Abstract: to Ethical Theory -- Roe v. Wade -- The Wages of Crying Wolf: A Comment on Roe v. Wade -- Maher v. Roe -- Abortion and the Law -- A Defense of Abortion -- Abortion: The Avoidable Moral Dilemma -- Psychiatric Intervention -- The Myth of Mental Illness -- Mental Health and Mental Illness: Some Problems of Definition and Concept Formation -- Genetic Aspects of Schizophrenia -- Psychopathy and Moral Understanding -- Psychiatrists and the Adversary Process -- Ethics and Clinical Research -- Scientific Investigations on Man: A Medical Research Worker’s Viewpoint -- Philosophical Reflections on Experimenting with Human Subjects -- Informed (But Uneducated) Consent -- Realities of Patient Consent to Medical Research -- Ethical Issues Involved in Experimentation on the Nonviable Human Fetus -- Proxy Consent in the Experimentation Situation -- Ethical Issues Arising from the Possible Uses of Genetic Knowledge -- Implications of Prenatal Diagnosis for the Human Right to Life -- Implications of Prenatal Diagnosis for the Quality of, and Right to, Human Life: Society as a Standard -- Practical and Ethical Problems in Human Genetics -- Reproductive Rights and Genetic Disease -- On Justifications for Coercive Genetic Control -- Legal Rights and Moral Rights -- Privacy and Genetic Information -- Recombinant DNA -- The Recombinant DNA Debate -- The Ethics of Recombinant DNA Research -- The Problems in Prolongation of Life -- Active and Passive Euthanasia -- Choosing Not to Prolong Life -- The Allocation of Exotic Medical Lifesaving Therapy -- The Role of Moral Considerations in the Allocation of Exotic Medical Lifesaving Therapy -- A Statutory Definition of the Standards for Determining Human Death: An Appraisal and a Proposal -- Existentialism and the Fear of Dying -- The Belief in a Life after Death -- The Experience of Dying.

Abstract: In the past few years, an increasing number of colleges and universities have added courses in biomedical ethics to their curricula. To some extent, these additions serve to satisfy student demands for "relevance. " But it is also true that such changes reflect a deepening desire on the part of the academic community to deal effectively with a host of problems which must be solved if we are to have a health-care delivery system which is efficient, humane, and just. To a large degree, these problems are the unique result of both rapidly changing moral values and dramatic advances in biomedical technology. The past decade has witnessed sudden and conspicuous controversy over the morality and legality of new practices relating to abortion, therapy for the mentally ill, experimentation using human subjects, forms of genetic interven­ tion, and euthanasia. Malpractice suits abound, and astronomical fees for malpractice insurance threaten the very possibility of medical and health-care practice. Without the backing of a clear moral consensus, the law is frequently forced into resolving these conflicts only to see the moral issues involved still hotly debated and the validity of the existing law further questioned. Take abortion, for example. Rather than settling the legal issue, the Supreme Court's original abortion decision in Roe v. Wade (1973), seems only to have spurred further legal debate. And of course, whether or not abortion is a mo rally ac­ ceptable procedure is still the subject of heated dispute.

Abstract: The Countries -- African Countries -- Argentina -- Australia -- Austria -- Belgium -- Bolivia -- Brazil -- Bulgaria -- Canada -- Chile -- China -- Colombia -- Cuba -- Cyprus -- Czechoslovakia -- Denmark -- Ecuador -- Egypt -- Fiji -- Finland -- France -- Germany -- Greece -- Hong Kong -- Hungary -- Iceland -- India -- Indonesia -- Iran -- Ireland -- Israel -- Italy -- Japan -- Korea -- Lebanon -- Malta -- Mexico -- Nepal -- Netherlands -- New Zealand -- Nigeria -- Norway -- Pakistan -- Panama -- Paraguay -- Peru -- Philippines -- Poland -- Portugal -- Qatar -- Romania -- Singapore -- South Africa -- Spain -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- Syria -- Turkey -- Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic -- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) -- United Kingdom -- United States of America -- Uruguay -- Venezuela -- Yugoslavia (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFRJ).

Abstract: In the past several decades, psychology has grown so rapidly in many countries that no one has been able to keep up-to-date on more than a handful of countries. To be sure, the highly developed countries of North America, Western Europe, Ja­ pan, and Australia have generally had well-known national psychological societies for most of this century, and consider­ able information about their universities and institutes has been published at one time or another. But even in these more highly developed countries, the rapid changes of recent years are not well known. In any event, what information has been published is scattered so widely that it is hardly accessible when needed. Still less well known is the growth of psychology in the developing countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, and at least for Western readers, even the modem nations of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union are relatively unknown. Only recently have most Western psychologists become aware of the fact that psychology as they know it is provincial. With more than half of the world's highly trained psychologists in Canada and the United States, which together devote far more of their national resources to psychological research than is true of any other countries in the world, it is not surprising that the North American journals, psychological associations, institutes, clinics, and other manifestations of psychology have completely domi­ nated the field, at least until recently.

Abstract: I: Physics and Energy -- Perspective on Pakistan’s Energy Problems -- World Energy Problems -- Long-Term Energy Systems and the Role of Nuclear and Solar Energy -- Laser Produced Nuclear Fusion -- Latest Trends in the Economics of Nuclear Power -- Role of Nuclear Energy with Particular Reference to Western Europe -- Some Topics in Reactor Physics -- Nuclear Non-Proliferation -- Unified Neutron Transport Theory -- II: Physics and Technology -- Amorphous Semiconductors -- Solar Energy Materials -- III: Computational Methods in Physics -- Computational Methods in Physics -- IV: Physics and Frontiers of Knowledge -- Observational Traits of Black Holes in the Optical Band -- The Role of Polarization in Microscopic Physics -- Fundamental Constituents of Matter and Unification of Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions -- V: Science and Development -- Science and Development -- Appendix I: List of Invited Seminar Speakers -- Appendix II: List of Seminars -- Appendix III: List of Participants.

Abstract: These proceedings cover the lectures delivered at the Third International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held from June 17 - July 5, 1978 at Nathiagali, one of the scenic hill resorts in the northern part of Pakistan. The college was organized by The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and co-sponsored by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (ICTP). It also received a financial grant by the University Grants Commission for the participation of physicists from various universities of Pakistan. The college was attended by 14 lecturers, 2 invited seminar speakers and 156 participants from 23 countries and consisted of 15 concen­ trated days of lectures, seminars and informal discussions. These proceedings contain only regular lectures delivered there, but the seminars which were held there are listed in the Appendix. This year the college put special emphasis on energy, parti­ cularly on nuclear energy and its role in the context of energy sys­ tems. However the lectures delivered at the college also covered a wide spectrum of physics. The lectures gave an overview of various topics covered at the college and emphasized the inter-disciplinary aspects of physics. Some of the lecturers also indicated the areas where research in developing countries with limited facilities could be carried out. The college had a definite objective of encouraging the physicists, part~cularly those working at the universities, to apply their knowledge of physics and methodology of research to the needs of modern society.

Abstract: 1 Ontogeny of Social Behavior -- 2 On the Physiological Organization of Social Behavior: Sex and Aggression -- 3 The Analysis of Animal Communication -- 4 Mechanisms and Evolution of Spacing in Animals -- 5 Foraging Strategies and Their Social Significance -- 6 The Evolution of Mating Systems in Birds and Mammals -- 7 The Roles of Individual, Kin, and Group Selection in the Evolution of Sociality.

Abstract: Other books in this series focus on behavior at the individual level, approached from the viewpoints of biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, and psychology. In this volume we show how the functioning nervous systems of interacting individuals are coordinated, with the ultimate creation of complex social structures. The intri­ cacies of an individual's nervous system have been subject to intense inquiry, and research at the chemical, cellular, and organ levels has made remarkable progress. Work at the social level has been conducted somewhat independently, by way of behavioral phenomena and communicative interactions. With the emergence of a large body of information from neurobiology, the beginnings of an integrated approach are possible. New data on social functions are presented in the chapters to follow, and the forward-looking reader may wish to reflect on how they clarify understanding of interactions between two or more independent nervous systems. The outcome is harmonious social structure and improvement in the inclusive fitness of group-living individuals. We believe that there is in prospect a new way of looking at social function that will ultimately increase our understanding of the highest and most complex levels of neurobiology. The modern approach to the study of social behavior involves more than the recording of interactions between animals. Each individual brings to the process of social interaction the implications of its prior genetic and experiential history.

Abstract: 1. The Problem and the Purpose -- Notes -- 2. Lamarck in Perspective -- Notes -- 3. The Central Paradox of Immunology -- The Cell Involved -- The Response to the Unexpected -- Antibody Diversity at the Molecular Level -- Antibody Diversity at the Cellular Level -- Nature versus Nurture -- The Problem with Rabbit Idiotypy -- Notes -- 4. The Somatic Selection Hypothesis -- The Tacit Constraints -- Somatic Ordering of Genetic Mutations -- Flow of Genetic Information in Living Systems -- Recapitulation -- Parallel Evolution 40 A Prototype Experimental Plan in the Immune System -- Rabbit Idiotypy Revisited -- Summary of the Hypothesis -- Notes -- 5. Implications and Conclusions -- Boundaries, Difficulties, Corollaries -- Implications for Immunology -- High Rates of Spontaneous Mutation -- Parallel Evolution and Jerne’s Hypothesis -- The Phenomenon of Regression -- Inheritance of Acquired Autoimmune Disease? -- The Endogenous Vector -- Emergence and Extinction -- Notes -- 6. Speculations on Man, Mind and Matter -- The Genetic Future of Man -- The Growth of Knowledge -- Downward Causation -- Notes -- Appendix: On the Relevance of the RNA Tumor Viruses to the Somatic Selection Hypothesis -- Exchange of Genes between Viruses and Cellular DNA -- (a) Capture of Host Cellular RNA Molecules Not Covalently Linked to Viral RNA -- (b) Covalent Capture and Transduction of Host Cellular Gene Sequences -- Speculation on Gene Selection and Integration.

Abstract: The origins of the idea to write this book are impossible to trace. What I can say with some certainty, is that the book would not have emerged without the pleasing interplay of two contingent pleasures which occurred in the summer of 1978. The first was the penetrating sense of awe experienced when I finished reading Koestler's recent book' Janus A Summing Up', 1978. His philosophy provided that necessary inspiration to tackle, in a rational way, a long held dissatisfaction with the . conven­ tional Darwinian explanation of evolution. The second was the more subliminal pleasure of camping and exploring that beautiful panorama of the lake district of Northern Ontario. The book, written in an argumentative style, reviews the case for the inheritance of acquired characteristics and proposes a simple, feasible mechanism to drive this process. It is written from the narrow perspective of an experimental Immunologist with an interest in the evolution of multicellular organisms. Much attention is given to current ideas in Immunology, and at times we dive deeply into its heartland to grasp those threads relevant to a general theory of evolution. In these excursions, I take pains not to lose the general reader (although I run the risk of annoying some Immunologists), I do this so that the argument is understood by Biologists as a whole. This narrow approach path, however, eliminates areas of interest to some Biologists, e. g.

Abstract: VI. Neurobiology -- 1 Neuroembryology and the Development of Perception -- 2 The Differentiate Maturation of the Human Cerebral Cortex -- 3 Organization and Reorganization in the Central Nervous System: Evolving Concepts of Brain Plasticity -- 4 Developmental Aspects of the Neuronal Control of Breathing -- 5 Ontogenesis of Brain Bioelectrlcal Activity and Sleep Organization in Neonates and Infants -- 6 Sexual Differentiation of the Brain -- 7 Critical Periods in Organizational Processes -- 8 Patterns of Early Neurological Development -- 9 Early Development of Neonatal and Infant behavior -- VII. Nutrition -- 10 Nutrition and Growth in Infancy -- 11 Protein — Energy Malnutrition and Growth -- 12 Population Differences in Growth: Environmental and Genetic Factors -- 13 Epidemiological Considerations -- 14 Obesity -- 15 Nutritional Deficiencies and Brain Development -- 16 Nutrition, Mental Development and Learning -- VIII. History of Growth Studies -- 17 A Concise History of Growth Studies from Buffon to Boas.

Abstract: Growth, as we conceive it, is the study of change in an organism not yet mature. Differential growth creates form: external form through growth rates which vary from one part of the body to another and one tissue to another; and internal form through the series of time-entrained events which build up in each cell the special­ ized complexity of its particular function. We make no distinction, then, between growth and development, and if we have not included accounts of differentiation it is simply because we had to draw a quite arbitrary line somewhere. It is only rather recently that those involved in pediatrics and child health have come to realize that growth is the basic science peculiar to their art. It is a science which uses and incorporates the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and biology. It is indeed a part of biology, and the study of human growth is a part of the curriculum of the rejuvenated science of Human Biology. What growth is not is a series of charts of height and weight. Growth standards are useful and necessary, and their construction is by no means void of intellectual challenge. They are a basic instrument in pediatric epidemiology. But they do not appear in this book, any more than clinical accounts of growth disorders. This appears to be the first large handbook-in three volumes-devoted to Human Growth.

Abstract: Introduction: The Family as an Interactional System -- Premises -- Toward a Redefinition of Diagnosis and Intervention -- 1. Formation of the Therapeutic System -- The Therapeutic Team -- The First Session -- The Therapeutic Contract -- 2. Redefinition in Family Therapy -- Redefinition of the Therapeutic Relationship -- Redefinition of the Context -- Redefinition of the Problem -- 3. Space and Action in Family Therapy -- Nonverbal Communication -- The Meaning of Space -- Action Techniques: Sculpting -- Children and Play in Family Therapy -- 4. Tasks -- Directiveness in Family Therapy -- Restructuring Tasks -- Paradoxical Tasks -- Metaphorical Tasks -- 5. Examples of Structural Family Therapy -- Achieving Autonomy: The Case of Luciano -- A Family with an Encopretic Child.

Abstract: Dr. Maurizio Andolfi, "Andi" to my dog and me, is one of the fourth­ generation family therapy theorists. This book, which he calls "interac­ tional," is probably one you would not enjoy. Maybe you could give it to a rival colleague on his birthday. Combining the teachings of Zwerling and Laperriere with Ferber is confusing. Add to that a Horney analysis and stir with two ounces of Minuchin and a dram of Haley, and Andolfi becomes distracting to his friends and colleagues. His work with Can­ crini reacculturated him somewhat, but a Roman is a Roman, and, of course, he could not understand such problems as those we conquer in the United States. Assuming your rival is a well-trained, cause-and-effect thinker, you might find ways to watch him squirm. If he has not tried paradoxical methods, expect him to take a long vacation from work. If he is already a good family therapist, he may become a bit hypomanic, and his team may talk to you in private. Encourage them to suggest that he work harder and stop reading the book or, better still, donate it to the social­ work school library; they will read anything. If the team complains that the book advises teaching sick families how to be their own therapists, resist any impulse to check this out. No family could become self­ reparative when it is already dysfunctional. We know that professional help is the only hope.

Abstract: Realms of Reason and Unreason -- I Diffusion and Superdiffusion, Prologue -- 1 From Continent to Continent: Making Ends Meet -- 2 Stones, Suppositions, and Science -- 3 Ancient Astronauts: Thesis -- 4 Ancient Astronauts: Response -- 5 The UFO Phenomenon -- II Strange Stone Monuments, Prologue -- 6 Stonehenge -- 7 Pyramid -- 8 Easter Island -- III Marine Mysteries, Prologue -- 9 The Bermuda Triangle -- 10 The Lost Continent of Atlantis -- IV Monsters, Stars, and Catastrophists, Prologue -- 11 Monsters -- 12 Astrology -- 13 The Colliding Worlds of Velikovsky -- 14 Noah’s Ark -- Epilogue -- References.

Abstract: The purpose of this book is to explore some of those great mysteries of the earth that have captured the popular imagination, and especially those having their roots in our specialties of archaeology and geology. The average reader probably is unfamiliar with the earth sciences or the archaeological history of man. Nor does the average reader have the time and literary resources to verify all he or she reads. Our aim is to lend a helping hand by examining the evidence that surrounds such mysteries as the legend of Atlantis and the ruins of Stonehenge, and, as logically as we can, sift truth from falsehood and exagger­ ation. Early man found himself in a world of unimaginable mysteries: meteors streaking across a star-studded sky, the darkness beyond the campfire's glow, the sound and fury of a volcano's eruption. Our earliest ancestors were probably mysteries to themselves, and totally susceptible to the subjectivity of their world. Fantasies may have been as much a formative influence as toolmaking in the early development of culture. As human beings gathered knowledge and understanding of their surroundings, old mysteries vanished, only to be replaced by others because so much was not understood.

Abstract: General -- Evolution in Image Science -- Trends in Digital Image Processing Research -- Theory -- A 1D Approach to 2D-Signal Processing -- Digital Coding of Television Signals -- Digital Image Analysis -- Application -- Biomedical Image Processing -- The Processing of X-Ray Image Sequences -- Landsat Image Processing -- Image Processing for Document Reproduction -- Image Processing and Computer Graphics -- Model-Driven Vision for Industrial Automation -- Implementation -- Distributed Image Processing -- Parallel Processors for Digital Image Processing -- Large-Scale Vector/Array Processors -- A Low-Cost Image Processing Facility Employing a New Hardware Realization of High-Speed Signal Processors.

Abstract: Digital image processing, originally established to analyze and improve lunar images, is rapidly growing into a wealth of new appli­ cations, due to the enormous technical progress made in computer engineering. At present, the most important fields of growth appear to emerge in the areas of medical image processing (i. e. tomography, thermography), earth resource inventory (i. e. land usage, minerals), office automation (i. e. document storage, retrieval and reproduction) and industrial production (i. e. computer vision for mechanical ro­ bots). Currently, emphasis is being shifted from signal-processing re­ search and design-innovation activities towards cost-efficient system implementations for interactive digital image processing. For the years ahead, trends in computer engineering indicate still further advances in Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Input/Output (I/O) technologies allowing the implementation of powerful parallel and/or distributed processor architectures for real-time processing of high­ resolution achromatic and color images. In view of the many new developments in the field of digital image processing and recognizing the importance of discussing these developments amongst key scientists that might make use of them, ffiM Germany sponsored an international symposium on 'Advances in Digital Image Processing', held at Bad Neuenahr, Federal Republic of Germany, September 26 - 28, 1978. The interest shown in this symposium encouraged the publi­ cation of the papers presented in this volume of the ffiM Research Symposium Series.

Abstract: 1 Basic Principles of Cohort Analysis -- 1.1. Fundamental Concepts -- 1.2. Basic Principles in the Absence of Disturbances -- 1.3. Basic Principles in the Presence of Disturbances -- 1.4. References and Supplementary Bibliography -- 2 Basic Principles of Period Analysis -- 2.1. The Double Purpose of Period Analysis -- 2.2. The Standardization Approach and the Problem of Summary Indexes -- 2.3. The Translation Approach -- 2.4. Population Structures and Movement -- 2.5. Examples -- 2.6. References and Supplementary Bibliography -- 3 The Analysis of Mortality -- 3.1. Infant Mortality -- 3.2. Period Measures of Mortality -- 3.3. Some Comments on Cohort Measures of Mortality -- 3.4. References and Supplementary Bibliography -- 4 The Analysis of Nuptiality -- 4.1. Analysis Based on Statistics of Population Change -- 4.2. Analysis Based on Census-Type Data -- 4.3. The “Marriage Market” Problem -- 4.4. References and Supplementary Bibliography -- 5 The Analysis of Natality -- 5.1. Crude Measures of Natality -- 5.2. Age-Specific Fertility -- 5.3. Marriage-Duration-SpecificFertility -- 5.4. Birth-Interval-Specific Fertility -- 5.5. Measures of Natural Fertility and Contraceptive Effectiveness -- 5.6. References and Supplementary Bibliography -- 6 The Analysis of Migration -- 6.1. Time and Space in Migration Analysis -- 6.2. Spatial Demographic Accounting -- 6.3. Direct Estimation of Migration -- 6.4. Indirect Estimation of Migration -- 6.5. Intensity of Migration -- 6.6. Spatial Orientation of Migration -- 6.7. Efficiency of Migration -- 6.8. Examples -- 6.9. References and Supplementary Bibliography -- Append -- Table A.1. Set of Coefficients for Ledermann’s Model Life Tables (BothSexes) -- Table A.2. Schedules of Divorce by Duration of Marriage 269 -- Table A.3. Standard Set of Ratios of Probabilities of Survival of Total Population (Ever-Married or Not) to Population Single at ExactAges -- Table A.4. Standard Marital Fertility Schedule of Hutterite Women (1921–1930) -- Table A.5. Standard Schedule of Births by Duration of Marriage -- Table A.6. Standard Fertility Schedules by Birth Interval (for Low Fertility LF and High Fertility HF Populations).

Abstract: This book is the result of several years of experience in teaching principles and methods of demographic analysis at the Department of Demography of the University of Louvain. Chapters 1 and 2 deal with the basic principles and methods involved in the two approaches demographers usually take, i.e., cohort and period analysis. Chapters 3-6 are devoted to applying these principles and methods to the particular phenomena with which the demog­ rapher is especially concerned: mortality, nuptiality, natality, and spatial mobility. In order to maintain coherence, examples have been placed at the end of each major section instead of being dispersed throughout the text. This should enable the reader to grasp both the theory and the example as a whole, rather than envisaging the theory as a particular reply to a specific problem. Finally, each chapter ends with a list of references, to which is added a selection of major books and articles in population analysis drawn mainly from the American, British, and French demographic literature.

Abstract: Control theory and social change: toward a synthesis of the system and action approaches -- Cybernetic theorems on feedback in social processes -- A. SIGGS information theoretic characterization of qualitative knowing: cybernetic and SIGGS theory models -- Role playing in the interview: towards a theory of artifacts in the survey-interview -- Alteration of information in channels: a cross-level analysis -- Temporalization of complexity -- Simulation of large-scale systems by aggregation -- Reality-simulation: a feedback loop -- Disciplinary prestige and the accuracy of social predictions as a deviation-amplifying feedback.

Abstract: The fifteen papers comprising this book were chosen out of the sixty-one contributions to the Symposium and Section on Social Systems held in the context of the Fourth International Congress of Cybernetics and Systems (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 21-25 August, 1978). These papers, as­ sembled here on the basis of their topicality, depth and originality, cover a wide range of problems, ranging from 'Societies and Turing machines' to 'Dialectics and catastrophe'. An interesting array of themes is considered by authors from six countries. It is felt that these papers, some of them thought-provoking and of great merit, will cast new light on social problems. Though the contributions consider a wide variety of topics, the underlying trend is apparent in many instances. Of special value is the discussion of the relevance of cybernetics and systems to a wide spectrum of social problems. I think the treatment and the approach adopted by the contributors merit wide attention, since their contributions constitute an appreciable advance in a fairly novel field. 1. ROSE BLACKBURN (U.K.) May, 1978 Acknowledgements First of all, we want to thank the authors for their contributions to these volumes, often produced under severe time pressure. We are particularly indebted to publisher Hans van der Sluijs and desk editor Judy Marcure for their helpful cooperation in having both volumes edited and published on schedule.

Abstract: 1. The Management Energy Crisis -- How we use management energy -- 2. Industry in a Social Perspective -- The aims of Western society -- Living with uncertainty -- Intervention by society into industry -- Ignorance of industry in society -- Turbulence and uncertainty — and individual freedom as well! -- Managing in a democracy -- The location of power in industrial organisations -- The diffusion of power -- Fundamental changes in the management task. -- 3. Sources of Energy within the Organisation. -- The nature of complex organisations -- The manager at the interface and the sources of energy at his disposal -- Releasing the energy of the working group -- Boundary control -- Second thoughts about boundaries -- Boundaries may shield people from reality -- The work group as an ‘open system’ and the boundary as an infinitely permeable membrane -- 4. Using the Energy Sources -- Co-operation and sharing power -- Ways of avoiding anarchy -- Mutual hostility and mutual trust -- Creating an environment of mutual trust -- Sharing problems and the’ san Andreas Fault’ syndrome -- The pain barrier -- Crossing the pain barrier — or not -- 5. Creating Energy Networks -- False linking pins -- Improving linkages -- Using linkages to create a common framework of perception -- 6. Management Decision Making -- Conflict between the objectives of the organisation and the objectives of individuals within the organisation -- When people seek to avoid decisions -- Finding the right level for decisions to be made -- 7. The Nature of the Management Task and the Problems of Achieving IT -- Is a manager necessary? -- Managers in other cultures -- Conflict in a democratic society and its implication for the manager -- Identifying the maximum area of common purpose -- Letting reality in -- Helpful and unhelpful interventions -- Questions for the manager to put to the group he manages -- 8. Who’s on our Side? -- Evading the pressures of society -- The two different worlds of manager -- Bringing the two worlds closer together -- 9. Come Back Leadership, All is Forgiven! -- The manager as a leader -- Creating a framework of shared values -- Decisions of fact and decisions of stance -- 10. Management Energy — Conservation Plan.

Abstract: I have worked as a manager in a large industrial organisation for the last twenty years. During that time I have seen the job of a manager change almost out of recognition in both complexity and difficulty. For the last five ofthose years I have held ajob which has been much concerned with the problems which managers face under these cir­ cumstances, and I have been in the position to discuss these pro­ blems with people doing similar jobs in other large organisations, who have in turn often asked me for advice on their problems. The result has been to build up a general picture of the manager in large and complex industrial organisations and of those practices which will help him or her to be effective and those which will not. I suspect that the picture which emerges is one which may have some validity for large and complex organisations in other spheres - trade unions, for instance, or the civil service - but I have no first-hand evidence to show whether this is so or not. It is a picture which is certainly not so relevant for small organisations. These (and I have had the pleasure of working in some from time to time) have their own problems, but they tend to be different ones.

Abstract: This is the second volume on "Optical Information Processing" within the scope of the US-USSR Science Cooperation Program co­ sponsored by the US National Science Foundation and the USSR Acad­ emy of Sciences Siberian Branch. Volume I was published in 1976, also by Plenum Press, and con­ tained the papers presented by a group of US and USSR scientists at the First US-USSR Science Cooperation Seminar "Optical Informa­ tion Processing" held at the US National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D. C. from 16 to 20 June 1975. The seminar was followed by a series of visits to US scientific research laboratories and universities, to which the visiting USSR scientists were escorted bv Dr. W. E. Kock and Dr. G. W. Stroke. The visits included Bell Laboratories, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Laboratory and M. I. T. , as reported in detail in the FOREWORD of Volume I. Volume II now presents the papers presented by another group of US and USSR scientists, some having participated in the first seminar: this series of papers was presented at the Second US-USSR Science Cooperation Seminar on "Optical Information Processing" held at the USSR Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch Institute of Auto­ mation and Electrometry in the famous "science city" of Akademgorodok, near Novosibirsk in Siberia, USSR from 10 to 16 July 1976.

Abstract: 1 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation: UV-A in Perspective -- 2 Sources of UV-A -- Solar Ultraviolet Radiation -- Summary -- Artificial Sources of UV-A -- Ultraviolet Spectral Transmission and Reflection of Common Materials -- References -- 3 Radiometry of Ultraviolet Radiation -- and General Considerations of Radiometry -- Detectors -- Spectral Filters and Input Optics -- Appendix: U.S. Manufacturers of UV-Related Instrumentation -- 4 Optical Properties of the Skin and Eyes -- Structure of the Skin -- Factors Affecting Penetration and Absorption of Ultraviolet Radiation in the Skin -- Measurements of the Penetration and Reflection of Optical Radiation in Skin -- Ultraviolet Optics for the Eye -- References -- 5 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Microorganisms and Animal Cells -- Effect of Ultraviolet on Cells -- DNA Repair -- Effects of UV-A -- Summary -- References -- 6 Immediate and Short-Term Biologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Normal Skin -- Erythema -- Histology -- UV and Epidermal Macromolecular Synthesis -- Effects of UV-A on Mucous Membrane -- Tanning -- References -- 7 Adverse Cutaneous Reactions to UV-A -- Chemical Photosensitivity -- Persistent Light Reactivity -- Actinic Reticuloid -- Polymorphous Light Eruption -- Solar Urticaria -- Porphyrias and Other Endogenous Photosensitization Syndromes -- Melasma and Ephelides -- Management of U V-A-Induced Dermatoses -- References -- 8 Skin Aging and Carcinogenesis Due to Ultraviolet Radiation -- Incidence of Skin Cancers in Man -- Epidemiologic Evidence Supporting the Role of Sunlight -- Mechanisms of UV Carcinogenesis -- Action Spectrum of Animal Photocarcinogenesis and the Carcinogenic Effects of UV-A -- Other Factors Influencing or Associated with Development of Skin Cancer -- Ultraviolet Radiation and Aging -- References -- 9 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Eye -- Morphology and Histology of the Cornea and the Lens -- Histologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation -- Action Spectrum of Ocular Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation -- Corneal and Lenticular Effects of Longwave Ultraviolet Radiation -- Effects of U V-A in the Retina -- The Ocular Effects of UV-A Exposure in the Presence of Photosensitizing Compounds (Psoralens) -- Summary: UV-A Exposure of the Eye -- References -- 10 Uses of UV-A Involving Exposure of Humans -- Therapeutic Uses of Ultraviolet Radiation -- Ultraviolet Treatment of Psoriasis -- Photochemotherapy -- Oral Psoralen Photochemotherapy -- UV-A-Activated Polymerization of Resinous Dental Restorations -- Diagnostic Uses of UV-A -- References -- 11 Safety Measures and Protection Against Ultraviolet Exposure -- Ultraviolet Exposure Safety Standards -- Sunscreens -- Eye Protection against Ultraviolet Radiation -- References.

Abstract: The origin of this text was a request by industry and government to summarize the biological effects and to estimate the limits of safe exposure to longwave ul­ traviolet radiation. The specific issue was the safety of a small medium-pressure mercury arc designed to emit UV-A (NUVA-Lite, L. D. Caulk Co. , Milford, Delaware) for photopolymerization of resinous fillings used in dentistry. How-­ ever, the context grew to become a consideration of the risks and benefits to hu­ mans of electromagnetic radiation between the biologically active short UV and the visible spectrum. We have accumulated data from our own experimental work and from the literature and have attempted to put this information in the perspective of known biologic effects of ultraviolet radiation as it influences hu­ mans. Interest in the biological effects of longwave ultraviolet radiation is increas­ ing in all of the many scientific disciplines that make up the complex field of photobiology. In order to minimize the chance for error and personal prejudice and to maximize the use of expertise, each chapter has been reviewed by several authorities. Some of the contributions of this group led to significant alterations and creative additions to the chapter, and these persons deserve not only our sin­ cere gratitude but also recognition by the reader. These include Chapters 2 and 3: Dr. Robert E. Levin, Mr. Charles P. Comeau, Mr. Donald Gonser, Dr. David Sliney; Chapter 5: Dr. Jerry Williams, Dr. Robert Webb, Dr. Madhu A.

Abstract: Innovation in Enzyme Engineering -- Session I. New Methods of Stabilizing and Immobilizing Enzymes and Whole Cells -- The Immobilization of a Stable Esterase by Entrapment, Covalent Binding and Adsorption -- Liquid-Membrane Hollow Fiber Enzyme Reactors -- Synthesis of Organic Acids and Modification of Steroids by Immobilized Whole Microbial Cells -- Immobilization of Enzymes by Reductive Alkylation -- Development of Immobilized Urease for the Owens-Illinois BUN Analyzer -- Immobilization of ?-Tyrosinase Cells with Collagen -- Stepwise Thermophotochemical Crosslinking for Enzyme Stabilization and Immobilization -- Session II. Enzyme Engineering -- Mass Transfer Problems with Immobilized Oxidases -- Mass Transfer and Reaction with Microcapsules Containing Enzyme and Adsorbent -- Enzymatic Regeneration of ATP from AMP and ADP: Kinetic Studies with the Coupled Enzyme System -- Cofactor Regeneration in Artificial Enzyme Membranes: Potentialities for Analytical and Reactor Applications -- Optimal Operations of a Batch Enzyme Reactor: Isomerization of D-Glucose to D-Fructose -- Physicochemical Aspects of Immobilized Enzyme-Matrix Interactions -- Coupled and Multienzyme-Nylon Tube Reactors -- Short Reports: Kinetics and Stability of Immobilized Glucose Oxidase and Catalase -- Kinetics of D-Glucose to D-Fructose Isomerization -- Efficiency of Two Immobilized Enzymes Acting in Sequence -- Photocontrol of Enzyme-Collagen Membrane Activity -- Enzyme Immobilization in Collagen Films Adhered to Semi-Rigid Supports: The Enzymatic Sponge Reactor -- Hollow Fiber Enzymatic Reactors: An Engineering Approach -- Session III, Enzyme Engineering and Enzyme Purification -- Genetic Engineering with Nitrogen Fixation -- The State of Enzyme Isolation Technology -- Unit Operations of Enzyme Purification -- Scale-Up of Enzyme Purification -- Carbon Dioxide as a Reagent for Proteins -- Application of Computers to Enzyme Recovery -- Studies on Immobilized Trypsin in High Concentrations of Organic Solvents -- A Tapered Fluidized Bed as a Bioreactor -- Short Reports: Induction of Phenol Hydroxylase in Yeast -- Session IV. Affinity Chromatography and Enzyme Cofactor Immobilization, Application and Regeneration -- Analysis of Ligand-Macromolecule Interactions by Quantitative Affinity Chromatography -- Affinity Chromatography: Interferences and their Prevention -- Immobilized Cofactors and Cofactor Fragments in General Ligand Affinity Chromatography and as Active Cofactors -- Purification of Dehydrogenases and Kinases by Affinity Chromatography -- Factors Concerning the Effectiveness of Affinity Chromatography Using Immobilized Cofactors -- Hydrophobic Chromatography and Its Potential Use in Biotechnology -- Purification of Proteinases by Affinity Chromatography Techniques -- Covalent Affinity Chromatography of Acetylcholinesterase -- Salt-Stable Hydrophobic Versus Salt-Reversible Electrostatic Effects in Adsorptive Protein Binding -- Strategy for Pure Hydrophobic Chromatography -- Short Reports: High Turnover NAD Regeneration in the Coupled Dehydrogenase Conversion of Sorbitol to Fructose -- Microencapsulated Multi-Enzyme Systems as Vehicles for the Cyclic Regeneration of Free and Immobilized Coenzymes -- Session V. Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes -- Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes: A Review -- Refixation of Solubilized and Purified Microsomal Enzymes: Towards an Extracorporal Detoxification in Liver Failure -- Immobilized Enzymes in Tubes and Hollow Fibers for Clinical Applications -- The Cholesterol Electrode: Use of the Polarographic Oxidase Anode with Multiple Enzymes -- Medical Applications of Affinity Chromatography -- Studies on the Thermal Enzyme Probe -- Prospects for an Assay Technique Based on Volatile Enzyme Products -- Short Reports: Enzymatic Catalysis of a Three Step Steroid Conversion -- Enzyme-Thermistor Assays of Cholesterol, Oxalic Acid, Glucose and Lactose in Standard Solutions and Biological Samples -- Session VI. Industrial Applications of Immobilized Enzymes -- Industrial Production of L-Malic Acid by Immobilized Microbial Cells -- Production of 5?-Mononucleotides Using Immobilized 5?-Phosphodiesterase and 5?-AMP Deaminase -- A New Method for the Production of Optically Active Aminoacids -- Development of an Adsorbed Lactase Immobilized Enzyme System -- Studies on the Isomerization of D-Glucose by Immobilized Glucose Isomerase -- Macrokinetics and Reactor Design for the Industrial Application of Enzymes in L-Aminoacid Production.. -- Recent Trends in Enzyme Engineering in Japan -- Short Reports: Pilot Plant Production of Glucose from Starch with Soluble a-Amylase and Immobilized Glucoamylase -- Production of High-Fructose Syrup Using Glucoamylase and Glucose Isomerase Immobilized on Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin -- Reduction of Lactose in Milk by Entrapped ?-Galactosidase. IV. Results of Long Term Experiments with a Pilot Plant -- Use of ?-Galactosidase, ?-Galactosidase, Glucose Isomerase and Invertase in Hollow Fiber Reactors -- Appendix I. Recommendations for Standardization of Nomenclature in Affinity Chromatography -- Appendix II. Matters Arising from the Nomenclature of Immobilized Enzymes -- List of Participants.

Abstract: The recent worldwide explosion of interest in enzymes as cata­ lysts in industrial processes has arisen primarily because of the potential of major innovative advances which have taken place over the last two decades, foremost among these being novel methods of enzyme immobilization and affinity chromatography for rapid enzyme purification. This interest is now being further stimulated by the remarkable commercial success of several enzyme-based industrial processes, particularly the production of high-fructose syrup in the U. S. and amino acid production in Japan. With the initiation of these and other processes, together with the readying for commercial­ ization of several other enzyme-based operations, interest has ex­ panded in other areas in which enzymes may playa useful role, particularly in medicine and analytical chemistry. The development of this technology has required the cooperative efforts of practi­ tioners of several disciplines, primarily chemical engineers, bio­ chemists and other life scientists. Indeed, from this cooperation is arising the new interdisciplinary field of Enzyme Engineering. To stimulate communication, information exchange and advance­ ment of knowledge in this new field on an international level the Engineering Foundation, through the efforts of Lemuel B. Wingard, Jr. , initiated in 1971 a series of international conferences on Enzyme Engineering to be held biannually. The first two conferences were held in Henniker, New Hampshire, in the summers of 1971 and 1973, respectively, while the third conference, from which these proceedings derived, was held in August 1975 in Portland, Oregon.

Abstract: I Developmental Biology -- 1 Adaptive Mechanisms of Growth Control -- 2 Human Biochemical Development -- 3 Developmental Pharmacology -- 4 Glimpses of Comparative Growth and Development -- II Biometrical Methods in Human Growth -- 5 Statistics of Growth Standards -- 6 Sampling for Growth Studies -- 7 The Mathematical Handling of Long-Term Longitudinal Data -- III Genetics -- 8 Introduction to Genetic Analysis -- 9 The Genetics of Human Fetal Growth -- 10 The Genetics of Birth Weight -- 11 The Genetics of Adult Stature -- 12 The Genetics of Maturational Processes -- IV Prenatal Growth -- 13 Anatomy of the Placenta -- 14 Physiology of the Placenta -- 15 Fetal Measurements -- 16 Implications for Growth in Human Twins -- 17 Association of Fetal Growth with Maternal Nutrition -- 18 Carbohydrate, Fat, and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Pregnant Woman and Fetus -- 19 Pre- and Perinatal Endocrinology -- 20 Development of Immune Responsiveness -- 21 Fetal Growth; Obstetric Implications.

Abstract: Growth, as we conceive it, is the study of change in an organism not yet mature. Differential growth creates form: external form through growth rates which vary from one part of the body to another and one tissue to another; and internal form through the series of time-entrained events which build up in each cell the special­ ized complexity of its particular function. We make no distinction, then, between growth and development, and if we have not included accounts of differentiation it is simply because we had to draw a quite arbitrary line somewhere. It is only rather recently that those involved in pediatrics and child health have come to realize that growth is the basic science peculiar to their art. It is a science which uses and incorporates the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and biology. It is indeed apart ofbiology, and the study of human growth is a part of the curriculum of the rejuvenated science of Human Biology. What growth is not is aseries of charts of height and weight. Growth standards are useful and necessary, and their construction is by no means void of intellectualchallenge. Theyare a basic instrument in pediatric epidemiology. But they do not appear in this book, any more than clinical accounts of growth disorders. This appears to be the first large handbook-in three volumes-devoted to Human Growth. Smaller textbooks on the subject began to appear in the late nineteenth century, some written by pediatricians and some by anthropologists.

Abstract: 1. General background to the problem -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Historical evolution of the problem -- 2. Analysis by country of city-centre policy -- 2.1. Germany -- 2.2. Belgium -- 2.3. Denmark -- 2.4. France -- 2.5. Ireland -- 2.6. Italy -- 2.7. Luxemburg -- 2.8. The Netherlands -- 2.9. The United Kingdom -- 3. Synthesis of the problems of the city centres -- 3.1. Physical image -- 3.2. The effect of expansion of the office sector -- 3.3. The economics of land and its impact in city centre renovation -- 3.4. City centre residents -- 3.5. Transportation -- 3.6. Protection of monuments and sites -- 3.7. The urban environment -- 4. Different approaches to the problem -- 4.1. A typology of city centres -- 4.2. A search for solutions -- 4.3. Judicial and administrative means -- 4.4. The role of the international organizations -- 5. Policy objectives -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Policies -- 6. Recommendations for the short term -- 6.1. A conference on a European policy for improving the inner-city environment -- 6.2. Seminars on particular problems of city centres -- 6.3. Privileged enterprises -- 6.4. European pilot-projets for improvement of the environment of inner cities -- 7. Proposals for studies -- 7.1. Study of the supply and demand for office space on a community-wide basis -- 7.2. Working group for land use policy -- 7.3. Study of the application of master planning.

Abstract: Section VIII: Research Procedures and Data Analysis -- 1 Techniques for Cytogenetic Analysis -- 2 Mutation Testing Systems -- 3 Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture as Teratologic Tools -- 4 Whole Embryo Explants and Transplants -- 5 Survey of in Vitro Systems: Their Potential Use in Teratogenicity Screening -- 6 The Structure and Uses of Genetically Homogeneous Lines of Animals -- 7 Multigeneration Reproduction Studies -- 8 The Design of Subprimate Animal Studies -- 9 Feasibility and Design of Subhuman Primate Studies -- 10 Uterine Vascular Interruption and Combined Radiation and Surgical Procedures -- 11 Analytical Techniques for the Study of Teratogenic Mechanisms -- 12 Immunological Aspects of Development -- 13 Behavioral Teratology -- 14 Methods and Concepts of Biometrics Applied to Teratology -- of the Complete Handbook (Volumes 1–4).

Abstract: 1 The Early Development of Hatch Covers -- 1.1 Introduction to the access problem -- 1.2 Early hatch covers -- 1.3 Failings of wooden hatch covers -- 1.4 The coming of steel hatch covers -- 1.5 Steel hatches after 1927 -- 2 Cargoes and Ships -- Summary -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Dry bulk trades -- 2.3 Bulk liquid trades -- 2.4 Break-bulk general cargo -- 2.5 Unitized cargo -- 2.6 Cargo handling -- 2.7 General arrangement of ships -- 2.8 Dry cargo ship types -- 3 The Influence of Cargo Access Equipment on Ships’ Performance -- Summary -- 3.1 The cost of time in port -- 3.2 Delays in port -- 3.3 Benefits of reduced time in port -- References -- 4 General Requirements for Access Equipment -- Summary -- 4.1 Regulatory requirements -- 4.2 Vertical loading ships -- 4.3 Horizontal loading ships -- 4.4 Operational requirements -- 4.5 General considerations for access equipment -- 4.6 Fabrication and installation -- 4.7 Safety -- References -- 5 Access Equipment in Vertical Loading Ships -- Summary -- 5.1 Types of hatch covers -- 5.2 Single pull covers -- 5.3 Folding covers (hydraulic or wire-operated) -- 5.4 Direct pull covers -- 5.5 Roll stowing covers — ‘Rolltite’ -- 5.6 Side and end rolling covers -- 5.7 Lift and roll covers (piggy-back) -- 5.8 Sliding tween-deck covers -- 5.9 Pontoon covers -- 5.10 Telescopic covers -- 5.11 Flexible rolling covers -- 5.12 Miscellaneous covers -- 6 Access Equipment for Horizontal Loading Ships -- Summary -- 6.1 Design philosophy -- 6.2 Ro-Ro access equipment -- 6.3 Ramps -- 6.4 Bow openings -- 6.5 Elevators -- 6.6 Side doors -- 6.7 Bulkhead doors -- 6.8 Car decks -- 6.9 Dimensions and weights -- References -- 7 Ship Design and Selection of Access Equipment — Bulk Cargo -- Summary -- 7.1 Access equipment for ships carrying dry bulk cargoes -- 7.2 Choice of type of hatch cover -- 7.3 Economic evaluation of alternative equipment -- References -- 8 Ship Design and Selection of Access Equipment — General Cargo -- Summary -- 8.1 Multi-deck break-bulk ships -- 8.2 Container ships -- 8.3 Roll-on/Roll-off ships -- 8.4 Specialized cargo vessels -- 8.5 What sorts of ships are best for general cargo? -- References -- 9 Specific Design Requirements for Access Equipment -- Summary -- 9.1 Hatch covers -- 9.2 Access equipment in horizontal loading ships -- 9.3 Advanced design techniques -- 9.4 Seals -- 9.5 Construction materials -- 9.6 Miscellaneous -- References -- 10 Access Equipment in Service -- Summary -- 10.1 Cargo claims -- 10.2 Hatch cover surveys -- 10.3 Hatch cover defects -- 10.4 Some reasons for hatch leakage -- 10.5 Hatch cover maintenance -- 10.6 Hatch cover maintenance costs -- 10.7 Ro-Ro access equipment maintenance -- 10.8 Ship conversion -- References -- 11 Recent Developments and Prospects -- Summary -- 11.1 Recent developments -- 11.2 Influences on change -- 11.3 Ship types -- 11.4 Materials -- 11.5 Innovation.

Abstract: As President of International MacGregor I am deeply indebted to the authors of this excellent book for the very considerable amount of work and scholarship it contains. It is the first authoritative work on cargo access equipment to be pubbshed and I am sure that it will be greatly welcomed by the Marine Industries. You will see from the authors' preface that the book was commissioned by the Henri Kummerman Foundation which was established in 1976 to assist and promote internationally research and development in the field of marine transportation and cargo handling. The Foundation has already made a number of grants to universities and to students but this book is its first major contribution to the furthering of education in the Marine Industries. For me, it is a rewarding fruition of a long involvement in maritime affairs. However, much requires to be done in the future and the Foundation can only succeed if it is encouraged and assisted by people who are forward thinking. I should be pleased therefore to hear from any readers of this book if they feel that they can help or be helped within the aims and objectives of the Foundation. 28 Chemin du Pommier, HENRI KUMMERMAN 1218 Geneva, Switzerland.

Abstract: 1 The Silent Elite: Biologists and the Shaping of Science Policy -- 2 Scientific Basis for the Support of Biomedical Science -- 3 Informing the Public: Fiscal Returns of Biomedical Research -- 4 Of Questions and Committees -- 5 On the Planning of Science -- 6 Influence of NIH Policy Past and Present on the University Health Education Complex -- 7 Much Ado about Recombinant DNA Regulations -- 8 The Place of Biomedical Science in National Health Policy -- 9 Beyond the Warring Elements: A Search for Balance in Health Funding -- 10 The Formulation of Health Policy -- 11 Specialization as Scientific Advancement and Overspecialization as Social Distortion -- 12 The Education of Black Health Professionals -- 13 Women in Health Care Decision Making -- 14 Technology Assessment and Genetics.

Abstract: This volume brings together the views of authors involved in many aspects of biomedicine-from research on basic biology to clinical invest­ igation of the causes and treatment of human disease to hospital adminis­ tration ·to health care planning on the state and Federal levels to Con­ gressionallegislation covering biomedical research, medical education, the development of medical technology, and the delivery of health care. The purpose is not to present a "party line" representing a consensus of these often divergent viewpoints, and we do not suggest that we have found solutions to the many problems encountered in the interaction of scientists, administrators, legislators, and the recipients of health care. These articles are intended primarily to communicate to both biomedical scientists and intelligent laymen the processes, social and political as well as scientific, whereby biomedical science advances, and the need for biomedical scientists to take an interest and initiative not only in scientific research but also in research on health care delivery and in related public issues before the legislative and administrative branches of government.

Abstract: 1 The Development of the Sports Car -- Motor sport -- The sports car -- The history of the sports car -- The first sports car -- The fabulous years -- Historic sports cars -- The future of the sports car -- 2 The Engine: Combustion -- Cylinder head history -- Combustion chamber research -- Volumetric efficiency -- Knock -- Limiting compression ratio -- Types of combustion chamber -- 3 The Engine: Induction and Exhaust -- The induction system -- The 4-cylinder in-line engine -- The 6-cylinder in-line engine -- The V-8 engine -- Ramming induction pipes -- Ramming pipe theory -- Forward-ram intakes -- Cold-air intakes -- The exhaust system -- The silencer -- Ramming exhaust pipes -- Branched exhaust pipes -- 4 The Engine: Valve Gear -- Push-rod valve operation -- Double overhead valve operation -- Single overhead camshaft head -- The four-valve head -- Desmodromic operation -- 5 The Engine: Fuel Metering -- The carburettor -- The S.U. principle -- The H.I.F. model -- Fuel injection -- Lucas electronic fuel injection -- Bosch K-Jetronic mechanical system -- 6 The Engine: Miscellaneous Components -- The crankcase -- The crankshaft -- Crankshaft bearings: bearing pressures: bearing materials -- General lubrication -- Pistons -- Cooling: air cooling: water cooling -- The ignition system: sparking plugs: the conventional coil ignition: new ignition developments -- 7 Road-Holding -- Tyres: the grip on the road: the tyre footprint -- Cornering power -- Tyre construction -- Aquaplaning -- Cornering behaviour: oversteer and understeer: rear wheel drive: front wheel drive: braking -- The mid-engined sports car -- Factors leading to understeer -- 8 The Suspension -- Springs -- Pitching -- Independent suspension -- Shimmy and tramp -- Representative designs: Jaguar, Porsche, Datsun, Aston Martin -- The suspension damper: double-tube damper: single tube damper -- 9 The Chassis, Frame and Body -- Materials -- Torsional stiffness -- The tubular frame -- Unitary body-chassis construction -- The backbone chassis -- The shape of the body: drag coefficients, lift at high speed, the air dam, directional stability at high speed -- 10 The Transmission -- Torque multiplication -- The gear ratios -- The overdrive -- Synchromesh -- The automatic transmission -- The clutch -- The final drive -- Universal joints -- The limited slip differential -- 11 The Brakes -- The grip on the road -- Braking forces -- Weight transference under braking -- Brake fade -- Disc brakes: disc brakes for the high-speed sports car, pad materials -- 12 Performance -- Standards of performance -- The meaning of power -- Acceleration: acceleration times for 0–60 m.p.h., the concept of effective mass -- Maximum speed -- 13 The Sports Car in the Future -- The Engine: promising alternatives, the gas turbine, rotating combustion engines, the Diesel engine, the Stirling engine, the steam engine -- Petrol engine developments: stratified charge: turbocharging: air fuel ratio control -- The transmission -- Tyres and suspension: no-roll suspension -- Braking -- The long-life car -- 14 Design Studies -- The Jaguar -- The Lotus -- The Mercedes -- The Porsche.

Abstract: of Volume 1 -- to the Study of Sign Language among the North American Indians as Illustrating the Gesture Speech of Mankind -- A Collection of Gesture-Signs and Signals of the North American Indians with Some Comparisons -- The Gesture Speech of Man -- Index of Names.

Abstract: 1. THE SEMIOTIC CHARACTER OF ABORIGINAL SIGN LANGUAGES In our culture, language, especially in its spoken manifestation, is the much vaunted hallmark of humanity, the diagnostic trait of man that has made possible the creation of a civilization unknown to any other terrestrial organism. Through our inheritance of a /aculte du langage, culture is in a sense bred inta man. And yet, language is viewed as a force wh ich can destroy us through its potential for objectification and classification. According to popular mythology, the naming of the animals of Eden, while giving Adam and Eve a certain power over nature, also destroyed the prelinguistic harmony between them and the rest of the natural world and contributed to their eventual expulsion from paradise. Later, the post-Babel development of diverse language families isolated man from man as weIl as from nature (Steiner 1975). Language, in other words, as the central force animating human culture, is both our salvation and damnation. Our constant war with words (Shands 1971) is waged on both internal and external battlegrounds. This culturally determined ambivalence toward language is particularly appar­ ent when we encounter humans or hominoid animals who, for one reason or another, must rely upon gestural forms of communication.

Abstract: Teaching medical sociology: retrospection and prospection -- Introductory remarks -- Future Developments -- Health care in the future -- The profession of medical sociologist in the future: implications for training programs -- The medical profession in the future: implications for training programs -- The Current Status of Medical Sociology Training -- The current status of medical sociology training in the U.S.A. -- Reflections on training in medical sociology for undergraduate students of sociology at the University of Warsaw -- Basic assumptions in medical sociology teaching in medical schools -- Basic assumptions in teaching medical sociology in medical schools: the case of West Germany -- Educational Objectives -- Medical sociology training for sociologists -- Medical sociology training for medical doctors -- Description of Didactical Situations -- Teaching methods and practical training in sociology departments -- Teaching methods and practical training in medical schools: the case of Maastricht -- Evaluation Methods of Educational Processes -- Evaluation methods as instruments for improvement of courses and programs -- Evaluation methods as part of training programs -- Curriculum construction: reflections on a workshop -- Evaluation of the Seminar -- Critical evaluation of the seminar -- A selected bibliography of recent articles.

Abstract: 39 Medical sociology, on the other hand, is only beginning to be perceived as an established partner in medical education. What was still described in 1963 as its 'promise' (Reader, 1963) became a decade later the unequivocal assertion: 'Sociology has already contributed much to medicine ... has (in its work related to medicine) developed a distinct body of knowledge, and in fact, reached the position where it can contribute substantially to decision making in medicine'. (Kendall and Reader, 1972) As it has established its position, both as a legitimate sub-field of sociology as a collaborator with the medical professions, there is evidence of increasing attention by medical sociology to the applica­ tions of its knowledge. The literature reveals a remarkable degree of concern about its development. (Caudill, 1953; Clausen, 1956; Reader and Goss, 1959; Reader, 1963; Suchman, 1964; Graham, 1964; Bloom, 1965; McKin­ lay, 1972). Most of its continuing self-scrutiny, however, was - at least until recently - focused on the evaluation of its contribution to knowledge. We seem now to have found security in the legitimacy of this contribution, and to be turning to the effort to establish an organized dimension of applied social science - of which an example is seen in table 2.1. Williams, first in 1963 and again in 1972, sought to show how the knowledge of medical sociology was actually being applied. Hyman (1967) reviewed 'the uses of sociology for the problems of medicine'.

Abstract: One Introduction -- 1 Life’s logic -- Two Growing -- 2 life as an energy transforming system -- 3 Life as a cellular system -- 4 Life as a dynamic steady-state -- 5 On the adaptive significance of growing -- Three Reproduction -- 6 How organisms reproduce -- 7 Quantitative aspects of reproduction -- Four Ageing -- 8 The ageing process -- 9 The cycle reversed -- Five Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Index of organisms.

Abstract: As time progresses, biology becomes more and more fragmented and specialized and it becomes increasingly difficult to see how all the dis- ! parate facts fit together. It is completely proper that biologists should have sought to reduce complex biological wholes into their parts, and it is natural that studies on the products of this reduction should have diverged from more holistic studies on evolution and ecology. Yet the biological parts, what they do and how they are organized are products of an evolutionary process which fits organisms for life in particular ecological circumstances. Physiology, developmental biology, ecology and evolutionary biology must not be allowed to grow too far apart, therefore, because all these disciplines and the way their subject matters interact are crucial to understanding organisms - and it is this, it seems to me, which is the fundamental goal of the biological sciences. This book has been written in the spirit of unification and synthesis. It is, in a sense, a general biology of the organism - not, however, of organisms as static unchanging systems, but of organisms as dynamic entities which progress through a definite cycle of events from birth to maturity. The central theme, therefore, will be the life cycle, and the book is organized around the three main phases which are characteristic of all life cycles; growth (Part II), reproduction (Part III) and ageing (Part IV).

Abstract: 1. The Activation of Enzymes with Light -- 2. Radiation Synergism and Antagonism -- 3. The Melanins: Their Synthesis and Structure -- 4. The Role of Mutagenesis in Carcinogenesis -- 5. Physical Properties of Excited States: A General Method for Measuring Triplet-Triplet Extinction Coefficients, Singlet-Triplet Intersystem Crossing Efficiences, and Related Parameters -- 6. Mapping the Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins by Photochemical Techniques -- 7. The Use of Microwaves for the Hyperthermic Treatment of Cancer: Advantages and Disadvantages.

Abstract: The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four categories: to develop (I) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine. To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and physicists; because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multi­ disciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for theoretical or practical use. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in­ depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that these reviews will provide an important service to the younger scientists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking, or suggest a redirection when appropriate. Kendric C. Smith Editor vii Contents v Contents of Earlier Volumes ...................................... . Preface ............................................... . vii Chapter 1. The Activation of Enzymes with Light ................... .

Abstract: 1 Stimulating One’s own Creativity -- 2 The Transistor -- Early Semiconductor Research -- The Bell Laboratories Program -- Preparations for the Transistor Announcement -- Patent Precautions -- The Transistor Announcement -- The Benefits -- From Surface States to Solid State -- The Double-Dimple Transistor -- Transistor Applications -- Leaving the Beaten Track -- 3 Electronic Music -- Musical Tones -- Harmonic Analysis -- The First Electric Organ -- The Early Days of Radio -- Radio and Electronic Music -- Electronic Developments -- Pitch Stabilization -- Doctoral Research -- The Formant Concept -- Visible Speech -- Formants and Hallformanten -- Engineering Thesis -- The Baldwin Electronic Organ -- Church Organists’ Views -- Formants and Pipe Organ Mixtures -- Several Electrical Musical Analogues -- Electronic Door Chimes -- Radar and High-Frequency Loudspeakers -- Modern Electronic Music -- 4 Lasers -- The Laser -- Laser Fundamentals -- The Metastable State -- The Two-Step Process -- Gas Lasers -- Semiconductor Lasers -- Alignment -- Distance and Length Measurements -- Lasers in Machine Tool Applications -- Interferometric Detection of Footprints -- Lasers in the Supermarket -- Drilling and Welding Applications -- Identification -- Fabric Cutting -- Medical Applications -- Communicating with Light -- Video Disks -- Laser Fusion -- Interdisciplinary Innovation -- 5 Traits -- Help for the Young -- The Value of Praise and Encouragement -- The Value of Creativity for Children -- Other Traits of Creative Youngsters -- Interest in Problems -- Chess-Playing Traits -- Chess Problem Composing -- Computer Chess -- Music -- Religion -- Authorship -- Age -- Needs -- 6 Waveguides -- Early Radio Transmission -- Microwave Waveguides -- The Waveguide as a Transmission Medium -- Phase and Group Velocities -- Long-Distance Transmission -- Millimeter Wavelengths -- The Circular Electric Mode -- Recent Field Tests -- Waveguides and Coaxial Cables -- Dielectric Waveguides -- Metallic Dielectric Waveguides -- Electron Bunching -- Bunchers and Catchers -- Ideal Bunching -- Klystrons -- Velocity Modulation of Waves -- Radar Breakdown Problems -- Wave Coding -- Corrugated Sound-Wave Waveguides -- Pulse Compression Tests -- Chirp -- Natural Waveguides -- Underwater Waveguides -- The SOFAR Channel -- SOFAR Localization -- Nonexplosive Acoustic Uses -- Acoustic Atmospheric Waveguides -- Waveguide Junctions -- Tee Junctions -- Hybrid Junctions -- The Magic Waveguide Junction -- 7 Lenses -- Velocity Focusing -- A Constant-Thickness Lens -- The Metal Plate Lens -- Stepped Lenses -- Radio Relay -- Foamed Dielectric Lenses -- Wider Bandwidth Needs -- Born’s Light Wave Analysis -- The First Artificial Dielectrics -- Sphere and Disk Dielectrics -- Strip Lenses -- The Transcontinental Relay -- The Bell Transcontinental Circuit -- High Refractive Power Lenses -- Path Length Lenses -- Lenses for Loudspeakers -- Microwave Lenses for Sound -- 8 Communications Satellites -- The First Rockets -- The Intercontinental Missile -- The Reentry Problem -- Sputnik -- Initial U.S. Reactions to Sputnik -- Explorer I -- Apollo 11 -- Communications -- Communications and the Space Program -- Orbiting Satellites -- Geostationary Satellites. -- Domestic Satellites -- Direct Broadcast Satellite -- 9 Why Invent? -- Wherewithal -- Renown -- Helping Others -- Eminence -- The Fraternity of Doers -- 10 Radar -- Early History -- The British Beginnings -- The U.S. Beginnings -- Radar Fundamentals -- The Plan Position Display -- The A-Scope Display -- Fire Control Radars -- Other Forms of Military Radar -- Doppler Radar -- Radars for Cars -- Circular Polarization -- An Aircraft-Versus-Submarine Machiavellism -- 11 Holography -- Gabor’s Interdisciplinary Skill -- Holography Fundamentals -- Making a Hologram -- The Complete Hologram Process -- The Hologram of a Scene -- Parallax in Holograms -- Single-Wavelength Nature of Holograms -- Nonoptical Holograms -- Microwave Holograms -- Microwave Holograms and Liquid Crystals -- Ultrasonic Holograms -- Underwater Viewing -- Earth Exploration -- Phase Quadrature -- Laser Holography -- Three-Dimensional Holography -- Information Content -- The Concept of Phase in Holography -- Synthetic Aperture Radar -- Two Recent Holography Developments -- Gabor’s Clairvoyance -- 12 Picturephone -- Visible Speech -- Real Time Sound Analysis -- The Real Time Analyzer -- From Analyzer to Picturephone -- Transmission Cost -- The Experimental Movie -- The First Picturephone -- The Permanent Record Form -- The Announcement to the Press -- Additional Background Information -- Press Reaction -- The Move to Higher-Quality Pictures -- The First Commercial Service -- The Future -- Peroration.

Abstract: The economic growth and strength of a nation are directly related to the ability of its people to make discoveries and their ability to transform these discoveries into useful products. Ninety percent of the increase in output per capita in the United States from 1909 to 1949 has been held to be attributable to technological advances. In this book, we examine the ways in which a number of important new technologies came into being and review the characteristic traits of inventors who create new technologies. Ways are suggested that could enable young and old alike to become more creative, and the various benefits they can thereby reap are also discussed. A high level of creativity is an important asset for a nation, and therefore a knowledge of ways to increase inventiveness can be of great value. University of Cincinnati President Warren Bennis has noted that "creativity is something most of us seem to lose, or let atrophy, as we leave childhood."· To "rediscover it," he continues, "we must find ways of re-creating our sense of wondering why, of heightening, even altering, our consciousness." Thus the earlier in life one seeks to enhance his creativity, the more successful the results are likely to be.

Abstract: 1 Longevity in Man and Animals -- 2 The Emergence of Man -- 3 Geographical Medicine -- 4 Problems of Nutrition -- 5 New Diseases -- 6 Gloom and Doom -- 7 Stress in a Crowded World -- 8 Genetics and Inheritance -- 9 Cardio-Vascular Disease—Horror and Dismay -- 10 Cancer—Ignorance and Fear -- 11 Inflating the Balloon -- Appendix: Stress and Cardio-Vascular Disease.

Abstract: Environment of Man is the eighth of the Croom Helm series of mono­ graphs on Biology and the Environment. The first volume, by this author, was a straightforward review of the principles of ecology as applied to the history of the earth. The second volume by J.L. Cloudesley-Thompson applied ecological principles to terrestrial habitats, and was followed by two volumes by C. F. Hickling and E. J. Ferguson-Wood on the ecology of aquatic habitats. The fifth volume, by Robert L. Snyder, reviews the natural ecological safeguards which control excessive growth of popUlation and discusses how these are operative in relation to the human race. Snyder's volume introduces man to the ecological scene and leads to the monograph by L. Harrison Matthews on the relationships of man with wildlife. In the seventh volume, Sir Cedric Stanton Hicks introduces us to the effects of agriculture on the ecology of the earth.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1. Chaotic Female Sexuality -- 2. Positive Female Images -- 3. Women in Ritual and Symbolic Roles -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- I Women and Divinity -- 2. The Bride of Christ Is Filled with His Spirit -- 3. Célibes, Mothers, and Church Cockroaches: Religious Participation of Women in a Mexican Village -- 4. To Honor Her Head: Hats as a Symbol of Women’s Position in Three Evangelical Churches in Edinburgh, Scotland -- 5. Coming of Age in Kelton: The Constraints on Gender Symbolism in Jewish Ritual -- 6. The Misery of the Embodied: Representations of Women in Sinhalese Myth -- II Dual Aspects of Women: Archetypic Nurturance -- 7. Careers of Midwives in a Mayan Community -- 8. Southern Lay Midwives as Ritual Specialists -- 9. Epidemiology of Spirit Possession among the Luvale of Zambia -- 10. Convivial Sisterhood: Spirit Mediumship and Client-Core Network among Black South African Women -- 11. Bobbes and Zeydes: Old and New Roles for Elderly Jews -- III Dual Aspects of Women: Archetypic Destruction -- 12. Radical Yoruba Female Sexuality: The Witch and the Prostitute -- 13. Jive Dope Fiend Whoes: In the Street and in Rehabilitation.

Abstract: This volume of essays grew out of a symposium organized by Judith Hoch-Smith and Anita Spring for the 1974 American Anthropological Association meetings in Mexico City. The two-part symposium was enti­ tled "Women in Ritual and Symbolic Systems: I. Midwives, Madonnas, and Mediums; ll. Prostitutes, Witches, and Androgynes. " The sym­ posium participants were asked to explore theological, ritual, and sym­ bolic aspects-both positive and negative-of the feminine cultural do­ main, using ethnographic materials with which they were familiar. The resulting papers have been revised, edited, and gathered together in Women in Ritual and Symbolic Roles. The theoretical importance of these papers for the study of women's participation in culture and society rests on the assumption that reli­ gious ideas are paramount forces in social life, that relationships be­ tween the sexes, the nature of female sexuality, and the social and cul­ tural roles of women are in large part defined by religious ideas. That this proposition remains valid long after religion itself has ceased to be a living truth in the lives of many people can be seen from the tenacious­ ness of Judeo-Christian ideas about women in the contemporary West­ ern world. Both the expansion of life options for women and the creation of more positive cultural images of the female are intimately related to changes in the my tho-symbolic portraits that people carry around in their heads. These portraits are almost exclusively constructed from mythological and religious conceptions inherent in all facets of culture.

Abstract: Content -- 1 Apples -- 2 Pears -- 3 Dwarfed Apples and Pears -- 4 Peaches -- 5 Cherries -- 6 Plums -- 7 Apricots and Nectarines.

Abstract: This is a revised and updated edition of the book Tree Fruit Production, first published in 1959 and extensively revised in the second edition in 1972. Considerable advances have been made in recent years in the scientific production and handling of deciduous tree fruits in North America. This third edition brings together in up-to-date usable text­ book form the essence of pertinent research and practical experience on the subject. Although the principles involved in the different operations of orchard management, such as pruning, soil management, fruit thin­ ning, and harvesting remain constant, practices and techniques have been undergoing considerable change. Economic and social changes have been brought to bear in altering the approach to such aspects of pomology as tree size, plant density, mechanical harvesting, pest control and irrigation. Greatly increased costs of production have swung the emphasis of attention toward the wider use of organic chemicals in the orchard. Growth regulating substances are finding a place in the orchard, not only for fruit thinning, preharvest drop control and weed suppression, but also for other purposes such as promotion of early flowering, tree train­ ing, pruning and the advancement and extension of the harvest season. The trend toward the smaller, more easily and economically managed apple tree which began slowly some three or more decades ago and increased rapidly in subsequent years is now complete.

Abstract: 1 Diagnosis Techniques and Methodologies for Digital Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diagnostic Data Generation Theory -- 3. Diagnostic Execution -- 4. Applied Fault Diagnosis Techniques -- 5. Some Problems for Further Research -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 2 Design for a Distributed Information Network -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hardware Systems -- 3. Software Systems -- 4. Selected Applications -- References -- 3 Modeling and Design of Distributed Information Systems -- 1. General Introduction -- 2. Modeling Distributed Computer Systems -- 3. A Design Procedure for Distributed Computer Systems -- 4. Modeling Distributed Databases -- 5. Intelligent Coupler -- 5.1. Locating Information -- 5.2. Query Formulation and Test Run for Queries -- 5.3. Query Languages -- 5.4. Security -- 5.5. Locking in Distributed Information Systems -- 5.6. System Recovery -- 5.7. Performance Measurements and Evaluation -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- References and Suggested Further Reading -- 4 Hardware, Firmware, Software Technology in Microcomputer Systems -- 1. Hardware Organization -- 2. Firmware -- 3. Software -- 4. What Computing Has Come To -- 5 Data Structures and Pattern Recognition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Pattern Recognition Problem -- 3. The Data Structure Concept -- 4. Pictorial Pattern Recognition and Image Processing -- 5. Review of Applications to Pattern Recognition -- 6. Line Drawings and Chain Codes -- 7. Histograms and Integral Projections -- 8. Medial Axis Transformation -- 9. Generalized Cones -- 10. Syntactic Methods -- 11. Trees in Analysis: Text, Speech, and Line-Drawing Data -- 12. Webs and Trees in Applications -- 13. Structure Learning -- 14. Conclusion -- References.

Abstract: Information systems science is advancing in many directions with rapid strides. Many diversified ideas, methodologies, and techniques have been conceived and developed for improving the design of information systems and for inventing new methods for solving complex information problems. This volume, the seventh of a continuing series on information systems science, covers five timely topics which are in the mainstream of current interest in this growing field. In each chapter, an attempt is made to famil­ iarize the reader with some basic background information on the advances discussed, so that this volume may be used independently or in conjunction with the previous volumes. The emphasis in this volume is centered upon diagnosis for digital systems, distributed information networks, micro­ computer technology, and data structures for pattern recognition. In recent years, digital systems have found widespread applications in on-line real-time processing. Such applications demand high reliability, availability, and serviceability. Reliability may be improved through the use of highly reliable parts. Improvement in integrity may be accompanied by retry operation and redundant configuration. Serviceability may be improved by making use of fault diagnosis techniques. Chapter 1 is devoted to this important subject. Fault diagnosis techniques are developed to improve serviceability and to shorten mean time for repair. Kitamura, Tashiro, and Inagaki discuss many recent methods for fault diagnosis and explain them with illustrative examples.

Abstract: Section I Developmental and Educational Practice -- Assessment of Sensory and Behavioral Functions in Infancy -- Growing Up Social -- Memory Strategies in Learning: Training Children to Study Strategically -- Televised Aggression and Prosocial Behavior -- Application of Basic Research in Reading -- Section II Psychological Practice and Social Problems -- Attitude Change -- Decision Counseling: Theory, Research, and Perspectives for a New Professional Role -- Uses and Abuses of the Polygraph -- Section III Clinical Applications of Basic Research -- Introduction—Health Care: Good Intentions Are Not Enough -- The Consequences of Prematurity: Understanding and Therapy -- Early Visual Experience in Humans: Evidence for a Critical Period in the Development of Binocular Vision -- The Production and Perception of Speech by a Misarticulating Child -- Clinical Applications of Biofeedback: Current Status and Future Prospects -- Section IV Application of Psychophysics and Human Performance Information -- Maneuvering the Mammoth -- Applications of Signal Detection Theory -- Subjective Effort in Relation to Physical Performance and Working Capacity -- A Psychophysical Contribution to Air Safety: Simulator Studies of Visual Illusions in Night Visual Approaches.

Abstract: This book grew out of discussion at the meetings of the Board of Sci­ entific Affair,r of the American Psychological Association during the years 1972 through 1975. Members of the board felt that there was general misunderstanding by the public about the role of basic research in science. The problem was thought to be particularly severe in the case of the behavioral sciences but it appeared to be a reflection of a more general anti-intellectual attitude in the United States. At the same time basic researchers had been admittedly underconcerned with the prac­ tical application of their results. Yet many thoughtful scientists realize there is a very fruitful interplay between basic research and application. The proposal was made to prepare a book of case studies that demon­ strate the application of basic research in psychology. The book was organized to sample applications from a range of topics in psychology. The editorial board divided up responsibilities for these topics. Herschel W. Leibowitz focused on applications from exper­ imental and engineering psychology and Jerome E. Singer organized the section on applications to social problems. Alfred Steinschneider took responsibility for the section on clinical applications of basic research in psychology and Harold W. Stevenson organized the section on appli­ cations of basic research to developmental and educational problems.

Abstract: Keynote Papers -- Session I. Production and Extraction of Microbial Enzymes -- Session II. Industrial Applications of Enzymes: Engineering Aspects -- Session III. Study of Modified, Stabilized, and Immobilized Enzymes -- Session IV. New Medical Applications for Enzymes -- Session V. Industrial Applications for Enzymes: State of the Art -- Session VI. Multienzyme Systems, Immobilized Whole Cells, and Organelles -- Session VII. Fundamentals of Solid Phase Biochemistry -- Session VIII. Application of Affinity Methods and New Purification Procedures -- Guidelines for the Characterization of Immobilized Enzymes: A Proposal -- List of Participants.

Abstract: The unique catalytic properties of enzymes and the numerous techniques for immobilization of enzymes and cells continue to maintain a high degree of practical and scientific interest in this area called Enzyme Engineering. This fourth International Enzyme Engineering Confer­ ence was the first to be held outside of the United States. Europe was chosen as the site primarily to en­ able greater participation by investigators from that continent. The Engineering Foundation of New York, which was the principal sponsor of the first three conferences, was most fortunate in having the DECHEMA (Deutsche Gesell­ schaft fur chemisches Apparatewesen e. V.) of Frankfurt (Main), F. R. Germany as the cosponsor for this fourth conference. The success of the conference also was due in large part to the generous financial support, especially by the government of the Federal Republic of Germany, as well as by European enzyme and chemical companies. The fourth conference, held September 25-30, 1977 at Bad Neuenahr, Federal Republic of Germany was certainly successful, with 240 participants from 23 countries, repre­ senting many academic disciplines and occupational special­ ties. At this conference special emphasis was placed on the immobilization of whole cells and organelles, medical applications of immobilized enzymes and organelles, and the industrial status and future for immobilized biological materials.

Abstract: 1. Introduction. -- 1.0 Introduction -- 1.1 The Concept of Failure -- 1.2 Aim and Outline of the Study -- 2. Recent Studies. -- 2.0 Introduction -- 2.1 Discriminant Analysis and the Prediction of Corporate Failure -- 2.2 Usual Foundations for the Choice of used Ratios -- 2.3 A Univariate Model -- 2.4 Multivariate Models -- 2.5 Evaluation -- 3. A Failure Prediction Model With Financial Ratios as Prediction Variables. -- 3.0 Introduction. -- 3.1 Donaldson’s Approach -- 3.2 A Definition of Failure in Terms of Cash Flow Concepts -- 3.3 Choice of a Failure Prediction Model.. -- 3.4 Identification of Prediction Variables of the Failure Prediction Model. -- 4. The Failure Prediction Model With The Levels of Ratios as Prediction Variables. -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1 Sample Design and Data -- 4.2 The Prediction Equations -- 5. A Failure Prediction Model With The Developments of Ratios over Time as Prediction Variables. -- 5.0 Introduction -- 5.1 The Variables of the Model -- 6. The Fitted Failure Prediction Model With The Developments of Ratios over Time as Prediction Variables. -- 6.0 Introduction -- 6.1 Sample Data -- 6.2 The Prediction Equations -- 6.3 Comparison of the Prediction Quality of the Level-variables Model with the Level-and Trend-variables Model -- 7. Practical use of Failure Prediction Models in Lending Decisions. -- 7.0 Introduction -- 7.1 Subjective Expectations -- 7.2 Bayes’Theorem -- 7.3 Lending Decisions -- 8. Value of Information From a Failure Prediction Model. -- 8.0 Introduction -- 8.1 Value of Information -- 8.2 The Relationship between the expected Loss of Three Lending Decision Models -- 8.3 Application of Two Discriminant Models in Lending Decisions -- 9. Summary and Conclusions -- APPENDIX 1: Sample Listing -- APPENDIX 2: Prediction Performance of the Model in later Years. . -- APPENDIX 3: Secondary Sample Listing -- REFERENCES.

Abstract: 1. 0 INTRODUCTION. In this chapter we define first in Section I. I the concept of failure used in this study. Thereafter, we discuss briefly the causes and possible consequ­ ences of failure. Finally, we explain in Section 1. 2 the aim of this study. 1. 1 THE CONCEPT OF FAILURE. In this monograph we investigate the predictability of corporate failure. By 'failure' we understand the inability of a firm to pay its obligations when these fall due (i. e. technical cash insolvency). (Walter 1957 and Donaldson 1962 and 1969). Failure mostly appears in a critical situation as a consequ­ ence of a sharp decline in sales. Such a decline can be caused by a recession, the loss of an important customer, shortage of a raw material, deficiencies of management, etc. The ability to predict corporate failure is important for all parties involved in the corporation, in particular for management and investors. An early warning signal of probable failure will enable them to take preventive measures: changes in operating policy or reorganization of financial structure, but also voluntary liquidation will usually shorten the period over which losses are incurred. The possibility to predict failure is important also from a social point of view, because such an event is an indication of misallocation of resources; prediction provides opportunities to take corrective measures. (See also Lev 1974, p. 134). 1. 2 AIM AND OUTLINE OF THE STUDY.

Abstract: I -- 1 The Position of Factor Analysis in Psychological Research -- 2 Extracting Factors: The Algebraic Picture -- 3 Rotating Factors: The Geometric Picture -- 4 Fixing the Number of Factors: TheScientific Model 52 -- 5 Fixing the Number of Factors: The Most Practicable Psychometric Procedures -- 6 The Theory of Unique Rotational Resolution by Confactor, Procrustes, and Simple Structure Principles -- 7 The Techniques of Simple Structure Rotation -- 8 More Refined Issues in Rotation and the Use of Oblique Factors -- 9 Higher-Order Factors: Models and Formulas -- 10 The Identification and Interpretation of Factors -- II -- 11 Factor Measures: Their Construction, Scoring, Psychometric Validity, and Consistency -- 12 Broader Experimental Designs and Uses: The Data Box and the New Techniques -- 13 Varieties of Factor Models in Relation to Scientific Models -- 14 Distribution, Scaling, and Significance Problems -- 15 Conducting a Factor Analytic Research: Strategy and Tactics -- Appendixes -- A. 1. Proposed Standard Notation: Rationale and Outline -- A.2. An Indexing System for Psychological Factors -- A.3. Note on Utility of Confactor Resolutions with Oblique Factors -- A.4. Transformations among SUD, SSA, and IIA Strata Models: Reversion from the Schmid-Leiman Matrix (IIA) -- A.5. A Practicable Minimum List of Computer Programs -- A.6. Tables for Statistical Significance of Simple Structure -- A. 7. Tables for Significance of Congruence Coefficients in Factor Matching -- A.8. Tables for Significance of Salient Variable Similarity Index s -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: I: Physics and Technology -- Surfaces and Interfaces in Semiconductor Technology -- Semiconductor Devices in Perspective — Discovery of and Recent Developments in Tunneling Devices -- A Short Introduction to the Physics of Sol-Gel Transitions -- Lasers and Applications -- Applications of Algebra and Geometry in Applied Systems Theory -- II Energy Resources and Earth Physics -- Magnetic Fusion Energy -- Feasibility Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion -- Wind Energy -- Ocean Waves -- Seismology -- III Physics and the Frontiers of Knowledge -- Gauge Unification of the Four Fundamental Forces -- Monopoles and Instantons: Classical Solutions to Quantum Mechanical Equations -- Cosmology Today -- Report on Some Aspects of the Scientific Programmes of the European Space Agency -- Appendix I: List of Invited Seminar Speakers -- Appendix II: List of Seminars -- Appendix III: List of Participants.

Abstract: These proceedings cover the lectures delivered at the Second International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held from June 20 - July 7, 1977 at Nathiagali, one of the scenic hill resorts in the northern part of Pakistan. The college was organised by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and co-sponsored by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (ICTP). It also received a financial grant by the University Grants Commission for the participation of physicists from various universities of Pakistan. The college was attended by 13 lecturers, 7 invited semi­ nar speakers and 134 participants from 26 countries and consisted of 15 concentrated days of lectures, seminars-and informal discu­ ssions. These proceedings contain only regular lectures delivered there but. the seminars which were held are listed in the Appendix. The theme of the college covered two important aspects of science in general and physics in particular: first to provide to the participants from developing countries some of the excitement of what is happening at the frontiers of physics; secondly as the name of the college emphasises it was to encourage the physicists from developing countries to interest themselves in and to use their knowledge and methodology of research for attacking some of the problems faced by their respective countries. The lectures delivered at the college covered a wide spectrum of physics and indicated similarity of methodology used in various branches of physics as well as practical applications of some of the topics discussed.

Abstract: 1. Aerospace Engineering -- 2. Agricultural Economics, Sciences, and Engineering -- 3. Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning -- 4. Astronomy -- 5. Astrophysics -- 6. Ceramic Engineering -- 7. Chemical Engineering -- 8. Chemistry and Biochemistry -- 9. Civil Engineering -- 10. Communicatiohs Engineering and Computer Science -- 11. Cryogenic Engineering -- 12. Electrical Engineering -- 13. Engineering Mechanics -- 14. Engineering Physics -- 15. Engineering Science -- 16. Fuels, Combustion, and Air Pollution -- 17. General and Environmental Engineering -- 18. Geochemistry and Soil Science -- 19. Geological Sciences and Geophysical Engineering -- 20. Geology and Earth Science -- 21. Geophysics -- 22. Industrial Engineering and Operations Research -- 23. Irrigation Engineering -- 24. Marine and Ocean Engineering -- 25. Materials Science and Engineering -- 26. Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering -- 27. Metallurgy -- 28. Meteorology and Atmospheric Science -- 29. Mineralogy and Petrology -- 30. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering -- 31. Missile and Space Systems Engineering -- 32. Nuclear Engineering -- 33. Nuclear Physics -- 34. Nuclear Science -- 35. Oceanography and Marine Science -- 36. Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering -- 37. Photogrammetric and Geodetic Engineering -- 38. Physics and Biophysics -- 39. Plastics Engineering -- 40. Wood Technology, Forestry, and Forest Science -- 41. Reactor Science -- 42. Sanitary Engineering, Water Pollution, and Water Resources -- 43. Textile Technology -- 44. Transportation Engineering -- Theses without Specification of School or Department.

Abstract: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis­ seminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) * at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac­ tivity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 22 (thesis year 1977) a total of 10,658 theses titles from 28 Canadian and 227 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 22 reports theses submitted in 1977, on occasion, certain universities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Abstract: 1 General Account of the Geomagnetic Field -- 2 Role of Geomagnetic Field in Vital Activity of Organisms on Earth -- 3 Questions of General Geomagnetobiology -- 4 Specific Aspects of Geomagnetobiology -- 5 Possible Mechanisms of Biological Effect of the Geomagnetic Field -- References.

Abstract: I am very pleased that my book The Geomagnetic Field and Life is being published in English in the United States. Thanks to the initiative of Plenum Press, a publishing hause that is widely known in all countries, I have a great new opportunity to make direct contact with friends throughout the world. My book on the geomagnetic field can be regarded as an abstraction, whose purpose is to provide a better picture and understanding of the world araund us, its main driving forces, and factors, to help us to know ourselves, and to proceed further. The essence of the abstraction is that in treating the problern I have deliberately ignored the diverse effects of various extemal factors on living organisms and have confined myself to an analysis of the effect of the GMF. This approach allows me to go one step further-to draw various conclusions and propose theories that rnight bring us closer to a proper understanding of the true nature of the phenomena. Philosophers have long been aware that by such abstract thinking we can deterrnine the nature of phenomena more reliably, completely, and comprehensively, penetrate to the very core of the observed effects, and perceive the depth of their interrelations.

Abstract: I. Introductory Remarks -- §1. Some Definitions -- §2. The Sonar Model -- §3. Sonar and Radar -- §4. Statistical Problems of Sonar -- II. Procedural Fundamentals of Experimental Research in Sonar -- §5. Principal Tasks of Experimental Research -- §6. The Structural Diagram of Quantitative Experimental Research -- §7. Discrimination Functional of the Probability Characteristic and Its Statistical Estimate -- §8. The Base Model -- §9. Interpretation of Experimental Results -- §10. Objects of Experimental Research in Sonar -- III. Probability Models of Hydroacoustic Signals -- §11. Varieties of Models -- §12. A Priori Information and Probability Models -- §13. Methods for Describing Hydroacoustic Signals in Terms of Probability -- §14. Classification of Hydroacoustic Signals -- §15. Canonical Models -- §16. Parametrical Models -- §17. Additive-Multiplicative Constructive Models -- §18. Models in the Form of Oscillations with Random Amplitude and Phase -- §19. Complex Representation of Signals -- IV. The Emitted Signals -- §20. Signal Classification -- §21. Complex Representation of Emitted Signals -- §22. Ambiguity Function and Diagrams -- §23. Signals with Sinusoidal Occupation -- §24. Frequency-Modulating Signals -- §25. Noiselike Signals -- V. Echo Signals -- §26. Classification of Objects of Research and the Conditions under Which They Are Observed -- §27. Representation of Echo Signals and Their Probability Characteristics -- §28. The Model of an Echo Signal of Known Form with Constant Lag and Change in Time Scale -- §29. Echo Signal with Fluctuating Amplitude -- §30. Echo Signal Consisting of an Additive Mixture of a Signal of Known Form and a Random Component -- §31. Echo Signal with Random Amplitude Modulation -- §32. Echo Signal with Random Phase Modulation -- §33. Echo Signal with Random Frequency Modulation -- §34. Model of an Echo Signal in the Form of a Sum of Elementary Signals -- VI. Marine Reverberation -- §35. Classification of Reverberatory Signals -- §36. Discrete Canonical Model of Reverberation -- §37. Complex Representations -- §38. Characteristics of the Random Parameters of Elementary Scattered Signals -- §39. Average Value of Reverberation -- §40. Autocorrelation Function for the Complex Envelope of Reverberation -- §41. Energy Spectrum of the Complex Envelope of Reverberation -- §42. Evaluation of the Frequency-Time Cross-Correlation Function for the Complex Envelopes of the Emitted Signal and Reverberation -- §43. Generalization for the Case of Elementary Scattered Signals of Different Forms -- §44. Space-Time Correlation of Reverberation when Wideband Signals Are Emitted -- §45. One-Dimensional Semi-invariants -- §46. Probability Distributions for Instantaneous Values of Reverberation and Its Envelope -- VII. Problems of Detecting Echo Signals in the Presence of Interference -- §47. Specific Features of Detecting Echo Signals in Sonar -- §48. Probability Characteristics of Detection -- §49. Typical Probability Distributions of the Output Effect -- §50. Incoherent Detection of Simple Echo Signals with a Linear Detector -- §51. Incoherent Detection of a Noiselike Echo Signal with Quadratic Detection and Smoothing (“Energy Detection”) -- §52. Coherent Detection of a Noiselike Echo Signal Using Cross-Correlation Processing -- §53. The Effect of Reverberation Interference on Echo Signal Detection -- §54. Detection with Multichannel Systems, and Discussion of Results -- VIII. Elements of the Theory of Statistical Measurement -- §55. Basic Stages of Statistical Measurements -- §56. Statistical Measurement Errors -- §57. Formation of a Statistical Estimate -- §58. Statistical Measurement Errors of the Characteristics of Nonstationary Homogeneous Random Processes -- §59. Optimization of the Parameters of the Statistical Measuring System -- §60. Adaptive Optimization -- IX. Inverse Probability Problems in Sonar -- §61. Direct and Inverse Problems -- §62. Correctness Conditions -- §63. Determination of the Probability Density for the Rates of Movement of Scatterers -- §64. Determination of the Spectrum of the Fluctuations in the Rate of Movement of Scatterers -- §65. Determination of the Relative Level of Coherent Scattering -- §66. Determination of the Average Number of Scatterers -- §67. Determination of the Frequency Properties of Scatterers -- §68. Determination of the Spatial Distribution of Scatterers -- Conclusion.

Abstract: Dr. V. V. Ol'shevskii is perhaps most familiar to Western readers as the author of "Characteristics of Sea Reverberation," published in translation by Consultants Bureau (New York, 1967). The present book, "Statistical Methods in Sonar," is, in part, a sequel to the first book, where now the author's stated purpose is "to acquaint a broad range of specialists with the use of contemporary statistical methods for solving theoretical and applied sonar problems. " As the author quite properly observes, the work is illustrative, devoted to a variety of relevant, specific technical problems from an analytical point of view, and is not in any way intended to be an all-inclusive treatise. Nevertheless, as the reader can verify subse­ quently, the author has succeeded in accomplishing his stated purpose. He has, moreover. provided us with a use­ ful and, in a number of instances, provocative work, which even five years after its original appearance retains its freshness and interest with material not to date covered in other books on the subject (for example, see Horton [~Q], Stephens [41] ). * In this Foreword we first concisely review the author's material, on a chapter-by-chapter basis, after which a short general critique is given. Attention is called to various topics of particular interest to the professional audience. as well as to a number of highlights which deserve the reader's notice (a few additional comments on the technical editing are then included).

Abstract: 1 The Author’s Premises -- Character Traits Can Change -- Treatment Is a Means of Changing Character -- Treatment and the Needs of the Individual -- Society’s Unreasonable Expectations -- Social Pressures and Impulsive Behavior -- Staff Attitude and Impulsive Behavior -- Drug Addiction as a Manifestation of Impulsive Behavior -- Specific Premises about Drug-Addicted Impulsive Individuals -- 2 The Settings and the People -- Lexington -- The Composite Patient at Lexington -- A Psychiatric Hospital Setting -- An Outpatient Clinic for Drug Abusers -- 3 Character Disorders -- Personality Disorders -- Paranoid -- Schizoid -- Explosive -- Antisocial -- Passive-Aggressive -- Borderline Personalities -- Depression -- Low Self-Esteem -- Inability to Form Close Personal Relationships -- Manipulation -- Nonpsychotic Techniques of Avoidance -- Inability to Examine One’s Own Behavior -- Action to Avoid Feeling -- Other People Are Unreal -- No Continuity in Patterns of Events -- Inability to Tolerate Criticism -- Inability to Plan -- Inability to Delay Gratification -- Entitlement -- No Experience Bearing Anxiety or Discomfort -- Self-Destruction -- Examples of Depression -- 4 Developmental Defect -- Normal Development -- Loss -- Reactions to the Loss -- Guilt and Conscience -- Inadequate Personal Relationships -- Summary -- 5 Games -- Kinds of Games -- Killing with Kindness -- Contracts -- Peace at Any Price -- Secret Deals -- Distractions -- “I’m No Racist” -- Poor Communication -- Goal Disharmony -- “Uh, Huh,I Knew It AU Along” -- Sliding by, or “I’m No Trouble” -- Good Guy-Bad Guy, or Splitting -- Jailhouse Lawyer -- The Lame Game -- Forget the Past -- Sulk -- Stir Him Up -- Confrontation Avoidance -- Focus on the Specific to Avoid the General Issue -- A Rose by Any Other Name -- No Loss Allowed -- Do as I Say, Not as I Do -- Going Through the Motions -- False Optimism -- Summary -- 6 Violence -- Destructiveness Outside of Treatment -- The Inherent Nature of Violence -- 7 A Graphic Approach to Understanding Intrapersonal Processes -- 8 Treatment -- Preconceived Distortions -- Gaining the Patient’s Attention -- Structure, Limits, Goals -- Transference-Countertransference -- “Different Strokes for Different Folks” -- Alcohol -- Sedative-Hypnotic Addiction -- Opiates -- Treatment Modalities -- Conclusion.

Abstract: I began this book with two purposes. One goal was to present clinical information to support the belief that many of society's allegedly unh'eatable people could be helped to change their de­ structive patterns of living. A second purpose was to present a clear and simple primer for two groups of workers in the field. Most treatment institutions depend upon the services of nurses, aides, guards, and corrections officers. These people, who are the least prepared, do the hulk of the treatment. Because impulsive people learn much from their daily interactions out­ side of formal therapy, the understanding and the training of this "front-line" working staff are crucial. These staff members may find the second part of the book more helpful because of its use of clinical examples and techniques. The other group for whom this book is written includes those who are beginning in the mental health or corrections field. The concept of useful treatment of impulse-ridden people has only begun to be introduced into professional training pro­ grams. The assumption that these individuals were untreatable has kept many professionals at the fringes of this field. For this reason, I hope that the book will find its way into the hands of psychiatric residents, psychologists, social workers, nurses, pro­ bation officers, prison guards, youth workers, policemen, judges, etc.

Abstract: I Fear of Success: Facts and Theories -- 1 Fear of Success—The Traditional View -- 2 Achievement Motivation Theory and a New Theory of Fear of Success -- 3 Social Psychological Perspectives on Fear of Success -- II Recent Research on Fear of Success -- 4 Scoring Success-Avoidance Thema in Responses to Verbal Story Cues -- 5 The The Cumulative Record of Research on Fear of Success -- 6 The Relationship of Fear of Success to Performance Behavior -- III Conclusion -- 7 Progress for Fear of Success -- References.

Abstract: Nought's had, all's spent, Where our desire is got without content: 'Tis safer to be that which we destroy Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy. So speaks Lady Macbeth upon the attainment of the aim of her ambition (act 3, scene 2). Is this expression of a fear of success the consequence of the highly competitive arena in which she is striving to achieve? Will this sentiment later lead to the avoidance of this or other forms of success? Does she fear success because she is a woman? While the fear and avoidance of success are ideas that are not new to psychology or to human behavior, recent work by Matina Homer has excited great interest in the psychological measure of a personal disposition to avoid success and a behavioral measure of that avoidance. It is with this recent wave of research and writing that Part II of this book is concerned. Great personal interest was stimulated in the "fear of success" concept. It is not only the hypochondriacs who find in the idea of a "fear of success" syndrome an explanation for the course of their lives. In Part I are presented the earlier forms which the concept of "fear of success" took, especially in psychoanalytic theory and per­ sonality theory, originating with Freud's discussion of "those wrecked by success," but citing some of the much older cultural traditions involving a fear and/or avoidance of success.

Abstract: 1. The genetical foundation -- 1. Continuous variation -- 2. The genic basis -- 3. Assaying the chromosomes -- 4. Locating the genes -- 2. The biometrical approach -- 5. The manifestation of polygenic systems -- 6. Genetic analysis and somatic analysis -- 7. Biometrical genetics -- 3. Additive and dominance effects -- 8. Components of means -- 9. Testing the model -- 10. Scales -- 11. Components of variation: F2 and back-crosses -- 12. Generations derived from F2 -- 13. The balance sheet of genetic variability -- 14. Partitioning the variation -- 4. Diallels -- 15. The principles of diallel analysis -- 16. An example of a simple diallel -- 17. Undefined diallels -- 18. An example of an undefined diallel -- 5. Genic interaction and linkage -- 19. Non-allelic interaction -- 20. Interaction as displayed by means -- 21. Variances and covariances -- 22. Correlated gene distributions: linkage -- 23. Diallels -- 6. Interaction of genotype and environment -- 24. Genotype x environment interaction -- 25. Two genotypes and two environments -- 26. A more complex case -- 27. The relation of g to e -- 28. Crosses between inbred lines -- 29. Variance of F2 -- 7. Randomly breeding populations -- 30. The components of variation -- 31. Human populations -- 32. The use of twins -- 33. Experimental analysis -- 34. Complicating factors -- 35. Heritability -- 8. Genes and effective factors -- 36. Estimating the number of segregating genes -- 37. Consequences of linkage: effective factors -- 38. Other sources of estimates -- 9. Conclusion -- 39. Designing the experiments -- 40. Concepts and uses -- Glossary of symbols and abbreviations -- References.

Abstract: In the second edition of Biometricai Genetics, which appeared in 1971, we set out to give a general account of the subject as it had developed up to that time. Such an account necessarily had to be comprehensive and reasonably detailed. Although it could be, and indeed has been, used by those who were making an acquaintance with this branch of genetics for the first time, it went beyond their needs. We have been encouraged therefore to write an introduction to the genetical analysis of continuous variation aimed primarily at senior undergraduate and postgraduate students, and concentrating on basic considerations, basic principles and basic techniques. This has meant, of course, omitting all reference to some phenomena of more restricted interest, notably sex-linkage, ma­ ternal effects, haploidy and polyploidy. It has meant, too, that even with some phenomena which have been included, like interactions, linkage and effective factors, the discussions cannot go into full detail. Anyone who is interested, however, can find further information in Biometricai Genetics, to which detailed references have been given where it ap­ peared that these would be helpful. The order of presentation has been changed with the aim of making it easier for beginners.

Abstract: I. Cosmology: Myth or Science? -- II. Elementary Particles, Universes, and Singularity Surfaces -- III. General Relativity and our View of the Physical Universe -- IV. Quantum Relativity and the Cosmic Observer -- V. The Expansion of the Universe in the Frame of Conventional General Relativity -- VI. Models, Laws, and the Universe -- VII. Cosmology and Theology -- VIII. An Observational View of the Cosmos -- IX. The Generation of Matter and the Conservation of Energy -- X. On a Chaotic Early Universe -- XI. Cosmological Implications of Non-Velocity Redshifts—A Tired—Light Mechanism -- XII. The Role of Time in Cosmology -- XIII. On Some Cosmological Theories and Constants -- XIV. John Wyclyf on Time -- XV. The English Background to the Cosmology of Wright and Herschel -- XVI. The History of Science and the Idea of an Oscillating Universe -- XVII. Heaven and Earth-The Relation of the Nebular Hypothesis to Geology -- XVIII. Laplace as a Cosmologist -- XIX. Cosmology in the Wake of Tycho Brahe’s Astronomy -- XX. Chronology and the Age of the World -- XXI. Cosmic Order and Human Disorder -- XXII. Basic Christian Assumptions about the Cosmos -- XXIII. Cosmos and Creation -- XXIV. Creation and Redemption -- Index of Proper Names.

Abstract: It is difficult to doubt that we suffer at present from the manifold aspects of an economic crisis which affects all walks of life. Well, men in almost every epoch in history have maintained that they were going through a crisis which was sup­ posed to be always more grave than any preceding critical phase. Very often those crises were not of an economic nature, but concerned either health, the political structure, the opportunity of acquiring knowledge, and so on. I think that we would consider today that some of those claims that were made in various historical epochs were often exaggerated if viewed from a historical point of view. However, it seems undeniable that we at present are in the middle of a universal economic crisis which has affected almost every facet of our daily life. And yet, the fact that despite these adverse conditions it is still possible to gather scholars from all corners of the world to deal with often sheer theo­ retical and sometimes abstract pursuits is a refutation of any facile pessimism­ it is reassuring to all who wonder where political and social events are taking us. Our salvation may well come from those acts of the mind so character­ istic of the pure scientist and scholar.

Abstract: I. The Structural and Functional Organization of the Innervation Mechanisms of the Eye Muscles -- Peripheral Innervation of the Eye Muscles -- Supranuclear Innervation Mechanisms of the Eye Muscles -- Afferent Regulation of the Tonus of the Eye Muscles -- II. Fixation Movements of the Eyes -- The Role of Fixation Movements of the Eyes in Visual Perception -- Microtremor of the Eyes as an Indicator of Combined Activity of Motor Units of the Ocular Muscles -- Mechanisms Controlling Fixation Micromovements of the Eyes -- Plasticity of the System for Stabilization of Fixation -- III. Tracking Movements of the Eyes -- Visual Perception of Moving Images -- Mechanisms of Extrapolation in the Control of Tracking Movements of the Eyes -- Electrical Activity of the Ocular Muscles During Tracking Movements of the Eyes -- IV. Saccadic Eye Movements -- Saccadic Eye Movements and Visual Functions -- Mechanisms Controlling Saccadic Eye Movements -- Electrical Activity of the Ocular Muscles During Saccadic Eye Movements -- V. Convergent Eye Movements -- Convergent Eye Movements and Stereoscopic Vision -- Eye Movements and Reactions of the Pupils During Convergence -- Interaction Among Innervation Mechanisms of the Various Eye Muscles During Convergence -- VI. Eye Movements and Higher Cortical Functions -- Eye Movements and Cortical Unit Activity -- Eye Movements and Local Cerebral Blood Flow -- Eye Movements and the “Constancy” of Visual Perception -- Conclusion -- References.

Abstract: Dr. Shakhnovich brought out the original Russian edition of this work in 1974. Fully half of that book was concerned with his own studies of eye movements. These included observations on patients with neuromuscular disorders that produced unique oculomotor deficits. Other anomalies of eye motility resulted from local changes in cerebral and cerebellar blood flow and the effects of surgical intervention for aneurisms and brain tumors. Supplementary experi­ ments included the probing of single units in the motor and visual brain areas of rabbits. Still other studies were done on normal human eye movements with the aid of the Yarbus "cap" attachment to the cornea of the eye. A major aim of the original book was to show that eye movements provide a relatively simple illustration of "goal-directed behavior." This traditional Russian theme, developed by Sechenov, Pavlov, and Bemshtein, was put forth as a unifying concept to explain the author's findings. Consideration was also given to Western ideas ana problems that dominated the research of the 1950's and 1960's. Among these, as summarized by Dr. Shakhnovich, were perceptual constancy, corollary discharge, saccadic suppression, and the effects of image stabilization.

Abstract: Section I General -- Sexual Disorders in Male Alcoholics -- Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid in Chronic Alcoholics -- Porphyria Cutanea Tarda in Chronic Alcoholics -- Physical Complications of Alcohol Excess—Metabolism of Alcohol -- Is Illegal Drugtaking a Problem? -- Alcoholism and Drug Dependence — A Multidisciplinary Problem: The Sociologist’s Viewpoint -- Alcohol and the General Physician -- Denial of the Hidden Alcoholic in General Practice -- Section II Aetiology and Epidemiology -- The Validity of Per Capita Alcohol Consumption as an Indicator of the Prevalence of Alcohol Related Problems: An Evaluation Based on National Statistics and Survey Data -- On the Need to Reconcile the Aetiologies of Drug Abuse -- Drinking Patterns of Young People -- Alcoholism and Psychology — Some Recent Trends and Methods -- A Psychiatric View of Substance Dependency -- How Important is Alcohol in “Alcoholism”? -- Social Circumstances of Non-Convicted vs Convicted Drug Users -- The Pathological and the Subcultural Model of Drug Use — A Test of Two Contrasting Explanations -- Unemployment and Sickness Absenteeism in Alcoholics -- Alcohol Problems in Women -- The Aetiology of Dependency -- Section III Treatment -- A Pilot Controlled Drinking Out-Patient Group -- Programming Alcoholism Treatment: Historical Trends -- A Young Problem Drinkers Programme as a Means of Establishing and Maintaining Treatment Contact -- Family Focused Treatment and Management: A Multi-Discipline Training Approach -- The Young Alcoholic — Approaches to Treatment -- Detoxification — The First Step -- The Treatment of Drug Dependence — A Taxonomy of Approaches -- Aims of Treatment -- Controlled Drinking in the Alcoholic — A Search for Common Features -- A Programme of Group Counselling for Alcoholics -- The Ontario Detoxication System: An Evaluation of its Effectiveness -- Section IV Rehabilitation -- The Role of the Probation Service in the Treatment of Alcoholism -- An Analysis of Clients Using Alcoholic Agencies within One Community Service -- Co-ordination and Co-operation -- The Problem — Its Magnitude and a Suggested Community Based Answer to Alcoholism -- Methodological Problems in Evaluating Drug Misuse Intervention Programmes -- Planning for the Future — Developing a Comprehensive Response to Alcohol Abuse in an English Health District -- The Featherstone Lodge Project — Phoenix House. One Method of Rehabilitation -- The Co-ordination of Care in the Field of Alcoholism -- Section V Prevention and Education -- The Role of Legislation in Diminishing the Misuse of Alcohol -- The Need for and Some Results of Evaluation of English Drug Education -- Developing a Co-ordinated Approach to Interprofessional Education -- Alcohol Control Policy as a Strategy of Prevention: A Critical Examination of the Evidence -- Parents, Children and Learning to Drink -- Alcohol and Education -- Chairmen -- Contributors.

Abstract: It is for me, as President of the Merseyside Lancashire & Cheshire Council on Alcoholism, a signal privilege to write a brief foreword to these Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. During the week experts, from the world over, in all those disciplines which have a contribution to make to the solution of the problems of alcoholism and drug dependence, surveyed recent advances in our knowledge of the aetiology, epidemiology, early recognition, management, and the social and industrial implications of these twin scourges of the contemporary scene. The discussions were most helpful and enlightening even when a wide spectrum of conflicting views and experiences were revealed. The justification for adding yet another volume to the growing literature in this field is two-fold; first, that those taking part in the conference can study at leisure and in depth the transactions of the conference; and secondly, that those who were unable to attend might benefit from the most recent views of international experts in the diverse facets of one of the major current problems in world health. LORD COHEN OF BIRKENBEAD CH, PRSH, MD, DSc, ScD, LLD, DCL, FRCP, DL, JPo CONTENTS Introduction . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abstract: In September 1925 the first class of medical students was admitted to the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. On January 4, 1926 the Strong Memorial Hospital was officially opened. The first patient was admitted the next day. On January 7th Dr. John J. Morton, Jr., newly appointed Chief of Surgery, performed the first operation. Ten days later the first baby was delivered. From these small beginnings the University of Rochester Medical Center had a steady and strong growth into the internationally renowned center of teaching, research and patient care that it is today. In recognition of its semicentennial the Medical Center con­ ducted a series of events during the 1975 - 76 year in which medi­ cal faculty and staff~ alumni, community physicians and distin­ guished visitors participated. This symposium on "Frontiers of Medicine" was a climactic event of the year's program. The twelve outstanding physicians and scientists undertook to look forward, in selected areas of biological science and medicine, to what promise there may be for developments to come which will significantly affect mankind's health and the quality of life. Four areas were chosen for discussion to cover the span of human life and to include aspects of it which are of vital in­ terest and in which significant developments now seem to be prob­ able in the years ahead. So far as possible the presentations sought to cover the basic science, the clinical and the sociologic aspects of each subject area.

Abstract: 1 Aggregation and Cell Surface Receptors in Cellular Slime Molds -- 2 Bacterial Chemotaxis -- 3 Bacterial Receptors for Phages and Colicins as Constituents of Specific Transport Systems -- 4 The Attachment of Bacteria to the Surfaces of Animal Cells -- 5 Binding and Entry of DNA in Bacterial Transformation -- 6 A Redefinition of the Mating Phenomenon in Bacteria -- 7 Cell—Cell Interactions during Mating in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- 8 Mating Interactions in Chlamydomonas -- Cell—Cell Interactions in Ciliates: Evolutionary and Genetic Constraints -- An Overview -- Thesaurus of Microbial Interactions.

Abstract: Microbiology has undergone a number of metamorphoses in its relatively brief existence. It has been in approximate succession, morphology, epidemiology, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology. It is also becoming a significant parcel of cell surface studies. The one embodiment which has remained elusiv- particularly for bacteriology - is the taxonomic one. This may have been a blessing in disguise because it encouraged microbiologists to deal with the general rather than the particular; promoting a search for unitary explanations, in the manner of Kluyver and van Niel, long before anyone knew about the universality of the genetic code, or could trace the genealogy of enzymes from the study of amino acid substitutions. . This volume is predicated on the idea that deep analogies underly the mech­ anisms of cellular interaction, and therefore belongs in the unitary tradition of microbiology. It occupies itself with a wide variety of micro-organisms, considering them from vantage points of considerable diversity, ranging from taxonomic irreverence to keen evolutionary awareness, and is concerned with areas which have developed independently of each other.

Abstract: Two: Central and South America -- Classical Languages -- Writing Systems -- Descriptive Linguistics -- Areal Linguistics and Middle America -- Indigenous Dialectology -- Comparative Reconstruction of Indigenous Languages -- Mexico -- Otomanguean Isoglosses -- Historiography of Native Ibero-American Linguistics -- Three: Checklists -- North American Indian Languages -- South and Central American Indian Languages -- Index of Names.

Abstract: The publishing history of the eleven chapters that comprise the contents of this second volume of Native Languages of the Americas is rather different from that of the thirteen that appeared in Volume I of this twin set late last year. Original ver­ sions of five articles, respectively, by Barthel, Grimes, Longacre, Mayers, and Suarez, were first published in Part II of Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 4, subtitled lbero-A merican and Caribbean Linguistics (1968), having been com­ missioned by the undersigned in his capacity as editor of the fourteen volume series which was distributed in twenty-one tomes between 1963 and 1976. McClaran's article is reprinted from Part III of Vol. 10. Linguistics in North America (1973) and the two by Kaufman and Rensch were in Part I I of Vol. 11, Diachronic, A real. and Typological Linguistics (1973 ). There are three contributions by Landar: earlier versions of two appeared in Vol. 10 ("North American Indian Languages. " accompanied by William Sorsby's maps of tribal groups of North and Central America), and in Vol. 13, Historiography of Linguistics (1975); however, his checklist of South and Central American Indian languages was freshly compiled for this book. Generous financial support for preparing the materials included in this project came from several agencies of the United States government, to wit: the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation, for Vols. 10 and 13, and the Office of Education, for Vols. 4 and 11; in addition.

Abstract: I. Overview and Perspective -- 1. The Crisis of Physical Illness: An Overview -- II. The Crisis of Illness: Stillbirth and Birth Defects -- 2. Chronic Grief -- 3. Maternal Reaction to the Loss of Multiple Births -- 4. Counseling Parents after the Birth of an Infant with Down’s Syndrome -- III. The Crisis of Illness: Cancer -- 5. Bearing Cancer -- 6. A Brave Family Faces Up to Breast Cancer -- 7. Family Mediation of Stress -- IV. The Crisis of Illness: Cardiovascular Disease -- 8. Psychological Hazards of Convalescence Following Myocardial Infarction -- 9. Psychological Responses to the Experience of Open-Heart Surgery -- 10. Rehabilitating the Stroke Patient through Patient-Family Groups -- V. The Crisis of Illness: Severe Burns -- 11. Long-Term Adjustment and Adaptation Mechanisms in Severely Burned Adults -- 12. Adjustment Problems of the Family of the Burn Patient -- VI. The Crisis of Illness: Chronic Conditions -- 13. Long-Term Physical Illness in Childhood: A Challenge to Psychosocial Adaptation -- 14. Psychological Aspects of the Care of Children with Cystic Fibrosis -- 15. Coping with a Chronic Disability: Psychosocial Observations of Girls with Scoliosis -- VII. The Crisis of Treatment: Unusual Hospital Environments -- 16. The Hospital Environment: Its Impact on the Patient -- 17. Cancer, Emotions, and Nurses -- 18. Coping with Waiting: Psychiatric Intervention and Study in the Waiting Room of a Pediatric Oncology Clinic -- VIII. The Crisis of Treatment: Survival by Machine -- 19. The CCU Nurse Has a Pacemaker -- 20. Survival by Machine: The Psychological Stress of Chronic Hemodialysis -- 21. Problems in Adaptation to Maintenance Hemodialysis -- IX. The Crisis of Treatment: Organ Transplants -- 22. The Vicissitudes and Vivification of Viki Vaughn -- 23. Kidney Transplantation and Coping Mechanisms -- 24. Selection of Cardiac Transplant Recipients and Their Subsequent Psychosocial Adjustment -- X. The Crisis of Treatment: Stresses on Staff -- 25. Identity Problems and the Adaptation of Nurses to Severely Burned Children -- 26. The Psychological Stresses of Intensive Care Unit Nursing -- XI. The Final Crisis: Death and the Fear of Dying -- 27. I Don’t Intend To Die This Year -- 28. Humane Treatment of the Terminally Ill -- 29. Family Tasks and Reactions in the Crisis of Death -- Author Index.

Abstract: This book discusses how human beings cope with serious physical ill­ ness and injury. A conceptual model for understanding the process of coping with the crisis of illness is provided, and basic adaptive tasks and types of coping skills are identified. The major portion of the book is organized around various types of physical illness. These physical illnesses, which almost all people face either in themselves or their family members, raise common relevant coping issues. The last few sections cover "the crisis of treatment," emphasizing the importance of unusual hospital environments and radical new medical treatments, of stresses on professional staff, and of issues related to death and the fear of dying. The material highlights the fact that people can successfully cope with life crises such as major ill­ ness and inj ury, rather than the fact that severe symptoms and/or breakdowns sometimes occur. The importance of support from professional care-givers, such as physicians, nurses, and social workers, and from family, friends, and other sources of help in the community, is emphasized. Many of the selections include case examples which serve to illustrate the material. Coping with Physical Illness has been broadly conceived to meet the needs of a diverse audience. There is substantial information about how human beings cope with illness and physical disability, but this material has never been collected in one place.

Abstract: One Music is Music Does Music Means -- Two Creators and Components -- 1. Melody, Harmony, and Rhythm -- 2. Composers and Composition -- 3. The Avant-Garde -- Three Exponents -- 1. Conductors and Conducting -- 2. Instruments and Instrumentalists -- 3. Pianos and Pianists, Violins and/or Fiddles, Woodwinds, and Guitars -- Violins and/or Fiddles -- Woodwinds -- Guitars -- 4. Concerts -- 5. The Music Trade -- Four Proponents and Opponents -- 1. Critics and Criticism -- 2. Musical Misanthropy -- Five Lift Every Voice -- 1. Words and/with/for/to Music -- 2. The Wings of Song -- 3. Singing and Singers -- 4. Opera and Opera Singers -- Six The Universal Art -- 1. The Medicine of a Troubled Mind -- 2. Emotions, Vapors, and Dispositions -- 3. The Food of Love -- 4. The Lingering Melody -- 5. Let Me Have Music Dying -- 6. Solitude -- 7. Warriors Fired with Animated Sounds -- 8. Consort Not with a Female Musician -- 9. Sing Me a Song with Social Significance -- 10. The Only Sensual Pleasure Without Vice -- 11. The Truth of Song -- 12. Tones in Time -- 13. Education -- 14. The Gift of God -- 15. The Soul of a Nation -- 16. The Sweetest Physic in the World -- 17. The Open-Air Art -- 18. A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread -- 19. Like the Birdies Sing -- 20. Sight and Sound -- Seven Music for the Millions -- 1. Jazz -- 2. Blues and Blacks -- 3. Rock -- 4. Popular and Light -- 5. Folk -- 6. Dance -- 7. Film and Theater -- Eight Metaphysics, Metaphor, and Miscellany -- 1. The Music of the Spheres -- 2. Music as Metaphor -- 3. Proverbs, Aphorisms, Wordplay, and Assorted Musical Saws -- Index of Names and Sources -- Index of Key Words and Phrases.

Abstract: Writing about music-about what it is and what it means-is akin to describing the act of love. Somehow, the reduction of the experience to an unblushingly detailed exposition of how, where, when, and why who does what to whom, from prelude to resolu­ tion, loses everything in the translation. The other extreme, the one wherein the writer, in desperation, resorts to metaphor (with or without benefit of meter and rhyme), most often results in im­ agery that is banal, vulgar, inane, obscure, pretentious, and almost always insufferably romantic. To achieve good and accurate writing about music is as rare an accomplishment as expert wine-tasting, lion-taming, diamond-cut­ ting, truffie-finding and (if one just happens to be an unconverted Mohican brave) deer-tracking. Only the intuitive, the pure, the sensual, and the intrepid need apply. Professional musicians often evidence a fixed tendency either to rudely ignore or else to actively despise those of us who bravely try to understand, define, and describe their art. To many composers and instrumentalists, those outsiders (nonmusicians) who have the temerity to discuss anything more abstract than the digital dexterity of a fiddler, the particular vanity of a conductor, or the wage scales for overtime recording sessions are judged worthy only of contempt or-at the most-patronizing tolerance. "Music means itself," insists one of the contributors to the collection that follows, and many practitioners of the art of organ­ ized sound would prefer to leave it at that.

Abstract: 1. Biological, Photochemical, and Spectroscopic Applications of Lasers -- 2. Photochemistry of the Nucleic Acids -- 3. Ultraviolet Radiation Effects on the Human Eye -- 4. Lethal and Mutagenic Effects of Near-Ultraviolet Radiation -- 5. DNA Repair Enzymes in Mammalian Cells.

Abstract: I. Minorities in Science: Availability and Barriers That Affect Availability -- 1. Black Americans in the Sciences -- 2. Spanish-Surnamed Americans in Science: Availability and Barriers -- 3. The New Medical College Admission Test: New Dimensions in Assessment -- 4. The Graduate Record Examination and the Minority Student -- II. Problems of Minorities at Majority Institutions -- 5. Minority Students and the Political Environment: A Historical Perspective -- 6. Status and Prospects of Minority Students in Traditional Medical Schools -- 7. Sociocultural Factors as a Deterrent to Students’ Pursuit of the Sciences -- 8. Problems of Minorities at Majority Institutions: A Student’s Perspective -- 9. Medical Education and the Minority Student -- III. Public Policy and Biomedical and Behavioral Training: Effective Development of Existing Potential -- 10. Public Policy for Minority Self-Actualization: Present Realities and Future Possibilities -- 11. Some General Proposals for Increasing the Production of Minority Professionals in the Basic Sciences -- 12. National Institute of Mental Health Research and Training Policies Affecting Minorities: An Outsider’s View -- 13. An Informed Constituency with a Representative Bureaucracy: Health Policy and Black People -- 14. Better Health Sciences through Minority Participation: The Case for Community-Based Minority Medical Schools -- IV. Financial Support for Minority Scientific Activities in Education and Research -- 15. Funding of Minority Programs from the Private Sector: A Perspective from the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation -- 16. Graduate Fellowship Opportunities for Minorities Most Commonly Discriminated Against in Higher Education -- 17. National Institutes of Health Minority Research and Training Programs -- 18. Minority Programs Funded by the National Science Foundation -- 19. Minority Programs Funded by the National Institute of Mental Health -- 20. The Importance and Impact of Funding Science Programs at Minority Institutions -- V. Affirmative Action: Myth or Reality? -- 21. Affirmative Action: A Congressional Perspective -- 22. A National Policy for Affirmative Action in Higher Education -- 23. Rules of the Game: An Essay in Two Parts -- VI. Special Training Programs for Minority Students in Science: College Level -- 24. Prehealth Summer Programs -- 25. Basic Science Enrichment Courses for Minority Medical Students -- 26. Undergraduate Research Training -- 27. The Harvard Health-Careers Summer Program -- 28. Postbaccalaureate Premedical Programs for Minority Students -- VII. Special Training Programs for Minority Students in Science: Precollege Level -- 29. Training at the Collegiate and Precollegiate Interface: STRIKE as an Example -- 30. Motivating Upper-Elementary-Level Mexican-American Students toward Science Careers -- 31. Ethnoscience: An Educational Concept -- 32. The Utility of a Piagetian Approach in Developing Precollegiate Science Programs for Minorities -- 33. Science Education for Minorities: A Bibliography: A Preliminary Report -- 34. Summary -- Name Index.

Abstract: Change is the essence of progress. We now stand at the crossroads of our civilization where change is essential in the conduct of our institu­ tions, in the plans and models we project for the future, and in the very patterns of our thinking if we are to survive as "one nation under God . . . with liberty and justice for all. " Opportunity to participate and fulfill the responsibility of building the nation must be available to all citizens in a true republic. For the viability of governmental institutions, in a modem democratic nation­ state, rests on the diversity of the genius of her citizens, and this enables the nation to accommodate herself better to changes of the times. But if the nation becomes impervious to change and resistant to modify its institutions to keep in pace with the times, then the nation will indeed be doomed to wither and perish. History is replete with examples of civilizations that have gone that course. It is therefore our responsibility to insure that our government institutions are kept receptive to change and reflective of the needs and concerns of her citizenry. In America today, economic and social powers generally go to those who can claim a superior education and professional experience. As our society, and indeed the world, becomes increasingly dependent on science and technology, education in those fields becomes impera­ tive to the power equation.

Abstract: Frequency Report -- Judiciary -- Legislative and Executive Branches -- Public Administration -- State and Local Government -- Author Index.

Abstract: The Farrington Daniels Memorial Lecture Solar Energy -- Symposia -- Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Excited States -- Photophysical and Photochemical Properties of Excited States Introduction -- The Rules of Organic Molecular Fluorescence -- Elementary Photochemical Reactions -- Photoreactions in Biological Macromolecular Complexes -- Photoreactions in Biological Macromolecular Complexes (Introductory Remarks) -- Excited State Interactions and Photochemical Reactions in Protein-Nucleic Acid Complexes -- Structural Relationships in Macromolecular Complexes Determined by Photochemical Crosslinking -- Photodegradation of Biomembranes -- Photomovement in Microorganisms -- Photomovement in Microorganisms — Introduction to the Symposium -- Photomovement in Microorganisms: Strategies of Response -- Pigments Involved in the Photomotion of Microorganisms -- Speculations about Sensory Transduction -- Panel Discussion of Photomovement -- Photosynthesis -- Present Status of the O2 Evolution Model -- Low Temperature Reactions in Photosynthesis -- Control of the Electron Transfer by the Transmembrane Electric Field and Structure of System II Centers -- Modulating Effects on the Delayed Luminescence from Photosystem II of Photosynthesis -- In Vitro Photosynthesis -- Comparative Effects of Exciting and Ionizing Radiations -- Quantitative Mutagenesis by Chemicals and by Radiations: Prerequisites for the Establishment of Rad-Equivalences -- A Comparative Study of Several Survival Responses of Mammalian Cells after UV and after X-Irradiation -- Ionizing and Ultraviolet Radiations: Genetic Effects and Repair in Yeast -- Ataxia Telangiectasia: an Inherited Human Disease Involving Radiosensitivity, Malignancy and Defective DNA Repair -- Effects of Vacuum-UV and Excited Gases on DNA -- Photosensitized Reactions of Nucleic Acids and Proteins -- Photosensitization in Biological Systems -- The Role of Oxygen in Photosynthetized Reactions of Proteins and Nucleic Acids -- New Chemical Aspects of the Photoreaction between Psoralen and DNA -- Excited States of Skin-Sensitizing Psoralens and their Reactions with Nucleic Acids -- Photochemotherapeutic, Photobiological, and Photochemical Properties of Psoralens -- Repair of Radiation Damage -- DNA Repair Schemes in Bacteria and in Human Cells -- Postreplication Repair in Human Fibroblasts -- Studies on the Enzymology of Excision Repair in Extracts of Mammalian Cells -- Human Photoreactivating Enzymes -- Effects of Ultraviolet-Light and of Some Major Chemical Carcinogens of E. Coli K12 (?) -- Solar Energy Conversion Systems -- Hydrogen Metabolism in Photosynthetic Organisms, the Mechanims of Hydrogen Photoevolution -- Chemical Reactions for the Utilization of Solar Energy -- Photosynthesis — a Practical Energy Source? -- Photoproduction of Hydrogen in Photosynthetic Systems -- Determinants of Feasibility in Bioconversion of Solar Energy -- Photobiology in Medicine -- Photobiology in Medicine -- Photophysiological Research — Preventive Medicine -- Erythropoietic Protoporphyria — the Disease, and its treatment with Beta-Carotene -- Photochemotherapy of Psoriasis (PUVA) -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Phototherapy in Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia -- Phototherapy of Neonatal Jaundice: Effect on Blood Biorhythms -- Phototherapy of Human Tumors -- Cancerogenic Effects of Radiation -- Carcinogenic Effects of Radiation — Introduction -- Defective DNA Repair and Cancer -- Experimental Ultraviolet Carcinogenesis -- Sunlight and Melanomas -- Cutaneous Carcinogenic Effects of Sunlight in Humans -- Role of DNA Repair in Physical, Chemical and Viral Carcinogenesis -- Light and Development -- Control of Chloroplast Development and Chlorophyll Synthesis by Phytochrome -- Progress Toward an Understanding of the Molecular Mode of Action of Phytochrome -- Phototransformations of Phytochrome -- Biogenesis of Chloroplast Membranes in Algae -- Light-Induced Cytochrome Reduction in Neurospora Crassa Membrane Fractions -- Light Induced Degeneration of Skin: Chronic Actinic Dermatosis -- Studies on the Pathomechanics of Chronic Actinic Dermatosis -- Clinical Pattern of the Actinic Chronic Dermatosis -- Distribution and General Factors Causing Chronic Actinic Dermatosis -- Environment-Space Interactions: Photobiological Implications -- Introductory Remarks -- The Stratospheric Photochemistry of Chlorine Compounds and its Influence on the Ozone Layer -- The Effects of Solar UV-B Radiation (280–315 nm) on Higher Plants: Implications of stratospheric Ozone Reduction -- Epidemiology of Malignant Melanoma of the Skin in Norway with Special Reference to the Effect of Solar Radiation -- Estimating the Increase in Skin Cancer Caused by Increases in Ultraviolet Radiation -- Vision -- MSP Measurements of Rod and Cone Visual Pigments in a Retina (Scardinius Erythrophthalmus) that can be either Vitamin A1 — or Vitamin A2—Based -- The Ionochromic Behavior of Gecko Visual Pigments -- Membrane Adaptations of Visual Photoreceptors for the Analysis of Plane-Polarized Light -- Dynamic Aspects of the Molecular Architecture of Photoreceptor Membranes -- The Photochemistry of Rhodopsin Excited in the 280 nm (?) Band -- Degenerations of the Retina Induced by Light -- Mutagenic Effects of Radiation -- Mutagenic Repair Pathways in Yeast -- Pathways of UV Repair and Mutagenesis in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae -- Mitochondrial Mutagenesis by 2-6-Diaminopurine in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae: Effect of UV Light -- On the Molecular Mechanism of Mutagenesis by Carcinogenic Mutagens -- Chromosome Effects Induced by Low Levels of Mutagens -- Round Tables -- Units, Nomenclature and Dosimetry in Photobiology -- Protection from UV and Visible Radiations -- Topical Photoprotection of Normal Skin -- Photochemotherapy (PUVA) of Psoriasis -- Photobiology and Education -- Author Index.

Abstract: Every four years the photobio1ogists of the world get together in an International Congress. They discuss and learn not only re­ search details and findings in their own, often narrow, fields but educate one another broadly in the many biological systems that interact with light. It is this latter purpose that is exemplified by these proceedings - the Symposium papers and Workshop summaries of the VIIth International Congress on Photobiology held in Rome, August 29 - September 3, 1976. Photobiology is one of the few true interdisciplinary fields. It has an air of excitement about it. A glance at the table of contents indicates clearly that photobiology and its practitioners (individuals whose primary interests are in medicine, plant sci­ ences, animal sciences, molecular properties, and energy conversion) interact with the entire and diverse world of living creatures. We supply not only the basic research background to help evaluate many present-day environmental problems but are also evaluating and pointing the way toward solutions to a number of these problems.

Abstract: Section III: Initiating Mechanisms and Early Pathogenesis -- 1 Gene Expression and Its Regulation -- 2 Developmental Genetics -- 3 Numerical and Structural Chromosome Abnormalities -- 4 Cell Death and Reduced Proliferative Rate -- 5 Altered Biosynthesis -- 6 Embryonic Intermediary Metabolism under Normal and Pathological Conditions -- 7 Altered Electrolyte and Fluid Balance -- 8 Abnormal Cellular and Tissue Interactions -- 9 Cell Morphogenetic Movements -- 10 Alterations in the Metabolism of Glycosaminoglycans and Collagen -- 11 Time-Position Relationships, with Particular Reference to Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate -- 12 Teratogenesis and Oncogenesis -- Section IV: Examples of Abnormal Organogenesis -- 13 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Eye -- 14 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Cardiovascular System -- 15 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Urinary Tract -- 16 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Reproductive System -- 17 Abnormal Organogenesis of Facial Structures -- 18 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Limbs.

Abstract: I: Physics and Technology -- Lasers -- Surface Phenomena -- Applications of Superconductivity to Fundamental Research in Physics -- The Impact of Physics on Technology and Industry -- II: Physics, Energy and Natural Resources -- Solid State Physics Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion -- The Physics of the Earth -- The Oceans -- III: Physics and the Frontiers of Knowledge -- Probing Into the Heart of Matter -- Particle Physics -- Astrophysics, General Relativity and Cosmology -- Aspects of General Relativity -- Appendix I: List of Seminars -- Appendix II: List of Participants.

Abstract: Even in this age of information explosion, Seminars and Symposia have an importance of their own, particularly in countries which are scientifically and geographically remote from active centres of learning. Our scientists suffer this isolation very acutely; the Cow~ission recognises this problem and has endeavoured to solve it through organisation of meetings and conferences in Pakistan to which international specialists in different fields are invited to share their experience with colleagues in Pakistan. We find that the personal encounter and human touch still remain one of the most effective methods of transferring and sharing scientific knowledge. The International Summer College at Nathiagali held in August, 1976, also grew out of our need to communicate with each other and to identify promising areas of development relevant to the needs of a developing country. In the implementation of this idea, the Pakis­ tan Atomic Energy Commission received support from the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste and from the Swedish Inter­ national Development Authority which is gratefully acknowledged.

Abstract: Mapping of Chemical Data Bases Using a Relational Data Base Structure -- Computer Aided Design of Experiments and Automatic Data Processing -- Computer Based Teaching of Chemistry -- Computer Enhanced Chemical Education: Any Computer Can Be Used -- The Effective Use of Non-Tutorial Computer Methods in Chemistry Education -- The Computer’s Role in Undergraduate Chemistry Education: Report on a Study for UNESCO -- Automation in an Industrial Research Laboratory -- Current Research and Development in Computer-Aided Process Design -- Theoretical Studies of Metal Clusters as Models for Surface Phenomena -- Semi-Empirical Molecular Orbital Calculations Relevant to Adsorption and Catalysis On Metal Surfaces -- Comparison of Different Theoretical Approaches in the Study of Chemisorption On Metal Sources -- Cluster Method Multiple Scattering Calculations of Electronic Density of States for Amorphous and Liquid Metallic Alloys -- Description of Rapid Rearrangements With the Aid of Longuet-Higgins Group Theory. Spectroscopy and Reaction Mechanisms -- The Study of Chemical Structure and Reactivity By Means of Computations -- Computer Determination of Molecular Properties for Diatomics -- Computers as an Aid in Organic Synthesis Design -- Chemistry of Large Molecular Systems Using Molecular Quantum Mechanics -- Computer Planning of Research in Organic Chemistry -- Computer Aided Interpretation for the Structure Elucidation of Organic Compounds -- Computer Assisted Chemical Reasoning -- Dynamics of Chemisorption and Heterogeneous Reactions -- Quantum Chemistry and Small Molecule Dynamics -- List of Contributors.

Abstract: 1 Phototechnology and Biological Experimentation -- 2 Spectroscopy -- 3 Photochemistry -- 4 Photosensitization -- 5 Ultraviolet Radiation Effects On Molecules and Cells -- 6 Environmental Photobiology -- 7 Photomedicine -- 8 Chronobiology (Circadian Rhythms) -- 9 Extraretinal Photoreception -- 10 Vision -- 11 Photomorphogenesis -- 12 Photomovement -- 13 Photosynthesis -- 14 Bioluminescence -- 15 New Topics in Photobiology.

Abstract: Although there are several excellent books covering a few of the specialized areas of photobiology, at the present time there is no book that covers all areas of the science of photobiology. This book attempts to fill this void. The science of photobiology is currently divided into 14 subspecialty areas by the American Society for Photobiology. The first 14 chapters of this book deal with those subspecialty areas, each written by a leader in the field. Chapter 15, entitled "New Topics in Photobiology," highlights areas of research that may be desig­ nated sUbspecialties of photobiology in the future. This book has been written as a textbook to introduce the science of photobiology to advanced undergraduate and graduate students. The chapters are written to provide a broad overview of each topic. They are designed to contain the amount of information that might be presented in a one-to two-hour general lecture. The references are not meant to be exhaustive, but key refer­ ences are included to give students an entry into the literature. Frequently a more recent reference that reviews the literature will be cited rather than the first paper by the author making the original discovery. Whenever practical, a classroom demonstration or simple laboratory exercise has been provided to exemplify one or more major points in a chapter.

Abstract: Critical Points and Multicritical Points (Abstract) -- Series Expansion Approximants for Singular Functions of Many Variables -- Structure and Thermodynamics of Interfaces -- A Van Der Waals Fixed Point -- Spin-Spin Correlation Functions for the Two-Dimensional Ising Model -- Scaled Particle Theory of Hard Sphere Fluids to 1976 -- Statistical Mechanics of Lattice Boson Field Theory -- On The Use of Determinants and their Expansions for Various Physical Problems -- Ring Diagram Contribution to Electron Correlations -- Fluctuations Near and Far from Equilibrium -- Stochastic Equations for Classical and Quantum Distribution Functions -- Stationary States and Noise in the Ballast Resistor, an Electro-Thermal Instability in a Conducting Wire -- Speculations on the Intrinsic Significance of Random Interactions -- A Dilation Problem in Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics -- The Fractal Geometry of Percolation, Polymers and almost Everything Else -- On the Iterative Solution of a Stochastic Mapping -- Theory of the Surface Contribution to the Low Temperature Specific Heat of a Semi-Infinite Solid -- Optical Spectra Line Shape for Mixed Crystals -- Nonadiabatic Approach to Vibronically Assisted Radiationless Transitions -- The Generalized Master Equation and its Applications -- Two-Dimensional Anisotropic Random Walks -- Random Walks and Gamma Functions -- Steady-State Kinetics of a Linear Array of Interlocking Reactions -- Monte Carlo Models of Self Replicating Macromolecules I -- Combinatorial Aspects of Dynamics in Biological Systems -- The Transition of Two Stranded DNA to Single Strands -- Effective Behavior of Heterogeneous Media -- Unstable Brownian Motion of a Bus Trip -- Integration Errors in Image Reconstruction of Circularly Symmetric Objects in Computer Assisted Tomography -- The “Internal Referencing” Structural Instability in an Environment Characterized by Random Variation: The Example of the N.Y.C. Banks in the Crisis of 1857 -- The Theory of the Glory -- Exotic Matter in the Universe -- Some Statistical Observations from a 75 Year Run of Sears Roebuck Catalogues.

Abstract: 1 Theory and Practice in the Treatment of Alcoholism -- The Development of Alcoholism -- A Pathogenetic Classification of Alcoholics -- Implications for Therapy -- Treatment Models in Alcoholism -- The Multimodal, Multidisciplinary Approach to the Treatment of Alcoholism -- References -- 2 Medical Management of the Alcoholic Patient -- The Role of the Physician in the Treatment of Alcoholism -- Criteria for Diagnosis -- Criteria for Referral and/or Treatment -- Designing a Specific Treatment Plan -- References -- 3 Psychotherapeutic Approach -- General Considerations -- Initial Phase -- Middle Phase -- Late Phase and Termination -- Relationship Issues -- Individual Psychotherapy in Relation to Other Treatment Methods -- Summary -- References -- 4 Engaging the Alcoholic in Treatment and Keeping Him There -- Detection of the Alcoholic -- Engaging the Patient at the Referral Stage -- Keeping the Alcoholic in Treatment -- References -- 5 Toward a Social Model: An Assessment of Social Factors Which Influence Problem Drinking and Its Treatment -- Social Systems Theory and Its Role in the Social Model -- Social Etiological Factors in Drinking Behavior -- Treatment Approaches -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Group Psychotherapy in Alcoholism -- Alcoholics Anonymous -- A Survey of Group Therapy with Alcoholics -- Conjoint and Family Groups -- Summary -- References -- 7 Family Therapy in Alcoholism -- Family Therapy as a Treatment Modality -- Family Therapy in Alcoholism -- Al-Anon Family Groups -- Discussion -- References -- 8 Behavioral Assessment and Treatment of Alcoholism -- Behavioral Theories of Alcoholism -- Behavioral Assessment Techniques -- Behavioral Treatment Approaches -- References -- 9 The Role of the Halfway House in the Rehabilitation of Alcoholics -- Halfway Houses -- Residents -- Rehabilitation -- A Theory of Rehabilitation -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 10 Evaluation of Treatment Methods in Chronic Alcoholism -- Treatment Goals and Outcome -- Treatment Length -- Spontaneous Improvement, or What Happens to the Untreated Alcoholic? -- Inpatient Treatment -- Outpatient Treatment -- Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) -- Behavioristically Oriented Psychotherapy -- Drug Treatment -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 11 Factors in the Development of Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) -- Introduction: Crisis for a Hungover Doctor -- The Growth and Size of A.A -- The Development of A.A. and Its Structure -- Evaluations of A.A. Effectiveness -- The Literature on A.A -- References -- 12 Role of the Recovered Alcoholic in the Treatment of Alcoholism -- Definitions -- Scope of Chapter -- Roles of the Recovered Alcoholic, Past and Present -- The Alcoholism Counselor as Member of a Treatment Team -- Thoughts on the Future of Recovered Alcoholics as Counselors -- References -- 13 Training for Professionals and Nonprofessionals in Alcoholism -- Significant Components of Training -- Examples of Programs -- Evaluation -- Guidelines for Designing a Training Program -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Public Health Treatment Programs in Alcoholism -- Alcohol Problems in the United States -- The Rise of Organizational Interest in the Problem of Alcoholism -- Social Involvement with Problems of Alcoholism -- Changing Legal Patterns in the Public Approach to Alcoholism -- Involvement of the Federal Government in Alcoholism Problems -- Patterns of Alcohol Use and Abuse within Communities -- The Scope of Public Health Problems Involved in Alcoholism -- Community Alcoholism Treatment Services -- Using Available Agencies: The Experience of Industry -- A Model Alcoholism Treatment Program -- Prevention of Alcoholism -- Summary -- References.

Abstract: The present volume contains a large variety of treatment approaches to the long-term rehabilitation of the alcoholic, ranging from the biological to the physiological to the psychological to the social. The multiplicity of proposed therapies, each of which has its strong proponents, suggests that alcoholism is either a complex medical-social disease syndrome requiring a multipronged treatment approach or a very simple illness for which we have not yet dis­ covered the remedy. The latter may, indeed, be true, but we cannot use what we do not know and must use what we do know. We do, however, have the obligation to be responsible in our treatment, to provide the best that is known at this time, and to be discriminating in our prescription of appropriate treat­ ment for individual patients. If there is one conclusion we would like to offer in our preface, it is that alcoholics constitute a markedly heterogeneous popula­ tion with widely disparate needs, for whom, at least at our present level of knowledge, a broad spectrum of treatment modalities is necessary. If this is true, then probably most of this book has validity. With this volume on the treatment and rehabilitation of the chronic alco­ holic, we bring to completion our five-volume series, The Biology of Alcoholism. As the title of the present volume indicates, we have departed from our original intention to deal solely with biological aspects of the syndrome and have attempted rather to produce a more comprehensive work.

Abstract: I. Broad Context of Action Research -- 1. Professional Responsibility of Social Scientists -- 2. Whatever Happened to Action Research? -- 3. Action Research and the Development of the Social Sciences -- 4. Engaging with Large-Scale Systems -- 5. The Theory and Practice of Action Research in Work Organizations -- 6. Complementary Roles in Action Research -- 7. Action Research in a Minisociety -- II. Internal Processes of Action Research -- 8. The Design of Action Research -- 9. The Client-Practitioner Relationship as an Intersystem Engagement -- 10. Controlling the Variance in Action Research -- 11. Sanction: A Critical Element in Action Research -- 12. The Role of the Mediator in Action Research -- 13. Hobson’s Choice in Action Research -- 14. A Large Organization Consults Its Staff -- 15. Group Feedback Analysis as a Method of Action Research -- 16. Action Research and Adaptive Planning -- Notes on Contributors -- References.

Abstract: The notion of preparing Experimenting with Organizational Life developed among members of the Human Resources Centre at the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations. It arose from their concern that the learning from field en­ gagements should be reported and passed on systematically. A series of internal seminars was started, and Robert Rapoport made a presentation on behalf of the group to a conference arranged by the United Kingdom Social Science Research Council in 1970. At first it was intended that only work directly connected with the Tavistock Institute should be included. Gradually it became apparent that the book would be strengthened by drawing on the work of people outside the Institute. In editing the contributions, I am especially indebted to my colleague P. Michael Foster, convener of the Human Resources Centre, for his unwavering support. I would also like to thank the authors and all those who contributed their ideas and thoughts. In the drive to unify the book they have cheerfully en­ dured my editorial changes. Hidden contributors to the book are members of the various client systems who granted privileged access to information and settings. Special thanks are due to Nicola Lacy Scott who has acted as subeditor, encour­ aging me when my spirits dropped and pressing for clarity of ideas and expres­ sion. The secretarial burden was ably carried by Pamela Rant.

Abstract: Bioethics as a Discipline -- I: Abortion -- Roe v. Wade -- Abortion and the Law -- A Defense of Abortion -- The Morality of Abortion -- Abortion: The Avoidable Moral Dilemma -- II: Mental Illness -- Psychiatric Intervention -- The Myth of Mental Illness -- Mental Health and Mental Illness: Some Problems of Definition and Concept Formation -- Involuntary Mental Hospitalization: A Crime Against Humanity -- Psychiatrists and the Adversary Process -- III: Human Experimentation -- Ethics and Clinical Research -- Scientific Investigations on Man: A Medical Research Worker’s Viewpoint -- Philosophical Reflections on Experimenting with Human Subjects -- The Moral Justification for Research Using Human Subjects -- Realities of Patient Consent to Medical Research -- NIH Guidelines on Research with Human Subjects -- IV: Human Genetics -- Ethical Issues Arising from the Possible Uses of Genetic Knowledge -- Implications of Prenatal Diagnosis for the Human Right to Life -- Implications of Prenatal Diagnosis for the Quality of, and Right to, Human Life: Society as a Standard -- Practical and Ethical Problems in Human Genetics -- Reproductive Rights and Genetic Disease -- On Justifications for Coercive Genetic Control -- Legal Rights and Moral Rights -- Privacy and Genetic Information -- V: Dying -- The Problems in Prolongation of Life -- The Allocation of Exotic Medical Lifesaving Therapy -- Life and the Right to Life -- Dying -- A Statutory Definition of the Standards for Determining Human Death: An Appraisal and a Proposal -- Death: Process or Event?.

Abstract: In the past few years an increasing number of colleges and universities have added courses in biomedical ethics to their curricula. To some extent, these additions serve to satisfy student demands for "relevance. " But it is also true that such changes reflect a deepening desire on the part of the academic community to deal effectively with a host of problems which must be solved if we are to have a health-care delivery system which is efficient, humane, and just. To a large degree, these problems are the unique result of both rapidly changing moral values and dramatic advances in biomedical technology. The past decade has witnessed sudden and conspicuous controversy over the morality and legality of new practices relating to abortion, therapy for the mentally ill, experimentation using human subjects, forms of genetic interven­ tion, suicide, and euthanasia. Malpractice suits abound and astronomical fees for malpractice insurance threaten the very possibility of medical and health-care practice. Without the backing of a clear moral consensus, the law is frequently forced into resolving these conflicts only to see the moral issues involved still hotly debated and the validity of existing law further questioned. In the case of abortion, for example, the laws have changed radically, and the widely pub­ licized recent conviction of Dr. Edelin in Boston has done little to foster a moral consensus or even render the exact status of the law beyond reasonable question.

Abstract: Digital Image Processing in the United States -- Digital Image Processing in Japan -- An Automated Microscope for Digital Image Processing — Part I: Hardware -- An Automated Microscope for Digital Image Processing — Part II: Software -- Clinical Use of Automated Microscopes for Cell Analysis -- Multiband Microscanning Sensor -- Computer Synthesis of High Resolution Electron Micrographs -- Computer Processing of Electron Micrographs of DNA -- Significance Probability Mappings and Automated Interpretation of Complex Pictorial Scenes -- Intracavitary Beta-Ray Scanner and Image Processing for Localization of Early Uterine Cancer -- New Vistas in Medical Reconstruction Imagery -- Digital Image Processing for Medical Diagnoses Using Gamma Radionuclides and Heavy Ions from Cyclotrons -- Processing of RI-Angiocardiographic Images -- Bioimage Synthesis and Analysis from X-Ray, Gamma, Optical and Ultrasound Energy -- A Pap Smear Prescreening System: CYBEST -- Automatic Analysis and Interpretation of Cell Micrographs -- Multi-Layer Tomography Based on Three Stationary X-Ray Images -- Texture Analysis in Diagnostic Radiology -- Automated Diagnosis of the Congenital Dislocation of the Hip-Joint -- Boundary Detection in Medical Radiographs -- Feature Extraction and Quantitative Diagnosis of Gastric Roentgenograms -- Computer Processing of Chest X-Ray Images -- MINISCR-V2 — The Software System for Automated Interpretation of Chest Photofluorograms -- Automatic Recognition of Color Fundus Photographs -- Image Processing in Television Ophthalmoscopy -- Attendees -- Author Index.

Abstract: Until recently digital processing of biomedical images was conducted solely in the research laboratories of the universities and industry. However, with the advent of computerized tomography in 1972 and the computerized white blood cell differential count in 1974, enormous changes have suddenly occurred. Digital image pro­ cessing in biomedicine has now become the most active sector in the digital image processing field. Processing rates have reached the level of one trillion picture elements per year in the United States alone and are expected to be ten trillion per year in 1980. This enormous volume of activity has stimulated further re­ search in biomedical image processing in the last two years with the result that important inroads have been made in applications in radiology, oncology, and ophthalmology. Although much significant work in this field is taking place in Europe, it is in the United States and Japan that the level of activity is highest.

Abstract: 1 On the Biological Basis of Language Capacities -- 2 Neuropsychological Interference Mechanisms in Aphasia and Dyslexia -- 3 Neuropsychological Aspects of Stuttering and Cluttering -- 4 Consciousness and Pathology of Language -- 5 Evoked Potential Correlates of Semantic Information Processing in Normals and Aphasics -- 6 Morphological and Functional Development of the Auditory System -- 7 Hemispheric Asymmetry of Function in Children -- 8 The Ontogeny of Cerebral Dominance -- 9 The Functional Significance of Cerebral Specialization.

Abstract: The essays in this volume have been gathered together to honor Eric H. Lenneberg. Together they represent the broad range of topics in which he took some interest. For one of the distinguishing features of Eric Lenneberg's theoretical work was its synthesizing quality. He was interested in all of the scientific domains that might touch on the study of the mind and brain, and he carefully prepared himself in each of the pertinent disciplines. Beginning with his M. A. degree in linguistics from the University of Chicago in 1951, he went on to complete his doctoral studies in both linguistics and psychology at Harvard in 1955. This was followed by three years of postdoctoral specialization at Harvard Medical School in both neurology and chil­ dren's developmental disorders. This preparation and additional expe­ rience at the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston led directly to his now-classic monograph on the neuropsychology of language, The Biological Foundations of Language, which was published in 1967. It is interesting to note that while each of the essays grows out of empirical evidence, all without exception attempt to attain a level of theoretical explanation and generalization which is frequently missing from experimental work per se. Here again Lenneberg's work was no­ table for the vigor with which he sought out explanations and theories from neuropsychological data. In particular, hjs thesis that "language is the manifestation of species-specific cognitive propensities" was a hypothesis which he drew from necessarily indirect evidence.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Insects and Human Affairs -- 3 DDT and the Balance of Nature -- 4 Science, Pure and Applied -- 5 The Science and Practice of Entomology -- 6 Insects and the Farmer -- 7 The Fauna of the Orchard -- 8 Malaria in Ceylon -- 9 Malaria in War -- 10 The Insect as a Medium for the Study of Physiology -- 11 The Contributions of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) to Insect Physiology -- 12 Fifty Years of Insect Physiology -- 13 The Epidermal Cell -- 14 Preformation and Insect Development -- 15 Experimental Biology, Pure and Applied -- 16 Wordsworth and Science -- 17 The Religion of Science.

Abstract: When Patrick A. Buxton was appointed by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1926 to head their Department of Medical Entomology, he had formed the opinion that the control of the insect-borne diseases of the tropics was being impeded by lack of knowledge about the physiology of insects. He persuaded the Board of Management to agree to the selection of a lecturer who would endeavour to advance the subject of insect physiology; and at the suggestion of Sir Gowland Hopkins, under whom I had worked at Cambridge, and with the support of Sir Walter Morley Fletcher, Secretary of the Medical Research Council and a member of the Board of Management, I was appointed to this post - with opportunity for extensive travel to study medical entomology in the tropics and with abundant time for research. Some seventeen years later, during the war years, W. W. C. Topley, as Secretary of the Agricultural Research Council, was faced with the urgent need for improved methods of control of insect pests in agriculture and horticulture by insecticidal or other means. As a support for this objective he recommended the establishment of a Unit of Insect Physiology to carry out basic research which would be of potential value to agriculture; and I was invited to act as director. So once again I was able to undertake world-wide travel - to learn the elements of agricultural entomology.

Abstract: The Historical Background of Accompanying -- The Historical Background of Coaching -- The Mechanics of Musical Instruments -- Phonetics and Diction in Singing -- Italian Phonetics and Diction -- French Phonetics and Diction -- Spanish Phonetics and Diction -- German Phonetics and Diction -- Elements of Musical Style -- Program-Building -- The Art of Accompanying and Coaching.

Abstract: IN WRITING a book for which there is no precedent (the tistic achievements. But, alas, there has not been such last textbooks about accompanying were written during a genius in the realm of music during the twentieth the age of thorough bass or shortly thereafter - the century. The creative musical genius of our space age eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries - and dealt has yet to be discovered, if he has been born. exclusively with the problems timely then) one must Our time has perfected technique to such a degree make one's own rules and set one's own standards. This that it could not help but create perfect technician­ freedom makes the task somewhat easier, if, on the one artists. Our leading creative artists master technique hand, one looks to the past: there is no generally ap­ to the point of being able to shift from one style to proved model to be followed and to be compared with another without difficulty. Take Stravinsky and Picasso, one's work; but, on the other hand, the task is hard be­ for instance: they have gone back and forth through as cause one's responsibility to present and future genera­ many periods of style as they wished. Only with a stu­ tions of accompanists and coaches is great.

Abstract: 1 Theory of Parallel Programming. I. Survey of Practical Aspects -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Parallel Programming Languages and Methods -- 3. Scheduling Problems for Parallel Programs -- 4. Automatic Construction of Parallel Programs -- 2 Theory of Parallel Programming. II. Survey of Formal Models -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Memory -- 3. The Operator and Database -- 4. Computational Processes -- 5. The Metamodel -- 6. The Control -- 7. Equivalence of Computational Processes -- 8. Determinacy of Metasystems -- 9. Equivalence of Metasystems -- 10. Asynchronism -- 11. Programs and Systems -- 12. Conclusions -- 3 Data Structure Models in Information System Design -- 1. Data Morphology -- 2. Data Structure Models for Simple Information Retrieval -- 3. Data Structures for Information Systems of Flexible Use -- 4. Conclusions -- 4 The Mathematical Theory of L Systems -- 0. Introduction -- 2. Squeezing Languages out of L Systems -- 3. Fitting Classes of L Languages into Known Formal Language Theoretic Framework -- 4. Other Characterizations of Classes of L Languages within the Framework of Formal Language Theory -- 5. Structural Constraints on L Systems -- 6. Squeezing Sequences out of L Systems -- 7. Growth Functions -- 8. Decision Problems -- 9. Global Versus Local Behavior of L Systems -- 10. Deterministic Versus Nondeterministic Behavior of L Systems -- 11. L Transformations -- 12. Getting Down to Properties of Single L Languages or Sequences -- 13. Generalizing L System Ideas: Toward a Uniform Framework -- 14. Some Proof Techniques -- 15. Conclusions.

Abstract: Information systems science is rapidly advancing in many directions. Di­ versified ideas, methodologies, and techniques as well as applications have been conceived and developed. This series intends to discuss some of the recent advances in this field. In this volume, we cover four timely topics which are of great current interest. In each chapter, an attempt is made to familiarize the reader with some basic background information on the ad­ vances discussed. The emphasis of this volume is placed upon parallel pro­ gramming, data structure models in information system design, and the principles of L systems. One of the effective means to enhance computation performance is parallel information processing on multiprocessor systems. In Chapter I, V. E. Kotov discusses the practical aspects of parallel programming. He is concerned with the languages and methods of parallel programming, per­ formance an~lysis, and automatic synthesis of parallel programs. In Chapter 2, A. S. Narin'yani presents the formal theory of parallel computations. These two chapters attempt to correlate and classify various methods in parallel programming, thus providing the reader with a unified approach to this important subject matter. Data structures play an important role in information system design.

Abstract: Optical Realization of a Foucault-Hilbert Transform -- Materials and Devices for Coherent Optical Computing -- Information Processing in Optical Systems of Holographic Memory Devices -- Generation of Asymmetric Interference Fringes in Reflected Light -- Noise in Coherent Optical Information Processing -- Informational Capacity of Coherent Optical Processing Systems -- Extensions of Synthetic Aperture Radar Information Processing -- Controlled Transparencies for Optical Processing -- Kinoform Optical Elements -- Acoustooptic Signal Processing -- Some Peculiarities of Physical Realization of Operation Optical Memory -- Non-Coherent Optical System for Processing of Images and Signals -- Optical Logic and Optically Accessed Digital Storage -- Nonlinear Optical Processing -- Optical Foundations of Digital Communication and Information Processing -- The Information Content of Optical Diffraction Patterns -- Holographic Memories -- Biographies of Authors -- Author Index.

Abstract: This volume contains the complete set of papers presented at the First U. S. -U. S. S. R. Sciences Cooperation Seminar on "Optical Information Processing" held at the U. S. National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D. C. from 16 - 20 June 1975 under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation in cooperation with the U. S. S. R. Academy of Sciences. The papers present the latest theoretical advances and ex­ perimental state of the art in the newly developing field of "opti­ cal information processing", with particular emphasis on appli­ cations to communication, information storage and processing. Digital as well as optical systems are discussed in terms of concepts and implementations. Included are coherent and inco­ herent optical processing systems (for images and signals), materials and devices for optical computing, acousto-optic signal processing, memories (optical, digital and holographic), optical logic and optically-accessed digital stores, non-linear optical processing, as well as an analysis of the information capacity of optical processing systems and a report on new ex­ tensions of information processing in synthetic aperture radar. Detailed configurations and new manufacturing techniques for several components are presented, including such topics as "asymmetric interference fringes in reflected light" and' kino­ form optical elements" of very high quality; these are phase plates having a carefully controlled thickness, somewhat com­ parable to the famous Schmidt plates and which could have an important role in many optical computer and communications systems.

Abstract: 1 Landmarks and Milestones in the History of Biological Abstracts/BIOSIS -- 2 The Historical Origins of Biological Abstracts, Precursors-1917–1925 Botanical Abstracts and Abstracts of Bacteriology -- 3 The Founding of Biological Abstracts, The Concept and the Publication -- 4 Coexistence with a Time Bomb -- 5 The Years of Crisis -- 6 Consolidation and Growth, The Introduction of Electronic Data Processing -- 7 The Computerization of Biological Abstracts -- 8 The Mechanization of Biological AbstractslBIOSIS -- 9 Planning for the Next Fifty Years -- 10 Housing Biological Abstracts for a Half-Century -- 11 Biological Abstracts/BIOSIS as a Leader in National and International Cooperation -- 12 The Trustees of Biological Abstracts, 1927–1976 -- References.

Abstract: A fiftieth birthday is a good one to celebrate-old enough to be ex­ perienced and mature, but not so old as to be an antique. And if the fifty years have spanned as much change in scientific affairs as has occurred during the lifetime of Biological Abstracts it is surely time for a stocktaking. The leaders of biology in 1926 simply could not have imagined the condi­ tions of 1976. And few biologists active in 1976 can imagine what 1926 was like. That was before the explosive growth of federal funds for research and development, before the huge swelling of graduate enrollments and degrees, before World War II, even before the Great Depression! A few old-timers can remember 1926, and Bill Steere will forgive me for calling him an old-timer. After all, he provides the evidence himself; as a graduate student he met the first editor when Biological Abstracts was only three years old, and he has known all its later editors and administra­ tive officers. What he does not say is that tn length of service to BIOSIS, in seniority, he stands among only a few past and present members of the board of trustees; nor does he mention that at least as frequently as any other biologist he has been called upon to serve on governmental and associational councils and committees dealing with policy and strategy concerning the abstracting, classification, and dissemination of scientific knowledge. Surely he was the right choice to write this history.

Abstract: Information Flow in Decentralized Systems -- Decentralized Control and Large Scale Systems -- Comparison of Information Structures in Decentralized Dynamic Systems -- On Fluctuations in Microscopic States of a Large System -- Flow Systems -- Some Remarks on the Concept of State -- On Multicriteria Optimization -- Dynamic Games with Coalitions and Diplomacies -- Three Methods for Determining Pareto-Optimal Solutions of Multiple-Objective Problems -- Stackelberg Strategies for Multilevel Systems -- Incentive Compatible Control of Decentralized Organizations -- Some Thoughts About Simple Advertising Models as Differential Games and the Structure of Coalitions -- Equilibrium Patterns for Bargaining under Strike: A Differential Game Model -- Permanent Differential Games: Quasi Stationary and Relaxed Steady-State Operations -- Modelling and Control of the U. K. Economy -- Decentralized Management and Optimization of Development -- Organization and Control -- Decentralized Stabilization and Regulation in Large Multivariable Systems -- The Role of Poles and Zeros in Multivariable Feedback Theory -- The Linguistic Approach and Its Application to Decision Analysis -- Fuzzy Core and Equilibria of Games Defined in Strategic Form -- Stabilization and Optimal Control of Nonlinear Systems Homogeneous-in-the-Input -- Stability of Large Scale Interconnected Systems -- Large-Scale Systems: Optimality vs. Reliability -- List of Authors.

Abstract: This book is the record of papers presented at the Conference on Directions in Decentralized Control, Many-Person Optimization, and Large-Scale Systems held at the Colonial Hilton Inn, Wakefield, Massachusetts from September 1-3, 1975. Our motivation for organizing such a conference was two fold. Firstly, the last few years have seen a great deal of activity in the field of Large-Scale Systems Theory and it has been certainly one of the dominant themes of research in the disciplines of Systems and Control Theory. It therefore seemed appropriate to try and take stock of what had been accomplished and also try to "invent"l the future directions of research in this field. Secondly, the 6th World IFAC Conference was being held in Cambridge, Massachusetts the week earlier and it provided an ideal opportunity for taking advantage of the presence of a large number of specialists from all parts of the world to organize a small conference where a free exchange of ideas could take place. It is left to the readers of this volume to judge to what extent we have been successful in our above­ mentioned goals. There is no accepted definition of what constitutes a "large­ scale system" nor what large-scale system theory is. While this diversity does suggest that the field {whatever it may turn out to be} is in a state of flux, it does not necessarily imply chaos.

Abstract: The Fetus and the Newborn -- Legal Status of the Fetus -- The Fetus and the Law -- The Legal Aspects of Fetal Viability -- Discussion Papers of M.W. Shaw, H.P. Green and L.H. Glantz Principal Discussants: F.D. Frigoletto, N.L. Chayet, S. Bok and A.J. Dyck -- Medico-Legal Issues in Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis -- Discussion -- Karyotype, Predictability and Culpability -- Geneticophobia and the Implications of Screening for the XYY Genotype in Newborn Infants -- Discussion Papers of A.M. Dershowitz and E.B. Hook Principle Discussant: J.R. Beckwith -- Genetic Counseling — Mass Population Screening for Homozygotes and Heterozygotes -- Medicolegal Aspects of Genetic Counseling -- Problems of Informed Consent and Confidentiality in Genetic Counseling -- Discussion Papers of K. Hirschhorn and G.J. Annas Principal Discussants: S.S. Gellis and S.J. Reiser -- Problems in Genetic Screening Which Confront the Law -- The Liability of Physicians and Associated Personnel for Malpractice in Genetic Screening -- State Supported Mass Genetic Screening Programs -- Discussion Papers of H.L. Levy, J.R. Waltz and P. Reilly Principal Discussant: R.W. Erbe -- Genetics and Family Law -- Artificial Insemination by Donor — Status and Problems -- Legal Aspects of Artificial Insemination by Donor and Paternity Testing -- The Current Status of Paternity Testing -- Discussion Papers of D.P. Goldstein, J.M. Healey and A.A. Konugres General Discussion -- Genetic Counseling for Couples Who Are First Cousins -- State Channeling of Gene Flow by Regulation of Marriage and Procreation -- Voluntary Sterilization of the Mentally Retarded -- Discussion Papers of L.B. Holmes, S. Lederberg and C.H. Baron General Discussion -- Rights and Responsibilities of the Insurer -- Discussion Principle Discussant: G.W. Melcher -- Research and Experimentation — In Vitro Fertilization — Clonal Man -- The Social Control of Science -- Discussion Principal Discussant: B.D. Davis -- Experimentation and Human Genetics: Problems of “Consent” -- Discussion Principal Discussant: S.L. Chorover -- On Legislating Fetal Research -- Discussion Principal Discussant: M.J. Mahoney -- In Vitro Fertilization — A Legal Perspective -- Law and Cloning — The State as Regulator of Gene Function -- The Psychopathology of Clonal Man -- Discussion Papers of P. Reilly, S. Lederberg and L. Eisenberg Principal Discussant: M.W. Wartofsky -- Eugenics, Ethics, Law and Society -- Biological Roots of Ethical Principles -- On the Necessity of Legislating Morality for Genetic Decisions -- Why Shouldn’t We Have a Eugenic Policy? -- Discussion Papers of S.E. Luria, S. Callahan and M. Lappe General Discussion -- Authorizing Death for Anomalous Newborns -- Discretionary Non-Treatment of Defective Newborns -- From Social Movement to Clinical Medicine — The Role of Law and the Medical Profession in Regulating Applied Human Genetics -- Discussion Papers of R.A. Burt, J.A. Robertson and J.R. Sorenson General Discussion -- Contributors.

Abstract: Society has historically not taken a benign view of genetic disease. The laws permitting sterilization of the mentally re­ tarded~ and those proscribing consanguineous marriages are but two examples. Indeed as far back as the 5th-10th centuries, B.C.E., consanguineous unions were outlawed (Leviticus XVIII, 6). Case law has traditionally tended toward the conservative. It is reactive rather than directive, exerting its influence only after an individual or group has sustained injury and brought suit. In contrast, state legislatures have not been inhibited in enacting statutes. Many of their products can be characterized as hasty, unnecessary, ill-conceived, and based on the heart rather than the head. Moreover the lack of expert consultation sought has also been remarkable. One state legislature, for example, has advocated immunization for sickle cell anemia! Many others have enacted laws for the screening of inborn errors of metabolism, e.g., phenylketon­ uria, but have poorly defined the lines of responsibility to secure compliance. A spate of specific disease-related bills has emerged in the u.S. Congress, each seeking recognition and appropriations. Sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, Cooley's anemia and Tay-Sachs disease have been among the front-runners for support. Finally, in 1975, Congress has begun to examine an omnibus bill concerning all forms of genetic disease. The bill, termed the National Genetic Diseases Act is, however, still far from being enacted.

Abstract: 1 Protection of Superalloys for Turbine Application -- Protection System Selection -- Classification -- Processing Techniques -- Pack Coatings: Fundamental Aspects -- Coating Degradation -- Testing and Inspection -- Coating Performance -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 2 Hydrogen Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Uranium and Uranium Alloys -- Systems that Embrittle and/or Stress Corrosion Crack -- Effect of the Environment on Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking in Uranium and Uranium Alloys -- The Effects of Metallurgical Parameters on Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking -- Mechanisms -- Protective Coatings -- Summary -- References -- 3 The Polarization Resistance Technique for Measuring Corrosion Currents -- Historic Development -- Derivation of Basic Equations -- The Constant in the Equation -- The Question of Linearity -- Limitations and Problems -- Experimental Techniques and Instrumentation -- Applications of Polarization Resistance Technique -- Related Techniques -- References Related to the Polarization Resistance Technique -- Related References.

Abstract: This series was organized to provide a forum for review papers in the area of corrosion. The aim of these reviews is to bring certain areas of corrosion science and technology into a sharp focus. The volumes of this series are published approximately on a yearly basis and each contains three to five reviews. The articles in each volume are selected in such a way as to be of interest both to the corrosion scientists and the corrosion technologists. There is, in fact, a particular aim in juxtaposing these interests because of the importance of mutual interaction and interdisciplinarity so important in corrosion studies. It is hoped that the corrosiori scientists in this way may stay abreast of the activities in corrosion technology and vice versa. In this series the term "corrosion" is used in its very broadest sense. It includes, therefore, not only the degradation of metals in aqueous en­ vironment but also what is commonly referred to as "high-temperature oxidation. " Further, the plan is to be even more general than these topics; the series will include all solids and all environments. Today, engineering solids include not only metals but glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids, and composites of these. Environments of interest must be extended to liquid metals, a wide variety of gases, nonaqueous electrolytes, and other non­ aqueous liquids.