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  • 2010-2014  (45)
  • 1975-1979
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (45)
  • Environment  (45)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264130807
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: The book presents a major meta-analysis of 'value of a statistical life' (VSL) estimates derived from surveys where people around the world have been asked about their willingness to pay for small reduction in mortality risks. The analysis seeks to explain the differences in the estimates, for example across countries. Differences in incomes and the magintude of the risk reduction people have been asked to value were found to be the factors having the strongest impact on VSL, but a number of other policy-relevant factors are also important. Based on the meta-analysis, and a broad review of the literature, the book also presents clear advice on how VSL values best can be used in assessments of environmental, health and transport policies, such as in cost-benefit analyses. Using explicit VSL estimates to quantify the benefits to society of fatality risk reductions can play an important role in the development of more cost-effective public policies.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264166745
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Strategic environmental assessment in development practice
    Schlagwort(e): Umweltverträglichkeit ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Umweltverträglichkeit
    Kurzfassung: The principles of sustainable development play an integral role in making development assistance work at the level of policies, plans and programmes. In response to the Paris Declaration call to “… develop and apply common approaches for ‘Strategic Environmental Assessment’ at sector and national levels” among donors and partners, the Guidance on Applying Strategic Environmental Assessment was endorsed in 2006 by members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee, representatives of developing countries receiving aid, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World Bank and many other agencies. Since then, a growing number of countries at all levels of development have legislation or regulations prescribing the application of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)  and many more are introducing it as part of their policy tools. This is creating unique opportunities for better policy making and planning by incorporating environmental considerations into high-level decision-making and opening new mechanisms to build consensus on development priorities within governments themselves and between governments and societies. Many development co-operation agencies and their partners are already making good progress in applying SEA. This publication presents the nine most interesting case studies of SEA in progress, selected from a total 100. These nine cases highlight that SEA can:• Safeguard environmental assets for sustainable poverty reduction and development;• Build public engagement in decision making;• Prevent costly mistakes by alerting decision-makers to potentially unsustainable development options at an early stage in the decision-making process;• Speed up implementation of projects and programmes;• Facilitate co-operation around shared environmental resources and contribute to conflict prevention.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264096875
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Studies on Environmental Policy and Household Behaviour
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Politique de l'environnement et comportement des ménages
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Greening household behaviour
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Konsumentenverhalten ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Umweltpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Umweltschutz ; Haushalt ; Privater Verbrauch ; Ressourcenmanagement ; Wirtschaftliches Verhalten ; Environment ; Australien ; Kanada ; Tschechien ; Frankreich ; Italien ; Südkorea ; Mexiko ; Niederlande ; Industriestaaten ; Haushalt ; Privater Verbrauch ; Verbraucherverhalten ; Umweltbelastung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Kurzfassung: Developing growth strategies that promote greener lifestyles requires a good understanding of what factors affect people’s behaviour towards the environment. Recent OECD work based on periodic surveys of more than 10 000 households across a number of countries and areas represents a breakthrough by providing a common framework to collect unique empirical evidence for better policy design. This publication presents responses from the most recent round of the OECD survey implemented in 2011 in 5 areas (energy, food, transport, waste and water) and 11 countries: Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Analysis comparing the data across countries, policy conditions and households’ characteristics reveals which measures most effectively change behaviour. Each round of the survey also allows to track changes over time and to explore new emerging issues. The new survey confirms the importance of providing the right economic incentives for influencing our decisions. The findings indicate that “soft” measures such as labelling and public information campaigns also have a significant complementary role to play. Spurring desirable behaviour change requires a mix of these instruments. This book is a milestone for all those interested by the challenging question of ways to promote greener behaviour, from policy makers to individual citizens.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264110618
    Sprache: Portugiesisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (205 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation; Policy Guidance
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement ; Document d'orientation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo ; Guía sobre Políticas
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement : Document d'orientation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo : Guía sobre Políticas
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Development
    Kurzfassung: As alterações climáticas são uma ameaça séria e a longo prazo que pode afetar todo o globo. Os seus impactes negativos atingirão as pessoas pobres e os países pobres de forma desproporcional e comprometerão a persecução dos seus objetivos de desenvolvimento. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento fornece informação essencial e aconselha o modo de facilitação a integração da adaptação nos processos de desenvolvimento. Os objetivos deste guia para o desenvolvimento de políticas são: i) promover o entendimento das implicações das alterações climáticas na prática do desenvolvimento e a necessidade associada de integrar a adaptação ao clima nas agências de cooperação para o desenvolvimento e nos países parceiros; ii) identificar abordagens apropriadas para integrar a adaptação às alterações climáticas nas políticas de desenvolvimento aos níveis nacional, setorial e de projeto e nos contextos urbanos e rurais; e iii) identificar meios práticos para os doadores apoiarem os países em desenvolvimento parceiros nos seus esforços para reduzir a sua vulnerabilidade à variabilidade e alterações climáticas. Enquanto os esforços para integrar a adaptação aos às alterações climáticas serão conduzidos pelos países em desenvolvimento parceiros, os doadores internacionais têm um papel crítico a desempenhar no apoio a tais esforços. Este guia para o desenvolvimento de políticas é especialmente formatado para os agentes de definição de políticas e para as agências de cooperação e suas contrapartes nos governos dos países em desenvolvimento, bem como para as partes interessadas não governamentais.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264098473
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environmentaux de l'OCDE; Norvège 2011
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environmentaux de l'OCDE: Norvège 2011
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Norway
    Kurzfassung: This report presents the third OECD review of Norway’s environmental policy performance. Previous reviews were published in 2001 and 1993. Topics covered in this report include greening growth, implementation of environmental policies, international cooperation, climate change, waste management and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), and nature and biodiversity.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264124967
    Sprache: Bulgarisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity; Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Payer pour la biodiversité ; Améliorer l'efficacité-coût des paiements pour services écosystémiques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity; Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (Romanian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Payer pour la biodiversité : Améliorer l'efficacité-coût des paiements pour services écosystémiques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (Romanian version)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264122369
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 234 ; Essai de développement sexuel des poissons
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 234 : Essai de développement sexuel des poissons
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an assay that assesses early life-stage effects and potential adverse consequences of putative endocrine disrupting chemicals (e.g. oestrogens, androgens and steroidogenesis inhibitors) on fish sexual development. In the test, fish are exposed, from newly fertilized egg until the completion of sexual differentiation at about 60 days post hatch, to at least three concentrations of the test substance dissolved in water. In each treatment level and control(s) group(s), a minimum of four replicates is recommended. At termination of the test, two core endpoints are measured in each fish: vitellogenin concentration from head and tail or from blood sampling, and proportion of males, females, intersex and undifferentiated fish through gonadal histology. In fish species possessing a genetic sex marker, the genetic sex is identified to determine sex reversal in individual fish. The combination of the two core endocrine endpoints, vitellogenin concentration and phenotypic (and possibly genotypic) sex ratio, enable the test to indicate the mode of action of the test chemical.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264122550
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 443 ; Étude étendue de toxicité pour la reproduction sur une génération
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 443 : Étude étendue de toxicité pour la reproduction sur une génération
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline is designed to provide an evaluation of reproductive and developmental effects that may occur as a result of pre- and postnatal chemical exposure as well as an evaluation of systemic toxicity in pregnant and lactating females and young and adult offspring. In the assay, sexually-mature males and females rodents (parental (P) generation) are exposed to graduated doses of the test substance starting 2 weeks before mating and continuously through mating, gestation and weaning of their pups (F1 generation). At weaning, pups are selected and assigned to cohorts of animals for reproductive/developmental toxicity testing (cohort 1), developmental neurotoxicity testing (cohort 2) and developmental immunotoxicity testing (cohort 3). The F1 offspring receive further treatment with the test substance from weaning to adulthood. Clinical observations and pathology examinations are performed on all animals for signs of toxicity, with special emphasis on the integrity and performance of the male and female reproductive systems and the health, growth, development and function of the offspring. Part of cohort 1 (cohort 1B) may be extended to include an F2 generation; in this case, procedures for F1 animals will be similar to those for the P animals.
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Bratislava : Ministry of Environment, Slovak Republic
    ISBN: 9788088833567
    Sprache: Slowakisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (186 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Slovak Republic 2011
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; République slovaque 2011
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Slovak Republic 2011
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : République slovaque 2011
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Slovak Republic
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264124974
    Sprache: Rumänisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (201 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity; Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Payer pour la biodiversité ; Améliorer l'efficacité-coût des paiements pour services écosystémiques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity; Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (Bulgarian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Payer pour la biodiversité : Améliorer l'efficacité-coût des paiements pour services écosystémiques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (Bulgarian version)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789264069923
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (25 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 201; Algues d'eau douce et cyanobactéries, essai d'inhibition de la croissance
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 201: Algues d'eau douce et cyanobactéries, essai d'inhibition de la croissance
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of this test is to determine the effects of a substance on the growth of freshwater microalgae and/or cyanobacteria. Exponentially growing test organisms are exposed to the test substance in batch cultures over a period of normally 72 hours. The system response is the reduction of growth in a series of algal cultures exposed to, at least, five concentrations of a test substance. Three replicates at each test concentration should be used. The response is evaluated as a function of the exposure concentration in comparison with the average growth of control cultures. The cultures are allowed unrestricted exponential growth under nutrient sufficient conditions (two alternative growth media: the OECD and the AAP) and continuous fluorescent illumination. Growth and growth inhibition are quantified from measurements of the algal biomass as a function of time. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. This study includes: the determination, at least daily, of the algal biomass; the measure of the pH (at the beginning and at the end); microscopic observation. This Test Guideline describes two response variables: average specific growth rate, and yield.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789264119598
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Studies on Tourism
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: Undertaken jointly with United Nations Environment Programme, the report analyses policies and issues related to climate change adaptation and mitigation in the tourism sector. It provides policy recommendations, with the objective to identify priority areas to be included in a framework for action in the area of climate change and tourism. A review of the state of policy-making on this important issue clearly indicates that greater efforts could be made by countries to understand the likely impacts of climate change on tourism; there is a low awareness of the tourism sector's climate change mitigation and adaptation needs; and that current policy, with few exceptions, is inadequate to the scale of the challenge, both on mitigation and adaptation.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264122642
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 456 ; Essai de stéroi͏̈dogenèse H295R
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 456 : Essai de stéroi͏̈dogenèse H295R
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an in vitro screen for chemical effects on steroidogenesis, specifically the production of 17ß-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T). The human H295R adreno-carcinoma cell line, used for the assay, expresses genes that encode for all the key enzymes for steroidogenesis. After an acclimation period of 24 h in multi-well plates, cells are exposed for 48 h to seven concentrations of the test chemical in at least triplicate. Solvent and a known inhibitor and inducer of hormone production are run at a fixed concentration as negative and positive controls. At the end of the exposure period, cell viability in each well is analyzed. Concentrations of hormones in the medium can be measured using a variety of methods including commercially available hormone measurement kits and/or instrumental techniques such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data are expressed as fold change relative to the solvent control and the Lowest-Observed-Effect-Concentration. If the assay is negative, the highest concentration tested is reported as the No-Observed-Effect-Concentration.
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264122383
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 235 ; Chironomus sp., essai d'immobilisation immédiate
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 235 : Chironomus sp., essai d'immobilisation immédiate
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an acute immobilisation assay on chronomids and is designed to complement existing Test Guidelines for chironomid chronic toxicity assays (TG 218, 219 and 233). The test method is based on TG 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test. First instar Chironomus sp. larvae are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance in water-only vessels for a period of 48 hours. C. riparius is the preferred species but C. dilutus or C. yoshimatsui may also be used for the test. At least 20 larvae, preferably divided into four groups of five larvae each, should be used for each test concentration and for controls. In the definitive test, at least five test concentrations should be used, with a dilution water control and solvent control (if appropriate). Immobilisation is recorded at 24 and 48 hours, and if data allow, the EC50 is calculated at 24 and 48 hours. A limit test with a single concentration may also be performed at 100 mg/L of test substance or up to the practical limit of solubility (whichever is lowest) in order to demonstrate that the EC50 is greater than this concentration.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264122819
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 488 ; Essais de mutations génétiques des cellules somatiques et germinales de rongeurs transgéniques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 488 : Essais de mutations génétiques des cellules somatiques et germinales de rongeurs transgéniques
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an in vivo assay that detects chemicals that may induce gene mutations. In this assay, transgenic rats or mice that contain multiple copies of chromosomally integrated plasmid or phage shuttle vectors are used. The transgenes contain reporter genes for the detection of various types of mutations induced by test substances. A negative control group and a minimum of 3 treatment groups of transgenic animals are treated for 28 consecutive days. Administration is usually followed by a 3-day period of time, prior to sacrifice, during which the agent is not administered and during which unrepaired DNA lesions are fixed into stable mutations. At the end of this 3-day period, the animals are sacrificed, genomic DNA is isolated from the tissue(s) of interest and purified. Mutations that have arisen during treatment are scored by recovering the transgene and analysing the phenotype of the reporter gene in a bacterial host deficient for the reporter gene. Mutant frequency, the reported parameter in these assays,is calculated by dividing the number of plaques/plasmids containing mutations in the transgene by the total number of plaques/plasmids recovered from the same DNA sample.
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264097896
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Portugal 2011
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Portugal 2011
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Portugal
    Kurzfassung: This report presents the OECD review of Portugal’s environmental policy performance for 2011. It finds that environmental policies have been consolidated and strengthened since the last review in 2001, but that meeting the post-Kyoto targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions will be challenging. With energy and climate policies being closely related, the report points out that with less than 50% of hydro capacity currently being exploited, there is potential for further development in that area. It also describes the challenges regarding coastal zone and marine management. Topics covered in the report include greening growth, implementation of environmental policies , international co-operation , climate change, waste management and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), and nature and biodiversity. Further information about the Environmental Performance Review programme is available on line via www.oecd.org/env/countryreviews.
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264096684
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (304 p.)
    Serie: OECD Studies on Environmental Innovation
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Better policies to support eco-innovation
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Innovation ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Technologiepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Technologietransfer ; Umweltschutz ; Clean Development Mechanism ; Public Private Partnership ; Fallstudie ; Environment ; OECD ; Umwelttechnik ; Forschungsförderung
    Kurzfassung: Eco-innovation is more important than ever on the public policy agenda. It is a major driver for green growth and contributes to the environmental performance and economic development of OECD and developing countries alike. This report takes a pragmatic approach to policies that support the development and diffusion of eco-innovation. Building on the OECD Innovation Strategy, it argues that eco-innovation is not merely about technological developments: non-technical innovations matter as well. It acknowledges that policies do not operate in a vacuum and that they must take account of the contexts that influence the development and diffusion of eco-innovation, such as market structures. It explores links between eco-innovation policies and related fields such as industry, competition, and international cooperation. This work builds on an OECD inventory of eco-innovation policies in OECD countries and in China. It also draws on studies of select environment-friendly innovations, highlighting different patterns of development across countries. It also incorporates extensive international consultation on the topics of eco-innovation and green growth. The results from this publication will contribute to the Green Growth Strategy being developed by the OECD as a practical policy package for governments to harness the potential of greener growth. For more information on OECD work on eco-innovation, visit: www.oecd.org/greengrowth www.oecd.org/environment/innovation www.oecd.org/sti/innovation/green
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789264100817
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (148 p.)
    Serie: OECD Studies on Water
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Benefits of investing in water and sanitation
    DDC: 628.1
    Schlagwort(e): Wasserversorgung ; Kanalisation ; Abwasserwirtschaft ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Entwicklungsländer ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Entwicklungsländer ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Wasserversorgung ; Sanitäranlage ; Wasserversorgung ; Sanitäranlage ; Abwasserbeseitigung
    Kurzfassung: The provision of water supply, sanitation and wastewater services generates substantial benefits for public health, the economy and the environment. Benefit-to-cost ratios can be as high as 7 to 1 for basic water and sanitation services in developing countries. Wastewater treatment interventions, for example, generate significant benefits for public health, the environment and for certain economic sectors such as fisheries, tourism and property markets. The full magnitude of the benefits of water services is seldom considered for a number of reasons, including the difficulty in quantifying important non-economic benefits such as non-use values, dignity, social status, cleanliness and overall well-being. Also, information about the benefits of water services is usually hidden in the technical literature, where it remains invisible to key decision-makers in ministries. This report draws together and summarises existing information on the benefits of water and sanitation.
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  • 19
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 54 S.
    Zusätzliches Material: graph. Darst., Tab., Lit.Hinw.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. Online Ressource
    Serie: OECD green growth papers 2010, 01
    Serie: Industry and innovation
    Schlagwort(e): Informationstechnik ; Kommunikationstechnik ; Bedeutung ; Rolle ; Wirkung ; Auswirkung ; Klimaänderung ; Umwelt ; Ökologie ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Umwelttechnik ; Produktion ; Branche ; Erwärmung ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a key enabler of “green growth” in all sectors of the economy. They are a key part of government strategies for a sustainable economic recovery. This report looks at how ICTs can improve their own environmental performance, and how they can be used to improve environmental performance throughout the economy and society. Direct environmental impacts of ICTs are considerable in areas such as energy use, materials throughput and end-of-life treatment. Government “green ICT” policies can be instrumental in promoting life-cycle approaches for improved R&D and design of ICT goods, services and systems. Innovative ICT applications enable sustainable production and consumption across the entire economy. The potential for improving environmental performance targets specific products, but also entire systems and industry sectors, e.g. construction, transport, energy.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264096158
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (336 p.)
    Serie: Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Safety assessment of transgenic organisms ; Vol. 4
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transgene Pflanzen ; Umweltgefährdung ; Risikoanalyse
    Kurzfassung: The books on “Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms” constitute a compilation of the OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents. When published, Volume 1 and 2 contained the documents issued before 2006; Volume 3 and 4 are a continuation of the compilation up to 2010. The OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents identify elements of scientific information used in the environmental safety and risk assessment of transgenic organisms which are common to OECD member countries and some non members associated with the work. This is intended to encourage information sharing, promote harmonised practices, and prevent duplication of effort among countries. These books offer ready access to those consensus documents which have been issued on the website thus far. As such, it should be of value to applicants for commercial uses of transgenic organisms (crops, trees, microorganisms), to regulators and risk assessors in national authorities, as well as the wider scientific community. More information on the OECD's work related to the biosafety of transgenic organisms is found at BioTrack Online (http://www.oecd.org/biotrack).
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264091016
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 487 ; Essai in vitro de micronoyaux sur cellules de mammifères
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 487 : Essai in vitro de micronoyaux sur cellules de mammifères
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The in vitro micronucleus test is a genotoxicity test for the detection of micronuclei in the cytoplasm of interphase cells. Micronuclei may originate from acentric chromosome fragments (i.e. lacking a centromere), or whole chromosomes that are unable to migrate to the poles during the anaphase stage of cell division. The assay detects the activity of clastogenic and aneugenic test substances in cells that have undergone cell division during or after exposure to the test substance. This Test Guideline allows the use of protocols with and without the actin polymerisation inhibitor cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin B allows for the identification and selective analysis of micronucleus frequency in cells that have completed one mitosis, because such cells are binucleate. This Test Guideline also allows the use of protocols without cytokinesis block provided there is evidence that the cell population analysed has undergone mitosis.
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789264090972
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 442A ; Sensibilisation cutanée ; Essai de stimulation locale des ganglions lymphatiques; DA
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 442A : Sensibilisation cutanée : Essai de stimulation locale des ganglions lymphatiques: DA
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Local Lymph Node Assay: DA (LLNA: DA) is a non-radioactive modification to the LLNA method for identifying potential skin sensitizing test substances and measuring the proliferation of lymphocytes they induce in the auricular lymph nodes. The method, described in mouse (CBA/J strain), is based on measurement of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content by bioluminescence as an indicator of this proliferation. A minimum of four animals is used per dose group, with a minimum of three concentrations of the test substance, plus a concurrent negative control group and, if appropriate, a positive control group. The experimental schedule is during 8 days. The time from animal sacrifice to measurement of ATP should not exceed 30 min. The procedure from excision of lymph nodes to ATP measurement should be kept uniform for each animal and completed within 20 minutes. The luciferin/luciferase method is applied to measure the bioluminescence in Relative Luminescence Units (RLU). This study includes: measurements (weighing, RLU), and clinical daily observations. The results are expressed as the Stimulation Index (SI) obtained by calculation. The SI should be ¡Ý1.8 before further evaluation of the test material as a potential skin sensitizer is warranted.
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Beijing : Chinese Academy of Governance, China
    ISBN: 9787515000718
    Sprache: Chinesisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (302 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Taxation, Innovation and the Environment
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La fiscalité, l'innovation et l'environnement
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Taxation
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264095434
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (324 p.)
    Serie: Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Safety assessment of transgenic organisms ; Vol. 3
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Transgene Pflanzen ; Umweltgefährdung ; Risikoanalyse
    Kurzfassung: The books on “Safety Assessment of Transgenic Organisms” constitute a compilation of the OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents. When published, Volume 1 and 2 contained the documents issued before 2006; Volume 3 and 4 are a continuation of the compilation up to 2010. The OECD Biosafety Consensus Documents identify elements of scientific information used in the environmental safety and risk assessment of transgenic organisms which are common to OECD member countries and some non members associated with the work. This is intended to encourage information sharing, promote harmonised practices, and prevent duplication of effort among countries. These books offer ready access to those consensus documents which have been issued on the website thus far. As such, it should be of value to applicants for commercial uses of transgenic organisms (crops, trees, microorganisms), to regulators and risk assessors in national authorities, as well as the wider scientific community. More information on the OECD's work related to the biosafety of transgenic organisms is found at BioTrack Online (http://www.oecd.org/biotrack).
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264090910
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 233 ; Essai de toxicité sur le cycle de vie des chironomes dans un système eau-sédiment chargé ou eau chargée-sédiment
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 233 : Essai de toxicité sur le cycle de vie des chironomes dans un système eau-sédiment chargé ou eau chargée-sédiment
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure of chemicals to the life-cycle of the sediment-dwelling freshwater dipteran Chironomus sp. First instar chironomid larvae are exposed to five concentrations of the test chemical in sediment-water systems. The test substance is spiked into the water or alternatively the sediment, and first instar larvae are subsequently introduced into test beakers in which the sediment and water concentrations have been stabilised. Chironomid emergence, time to emergence, and sex ratio of the fully emerged and alive midges are assessed. Emerged adults are transferred to breeding cages, to facilitate swarming, mating and oviposition. The number of egg ropes produced and their fertility are assessed. From these egg ropes, first instar larvae of the 2nd generation are obtained. These larvae are placed into freshly prepared test beakers (spiking procedure as for the 1st generation) to determine the viability of the 2nd generation through an assessment of their emergence, time to emergence and the sex ratio of the fully emerged and alive midges. All data are analysed either by a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause X% reduction in the relevant endpoint, or by using hypothesis testing to determine a No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC).
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789264090934
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 317 ; Bioaccumulation chez les oligochètes terrestres
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 317 : Bioaccumulation chez les oligochètes terrestres
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes procedures designed to assess bioaccumulation of chemicals in soil oligochaetes. The parameters which characterise the bioaccumulation of a substance include the bioaccumulation factor (BAF), the uptake rate constant (ks) and the elimination rate constant (ke). The test consists of two phases: the uptake (exposure) phase and the elimination (post-exposure) phase. An elimination phase is always required unless uptake of the test substance during the exposure phase has been insignificant. The test organisms are exposed to the test substance during the uptake phase. The test substance is incorporated into the soil; it is recommended to use the artificial soil described in the OECD Test Guideline 207 (Earthworm, acute toxicity test). The uptake phase should be of 14 days (enchytraeids) or 21 days (earthworms) unless it is demonstrated that steady state has been reached. For the elimination phase, the worms are transferred to a soil free of test substance. The elimination phase is generally of 21 days.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264071100
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 429; Sensibilisation cutanée ; Essai de stimulation locale des ganglions lymphatiques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 429: Sensibilisation cutanée : Essai de stimulation locale des ganglions lymphatiques
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The basic principle underlying the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) in mouse is that sensitizers induce a primary proliferation of lymphocytes in the auricular lymph nodes draining the site of chemical application. This proliferation is proportional to the dose applied and provides a measurement of sensitisation. The method described is based on the use of radioactive labelling to measure cell proliferation. A minimum of four animals is used per dose group, with a minimum of three concentrations of the test substance, plus a negative control group treated with the vehicle only, and a positive control, as appropriate. The experimental schedule of the assay is during 6 days. Thereafter, the animals are killed and a cell suspension of lymph node cells is prepared. The incorporation of 3H-methyl thymidine is measured by ¦Â-scintillation counting as disintegrations per minute (DPM). The Test Guideline includes performance standards that can be used to evaluate the validation status of new and/or modified test methods that are functionally and mechanistically similar to the LLNA. A reduced LLNA approach which could use up to 40% fewer animals is also described as an option. This study includes: measurements (weighing, DPM), and clinical daily observations. Results are expressed as the Stimulation Index (SI).The SI is obtained by calculation and should be ¡Ý3 before classification of the test material as a skin sensitizer is warranted.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264090996
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 442B ; Sensibilisation cutanée ; Essai de stimulation locale des ganglions lymphatiques; BrdU- ELISA
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 442B : Sensibilisation cutanée : Essai de stimulation locale des ganglions lymphatiques: BrdU- ELISA
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The Local Lymph Node Assay: BrdU-ELISA (LLNA:BrdU-ELISA) is a non-radioactive modification to the LLNA method for identifying potential skin sensitizing test substances and measuring the proliferation of lymphocytes they induce in the auricular lymph nodes. The method described in mouse is based on the use of measuring 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) content, an analogue of thymidine, as an indicator of this proliferation. A minimum of four animals is used per dose group, with a minimum of three concentrations of the test substance, plus a concurrent negative control group and a positive control group. The experimental schedule is during 6 days. Thereafter, the animals are killed and a single cell suspension of lymph node cells (LNC) is prepared. The procedure for preparing the LNC is crucial, in particular for the small lymph nodes in NC animals. Then the BrdU content in DNA of lymphocytes is measured by ELISA using a commercial kit of by Flow Cytometry (FCM). This study includes: measurements (weighing, BrdU) and clinical daily observations. The results are expressed as the Stimulation Index (SI) obtained by calculation from the mean BrdU labelling index. The SI should be ≥1.6 for the ELISA method or ≥2.7 for the FCM method for identifying the test material as a potential skin sensitizer.
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  • 29
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264070882
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 417; Toxicocinétique
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 417: Toxicocinétique
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes in vivo studies that provide information on mass balance, absorption, bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolism, excretion, and basic toxicokinetic parameters [e.g. AUC], as well as supplemental approaches that may provide useful information on toxicokinetics. Information from toxicokinetic studies helps to relate concentration or dose to the observed toxicity and to understand its mechanism of toxicity. The test substance ("unlabelled" or "radiolabelled" forms) is normally administered by an oral route, but other routes of administration may be applicable. Single dose administration of the substance (preferably a minimum of two dose levels) may be adequate, but repeated dose may be needed in some circumstances. Toxicokinetic studies should preferably be carried out in the same species as that used in other toxicological studies performed with the substance (normally the rat, a minimum of 4 animals of one sex for each dose). Initial estimation of absorption can be achieved by mass balance determination, but further investigations such as intravenous (IV) administration and biliary excretion studies might be necessary. Bioavailability can be determined from plasma/blood kinetics of oral and IV groups. The percent of the total dose in tissues should at a minimum be measured at the termination of experiment,but additional time points may also be needed. Metabolites present at 5 % or greater of the administered dose should be identified. The rate and extent of excretion of the administered dose should be determined by measuring the percent recovered dose from urine, faeces and expired air.
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  • 30
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264091375
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Cities and climate change
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Klimawandel ; Stadt ; Kommunalpolitik ; Kommunalverwaltung ; OECD-Staaten ; Klima ; Environment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Klima ; Klimakatastrophe ; Klimaveränderung ; Klimawandel ; Stadt ; Klimaänderung
    Kurzfassung: As the hubs of economic activity, cities drive the vast majority of the world’s energy use and are major contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. Because they are home to major infrastructure and highly concentrated populations, cities are also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels, warmer temperatures and fiercer storms. At the same time, better urban planning and policies can reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions and improve the resilience of urban infrastructure to climate change, thus shaping future trends. This book shows how city and metropolitan regional governments working in tandem with national governments can change the way we think about responding to climate change. The chapters analyse: trends in urbanisation, economic growth, energy use and climate change; the economic benefits of climate action; the role of urban policies in reducing energy demand, improving resilience to climate change and complementing global climate policies; frameworks for multilevel governance of climate change including engagement with relevant stakeholders; and the contribution of cities to “green growth”, including the “greening” of fiscal policies, innovation and jobs. The book also explores policy tools and best practices from both OECD and some non-member countries. Cities and Climate Change reveals the importance of addressing climate change across all levels of government. Local involvement through “climate-conscious” urban planning and management can help achieve national climate goals and minimise tradeoffs between environmental and economic priorities at local levels. The book will be relevant to policy makers, researchers, and others with an interest in learning more about urbanisation and climate change policy.
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  • 31
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264090897
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 223 ; Oiseaux, essai de toxicité orale aigue͏̈
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 223 : Oiseaux, essai de toxicité orale aigue͏̈
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes procedures designed to estimate the acute oral toxicity of substances to birds, and it provides three testing options: (1) limit dose test, (2) LD50-slope test, and (3) LD50-only test. The LD50-slope and LD50-only options are sequential testing procedures. The test method selected will depend on whether or not a definitive median dose (LD50) and slope of the dose-response curve are both needed. The limit dose test is the preferred test when toxicity is expected to be low and lethality is unlikely at the limit dose. The limit dose should be adequate for assessment purposes, and it is usually 2000 mg/kg-bwt. Five or ten birds are tested at the limit dose in addition to a control group. The LD50-slope test is the preferred test when regulatory or other requirements determine that the slope of the dose-response curve and/or the confidence interval is required in addition to an estimate of the LD50. This is a 3- or 4-stage test with 24 or 34 birds in addition to a control group. The LD50-only test is the preferred test when regulatory or other requirements determine that only the median lethal dose is required but neither the slope of the dose response curve or the confidence interval for the LD50 is required. This may be the appropriate test to estimate a percentile of a species sensitivity distribution of LD50s and to provide information for product labelling purposes. This test has two stages, with 14 birds in addition to a control group. Software to be used with TG 223. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
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  • 32
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Beijing : Chinese Environmental Science Press
    ISBN: 9787511103338
    Sprache: Chinesisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (227 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Ensuring Environmental Compliance; Trends and Good Practices
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Faire respecter les normes environnementales ; Tendances et bonnes pratiques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Ensuring Environmental Compliance: Trends and Good Practices
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Faire respecter les normes environnementales : Tendances et bonnes pratiques
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Governance
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789264085930
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Réduire les coûts de gestion des produits chimiques ; Comment l'OCDE aide les gouvernements et l'industrie
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Réduire les coûts de gestion des produits chimiques : Comment l'OCDE aide les gouvernements et l'industrie
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: The chemicals industry - including industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food and feed additives and cosmetics - is one of the world’s largest industrial sectors. Many chemical products are traded internationally. Varying national requirements can mean duplication of efforts and significant costs for the chemicals industry, as well as posing barriers to trade. By agreeing on test methods and data quality and sharing the workload of chemical safety testing and assessments, countries together achieve environmentally sustainable and cost-effective results. For non-clinical health and safety testing, for example, the results of such studies carried out on a chemical product in one OECD country must be accepted by the others as long as it was carried out in accordance with the OECD Test Guidelines and Principles of Good Laboratory Practice. This saves the chemicals industry the expense of duplicative testing for products that are marketed in more than one country. This report analyses the rigorous and comprehensive system for assessing and managing chemicals that helps governments and industry save about EUR 150 million each year, through “work sharing” facilitated by the OECD.
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789264070080
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 209; Boue activée, essai d'inhibition de la respiration (oxydation du carbone et de l'ammonium)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 209: Boue activée, essai d'inhibition de la respiration (oxydation du carbone et de l'ammonium)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of a substance on micro-organisms from activated sludge of waste-water treatment plants by measuring their respiration rate (carbon and/or ammonium oxidation) as oxygen consumption. The test results may also serve as an indicator of suitable non-inhibitory concentrations of test substances to be used in biodegradability tests. The test allows the determination of ECx and/or NOEC values of the test substance. The inhibition of three different oxygen uptakes may be determined, i.e. total, heterotrophic only, and that due to nitrification in the absence and presence of N-allylthiourea, a specific nitrification inhibitor. For obtaining both NOEC and ECx, six controls and five treatment concentrations in a geometric series with five replicates are recommended. In each test vessel, test mixtures containing water, synthetic sewage feed and the test substance are incubated at the pH of 7.5 ±0.5 and the temperature within 20±2°C under forced aeration to keep the dissolved oxygen concentration above 60-70% saturation. The oxygen consumption is measured after 3 hours of exposure and additional measurements at 30 minutes of exposure can be performed in the case that the test substance is rapidly degraded.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789264090958
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 439 ; Irritation cutanée in vitro ; Essai sur épiderme humain reconstitué
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 439 : Irritation cutanée in vitro : Essai sur épiderme humain reconstitué
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes an in vitro procedure that may be used for the hazard identification of irritant chemicals (substances and mixtures) in accordance with the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling (GHS) Category 2. It is based on reconstructed human epidermis (RhE), which in its overall design closely mimics the biochemical and physiological properties of the upper parts of the human skin. Cell viability is measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT into a blue formazan salt that is quantitatively measured after extraction from tissues. Irritant test substances are identified by their ability to decrease cell viability below defined threshold levels (below or equal to 50% for UN GHS Category 2). This Test Guideline also includes a set of Performance Standards for the assessment of similar and modified RhE-based test methods. There are three validated test methods that adhere to this Test Guideline. Depending on the regulatory framework and the classification system in use, this procedure may be used to determine the skin irritancy of test substances as a stand-alone replacement test for in vivo skin irritation testing, or as a partial replacement test, within a tiered testing strategy.
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264088726
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (428 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Advancing the aquaculture agenda
    Schlagwort(e): Aquakultur ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Aquakultur ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Fischereipolitik
    Kurzfassung: Aquaculture now provides more than 50% of the global supply of fisheries products for direct human consumption. This conference proceedings addresses key policy challenges of the aquaculture sector. Policy makers, academics, industry representatives, NGOs and international organisations gathered to discuss the critical economic, environmental and social aspects of aquaculture. This publication presents a selection of key issues covered by the workshop and includes a large number of country case studies, which provide specific examples of national approaches to aquaculture management.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789264090231
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La transition vers une économie sobre en carbone ; objectifs publics et pratiques des entreprises
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La transition vers une économie sobre en carbone : objectifs publics et pratiques des entreprises
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Transition to a low-carbon economy
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Klimawandel ; Umweltmanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Umweltbezogenes Management ; Klimaänderung
    Kurzfassung: Companies are increasingly aware of the need to address climate change. However, while many companies are taking action to address climate change, many others are still lagging behind. This report surveys responsible business practices addressing climate change and driving the shift to a low-carbon economy. It summarises policies, regulations and other instruments in support of a low carbon economy in OECD countries and emerging economies, and analyses corporate responses to these drivers. Using the principles of responsible business conduct identified in the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, this report reviews three key areas of corporate action: accounting for greenhouse gas emissions; achieving emissions reductions; and engaging suppliers, consumers and other stakeholders.
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264086913
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Document d'orientation pour les études d'impact sur la durabilité
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This publication offers a general introduction to sustainability impact assessment, which is an approach for exploring the combined economic, environmental and social impacts of a range of proposed policies, programmes, strategies and action plans. Such assessments can also assist decision-making and strategic planning throughout the entire policy cycles. It is not an in-depth or detailed user manual, but rather outlines basic principles and process steps of sustainability impact assessments, drawing on examples from Switzerland, Belgium and the European Commission, among others. This publication is a valuable source of information for policy makers on sustainability impact assessments.
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  • 39
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264087637
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (252 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Taxation, Innovation and the Environment; (Chinese version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La fiscalité, l'innovation et l'environnement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Taxation, Innovation and the Environment: (Chinese version)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Taxation, innovation and the environment
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Ökosteuer ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Emissionshandel ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Taxation ; Umweltabgabe ; Umweltschutz ; Innovation ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltsteuer ; Innovationsförderung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Kurzfassung: Solving the world’s environmental problems could take a significant toll on economic growth if only today’s technologies are available. We know that innovation – the creation and adoption of new cleaner technologies and know-how – provides a means to achieve local and global environmental goals at significantly lower costs. Innovation is also a major driver of economic growth. OECD governments are increasingly using environmentally related taxes because they are typically one of the most effective policy tools available. Exploring the relationship between environmentally related taxation and innovation is critical to understanding the full impacts of this policy instrument as well as one potential facet of “green growth.” By putting a price on pollution, do environmentally related taxes spur innovation? What types of innovation result? Does the design of the tax play a critical role? What is the effect of this innovation? In analysing these questions, this report draws on case studies that cover Japan, Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Israel and others. It covers a wide set of environmental issues and technologies, as well as the economic and policy contexts. The research methods range from econometric analysis to interviews with business owners and executives. The report also explores the use of environmentally related taxes in OECD countries and outlines considerations for policymakers when implementing these taxes. Green growth policies can stimulate economic growth while preventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss and unsustainable natural resource use. The results from this publication will contribute to the Green Growth Strategy being developed by the OECD as a practical policy package for governments to harness the potential of greener growth.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 40
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264077225
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (278 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'éco-innovation dans l'industrie ; favoriser la croissance verte
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'éco-innovation dans l'industrie : favoriser la croissance verte
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Eco-innovation in industry
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Industrie ; Innovationsmanagement ; Umwelttechnik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Industrie ; Nachhaltigkeit ; OECD
    Kurzfassung: Eco-innovation will be a key driver of industry efforts to tackle climate change and realise “green growth” in the post-Kyoto era. Eco-innovation calls for faster introduction of breakthrough technologies and for more systemic application of available solutions, including non-technological ones. It also offers opportunities to involve new players, develop new industries and increase competitiveness. Structural change in economies will be imperative in coming decades. This book presents the research and analysis carried out during the first phase of the OECD Project on Sustainable Manufacturing and Eco-innovation. Its aim is to provide benchmarking tools on sustainable manufacturing and to spur eco-innovation through better understanding of innovation mechanisms. It reviews the concepts and forms an analytical framework; analyses the nature and processes of eco-innovation; discusses existing sustainable manufacturing indicators; examines methodologies for measuring eco-innovation; and takes stock of national strategies and policy initiatives for eco-innovation.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Environment Working Papers no.13
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: Debates exist between those who claim that environmental policy will impose additional burdens and costs on industries, thus impairing their competitiveness, and those who claim that improved environmental performance can spur competitiveness. These arguments often surface when new environmental policy regulation are considered, e.g. when the REACH Directive was introduced in Europe, or when a government is considering the introduction of a carbon tax. The report develops a conceptual framework to shed some light on this difficult debate. Competitiveness impacts of environmental policies may derive from the policy itself, or from the improvements of the environmental performance that derives from the policy. These impacts can be analysed at either firm or industry levels; they may differ over the short and long term. Globalisation, with the increasing role of MNEs and mobile capital and labour, is adding more complexity. This framework is used to decipher some of the messages that come out of empirical studies on these issues. Empirical evidence is mixed, and the paper identifies methodological and substantive reasons why empirical research fails to determine the relationship between environmental policy and competitiveness. Lessons derive from this literature review. Typically, even when implementing the environmental policy is clearly in the overall interest of society, the costs and benefits of the policy are unlikely to be equally shared among economic agents. While some win, individual firms or industries may stand to lose. Policy design should make sure that the adverse competitiveness impacts are not unnecessarily large, for example by paying attention to predictability, transition periods, and transaction costs. Specific measures to support the losers in their adjustment can also be developed. Sometimes measures to mitigate the adverse competitiveness impacts of an environmental policy are necessary to achieve political support for the policy. In those instances, the planned measures should be carefully analysed from several angles to ensure that they do not inadvertently hurt the efficiency and effectiveness of the original policy. More work is required to further explore these issues, which are consequential for the design, the implementation and the enforcement of environmental policies.
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9789264088320
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (212 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation; Policy Guidance
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement ; Document d'orientation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento; Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement : Document d'orientation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento: Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Development
    Kurzfassung: El cambio climático es una amenaza seria y a largo plazo que puede afectar a cualquier parte del mundo. Su impacto negativo golpeará a los países pobres y a las capas de población más desfavorecidas de manera desproporcionada, complicando aún más el logro de sus objetivos de desarrollo. La guía Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo ofrece información esencial y consejos sobre cómo facilitar la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático en los procesos de desarrollo. Los objetivos de esta guía son los siguientes: i) facilitar la comprensión de las implicaciones del cambio climático en la práctica del desarrollo y promover la necesidad asociada de integrar la adaptación al cambio climático en las políticas y prácticas de desarrollo tanto de los organismos de cooperación como de los países socios, ii) identificar los enfoques más adecuados para integrar la adaptación al cambio climático en las políticas de desarrollo a nivel nacional, sectorial y de proyecto, tanto en zonas urbanas como en zonas rurales, y iii) determinar modalidades prácticas para que los donantes apoyen a los países socios en sus esfuerzos para reducir su vulnerabilidad a la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático. Aunque los esfuerzos por integrar la adaptación al cambio climático ha de ser dirigido por los países socios, los donantes internacionales tienen un papel crítico que desempeñar en el apoyo a esos esfuerzos. Esta guía para la orientación de políticas está destinada especialmente a responsables políticos, a profesionales de organismos de cooperación al desarrollo y sus contrapartes en los gobiernos de los países, y a otras partes interesadas, tales como organizaciones no gubernamentales.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 43
    ISBN: 9789264090279
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Payer pour la biodiversité ; Améliorer l'efficacité-coût des paiements pour services écosystémiques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity; Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (Bulgarian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity; Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (Romanian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Payer pour la biodiversité : Améliorer l'efficacité-coût des paiements pour services écosystémiques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (Bulgarian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Paying for Biodiversity: Enhancing the Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (Romanian version)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Karousakis, Katia Paying for biodiversity
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Artenvielfalt ; Umwelt ; Umweltökonomik ; Umweltpolitik ; Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analyse ; Environment ; Biodiversität ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltökonomie
    Kurzfassung: Biodiversity and ecosystem services provide tangible benefits for society, such as food provisioning, water purification, genetic resources or climate regulation. These services provide critical life support functions and contribute to human health, well being and economic growth. Yet biodiversity is declining worldwide and, in some areas, this loss is accelerating. The need for policies that promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystem services is more important than ever. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) is a direct and flexible incentive-based mechanism under which the user or beneficiary of an ecosystem service makes a direct payment to an individual or community whose land use decisions have an impact on the ecosystem service provision. Interest in PES has been increasing rapidly over the past decade: PES are proliferating worldwide and there are already more than 300 programmes in place today at national, regional and local levels. Drawing on the literature concerning effective PES and on more than 30 case studies from both developed and developing countries, this book aims to identify good practice in the design and implementation of PES programmes so as to enhance their environmental and cost effectiveness. It addresses the following questions: Why are PES useful and how do they work? How can they be made most effective environmentally and how can their cost-effectiveness be maximised? What are the different potential sources of finance for PES programmes, and how can they be secured? and What are the lessons learned from existing PES programmes and insights for future programmes, including international PES?
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  • 44
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264077287
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (210 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE; Luxembourg 2010
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE: Luxembourg 2010
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Luxembourg
    Kurzfassung: OECD's 2010 review of Luxembourg's environmental conditions and progress in air, water, waste and materials management; nature and biodiversity; the environment-economy interface; the environment-social interface; and international commitments and co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data and include recommendations for further environmental and sustainable development progress.
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264087873
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Serie: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE; Japon 2010
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE: Japon 2010
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Japan
    Kurzfassung: This 2010 review of Japan's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. It includes coverage of policy for greening growth, implementation of environmental policies, climate change, waste management and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), and nature and biodiversity. The review finds that since the last review, Japan has made steady progress in addressing a range of environmental issues, notably air and water pollution, and the management of chemicals and waste. The energy intensity of the economy has continued to decrease, particularly in the industrial sector, and is among the lowest in OECD countries. Material intensity has also decreased. At the same time, several more complex, long-term challenges have come to the fore: climate change, sound waste, materials management, and biodiversity conservation. Much of the last decade was characterised by sluggish economic growth, and environment and green innovation are targeted as key drivers of future growth and job creation in Japan's New Growth Strategy.
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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