to 25°C, kept constant at ± 1°. There are three runs with different volumes ratio of n-octanol to water. Duplicate vessels containing accurately measured amounts of the two solvents and stock solution are used in all three runs. After agitation the separation of the two phases, in general, is achieved by centrifugation. It is necessary to determine the concentrations of the test substance in both phases. Analytical methods which may be appropriate are: photometry, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The total quantity of substance present in both phases should be calculated and compared with the quantity originally introduced. A Pow value is calculated from the data of each run. The six log Pow values should fall within a range of ± 0.3 units.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069626-en
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  • 36
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    Test No. 102: Melting Point/ Melting Range (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069527
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 102; Point de fusion/Intervalle de fusion
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 102: Point de fusion/Intervalle de fusion
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guidelines describes several methods and devices to determine the temperature or temperature range of the phase transition from the solid to the liquid state or from the liquid to the solid state. The melting point is defined as the temperature at which the phase transition from the solid to the liquid state at atmospheric pressure takes place. It is considerably affected by impurities. The selection of a particular method depends mainly on the state of physical aggregation of the sample and on whether or not the substance can be pulverized easily, with difficulty, or not at all. The methods are: the capillary/liquid bath, the capillary/metal block, the Kofler hot bar, the melt microscope, the differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, the freezing temperature and the pour point.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069527-en
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  • 37
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    Test No. 105: Water Solubility (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069589
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 105; Solubilité dans l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 105: Solubilité dans l'eau
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes methods to determine the water solubility of test substances. The water solubility of a substance is the saturation mass concentration of the substance in water at a given temperature. This guideline addresses the determination of the solubility in water of essentially pure substances which are stable in water and not volatile. Before determining water solubility, it is useful to have some preliminary information on the substance, like structural formula, vapour pressure, dissociation constant and hydrolysis as a function of pH. The column elution method and the flask method which cover respectively solubilities below and above 10-2 g/l are described. The test is preferably run at 20 ± 0,5 °C. A simple preliminary test is allowed to determine approximately the appropriate amount of sample to be used in the final test, as well as the time necessary to achieve saturation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069589-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 115: Surface Tension of Aqueous Solutions (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069787
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 115; Tension superficielle des solutions aqueuses
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 115: Tension superficielle des solutions aqueuses
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes methods to determine the surface tension (in N/m) of aqueous solutions. The methods are based on the measurement of the force which it is necessary to exert vertically on a stirrup or ring, in contact with the surface of the liquid, in order to separate it from the surface, or on a plate, with an edge in contact with the surface, in order to draw up the film that has formed.There are four different methods: the plate method, the stirrup method, the ring method and the OECD harmonized ring method. They are described in detail in the ISO Standard 304-1985. The methods described are applicable to aqueous solutions of most substances regardless of their degree of purity. The concentration should be 90% of the saturation solubility, but must below 1g/l. This shall therefore be carried out under a protective cover to avoid interference at 20°C approximately. The ring is immersed below the surface of the solution. Then the table top, where the measurement vessel is placed, is lowered gradually and evenly at a rate of approximately 0.5 cm/min to detach the ring from the surface until the maximum force is reached. The force is read on the tensiometer. After completing the first measurement, measurements are repeated until a constant surface tension value is reached.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069787-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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