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  • 1990-1994  (6)
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (6)
  • Lévi-Strauss, Claude
  • Environment  (6)
  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 302B: Inherent Biodegradability: Zahn-Wellens/ EVPA Test (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070387
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 302B; Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque; Essai Zahn-Wellens/EMPA
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 302B: Biodégradabilité dite intrinsèque: Essai Zahn-Wellens/EMPA
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes the Zahn-Wellens/EMPA Test. It is used to determine inherent biodegradability. A mixture containing the non-volatile and water soluble test substance, mineral nutrients and a relatively large amount of activated sludge in aqueous medium is agitated and aerated at 20-25°C in the dark or in diffuse light, for up to 28 days. Blank controls, containing activated sludge and mineral nutrients but no test substance, are run in parallel. The functional capability of the activated sludge is tested using a reference compound (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, lauryl sulfonate or aniline). In a typical run 1 or 2 vessels for the test suspension and for the inoculum blank, 1 for procedure control are used. The biodegradation process is monitored by determination of DOC, Dissolved Organic Carbon, (or COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand) in filtered samples, taken at daily or other time intervals. It is mandatory to follow DOC in the test suspension and inoculum blanks in parallel. The ratio of eliminated DOC (or COD), corrected for the blank, after each time interval, to the initial DOC value is expressed as the percentage biodegradation at the sampling time. The percentage biodegradation is plotted against time to give the biodegradation curve. The test is considered valid if the procedural control shows the removal of the reference compound by at least 70% within 14d and if DOC (or COD) in the test suspension is removed relatively gradually over days or weeks, since this indicates biodegradation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070387-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 406: Skin Sensitisation (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070660
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 406; Sensibilisation de la peau
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 406: Sensibilisation de la peau
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This method provides information on health hazard likely to arise from exposure to test substance via intradermical injection and/or epidermical application. In this Test Guideline, the methods preferred over other are: the Guinea Pig Maximisation Test (GPMT) of Magnusson and Kligman which uses adjuvant and the non adjuvant Buehler Test. This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with guinea pig, but recently mouse models for assessing sensitisation potential have been developed. For the GPMT at least 10 animals in the treatment group and 5 in the control group are used. For the Buehler test, a minimum of 20 animals is used in the treatment group and at least 10 animals in the control group. The test animals are initially exposed to the test substance. Following a rest period, the induction period (10-14 days), during which an immune response may develop, then the animals are exposed to a challenge dose. The GPMT is made during approximately 23-25 days, the Buehler test, during approximately 30-32 days. The concentration of test substance used for each induction exposure should be well-tolerated systemically and should be the highest to cause mild-to moderate skin irritation, for the challenge exposure the highest nonirritant dose should be used. All skin reactions and any unusual findings should be observed and recorded (other procedures may be carried out to clarify doubtful reactions).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070660-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 210: Fish, Early-Life Stage Toxicity Test (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070103
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 210; Poisson, essai de toxicité aux premiers stades de la vie
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 210: Poisson, essai de toxicité aux premiers stades de la vie
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The test method described in this Test Guideline, is intended to define the lethal and sub-lethal effects of chemicals on the early life stages of the species tested. The early-life stages of fish are exposed to ,at least, five concentrations of the test substance dissolved in water, preferably under flow-through conditions, or where appropriate, semi-static conditions. The test starts with placing fertilised eggs (at least 60) in the test chambers and continues at least until all the control fishes are free-feeding. Lethal and sub-lethal effects are assessed and compared with control values to determine the lowest observed effect concentration and the no observed effect concentration. The study report should include measurement of the concentrations of the test substance in water at regular intervals (five at least), the dissolved oxygen, pH, total hardness and salinity, fish weight and length, as well as the observations of abnormal appearance, abnormal behaviour, hatching and survival.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070103-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 203: Fish, Acute Toxicity Test (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069961
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 203; Poisson, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 203: Poisson, essai de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The fish are exposed to the test substance preferably for a period of 96 hours. Mortalities are recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours and the concentrations which kill 50 per cent of the fish (LC50) are determined where possible. One or more species may be used, the choice being at the discretion of the testing laboratory. At least seven fishes must be used at each test concentration and in the controls. The test substance should be administered to, at least, five concentrations in a geometric series with a factor preferably not exceeding 2.2. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of 100 mg/L. This study includes the observations of fish at least after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The cumulative percentage mortality for each exposure period is plotted against concentration on logarithmic probability paper.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069961-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 306: Biodegradability in Seawater (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070486
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 306; Biodégradabilité dans l'eau de mer
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 306: Biodégradabilité dans l'eau de mer
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes two methods for biodegradability in seawater. The shake flask method consists on dissolution of a pre-determined amount of the test substance in the test medium to yield a concentration of 5-40 mg/l dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Five flasks, at least, should be used: two for the test suspension, two for the blank and one for procedure control. The solution of the test substance in the test medium is incubated, under agitation in the dark or in diffuse light under aerobic conditions, at a fixed temperature which will normally be within the range 15-20°C. The recommended maximum test duration is about 60 days. Degradation is followed by DOC measurements (ultimate degradation) and, in some cases, by specific analysis (primary degradation). The closed bottle method consists on dissolution of a pre-determined amount of the test substance in the test medium in a concentration of usually 2-10 mg/l (one or more concentrations may be used).The solution is kept in a filled closed bottle in the dark in a constant temperature bath or enclosure controlled within a range of 15-20°C. The degradation is followed by oxygen analyses over a 28-day period but if the blank biological oxygen demand value remains within the 30 per cent limit, the test could be prolonged. Twenty-four bottles at least are used (8 for test substance, 8 for reference compound and 8 for sweater plus nutriment). All analyses are performed on duplicate bottles. Four determinations of dissolved oxygen, at least, are performed (day 0, 5, 15 and 28) using a chemical or electrochemical method.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070486-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 301: Ready Biodegradability (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070349
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (62 p.)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 301; Biodégradabilité Facile
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 301: Biodégradabilité Facile
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Test Guideline describes six methods that permit the screening of chemicals for ready biodegradability in an aerobic aqueous medium. The methods are: the DOC Die-Away, the CO2 Evolution (Modified Sturm Test), the MITI (I) (Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan), the Closed Bottle, the Modified OECD Screening and the Manometric Respirometry. A solution, or suspension, of the test substance, well determined/described, in a mineral medium is inoculated and incubated under aerobic conditions in the dark or in diffuse light. The running parallel blanks with inoculum but without test substance permits to determined the endogenous activity of the inoculum. A reference compound (aniline, sodium acetate or sodium benzoate) is run in parallel to check the operation of the procedures. Normally, the test lasts for 28 days. At least two flasks or vessels containing the test substance plus inoculum, and at least two flasks or vessels containing inoculum only should be used; single vessels are sufficient for the reference compound. In general, degradation is followed by the determination of parameters such as DOC, CO2 production and oxygen uptake. The pass levels for ready biodegradability are 70% removal of DOC and 60% of ThOD or ThCO2 production for respirometric methods. These pass values have to be reached in a 10-d window within the 28-d period of the test.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070349-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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