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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Foreign Professionals And Domestic Regulation (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Foreign Professionals And Domestic Regulation
    Keywords: Access and Eq ; Communication technologies ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Corporate Law ; Education ; Foreign professionals ; Global market ; Graduate degrees ; Higher education ; Higher education system ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Public Examination System ; Secondary Education ; Skilled professionals ; Tertiary Education ; Trade and Services ; Workers ; Access and Eq ; Communication technologies ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Corporate Law ; Education ; Foreign professionals ; Global market ; Graduate degrees ; Higher education ; Higher education system ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Public Examination System ; Secondary Education ; Skilled professionals ; Tertiary Education ; Trade and Services ; Workers ; Access and Eq ; Communication technologies ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Corporate Law ; Education ; Foreign professionals ; Global market ; Graduate degrees ; Higher education ; Higher education system ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Public Examination System ; Secondary Education ; Skilled professionals ; Tertiary Education ; Trade and Services ; Workers
    Abstract: Changes in demographics and patterns of investment in human capital are creating increased scope for international trade in professional services. The scope for mutually beneficial trade is, however, inhibited not only by quotas and discriminatory taxation, but also by domestic regulation - including a range of qualification and licensing requirements and procedures. To illustrate the nature and implications of these regulatory impediments, this paper presents a detailed description of the regulatory requirements faced in the United States market by four types of Indian professionals: doctors, engineers, architects, and accountants. India is one of the largest exporters of skilled services, and the United States is one of the largest importers of skilled services, so these two countries reflect broader global trends. The paper argues that regulatory discrimination, for example through preferential recognition agreements, has implications both for the pattern of trade and for welfare. It presents some illustrative estimates that suggest the economic cost of regulations may be substantial. The paper concludes by examining how the trade-inhibiting impact of regulatory requirements could be addressed through bilateral and multilateral negotiations
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Does Services Liberalization Benefit Manufacturing Firms ? : Evidence From The Czech Republic (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Arnold, Jens Does Services Liberalization Benefit Manufacturing Firms ?
    Keywords: Bank ; Banking ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Enterprises ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium Models ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Entry ; Governments ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Insurance ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Operations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Enterprises ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium Models ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Entry ; Governments ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Insurance ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Operations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Enterprises ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium Models ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Entry ; Governments ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Insurance ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Operations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: While there is considerable empirical evidence on the impact of liberalizing trade in goods, the effects of services liberalization have not been empirically established. Using firm-level data from the Czech Republic for the period 1998-2003, this study examines the link between services sector reforms and the productivity of domestic firms in downstream manufacturing. Several aspects of services reform are considered and measured, namely, the increased presence of foreign providers, privatization, and enhanced competition. The manufacturing-services linkage is measured using information on the degree to which manufacturing firms in a particular industry rely on intermediate inputs from specific services sectors. The econometric results lead to two conclusions. First, the study finds that services policy matters for the productivity of manufacturing firms relying on services inputs. This finding is robust to several econometric specifications, including controlling for unobservable firm heterogeneity and for other aspects of openness. Second, it finds evidence that opening services sectors to foreign providers is a key channel through which services liberalization contributes to improved performance of downstream manufacturing sectors. This finding is robust to instrumenting for the extent of foreign presence in services industries. As most barriers to foreign investment today are not in goods but in services sectors, the findings may strengthen the argument for reform in this area
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Contribution of Skilled Immigration And International Graduate Students To U.S. Innovation (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chellaraj, Gnanaraj The Contribution of Skilled Immigration And International Graduate Students To U.S. Innovation
    Keywords: Education ; Foreign Skilled Workers ; Foreign Students ; Graduate ; Graduate Students ; Grants ; International Students ; Labor Force ; Literature ; Papers ; Research ; Scholars ; School ; Tertiary Education ; Education ; Foreign Skilled Workers ; Foreign Students ; Graduate ; Graduate Students ; Grants ; International Students ; Labor Force ; Literature ; Papers ; Research ; Scholars ; School ; Tertiary Education ; Education ; Foreign Skilled Workers ; Foreign Students ; Graduate ; Graduate Students ; Grants ; International Students ; Labor Force ; Literature ; Papers ; Research ; Scholars ; School ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: The impact of international students and skilled immigration in the United States on innovative activity is estimated using a model of idea generation. In the main specification a system of three equations is estimated, where dependent variables are total patent applications, patents awarded to U.S. universities, and patents awarded to other U.S. entities, each scaled by the domestic labor force. Results indicate that both international graduate students and skilled immigrants have a significant and positive impact on future patent applications, as well as on future patents awarded to university and nonuniversity institutions. The central estimates suggest that a 10 percent increase in the number of foreign graduate students would raise patent applications by 4.7 percent, university patent grants by 5.3 percent, and nonuniversity patent grants by 6.7 percent. Thus, reductions in foreign graduate students from visa restrictions could significantly reduce U.S. innovative activity. Increases in skilled immigration also have a positive, but smaller, impact on patenting
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Brain Waste? : Educated Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market (2005)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Brain Waste?
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Brain Drain ; Country of Origin ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Host Country ; Human Capital ; Immigrant ; Immigrants ; Immigration ; Immigration Law ; Immigration Policies ; International Migration ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Population Policies ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Brain Drain ; Country of Origin ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Host Country ; Human Capital ; Immigrant ; Immigrants ; Immigration ; Immigration Law ; Immigration Policies ; International Migration ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Population Policies ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Brain Drain ; Country of Origin ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Host Country ; Human Capital ; Immigrant ; Immigrants ; Immigration ; Immigration Law ; Immigration Policies ; International Migration ; Labor ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Population Policies ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: The authors investigate the occupational placement of immigrants in the U.S. labor market using census data. They find striking differences among highly educated immigrants from different countries, even after they control for individuals' age, experience, and level of education. With some exceptions, educated immigrants from Latin American and Eastern European countries are more likely to end up in unskilled jobs than immigrants from Asia and industrial countries. A large part of the variation can be explained by attributes of the country of origin that influence the quality of human capital, such as expenditure on tertiary education and the use of English as a medium of instruction. Performance is adversely affected by military conflict at home which may weaken institutions that create human capital and lower the threshold quality of immigrants. The selection effects of U.S. immigration policy also play an important role in explaining cross-country variation. The observed under-placement of educated migrants might be alleviated if home and host countries cooperate by sharing information on labor market conditions and work toward the recognition of qualifications
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    China's Accession to the World Trade Organization : The Services Dimension (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; General Agreement on Trade in Services ; Service industries Government policy ; Air ; Air Transport ; Airports ; Aviation Sector ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of Scale ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Costs ; Freight ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Knowledge ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Maritime Transport ; Multimodal Transport ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rates ; Trade and Services ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Air ; Air Transport ; Airports ; Aviation Sector ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of Scale ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fixed Costs ; Freight ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Knowledge ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Maritime Transport ; Multimodal Transport ; Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rates ; Trade and Services ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; China Commercial policy
    Abstract: China's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) commitments represent the most radical services reform program negotiated in the World Trade Organization. China has promised to eliminate over the next few years most restrictions on foreign entry and ownership, as well as most forms of discrimination against foreign firms. These changes are in themselves desirable. However, realizing the gains from, and perhaps even the sustainability of, liberalization will require the implementation of complementary regulatory reform and the appropriate sequencing of reforms. Three issues, in particular, merit attention: • Initial restrictions on the geographical scope of services liberalization could encourage the further agglomeration of economic activity in certain regions—to an extent that is unlikely to be reversed completely by subsequent countrywide liberalization. • Restrictions on foreign ownership (temporary in most sectors but more durable in telecommunications and life insurance) may dampen the incentives of foreign investors to improve firm performance. • Improved prudential regulation and measures to deal with the large burden of nonperforming loans on state banks are necessary to deliver the benefits of liberalization in financial services. And in basic telecommunications and other network-based services, meaningful liberalization will be difficult to achieve without strengthened pro-competitive regulation. This paper—a product of Trade, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the implications of services trade reform. This research is supported in part by the U.K. Department for International Development
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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