Abstract: The Dilemma of the Supreme Court -- The Practical Scope of the Amendment -- The South -- Litigation involving the Negro Race -- Results to the Negro Race -- Federal Intervention -- Stare Decisis -- The Corporations and the Twilight Zone -- The Failure of the Fourteenth Amendment as a Constitutional Ideal -- Proposed Remedies.

Abstract: THE studies here presented are the outgrowth of a paper read before the Government Club of Harvard University in February, 1911. Some of them have within recent months appeared, in substantially their present form, in certain of the academic and legal journals. In the preparation of the statistical material the author has made no use of the current digests of deci­ sions, annotations to the Constitution, nor of the indices to the Supreme Court Reports, except by way of com­ parison of results. He has gone directly to the body of the Reports and given each case a personal examination. Much repetition will be found throughout the work. This may detract from its logical unity, but it is hoped that it may serve some purpose. The true nature of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States is little known. The processes of its operation are intricate and complex. This reiteration, therefore, of certain salient features may not be amiss in serving to render more familiar a subject that, al­ though not new historically, has been scantily discussed. The author's thanks are due to the editors of the following periodicals for the courtesy of extending to him the copyright privileges for the use of the material vii VUl PREFACE in the chapters mentioned below: The American Law Review for Chapters V and VI; the Yale Law Journal for Chapter VII; the Columbia Law Review for Chapter VIII; and the South Atlantic Quarterly for Chapter X.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Deflection Recorders -- Linearizing Mechanisms -- The Prevention of Loading Effects -- 3 Servo Recorders -- Attentuators -- Reference Voltage Sources -- Slidewires -- Amplifiers -- Motors -- Multichannel Recorders -- Dynamic Properties -- Special Modifications -- 4 X-Y Recorders -- Drive Mechanisms -- Input Circuitry -- 5 Oscillographs -- Light-Beam Oscillographs -- X-Y Oscillographs -- Moving Pen or Stylus Oscillographs -- Fixed-Stylus Recording -- 6 Paper Feed and Writing Mechanisms -- Paper Forms -- Strip-Chart Drive Mechanisms -- Separate Sheet Recording Paper -- Printing Mechanisms -- 7 Shielding and Grounding -- Internal Noise -- External Noise -- Grounding and Guarding -- Amplifiers -- 8 Recorder Specifications -- 9 Troubleshooting -- Maintenance -- Performance Checks -- Difficulties and Their Causes -- 10 Recorder Accessories -- Integrators -- Differentiators -- Retransmitting Potientiometers and Encoders -- Event Markers -- Sampling Recorders -- Scale Expanders -- Multiplexers -- Calibrators -- Chart Viewers -- Appendix: Sources of Laboratory Recorders.

Abstract: One of the most universal functions of any scientific or engineer­ ing laboratory is the gathering of data to provide answers to immediate questions or information to be filed for future refer­ ence. Such data gathering may be achieved in various ways, depending on the nature and quantity of the information. The most prevalent of such data gathering methods is undoubtedly analog recording. Electrical analog recorders are available in a variety of sizes, speeds, sensitivities, and prices. They are suitable for recording any signal which is in, or can be converted to, electrical form. These recorders are found in every modern laboratory. Without them the importance of many functional relations would be missed altogether. How could one adequately diagnose a heart ailment without a cardiographic recorder, or obtain infrared or magnetic resonance spectra on any practicable basis without a strip-chart recorder? True, various curves that are now traced automatically with a recorder can be plotted manually from point-by-point measure­ ments. This procedure, however, is not only time-consuming, but may cause valid bits of information to be overlooked entirely, simply because the points were taken too far apart. Another factor favoring the use of recorders is the ability to pinpoint faulty operation of the data-gathering system. Artifacts that might not be observable at all in point-by-point observations 1 The Laboratory Recorder 2 will often be readily identifiable on a recording. Asymmetry of a peaked curve, for example, is only dearly evident in a recording.

Abstract: Elf and VLF Signal Properties: Physical Characteristics -- Electric and Magnetic Field Strengths in the open and in Shielded Rooms in the ULF- to LF-Zone -- Behavioural Changes in Human Subjects Associated With ELF Electric Fields -- ELF-Effects on Human Circadian Rhythms -- Operant Methods Assessing the Effects of ELF Electromagnetic Fields -- Behavioural, Physiological, and Histological Changes in Rats Exposed During Various Developmental Stages To ELF Magnetic Fields -- Oxygen and Biochemical Changes Following ELF Exposure -- Precambrian ELF and Abiogenesis -- ELF Electric and Magnetic Field Effects: The Patterns and the Problems -- Contributors.

Abstract: Recent emphasis upon the importance of the physical environment has made science and the public even more cog­ nizant of the many components of the biosphere. While much attention has been given to ionizing electromagnetic stimuli which causes blatant and unalterable changes in biological systems, relatively little research has been concerned with those electromagnetic signals whose frequencies overlap with time-varying processes in living organisms. Extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields can occur as waves between about I Hz to 100 Hz or as short pulses within this range of very low frequency (VLF) and higher frequency sources. The natural occurrence of ELF signals is associated with weather changes, solar disturbances and geophysical­ ionospheric perturbations. Man-made sources have also been reported. Certain physical properties of ELF signals make them excellent candidates for biologically important stimuli. Unlike many other weather components, ELF signals have the capacity to penetrate structures which house living organ­ isms. ELF wave configurations allow long distance propaga­ tional capacities without appreciable attenuation of inten­ sity, thus making them antecedent stimuli to approaching weather changes. Most importantly, ELF signals exhibit the frequencies and wave forms of bio-electrical events that occur within the brain and body. Thus resonance inter­ actions between animal and nature become attractive possi­ bilities.

Abstract: Tire Traction a Many Faceted Problem -- Introductory Remarks -- Tire Wet Traction: Operational Severity and Its Influence on Performance -- Tire Hydroplaning: Testing, Analysis, and Design -- Tire Traction on Dry, Uncontaminated Surfaces -- Tire Traction on Snow-Covered Pavements -- Fundamental Aspects of Rubber Friction -- Introductory Remarks -- The Speed and Temperature Dependence of Rubber Friction and Its Bearing on the Skid Resistance of Tires -- Elementary Effects in the Contact Area of Sliding Rubber -- Lubrication Studies of Smooth Rubber Contacts -- An Analysis of Some Factors that Influence Wet Skid Resistance -- Panel Discussion “Fundamental Aspects of Rubber Friction” -- Tire Traction the Role of the Tire -- Introductory Remarks -- Tread Compound Effects in Tire Traction -- The Role of the Tread Pattern — A Blend of the Simple and Complex -- Some Recent Investigations into Dynamics and Frictional Behavior of Pneumatic Tires -- A Tyre Engineer Looks Critically at Current Traction Physics -- Panel Discussion “Tire Traction — The Role of the Tire” -- Tire Traction the Role of the Pavement -- Introductory Remarks -- The Relation Between the Stress Saturation of Sliding Rubber and the Load Dependence of Road Tyre Friction -- Pavement Surface Texture Classification and Skid Resistance Photo-Interpretation -- An Approach Towards the Understanding and Design of the Pavement’s Textural Characteristics Required for Optimum Performance of the Tyre -- Panel Discussion Tire Traction — The Role of the Pavement -- An Analysis of the Literature on Tire-Road Skid Resistance -- The Physics of Tire Traction: A Review of Current Theory.

Abstract: The Concept of a Linguistic Variable and its Application to Approximate Reasoning -- Fundamental Concepts and Social Consequences of Artificial Intelligence -- Biorobots for Simulation Studies of Learning and Intelligent Controls -- A Mathematical Neuron Model which Has a Staircaselike Response Characteristic -- Performance Aspects of Stochastic Nonlinear System Classification by Pattern Recognition Methods -- Algorithmic Techniques for Modeling Nonlinear Functions -- A Survey of Heuristic Search Method of Multimodal Optimum Point -- Basic Search Patterns in Heuristic Search -- Multi-Modal System Identifications by a Learning Procedure -- Learning Dual Control under Complete State Information -- On a Class of Variable-Structure Systems -- A Method of Learning Control Varying Search Domain by Fuzzy Automata -- Adaptive Computer Aiding in Dynamic Decision Processes -- Optimal Learning Recognizer for Unknown Signal Sets in a Channel with Feedback Link -- Computational Algorithms for Interactive Pattern Recognition -- A Methodology for Interactive Systems -- Automatic Recognition of Complex Three-Dimensional Objects from Optical Images -- Eyes of the Wabot -- The “Rubber-Mask” Technique-I, Pattern Meaurement and Analysis -- The “Rubber-Mask” Technique-II, Pattern Storage and Recognition -- Learning Texture Information from Singular Photographs and Its Application in Digital Image Classification -- A Theory of Character Recognition by Pattern Matching Method.

Abstract: This book contains the Proceedings of the S~cond U. S. -Japan Seminar on Learning Control and Intelligent Control. The seminar, held at Gainesville, Florida, from October 22 to 26, 1973, was sponsored by the U. S. -Japan Cooperative Science Program, jointly supported by the National Science Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The full texts of the twenty-one presented papers are included. The papers cover a variety of topics related to learning control and intelligent control, ranging from pattern recognition to system identification, from learning control to intelligent robots. During the past decade, there has been a considerable increase of interest in problems of machine learning, systems which exhibit learning behavior. In designing a system, if the a priori infor­ mation required is unknown or incompletely known, one approach is to design a system which is capable of learning the unknown infor­ mation during its operation. The learned information will then be used to improve the system's performance. This approach has been used in the design of pattern recognition systems, automatic control systems and system identification algorithms. If we naturally extend our goal to the design of systems which will behave more and more intelligently, learning systems research is only a preliminary step towards a general concept of integrated intelligent systems. One example of this class of systems is the intelligent robot, which integrates pattern recognition. learning and problem-solving into one intelligent system.

Abstract: 1 The Pioneers of Systematic Thinking -- 2 The Logic of the Plausible -- 3 Introduction of Some Important Applications -- References.

Abstract: So simple and imperfect as it may appear this book has made use of knowledge on invention and discovery accumu­ lated during a lifetime. Those persons who would be tempted to emphasize only its imperfections should read the correspondence exchanged between Cantor and Dedekind at the end of the nineteenth century; they would then realize how difficult it was, even for an outstanding man, the creator of the set theory, to propose impeccable results in a completely new field. The field I have chosen here is plausibility. I have proposed an intuitive, some would say a naive, presentation as I want to reach as large an audience as possible and because I personally believe that it is easier to axiomatize a mathematical theory precisely than to dis­ cover it and enunciate its key theorems. Professor Polya said: "The truly creative mathematician is a good guesser first and a good prover afterward. " For centuries a formalized generalized logic was found necessary and many attempts have been made to build it. vi Preface Mine is based on plausibility which covers with precision a wider field than probability and makes the formalization of analogy and generalization possible. As Laplace said: "Even in the mathematical sciences, our principal instru­ ments to discover the truth are induction and analogy. "* The examples of application I have chosen are not des­ cribed in detail.

Abstract: Content -- Developments and Challenge of Enzyme Engineering -- 1973 Henniker Delphi Study -- Session I. Enzymes: Regulation and New Sources -- Stability of Enzymes from Thermophilic Microorganisms -- Polypeptide Hormones from Tissue Culture -- Design Consideration for Animal Cell Cultures as Sources of Enzymes -- Session II. New Purification Techniques -- Recent Developments in Enzyme Isolation Processes -- Protein Purification by Immunoadsorption -- Purification of Urokinase by Affinity Chromatography -- Short Report: -- Derivatives of Controlled Pore Glass for Affinity Chromatography -- Session III. New Immobilization Techniques and Supports -- Review of Recent Enzyme Immobilization Techniques -- Encapsulation of Enzymes in Liquid Membrane Emulsions -- An Organic Millieu in Immobilized Enzyme Synthesis and Catalysis -- Immobilization of Enzymes on Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins -- Derivatized Nylon: A New Support for the Immobilization of Enzymes -- New Immobilization Techniques and Supports -- Stabilization and Immobilization of Enzymes with Imidoesters -- Complexation of Enzymes or Whole Cells with Collagen -- Short Reports: -- Immobilized Enzymes Using Resinous Carriers -- Covalent Coupling of Small Molecules and Proteins to Poly (2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Methacrylic Acid) Hydrogels -- Session IV. Immobilized Multi-Step Enzyme Systems: Physical Methods for Examining Immobilized Enzymes -- Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Immobilized Multi-Step Enzyme Systems -- Enzyme Reactions for Preparative Scale Synthesis -- Application of Circular Dichroism to the Study of Enzyme Polymer Conjugates -- Fluorescence Investigation of Immobilized Enzymes -- Effects of the Matrix Environment on Protein Structure -- Short Reports: -- Electron Spin Resonance Investigations into the Interaction Between Proteins and Synthetic Polymers -- Some Observations on the Behavior of an Immobilized Allosteric Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase -- Session V. Use of Immobilized Coenzymes -- Nucleotide Affinity Labels -- Continuous Processing with Cofactor Requiring Enzymes: Coenzyme Retention and Regeneration -- NADH Coupled to Soluble Dextran: Synthesis and Properties -- Enzymatic Regeneration of ATP from AMP and ADP Part I. Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Process Development -- Enzymatic Regeneration of ATP from AMP and ADP Part II. Enzyme Immobilization and Reactor Development -- ATP Regeneration Using Immobilized Carbamyl Phosphokinase -- Immobilization of Coenzyme A and Its Application -- Synthesis and Application of Matrix Bound AMP, NAD+ and Other Adenine Nucleotides -- Session VI. Reactor Design -- Well-Mixed Immobilized Enzyme Reactors -- Reactor Analysis with Laser Microspectrophotometry -- Open Tubular Heterogeneous Enzyme Reactors -- Annular Column Enzyme Reactors -- Kinetic Analysis of a Urease Electrode -- Short Reports: -- Temperature Effects on the Design of Enzyme Reactors -- Immobilized Enzymes: Diffusion and Sigmoid Kinetics in Packed Bed Reactors -- Session VII. Industrial Applications of Immobilized Enzymes -- Food and Product Considerations in the Application of Immobilized Enzymes -- Fiber Entrapped Enzymes -- Continuous Enzyme Reactions by Immobilized Microbial Cells -- Immobilized Glucose Isomerase for the Production of High Fructose Syrups -- Treatment of Milk with Immobilized Proteases and Oxidoreductases -- Short Reports: -- Removal of Serum Hepatitis Antigen from Factor IX with an Immunoadsorbent -- Immobilized Lactase Used in Fluidized Bed Reactors for Treating Cheese Whey -- Session VIII. Commercial Aspects of Enzymes -- Application of a Heat Stable Bacterial Amylase in the Starch Industry -- Toxicologic Studies on Proteolytic Enzymes in Animals and Man -- Recent Trends of Enzyme Engineering in Japan -- Survey of the Enzyme Industry -- Session IX. New Applications of Enzymes -- Analytical Uses of Immobilized Enzymes -- Application of Immobilized Enzymes to Chemical Analysis -- Application of Immobilized Enzymes to Detection and Monitoring -- Preparation of Immobilized Enzymes for Application in Automated Analysis -- Initiation of Enzyme Reactions by Light -- Thermal Enzyme Probe: A Novel Approach to Chemical Analysis -- Effects of Different Routes of in vivo Administration of Microencapsulated Enzymes -- L-Asparaginase from Escherichia coli II and Erwinia carotovora Bound to Poly (methyl methacrylate) -- Trends in the Use of Immobilized Enzymes and Proteins in Human Therapeutics -- Use of Collagen Immobilized Enzymes in Blood Treatment -- Appendix I. Recommendations for Standardization of Nomenclature in Enzyme Technology -- List of Participants.

Abstract: Considerable worldwide interest has arisen in recent years in the controlled use of enzymes as catalysts in industrial processing, analytical chemistry and medical therapy. This interest has genera­ ted the new interdisciplinary field of Enzyme Engineering, which includes both the scientific and technologic aspects of the produc­ tion, purification, immobilization, and application of enzymes in a variety of situations and reactor configurations. A series of Engineering Foundation conferences on Enzyme Engineering was initia­ ted to provide an international forum for the exchange of ideas and information over the entire range of this new field. The outstanding success of the first two conferences attests to the vigor and poten­ tial of this field to contribute significantly to a better under­ standing and resolution of some of the major problems faced by man­ kind. The first conference, which was held August 9-13, 1971, at Henniker, New Hampshire, U. S. A. , aided significantly in molding the several traditional disciplines that interact to form the field of Enzyme Engineering. The conference was highly successful mainly because many of the key scientists and engineers from the several facets of Enzyme Engineering were brought together for the first time at a single residential meeting. The result was an exchange of ideas and "education" of one another in the pertinent principles of the diverse disciplines which contribute to this field. The second conference, held August 5-10, 1973, at Henniker, New Hampshire, U. S. A.

Abstract: I The German Language -- II France -- III Russia, Scandinavia and Eastern Europe -- IV Italy, Spain and the rest of Europe -- V The English Language -- Epilogue -- Index of composers and poets -- Index of titles and first lines.

Abstract: W HAT I H A V E attempted in this book is a survey of song; the kind of song which one finds variously described as 'concert', 'art', or sometimes even 'classical song'. 'Concert song' seems the most useful, certainly the least inexact or misleading, of some descriptions, especially since 'art song' sounds primly off­ putting, and 'classical song' really ought to be used only to refer to songs written during the classical period, i. e. the 18th century. Concert song clearly means the kind of songs one hears sung at concerts or recitals. Addressing myself to the general music-lover who, though he possesses no special knowledge of the song literature, is never­ theless interested enough in songs and their singers to attend recitals of Lieder or of songs in various languages, I have naturally confined myself to that period of time in which the vast majority of these songs was composed, though not necessarily only to those composers whose songs have survived to be remembered in recital programmes today. I suppose this to be roughly the three centuries covered by the years 1650-1950, though most of the songs we, as audiences, know and love were composed in the middle of this period, in other words in the 19th century.

Abstract: I. Excitability and Relationships Between the Initial and Critical Values of the Membrane Potential -- Changes in Vt associated with primary shifts of Er -- Changes in Vt resulting from a primary shift of Ec -- II. The Resting Potential -- III. Passive and Subthreshold Active Changes in the Membrane Potential -- Passive changes of membrane potential -- The local response -- IV. The Action Potential -- Historical -- Effect of changes in external and internal sodium and potassium ion concentrations on action potential generation -- Movement of ions through the membrane during activity -- Evidence for subdivision of the ionic currents -- Changes in ionic permeability -- Quantitative description of ionic currents -- V. Dependence of Action Potential Parameters on the Constants of Membrane Ionic Permeability -- Maximal sodium permeability $$\rm \overline P _{Na} $$Na -- Steady-state sodium inactivation (1 - h?) and time constant Th -- Reactivity of the sodium system (sensitivity of PNa to changes in membrane potential) -- The threshold potential -- Maximal steepness of rise of the ascending phase of the action potential -- Amplitude of the action potential -- Duration of the action potential -- Time constant of sodium activation Tm -- Maximal potassium permeability $$\rm \overline P _K $$ -- Reactivity of the potassium system (sensitivity of $$\rm \overline P _K $$ to changes in membrane potential) -- Effects of an increase in reactivity of thepotassium system -- Effects of a decrease in reactivity of the potassium activating system -- Time constant of potassium activation (Tn) -- Assessment of the character of changes in ionic permeability of the membrane from changes in the action potential -- VI. Analysis of Threshold Conditions of Stimulation and the Relationship Between the Threshold Current and Threshold Potential -- The strength versus duration curve -- Character of critical depolarization of the membrane during the action of pulses of current of different duration. Nature of the utilization time -- Relationship between the threshold current and the passive and active properties of the membrane -- VII. Role of the Rate of Change of the Stimulus. The Phenomenon of Accommodation -- The accommodation curve -- The mechanism of accommodation -- Minimal gradient as a function of the constants of ionic permeability of the membrane -- Accommodation and repetitive responses -- VIII. Cable Properties and Geometry of Excitable Structures and Parameters of Their Electrical Activity -- The propagated action potential -- Threshold conditions of stimulation -- The threshold potential -- The threshold current -- The strength versus duration curve -- Repetitive responses in a continuous axon -- Effects of stimulation of excitable structures with a functionally nonuniform membrane -- The relationship between the velocity of conductance of the action potential and the cable properties and excitability of the fiber -- Conduction of impulses along a nonuniform fiber -- Some properties of spike conduction from a medullated into a nonmedullated segment of a nerve fiber -- Compensatory changes in ionic currents during conduction of the impulse along a nonuniform fiber -- IX. Molecular Mechanisms of Ionic Permeability of the Excitable Membrane -- Functional architecture of the excitable membrane -- The hypothesis of ionic carriers -- The hypothesis of ion pores -- Hypotheses on conformational changes in the membrane -- Investigations of mechanisms of the changes in ionic permeability on artificial membranes -- Precipitation membranes -- Phospholipid membranes -- Conclusion -- Addendum.

Abstract: The Russian edition of this book appeared in 1969 and im­ mediately gained widespread recognition as a reference work for research workers interested in the physiology, biophysics, and pharmacology of excitable tissues. There are several reasons for the book's success. It deals with a key problem in biology which has recently been the subject of very intensive study and it is of great interest to a wide scientific audience. Not only the fundamentals of the modern membrane theory of biopotentials, but also the vast factual material collected in the last decades by the study of the biophysical and pharmacological properties of the ionic permeability pores of the cell membrane, are described in the book in an authoritative yet readable form. Special attention is paid in the book to the systematic analysis of the consequences of the Hodgkin-Huxley mathematical theory of the nervous impulse for the problem of excitability. The relationship between the various parameters of excitability (threshold potential, threshold current, useful time), accommodation, and the action potential on the one hand, and the constants of ionic permeability of the nerve fiber membrane, on the other hand, is subjected to detailed examination in this context. To do this, the author has made extensive use not only of experimental results obtained on isolated fibers (especially single nodes of Ran­ vier), but also the results of his own investigations on mathematical models of excitable membranes.

Abstract: 1 Data Organization and Access Methods -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Linear Lists and Processes -- 2.1. Linear List Structures -- 2.2. Storage Representation of Linear List Structures -- 2.3. Computer Storage of Linked Lists -- 2.4. List Processing Languages -- 3. Array Structures -- 4. Tree Structures -- 5. Multilinked Structures -- 6. Data Base Design and Management -- 7. Some Information Handling Systems -- 8. Summary and Conclusions -- 2 Design of Software for On-Line Minicomputer Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Keys to Minicomputer Software Organization -- 3. Minicomputer Applications and Their Software Requirements -- References -- 3 A Survey of the Status of Microprogramming -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evolution of Microprogramming -- 3. Architectural Variations in Current Microprogrammed Systems -- 4. Emulation -- 5. Microprogrammed Implementation of Key Operating System and Language Translation Primitives -- 6. Microdiagnostics -- 7. Microprogrammed Implementation of New I/O and Memory Devices -- 8. Strategies for Microprogram Optimization -- 9. Applications of Microprogramming -- 10. Problem Areas and Future Prospects -- 11. Conclusions -- References -- 4 Some Grammars and Recognizers for Formal and Natural Languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Grammars and Languages -- 3. Recognizers and Acceptor Automata -- 4. Transformational Grammar -- 5. Applications in Information Science -- 6. Summary and Conclusions -- References.

Abstract: This volume, the fifth of a continuing series on information systems science, covers four timely topics which are in the mainstream of this field. In each chapter, an attempt is made to familiarize the reader with basic background information on the advances discussed, so that this volume may be used independently or in conjunction with the previous volumes. The emphasis in this volume is focused upon data organization and access methods, software for on-line minicomputer applications, advances in micropro­ graming, and gramm ars and recognizers for formal and natural languages. In Chapter 1, P. C. Patton presents a tutorial survey of data organiza­ tion and access methods which play a central role in information system design. Research in information processing has been shifted from numerical data processing to nonnumerical information handling. In the latter case, the information is carried not only by the data but also by the structure and organization of the data base. In this chapter, the author provides the reader with a comprehensive review of various data structures, including linear lists, array structures, tree structures, and multilinked structures. He also discusses the important problem of data-base design and management. This chapter concludes with several examples of information handling systems such as a matrix interpretive system, a generalized information management system, and a criminal justice information system. The rapid reduction in cost and great increase in capability of the mini­ computer have made it an attractive machine for information systems.

Abstract: 1 The Mechanical Properties and Breakdown of Surface Films at Elevated Temperatures -- Stresses Developed During Isothermal Oxidation -- Stresses Developed During Thermal Cycling Conditions -- Effect of Superimposed Stresses on the Mechanical Stability of Oxide Scales -- Methods of Measuring Mechanical Properties of Oxides -- Mechanisms of Stress Relief -- Influence of Corrosive Contaminants on Oxide Stability -- Methods of Improving Mechanical Properties of Surface Oxides -- General Conclusions -- References -- 2 Anodic Dissolution of Metals—Anomalous Valence -- Transitory or Uncommon Ion Mechanism -- Related Phenomena -- Anodic Dissolution of Metals -- Discussion -- References -- 3 Corrosion of Metals in Organic Solvents -- Classification of Organic Solvents According to Their Properties And Corrosivities -- Thermodynamics and Stoichiometry -- Kinetics and Mechanisms -- Corrosion Failures and Their Prevention -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 Chromium Depletion and Void Formation in Fe—Ni—Cr Alloys During Molten Salt Corrosion and Related Processes -- Chemical Reactions -- Heat Treatment -- Summary -- References.

Abstract: This series was organized to provide a forum for review papers in the area of corrosion. The aim of these reviews is to bring certain areas of corrosion science and technology into a sharp focus. The volumes of this series are published approximately on a yearly basis and each contains three to five reviews. The articles in each volume are selected in such a way as to be of interest both to the corrosion scientists and the corrosion technologists. There is, in fact, a particular aim in juxtaposing these interests because of the importance of mutual interaction and interdisciplinarity so important in corrosion studies. It is hoped that the corrosion scientists in this way may stay abreast of the activities in corrosion technology and vice versa. In this series the term "corrosion" is used in its very broadest sense. It includes, therefore, not only the degradation of metals in aqueous en­ vironment but also what is commonly referred to as "high-temperature oxidation. " Further, the plan is to be even more general than these topics; the series will include all solids and all environments. Today, engineering solids include not only metals but glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids, and composites of these. Environments of interest must be extended to liquid metals, a wide variety of gases, nonaqueous electrolytes, and other non­ aqueous liquids.

Abstract: The Objective of Database Management -- Relational Data Base Systems: A Tutorial -- A Relational Data Management System -- A Data Base Search Problem -- An Experiment with a Relational Data Base System in Environmental Research -- Special Topic Data Base Development -- BOLTS: A Retrieval Language for Tree-Structured Data Base Systems -- An Algorithm for Maintaining Dynamic AVL Trees -- SPIRAL’s Autoindexing and Searching Algorithms -- SEFIRE : A Sequential Feedback Interactive Retrieval System -- An Analysis of Document Retrieval Systems Using a Generalized Model -- Information Systems for Urban Problem Solvers -- EMISARI: A Management Information System Designed to Aid and Involve People -- Transferability and Translation of Programs and Data -- Processing Systems Optimization through Automatic Design and Reorganization of Program Modules -- Verification and Checking of APL Programs -- G/PL/I: Extending PL/I for Graph Processing -- A Unified Approach to the Evaluation of a Class of Replacement Algorithms -- Quantitative Timing Analysis and Verification for File Organization Modeling -- A Mathematical Model for Computer-Assisted Document Creation -- Representing Geographic Information for Efficient Computer Search -- A Syntactic Pattern Recognition System with Learning Capability -- Optimization in Nonhierarchic Clustering -- Nonparametric Learning Using Contextual Information.

Abstract: Ten years ago the first International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences (COINS-63) was held at Northwestern University. Since that time, computer and information sciences have witnessed a great intensification of research and education. The activities in this field have been significantly broadened and enriched. During this ten-year period, we have organized four COINS symposia to provide a forum for promoting com­ munication among scientists, engineers, and educators in the computer and information science field and to act as a catalyzer for stimulating creative thinking within the community of information processing. The COINS-72 symposium, which took place in Miami Beach on December 14--16,1972, under the cosponsorship of the U.S. Army Research Office, the Atomic Energy Commission, and the University of Florida, is the fourth International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences. The theme of this COINS symposium is information systems. This theme has been selected for the following reasons: Information systems have offered widespread applications in education, government, industry, and science. The bulk of research in computer and information science is now geared to the development of improved information systems. A major portion of software engineering is concerned with computer software and sophisticated information system design. It seems logical that a symposium on information systems should follow the preceding software engineering conference.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Acids, bases, and the nature of the hydrogen ion -- 3 The investigation of protolytic equilibria in aqueous solution -- 4 The effect of the solvent on protolytic equilibria -- 5 The thermodynamics of protolytic equilibria -- 6 Acid-base strength and molecular structure -- 7 The direct study of rates of simple proton-transfer reactions -- 8 The indirect study of rates of proton transfer -- 9 Examples of reactions catalysed by acids and bases -- 10 Rates, equilibria, and structures in proton-transfer reactions -- 11 Isotope effects in proton-transfer equilibria -- 12 Kinetic isotope effects in proton-transfer reactions -- Author Index.

Abstract: The first edition of this book was based on the lectures which I gave at Cornell University during 1958 as George Fisher Baker Lecturer, and I would like to repeat my warmest thanks to Professor F. A. Long and the other members of the Department of Chemistry for their kindness and helpful advice. The present edition was largely written during the tenure of a Visiting Professorship awarded by the Royal Society and the Israeli Academy of Sciences. I am deeply indebted to both of these bodies and also to the hospitality of the Weizmann Institute of Science, in particular to Professor David Samuel and Professor F. S. Klein of the Isotopes Research Department. The subject as a whole has expanded greatly since 1959, especially in two fields, namely, the direct study of fast proton-transfer reactions (notably by the relaxation methods pioneered by Eigen), and the experi­ mental and theoretical study of hydrogen isotope effects. In order to keep the size of the book within reasonable bounds it has been necessary to adopt a selective policy, and this is particularly the case in Chapter 9 where I have chosen to treat a few types of reaction in some detail rather than to attempt a more complete coverage.

Abstract: Abstracts -- Permuted Subject Index -- Author Index -- Microthesaurus.

Abstract: This volume follows and updates AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON DIVING AND SUBMARINE MEDICINE published by Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, Inc., in 1971. The time period covered is primarily the calendar years 1970 and 1971. Also included, however, is much material from the calendar years 1968 and 1969 not in the previous publication. A brief analysis of the sources of material precedes the citations and abstracts, which comprise the main section of the volume. The bibliography is followed by a permuted subject index and an author index. Also included, following the indexes, is a micro thesaurus. Although no attempt has been made to do a critical subject analysis, such an analysis could be accomplished through selecting a particular subject, looking up the appropriate key works in the rotated index, identifying the abstracts, analyzing them, obtaining complete copy as desired, and completing the critical review. David C. Weeks, Ph.D. Director, BSCP Washington, D.C.

Abstract: Neurophysiology, Neuropharmacology and Behavior -- Neural Control of Input into Long Term Memory: Limbic System and Amnestic Syndrome in Man -- A Study of Memory in Aged People -- The Transfer of Information between Sense-Modalities: A Neurophysiological Review -- The Significance of Exogenous and Endogenous Factors in the Hereditary Differences in Learning Ability of Rats -- The Reactivity of Wistar Rats Highly Selected for Good and Bad Learning, Observed in Various Physiological and Pharmacological Test Models -- Statistical EEG Analysis in Strains of Rats with Genetically Determined Different Learning Performance -- Some Views on the Neurophysiological and Neurophar-macological Mechanisms of Storage and Retrieval of Information -- Mode of Action of Some Drugs which Affect Learning and Memory -- Compensatory Mechanisms Following Labyrinthine Lesion in the Guinea-Pig. A Simple Model of Learning -- Action of Various Drugs on the Formation and Fixation of Long Term Information in the Goldfish (Carassius auratus) -- Communication between Nerves and Muscles: Postnatal Development in Kitten Hindlimb Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle -- Some Neurophysiological Considerations Concerning “Memory” -- Transfer of Acquired Information -- The Structure of the “Memory-Code-Word” Scotophobin -- Evidence for Molecular Coding of Neural Information -- Recent Experiments in Memory Transfer -- The Effect of Synthetic Scotophobin on the Light Tolerance of Teleosts (Carassius auratus and Tinca tinca) -- Peptides and Behavior -- Studies with Dark Avoidance and Scotophobin -- New Experimental Approaches to the Inter-Animal Transfer of Acquired Information -- Chemical Transfer of Learned Information in Mammals and Fish -- Chemical Transfer of a Dummy Reaction, Released in Young Mouthbreeding Fish (Ti1apia nilotica) during the “Critical Period”, from Imprinted Donors into Unimprinted Recipients after the “Critical Period” -- Neurochemistry -- Neurochemical Micromethods -- Neuronal Plasticity, Protein Conformation and Behavior -- Phosphorylation of Non-Histone Acid-Extractable Nuclear Proteins (NAEP) from Brain -- Biochemical Regulation of Synaptic Connectivity -- Radioactive Studies of Changes in Protein Metabolism by Adequate and Inadequate Stimulation in the Optic Tectum of Teleosts -- Encephalotropic Drugs and Cerebral RNA Metabolism.

Abstract: The contents of this book are the presentations of a Symposium on "Memory and Transfer of Information", held at Gottingen, May 24-26, 1972 . One of the main reasons for organizing this Symposium was to stimulate interdisciplinary discussion between sci­ entists working in the field as a whole. Most of the pre­ vious meetings dealing with memory and transfer of infor­ mation have tended to be rather limited in scope. The pres­ ent Symposium covered a wide range of topics, including neurophysiological, neuropharmacological, neurochemical, behavioral and clinical aspects of learning and chemical transfer of information, presented by specialists in these areas. The Proceedings of the meeting present a large number of previously unpublished results, e.g., recent experiments in neurophysiology and neurochemistry, new approaches to chemical transfer of learned information, experiments using synthetic scotophobin and drugs influencing learning and behavior. The importance of interdisciplinary discussion is perhaps most clearly emphasized by the advances in neuro­ chemical micromethods which are of particular interest to scientists working on the chemical transfer of information. Only such interdisciplinary collaboration between highly specialized scientists guarantees further progress and deeper insight into the complex, and until now little under­ stood, mechanisms of that most intricate of organs, the brain. Hans Peter ZIPPEL vii CONTRIBUTORS BRADLEY, P.B. Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Birmingham B1S 2TJ, England BYRNE, W. L. ~'; Department of Biochemistry. University of Tennessee. College of Basic Medical Sciences. Memphis. Tennessee 38103. U.S.A. CREUTZFELDT, O.D.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Movement -- 3. Models -- 4. Dynamic Systems -- 5. Signals -- 6. Control -- 7. Automatic Control -- 8. Optimal Control -- 9. Automata -- 10. The Computer -- 11. Adaptation -- 12. Games -- 13. Learning -- 14. Large Systems -- 15. Operational Control -- 16. The Brain -- 17. Organised Systems -- 18. Man and Machine -- 19. Outline of Future Prospects.

Abstract: The development of science consists not only of deepening and widening the already established scientific disciplines but also depends on the emergence of new ones. The emergence and development of new sciences is influenced primarily by two factors: isolation and generalisation. Isolation of scientific disciplines is due to the discovery of new objects of investigation and the emergence of specific scientific trends. This leads to the study of a relatively narrow class of objects which are characterised by their specific approach to both the formulation and the solution of problems. Examples of this type of specific scientific diSciplines include, for instance, chemistry of high molecular compounds and the theory of electrical machines, which are both devoted to the study of a relatively narrow field. In addition there are the more general scientific disciplines, whose characteristics are that they are created for the purpose of studying such natural phenomena as occur in a very wide class of objects. Disciplines of this type are, for instance, the theory of dimensions and the theory of similarity, the theory of dynamic systems and thermodynamics. The very general, as opposed to the very specific, sciences tend by their nature to be more theoretical and depend much more on the language, mathematical or otherwise, used to describe them.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. Introduction -- II. Products of DNA Activation -- 2. Macromolecules-Functional and Biochemical Correlates -- 3. Brain Function and RNA -- 4. Macromolecules and Brain Function -- 5. Inhibitors of Cerebral Protein or RNA Synthesis and Memory -- 6. Biological Assays for the Molecular Coding of Acquired Information -- 7. Biological Activity of Antibrain Antibody—an Introduction to Immunoneurology -- 8. Correlation of the S-100 Brain Protein with Behavior -- III. Macromolecules and Intracellular, Intercellular, and Synaptic Events -- 9. Axoplasmic Flow-The Fast Transport System in Mammalian Nerve Fibers -- 10. A Molecular Basis for Regional Differentiation of the Excitable Membrane -- 11. Macromolecular Synthesis in Synapses -- 12. Chemical and Anatomical Plasticity of Brain: Replications and Extensions, 1970 -- 13. Macromolecular Change and the Synapse -- 14. Autoradiographic Examination of Behaviorally Induced Changes in the Protein and Nucleic Acid Metabolism of the Brain -- 15. Macromolecular Changes Within Neuron-Neuroglia Unit During Behavioral Events -- IV. Models of Memory -- 16. Molecular Biological Approaches to the Study of Memory -- 17. Some Dimensions of Remembering: Steps Toward Neuropsychological Model of Memory.

Abstract: I. The Autonomy of Biology as a Natural Science -- II. The Model of Open Systems: Beyond Molecular Biology -- III. Electronic Mobility in Biological Processes -- IV. The Evolution and Organization of Sentient Biological Behavior Systems -- V. The Evolutionary Significance of Biological Templates -- VI. Evolutionary Modulation of Ribosomal RNA Synthesis in Oogenesis and Early Embryonic Development -- VII. Respiration as Interface Between Self and Non-Self: Historico-Biological Perspectives -- VIII. Measurement Theory and Biology -- IX. The Transition from Theoretical Physics into Theoretical Biology -- X. Scientific Enterprises from a Biological Point of View -- XI. Historical Observations Concerning the Relationship Between Biology and Mathematics -- XII. A Survey of the Mechanical Interpretations of Life from Greek Atomists to the Followers of Descartes -- XIII. The Place of Normative Ethics within a Biological Framework -- XIV. The Evolutionary Thought of Teilhard de Chardin -- XV. The Use of Biological Concepts in the Writing of History -- XVI. What is a Historical System? -- XVII. On a Difference Between the Natural Sciences and History -- XVIII. Historical Taxonomy -- XIX. Theories of the Universe in the Late Eighteenth Century -- XX. Must a Machine Be an Automaton? -- XXI. Epistemology, the Mind and the Computer -- XXII. Marginal Notes on Schrödinger.

Abstract: In a world that peers over the brink of disaster more often than not it is difficul t to find specific assignments for the scholarly community. One speaks of peace and brotherhood only to realize that for many the only real hope of making a contribution may seem to be in a field of scientific specialization seemingly irrelevant to social causes and problems. Yet the history of man since the beginnings of science in the days of the Greeks does not support this gloomy thesis. Time and again we have seen science precipitate social trends or changes in the humanistic beliefs that have a significant effect on. the scientific community. Not infrequently the theoretical scientist, triggered by society's changing goals and understandings, finds ultimate satisfaction in the work of his colleagues in engineering and the other applied fields. Thus the major debate in mid-nineteenth century in which the evidence of natural history and geology at variance with the Biblical feats provided not only courage to a timid Darwin but the kind of audience that was needed to fit his theories into the broad public dialogue on these topics. The impact of "Darwinism" was felt far beyond the scientific community. It affected social thought, upset religious certainties and greatly affected the teaching of science.

Abstract: 1 Augmentation of Machine Language Level -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Software and Hardware Functions -- 3. Relation between Source and Machine Languages -- 4. Hardware Interpretation of Expressions -- 5. Memory Organization -- 6. Program Information Structure -- 7. Subroutine Calls -- 8. Computers with Built-in Compilers -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- 2 On the Relation between Grammars and Automata -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Phrase-Structure Grammars -- 3. Finite Automata and Right Linear Grammars -- 4. Pushdown Automata and Context-Free Grammars -- 5. Deterministic Pushdown Automata and LR(k) Grammars… -- 6. Linear Bounded Automata and Context-Sensitive Grammars. . -- 7. Turing Machines and Phrase-Structure Grammars -- References -- 3 An Introduction to Information Structures and Paging Considerations for On-Line Text Editing Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Considerations for a Text Editor’s Information Structure -- 3. Fixed-Length Context Editors -- 4. Variable-Length-Line and “Superline” Editors -- 5. Statement-Oriented Editors -- 6. String-Oriented Editors -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- 4 An Introduction to the Structure of Time-Shared Computers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Computer Hardware -- 3. The Operating System Structure -- 4. The PDP-10 Time-Sharing System Structure -- 5. The Economics of Time-Sharing -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Error-Correcting Codes in Computer Arithmetic -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The General Theory of AN-Codes -- 3. Cyclic AN-Codes -- 4. Multiresidue Codes -- 5. Further Comments on Arithmetic Codes -- 6. Implementation of Arithmetic Codes -- 7. Conclusions -- References.

Abstract: Information systems science is advancing in various directions with rapid strides. Many diversified ideas and methodologies have been revised and extended. Numerous new techniques and approaches have been con­ ceived and developed. Some recent advances are covered in this series. The fourth volume of this series provides in-depth discussions of some newly developed theories and techniques concerning computer language-level augmentation, time-sharing systems, text editing systems, grammars and automata, and error correcting codes in computer arithmetic. In Chapter 1, V. K. Smirnov presents an authoritative review of the augmentation of machine language level. He discusses the effects of ex­ tension of computer functions upon machine language and the influence of development of software systems upon the augmentation of computer language level. Some specific ways of augmenting the machine language level are examined. The problem of information organization, storage, search, and retrieval in a computer is studied. The introduction of higher-level languages has stimulated widespread applications of computers. Formal language theory has been recognized as a topic offundamental importance in the study of information systems science. In Chapter 2, M. A. Harrison examines the phrase-structure grammars, the right linear grammars, the context-free grammars, the LR(k) grammars, and the context-sensitive grammars. The author discusses the relations between mathematical models of computers and a family of formal lan­ guages. The language theory may stimulate new ideas for the augmentation of machine language level.

Abstract: I. The Autonomy of Biology as a Natural Science -- II. The Model of Open Systems: Beyond Molecular Biology -- III. Electronic Mobility in Biological Processes -- IV. The Evolution and Organization of Sentient Biological Behavior Systems -- V. The Evolutionary Significance of Biological Templates -- VI. Evolutionary Modulation of Ribosomal RNA Synthesis in Oogenesis and Early Embryonic Development -- VII. Respiration as Interface Between Self and Non-Self: Historico-Biological Perspectives -- VIII. Measurement Theory and Biology -- IX. The Transition from Theoretical Physics into Theoretical Biology -- X. Scientific Enterprises from a Biological Point of View -- XI. Historical Observations Concerning the Relationship Between Biology and Mathematics -- XII. A Survey of the Mechanical Interpretations of Life from Greek Atomists to the Followers of Descartes -- XIII. The Place of Normative Ethics Within a Biological Framework -- XIV. The Evolutionary Thought of Teilhard De Chardin -- XV. The Use of Biological Concepts in in the Writing of History -- XVI. What is a Historical System? -- XVII. On a Difference Between the Natural Sciences and History -- XVIII. Historical Taxonomy -- XIX. Theories of the Universe in the Late Eighteenth Century -- XX. Must a Machine be an Automaton? -- XXI. Epistemology, the Mind and the Computer -- XXII. Marginal Notes on Schrödinger.

Abstract: In a world that peers over the brink of disaster more often than not it is difficult to find specific assignments for the scholarly community. One speaks of peace and brotherhood only to realize that for many the only real hope of making a contribution may seem to be in a field of scientific specialization seemingly irrelevant to social causes and problems. Yet the history of man since the beginnings of science in the days of the Greeks does not support this gloomy thesis. Time and again we have seen science precipitate social trends or changes in the humanistic beliefs that have a significant effect on the scientific community. Not infrequently the theoretical scientist, triggered by society's changing goals and understandings, finds ultimate satisfaction in the work of his colleagues in engineering and the other applied fields. Thus the major debate in mid-nineteenth century in which the evidence of natural history and geology at variance with the Biblical feats provided not only courage to a timid Darwin but the kind of audience that was needed to fit his theories into the broad public dialogue on these topics. The impact of "Darwinism" was felt far beyond the scientific community. It affected social thought, upset religious certainties and greatly affected the teaching of science.

Abstract: I. Introduction -- II. Basic Biomedicine -- Speed of application -- Reproductive physiology -- Regulatory mechanisms -- The lungs -- The hormones, insulin and diabetes -- Hormones and ulcers -- Neurophysiology and mental diseases -- Cardiovascular diseases -- Comparative physiology -- Macromolecules and DNA -- The proteins -- Enzymes -- Biosynthesis -- Metabolic events -- Energy -- The molecular basis of disease -- Rational design of drugs -- Application of basic knowledge -- Selected additional reading -- III. Clinical Medicine -- Infectious diseases -- Parasitic diseases -- Community health and epidemiology -- Military research contributions -- Drugs -- Immunology -- Transplantation -- Anesthesiology -- Surgery -- Cardiovascular surgery -- Cardiovascular disease -- Renal disease -- Pulmonary disease -- Hematology -- Endocrinology -- Medical genetics -- Pediatrics -- Obstetrics and gynecology -- Geriatrics -- Nutrition -- Neurology -- Psychiatry -- Ophthalmology -- Otorhinolaryngology -- Radiology -- Nuclear medicine -- Bioengineering -- Automation -- Rehabilitation -- Conclusion -- Selected additional reading -- IV. Dental Science -- Dental decay -- Periodontal disease -- Other clinical considerations -- Delivery of dental services -- Dental materials -- Orthodontics -- Surgical orthodontics -- Maxillofacial prosthesis -- Selected additional reading -- V. Food -- Food from plants -- Harvest to table -- Food from animals -- Animal disease control -- Preserving and distributing food from animals -- Processing and preserving foods -- Conclusion -- Selected additional reading -- VI. Population Biology -- Population potential and carrying capacity -- Populations in ecosystems -- Controlling pest populations -- Selected additional reading -- VII. Environmental Hazards -- Biological hazards to man -- Chemical hazards to man -- Physical hazards to man -- Selected additional reading -- VIII. Marine Sciences -- Feeding man -- Resource assessment -- Behavior studies -- Value of prediction of fishing success -- Preservation of fishery products -- Fish protein concentrate -- Management of renewable resources -- Diseases and parasites -- Man and his environment -- Health and medical research -- Selected additional reading -- IX. Natural Resources -- Man and his resources -- Land: the greatest resource -- Forest and timber resources -- Game management -- Technology in resource management -- Microbes—the unseen resource -- Conversion of waste to resource -- Preserving for the future -- Conservation of man’s abundance -- Selected additional reading.

Abstract: The Science of Life: Contributions of Biology to Human Welfare is the first of what we anticipate will be a series of monographs resulting from activities of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. From time to time material drawn from symposia presented at the an­ nual meetings of the Societies, when considered suitable, will be published as separate FASEB Monographs. Usually, the material will have appeared in Federation Proceedings. Occasionally, other papers resulting from symposia, conferences, or special meetings sponsored by the Federation or one of its constituent societies will appear as a F ASEB monograph. In some instances, special articles on the same topic will be drawn together under one cover. Why should information which has already been printed and distributed as a part of the editorial content of a journal be republished as a monograph? Most of the ma­ terial to be included in this effort, particularly the symposia presented at the annual meetings of the six Federated Societies, will summarize the state of the art ex­ cellently. Such information will be of considerable value to students and teachers, especially for undergraduate honors courses or in graduate studies.

Abstract: 1. Rationale for Computer Simulation in Materials Science -- I. Introduction -- II. Patterns of Science -- III. The Student and His Research -- IV. Examples of Systems Events in the Crystallization Area -- 2. Lectures on Large-Scale Finite Difference Computation of Incompressible Fluid Flows -- I. The Differential Equations -- II. Stability Analysis of the Difference Equations -- III. Applications of the Numerical Program for Incompressible Flow -- IV. Description of the Numerical Program for Incompressible Flow -- Appendix: Computer Listings of the Hydrodynamic Programs -- 3. Computer Simulation of Diffusion Problems Using the Continuous System Modeling Program Language -- I. Introduction -- II. System/360 Continuous System Modeling Program (S/360 CSMP) -- III. Heat Transfer in an Insulated Bar -- IV. The Freezing of a Liquid -- 4. Computer Simulation of Vapor Deposition on Two-Dimensional Lattices -- I. Basic Concepts of Physical Processes -- II. The Computer Simulation Model -- III. Random Numbers and Simulation Strategy -- IV. Real and Simulated Time -- V. The VDS Programs -- VI. The Computer Simulation Results -- References -- Appendix: Fortran Code -- 5. Introduction to Computational Theoretical Chemistry -- I. Basic Concepts of Computational Theoretical Chemistry -- II. The Nature of the Problem -- III. Real Molecular Systems -- IV. The Calculation of Quantum-Mechanical Two-Electron Multi-center Integrals via Transformation Theory -- V. Computational Results -- References -- Appendix: Fortran Code -- 6. Numerical Simulation of Weather -- I. Physical Phenomena -- II. Numerical Methods -- III. Computer Requirements -- References.

Abstract: This set of lectures is the outgrowth of a new course in the Department of Materials Science at Stanford University. It was taught collectively by the authors of the various sections and represents an attempt to increase the awareness of students in the materials area of computer simulation techniques and potentialities. The topics often ranged far afield from the materials area; however, the total package served the intended purpose of being an initiation into the world of computer simulation and, as such, made a useful first iteration to the intended purpose. The second iteration, which is in process, deals exclusively with the materials area. The course was designed to teach students a new way to wrestle with "systems" problems in the materials science work area that require the synthesis and interactions of several disciplines of knowledge. This course was a response to the realization that effective handling of real problems, which are essentially systems problems, is one of the most important at­ tributes of a graduate materials scientist. About a third of the course was devoted to the student's selected problem, in the materials area, which he simulated using the digital computer.

Abstract: 1. Macroscopic Theory -- 1.1 Electromagnetic field in a solid -- 1.2 Dielectric constant and optical conductivity -- 1.3 Crystal symmetry -- 1.4 Propagation of waves -- 1.5 Kramers-Krönig relations -- 1.6 The sum rule -- 1.7 Dispersion theory of classical oscillators -- 2. Crystal Lattice Absorption -- 2.1 Vibrational modes of a crystal lattice -- 2.2 Photon-phonon interaction -- 2.3 Microscopic theory of infra-red dispersion -- 2.4 Two-phonon absorption -- 3. Interband Transitions -- 3.1 Electron energy bands -- 3.2 Direct transitions -- 3.3 Critical points -- 3.4 Absorption band edges -- 3.5 Indirect transitions -- 3.6 Infra-red absorption in superconductors -- 4. Free Carrier Absorption -- 4.1 Classical theory -- 4.2 Intraband transitions -- 4.3 Electron transport -- 4.4 Surface admittance -- 4.5 Infra-red absorption in metals -- 4.6 Free carrier absorption in semiconductors -- 5. Plasma Effects -- 5.1 Free electron model -- 5.2 Volume plasmons -- 5.3 Surface plasmons -- 6. Exciton Effects -- 6.1 Electron-hole interaction -- 6.2 Optical absorption -- 6.3 Inert-atom solids and alkali halides -- 6.4 Semiconductors -- 6.5 Spatial dispersion -- 7. Non-Linear Optics -- 7.1 Classification of non-linear effects -- 7.2 Non-linear susceptibilities -- 7.3 Second harmonic generation -- 7.4 Parametric amplification and oscillation -- 7.5 Third order effects -- References.

Abstract: The electromagnetic theory of Maxwell and the electron theory of Lorentz and Drude stimulated a great deal of experimental work on the optical properties of solids in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The time was not then ripe, however, for general progress in this field. The experimental techniques were not available to produce suitable specimens for optical measurements with well­ defined structure and purity. On the theoretical side, the classical electron theory provided only a very incomplete account of the interaction of light waves with matter. The centre of interest in optical research moved to atomic and molecular spectroscopy where quantitative results were easier to obtain. The quantum theory, starting with Bohr's theory of 1913, provided a highly successful basis for the interpretation of the optical spectra of atoms and molecules. The present-day theory of the optical properties of solids is based on the quantum theory of electrons in solids, developed from the early researches of Sommerfeld and Bloch, and the theory of lattice vibrations originating in the research by Born. The formal con­ nection between optical absorption and electron wave functions in solids has been well known since the 1930s but it is only recently that electron energy band calculations have achieved sufficient accuracy to make profitable a comparison of experimental and theoretical results. Without some guidance from a theoretical band structure calculation, it would be difficult to make any progress with the in­ terpretation of an optical absorption spectrum.

Abstract: Concentration Fluctuations and Their Influence on Sound Absorption -- Spectrum of Aqueous Urea Solutions in the Near-Infrared Region -- Influence of the Effective (Local) Light-Wave Field on the Infrared Absorption Spectrum of Liquid Water in the Vicinity of the Valence-Vibration Band -- Raman Spectra of Water, Saturated Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions, and Ice Crystals -- The Germanium-Water Interface -- State of Water in Certain Perchlorate Crystal Hydrates Formed by Elements of Periodic Group II -- Investigation of Aqueous Nonelectrolyte Solutions by the Spin Echo Method -- Temperature-Related Changes in the Infrared Absorption Spectrum of Water in the Cerebral and Muscle Tissues of the Frog -- A Mass-Spectrometric Study of Disturbances of Water Exchange Through the Pulmonary Barrier in Animals -- Possible Role of Water in Neuromuscular Excitation -- The Two-Structure Model and the Heat Capacity of Water -- Study of the Structural Characteristics of Water from the Infrared Absorption Spectra of Aqueous Acetonitrile Solutions -- Concentration-Related Changes in the Spectral Characteristics of the Libration Band of Liquid Water in Acetonitrile and Acetone Solutions -- Investigation of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions by the Deflected Total Internal Reflection (DTIR) Method -- Concentration Fluctuations and Light Scattering in Aqueous Solutions of Propyl Alcohols -- Interpretation of the Spectrum of Ice and Water in the Valence- and Deformation-Vibration Regions -- Chemical Proton Shifts in H2O–D2O Solutions -- Self-Diffusion in Aqueous Solutions of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins -- Use of Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy to Investigate the Influence on Water Structure of a Number of Compounds with a Protective Action during Freezing of Human Erythrocytes -- Accessibility of Water in Muscle Fibers to Molecules of Different Sizes -- Calculation of Binary Distribution Functions and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Aqueous Solutions of Strong Electrolytes by the Monte Carlo Method.

Abstract: Insemination in Human and Veterinary Medicine -- Culture of Human Male Germ Cells in Vitro -- Preservation of Human Sperm by Liquid Nitrogen Vapor Freezing -- Motility and Morphology of Human Sperms after Freezing in Liquid Nitrogen -- Some Problems Involved in Freezing and Insemination With Human Sperm -- Oxygen Consumption of Human Spermatozoa and Seminal Plasma -- Extracellular Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase as a Measure on Membrane Injury in Spermatozoa During Treatment -- The Effect of Tubal Sperm Concentration on the Rate of Development of Swine Ova and Blastocysts -- The Practical Use of DF-Semen on Cattle in Sweden -- A Male Sexual Cycle -- Transplantation in Gynecology -- Transplantation of Gynecological Organs: Ethical Problems -- Medical Aspects on Transplantations in Gynecology -- Immunodepression: I. Principles -- Immunodepression: II. Radiologic and Pharmacologic Treatment -- Immunosuppressive Regimes Directed at the Lymphocyte -- Transplantation of Ovaries -- Significance of Transplantation of the Uterus and the Fallopian Tubes -- Anastomosis of Small Vessels -- Autotransplantation of the Uterine Horns and Ovaries in Female Rabbits -- Homotransplantation of the Uterine Horns in Female Rabbits -- The Use of Blastocysts in Human and Veterinary Medicine -- Discussion on the Use of Blastocysts in Human and Veterinary Medicine -- How Distant is the Clinical Use of Human Blastocysts? -- Laparoscopic Recovery of Pre-Ovulatory Human Oocytes After Priming of the Ovaries with Gonadotrophins -- Scanning Electron Microscopy of Mouse Blastocysts Before and at Implantation -- Recent Advances in Contraception -- Long Acting Polydimethylsiloxane Implants for Contraception -- Sustained Release Hormonal Preparations -- Experience with Norgestrel in Continuous Microdosage -- Influence of Low Doses of Gestagens on Some Pituitary-Ovarian Functions -- On the Way to a More Physiological Hormonal Contraception -- The Pill: On Chromosomes -- Amenorrhea Following Oral Contraceptives -- The Influence of Oral Contraceptives on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism -- Thromboembolism and Oral Contraceptives -- Possible Mechanism of the Anti-Fertility Effect of Copper -- Intra-Uterine Devices, Side-Effects -- Sterility I. Experimental -- Glycogen in Spermatidic Arrest -- Dihydrotestosterone (5 ?-Androstan-17-?-o1-3 one) in the Epididymis of Rats -- FSH-Releasing Activity of Clomiphenecitrat -- Sterility II. Clinical -- Estimation of Thiocyanate Level in Uterus. Preliminary Report -- Lymphocyte Transformation in Wife-Husband Mixed Leucocyte Cultures in Normal and Pathological Pregnancies -- Utero-Abdominal Reflux and Female Sterility. A Clinical Study -- The Experimental Artificial Oviduct -- The Effects of Mesterolone on Patients with Impaired Spermatogenesis and Sexual Disorders -- An Electromyographic Study of the External Urethal Sphincter During Ejaculation on Patients with Ejaculation Trouble Subsequent to Colectomy and Rectum Extirpation due to Colitis Ulcerosa and Crohn’s Disease.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1. Conspectus, 1; 1.2. Evolution of jaws, 2; 1.3. Fossil record, 4; 1.4. Environment, 6; 1.5. Classification, 7; References, 8; Bibliography, 9. -- 2 Class Cephalaspidomorphi -- 2.1. Classification, 10; 2.2. Cephalaspidomorph characteristics, 11; 2.3. Infraclass 1, Osteostraci, 12; 2.3.1. Structure, 13; 2.3.2. Growth and life history, 19; 2.3.3. Diversity and tendencies in evolution, 20; 2.4. Infraclass 2, Anaspida, 23; 2.4.1 Structure, 24; 2.4.2. Growth, 26; 2.4.3. Diversity, 27; 2.5. Infraclass 3, Petromyzonida, 27; 2.5.1. Structure, 27; 2.6. Incertae sedis Palaeospondylus, 28; 2.7. Mode of life, 29; References, 31. -- 3 Class Pteraspidomorphi -- 3.1. Classification, 35; 3.2. Pteraspidomorph characteristics, 36; 3.3. Subclass 1, Heterostraci, 36; 3.3.1. Structure, 36; 3.3.2. Growth and the evolution of the shield, 41; 3.3.3. Diversity and interrelationships, 45; 3.3.4. Mode of life, 49; 3.4. Incertae sedis Polybranchiaspis, 52; 3.5. Subclass 2, Thelodonti, 53; 3.5.1. Structure, 53; 3.5.2. Diversity and affinities, 55; 3.6. Relationships of agnathans, 56; References, 57. -- 4 Subclass Acanthodii -- 4.1. Classification, 61; 4.2. Acanthodian characteristics, 61; 4.2.1. Structure, 63; 4.2.2. Diversity and tendencies in evolution, 71; 4.2.3. Mode of life, 75; References, 76. -- 5 Subclass Osteichthyes. Infraclass Actinopterygii -- 5.1. Classification, 79; 5.2. Osteichthyan characteristics, 80; 5.3. Infraclass Actinopterygii, 81; 5.4. Superorder 1, Chondrostei, 86; 5.5. Order 1, Palaeoniscida, 86; 5.5.1. Structure, 87; 5.5.2. Suborder 1, Palaeoniscoidei, 91; 5.5.3. Suborder 2, Platysomidei, 94; 5.6. Order 2, Haplolepidida, 97; 5.7. Order 3, Tarrasiida, 97; 5.8. Order 4, Phanerorhynchida, 98; 5.9. Order 5, Dorypterida, 99; 5.10. Superorder 2, Holostei, 99; 5.11. Order 1, Semionotida, 100; 5.12. Tendencies in evolution, 102; References, 105. -- 6 Subclass Osteichthyes. Infraclass Crossopterygii -- 6.1. Classification, 110; 6.2. Crossopterygian characteristics, 111; 6.3. Superorder 1, Rhipidistia, 113; 6.3.1. Structure, 114;6.3.2. Order 1, Holoptychiida, 122; 6.3.3. Order 2, Osteolepidida, 125; 6.3.4. Order 3, Rhizodontida, 126; 6.3.5. Tendencies in evolution, 127; 6.4. Superorder 2, Actinistia, 127; 6.4.1. Structure, 127; 6.4.2. Diversity, 131; 6.5. Incertae sedis Onychodontidae, 131; 6.6. Mode of life, 134; References, 136. -- 7 Subclass Osteichthyes. Infraclass Dipnoi -- 7.1. Classification, 141; 7.2. Dipnoan characteristics, 141; 7.3. Structure and diversity, 144; 7.3.1. Structure, 144; 7.3.2. Diversity, 149; 7.4. Evolution and mode of life, 153; 7.5. Growth of cosmoid scales and bones, 154; 7.6. R elationships of teleostomes, 155; References, 158. -- 8 Subclass Placodermi -- 8.1. Classification, 161; 8.2. Placoderm characteristics, 162; 8.3. Order 1, Arthrodira, 163; 8.3.1. Structure, 164; 8.3.2. Diversity and tendencies in evolution, 170; 8.4. Order 2, Ptyctodontida, 178; 8.5. Order 3, Phyllolepidida, 180; 8.6. Order 4, Petalichthyida, 181; 8.7. Order 5, Rhenanida, 185; 8.7.1. Suborder 1, Palaeacanthaspidoidei, 185; 8.7.2. Suborder 2, Gemuendinoidei, 188; 8.8. Order 6, Antiarchi, 191; 8.9. Incertae sedis Stensioellidae, 195; 8.10 Evolution and mode of life, 197; References, 200. -- 9 Subclass Chondrichthyes. Infraclass Elasmobranchii -- 9.1. Classification, 206; 9.2. Chondrichthyan characteristics, 206; 9.3. Infraclass Elasmobranchii, 209; 9.4. Order 1, Cladoselachida, 210; 9.5. Order 2, Cladodontida, 213; 9.6. Order 3, Selachii, 215; 9.6.1. Suborder 1, Ctenacanthoidei, 215; 9.6.2. Suborder 2, Hybodontoidei, 217; 9.7. Order 4, Xenacanthida, 218; 9.8. Incertae sedis Order 5, Helicopriondia, 220; 9.9. Evolution, 221; 9.10. Mode of life, 222; References, 223. -- 10 Subclass Chondrichthyes. Infraclass Holocephali -- 10.1. Classification, 226; 10.2. Holocephalan characteristics, 227; 10.3. Order 1, Chimaerida, 229; 10.3.1. Suborder 1, Helodontoidei, 229; 10.3.2. Suborder 2, Cochliodontoidei, 231; 10.3.3. Suborder 3, Menaspoidei, 231; 10.4. Order 2, Chondrenchelyida, 233; 10.5. Order 3, Edestida, 234; 10.6. Incertae sedis Ornithoprion, 237; 10.7. Order 4, Psammodontida, 238; 10.8. Order 5, Copodontida, 238; 10.9. Incertae sedis Order 6, Petalodontida, 239; 10.10 Evolution and mode of life, 240; 10.11. Relationship of elasmobranchiomorphs, 242;References, 244. -- 11 Summary of the early evolution of fishes.

Abstract: I have revised Moy-Thomas's widely used book on Palaeozoic fishes in an attempt to incorporate some of the considerable advances that have been made in this field over the last 30 years, which have in some respects made the first edition seriously out-of-date. The book is now inevitably longer, but its scope remains the same and the original approach has been main­ tained as far as possible. I have, however, undertaken a certain amount ofre­ arrangement of the contents, consonant with our changing views of fish evolution, and have tried to reflect some of the current preoccupations of students of fish evolution in expanded sections on mode of life and relation­ ships. The illustrations have been completely replaced, and in selecting the figures I have been faced with an embarrassing richness of source material. In an attempt to keep the figures down to a reasonable number, I have decided that it is better to have a few species illustrated with clear drawings than give thumb-nail sketches of all the forms mentioned in the text, and as far as possible to restrict the illustrations to Palaeozoic species. All the illustrations have been redrawn to a common style, and in some cases they have been specially prepared or modified for this book. Authors' names are now included in the text and a list of references is given at the end of each chapter.

Abstract: Two Challenges to Holography: 1. Holographic Electron Microscopy; 2. Speckle-Free Illumination -- The Holographic Emulsion Layer as a Three-Dimensional Recording Medium -- 3-D Construction of Imaginary Objects by the Method of Holographic Stereogram -- Optical Aperture Synthesis Producing High Resolution Photographs by Incoherent Superposition of Low-Resolution Partial-Frequency Range Component Photographs -- Imaging with Low-Redundancy Arrays -- Correction of Lens Aberration by Holography -- Optical Transfer Function Measurement by Holographic Techniques -- Applications of Classical Theory of Interferometry to Holography -- Holography Using an Extended Spatially Incoherent Source -- Application of Holographic Interferometry to Mechanical Experiments -- Experimental Aspects of Holographic Interferometry -- Pulsed Laser Holography with TEMoo Mode Ruby Lasers -- Application of Non-Linear Hologram to Interferometry -- Digital Picture Processing and Holography -- Computer Synthesis of Holograms and Spatial Filters -- Pattern Classification Using Correlation with Random Masks — an Optical PAPA Device -- Correlation Techniques by Holography and Its Application to Fingerprint Identification -- Optical Image Deblurring Methods -- Real Time Image Processing -- Radar and Microwave Applications of Holography -- Acoustical Holography -- Proposed Applications of Holographic Technique to the Optics of the Eye and Vision Research -- A High Capacity Holographic Storage System -- Author Index.

Abstract: Holography has matured over the years since it was first invented by Dennis Gabor and further developed by many workers during the last decade. With some applications a commercial reality and many more continually appearing, it is now possible to compile a volume devoted to the applications of holography. This book consists primarily of papers presented at the second U.S. Japan Seminar on holography, held in Washington, D.C., from October 20-27, 1969, under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences, National Science Foundation, and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science. In addition to most of the papers presented at the seminar, several others are included because they cover important applications which are appropriate to this volume. Attendance at the seminar was limited to ten delegates from each country; these delegates being chosen so as to permit the seminar to include as wide a range of subjects as possible, with each delegate being recognized as an authority in his particular field of holography. In addition, Dr. Gilbert Devey (Program 'Director for Engineering Systems for the National Science Foundation, and the one most responsible for making the seminar possible), Professor Wolf F.

Abstract: Interpretation of Vacuum Microbalance Data during the High-Temperature Oxidation of Materials (Invited) -- The Simultaneous Use of Mass Spectrometer and Micro- balance Techniques for the Carbon — Oxygen System -- A System for the Determination of Oxidation — Reduction Kinetics in Nonstoichiometric Metal Oxides -- An Automated Bakeable Quartz Fiber Vacuum Ultramicrobalance -- Adsorption Studies with a Bakeable Quartz Automatic Recording Ultramicrobalance -- The Effect of Thermal Gas Motion on Microbalance Measurements (Invited) -- Gravimetric Adsorption Studies of Hydrogen on Granular Metal Surfaces Using a Vacuum Microbalance -- Gravimetric Measurement of the Molecular Area of Some Adsorbed Gases -- Vapor Adsorption Studies on Low-Energy Solids -- Momentum Artifacts in the Gravimetric Measurement of Fast Desorption -- On the Development of Electromagnetic Balances in Recent Years -- Pressure of Light Used as Restoring Force on a Microbalance -- Vacuum Microbalance Apparatus for Rapid Determination of Low-Temperature Vaporization Rates -- Wireless Temperature Measurement of a Sample in Vacuum -- Applications of the Quartz Crystal Resonator (Invited) -- Thermal Degradation of Piperazine Copolyamides -- A Thermal Analysis System for Radioactive Materials -- Thermal Degradation of an Anhydride-Cured Epoxy Resin by Laser Heating -- Author Index.

Abstract: This volume contains the proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Vacuum Microbalance Techniques held at Wakefield, Massachusetts on June 12 and 13, 1969. The tenth anniversary of the first confer­ ence will be registered as this volume passes through the typeset­ ting and proofreading stages. The eight volumes that have spawned from this continuing series of conferences now contain a total of 125 papers. Thus, these volumes serve as a major repository of the world's literature on vacuum microbalance techniques. The Ninth and Tenth Conferences will be held in West Germany in June 1970 and in Texas in 1971. Each of the eight meetings has served as a forum where new developments in this rapidly advancing field can be presented and discussed constructively within a conference atmosphere of cordial informality. The interaction of the participants at the conferences has led to the first treatise on ultra mlcrogravtmetry;' edited by S. P. Wolsky and E. J. Zdanuk, with most of the fourteen chapters written by steady contributors to the volumes on Vacuum Micro­ balance Techniques. The number of research investigations and published works in which a vacuum microbalance is utilized con­ tinues to expandr apldly. f This is a direct result of several types of automatic recording balances that are now available commercial­ ly. 3 The Eighth Conference was held to bring together again re­ search scientists and engineers who exploit the measurement of mass as a means of studying physical and chemical phenomena.

Abstract: 1 The Visual Display Unit for Data Collection and Retrieval -- 2 Graphic Presentation of Clinical Measurement and Monitoring -- 3 The Use of Graphic Input and Output Devices Attached to a Small Computer for Planning Radiotherapy Treatment -- 4 Small Computer Graphics in the Physiological Laboratory -- 5 Preliminary Analysis of Blood Flow Characteristics in the Abdominal Aorta by Computer Interpretation -- 6 Computer Graphics in Molecular Biology -- 7 Interactive Computer-Generated Stereoscopic Displays for Biomedical Research: -- I Development of Techniques -- II Applications -- III Development of the System for Molecular Structures.

Abstract: The graphics terminal makes it possible for people who are not computer specialists to communicate with computers on an inter­ active basis, without the delay or inconvenience of working constantly through an intermediary. It provides a language of shapes or symbols (full graphics) or words and numbers (alphanumerics) which is understood by both man and machine. The visual output and input facility has considerably widened the applications of computers within the medical world, bringing their enormous powers of data handling and simulation to bear on solving problems in adminis­ tration, patient monitoring and clinical analysis and research. The purpose of this book is to provide examples of the work being carried out now in the U.K. and U.S.A., showing the applications of all types of installations-from small to very complex-for both administrative and research uses. It gives a brief overview of benefits already derived and of future plans; of hardware utilisation and of software approach; of problems met and of problems solved. The intention is to acquaint executives and researchers in all branches of the medical world with the rapid progress being made in computer graphics and to stimulate thought on which way the technique can be developed to the advantage of all.

Abstract: The Life and Work of Andrei Borisovich Vistelius -- The Published Works of A. B. Vistelius -- I. Geologic Hypothesis and Probability Distributions -- Geochemical Behavior of Elements in the Lithosphere -- Generation of the Log-Normal Frequency Distribution in Sediments -- Correlation of Joint Trends with the Elements of Tectonic Structures -- II. Use of the Specific Properties of Multidimensional Space in Solving Geological Problems -- The Origin of Clastic Mineral Associations in the Aptian-Cenomanian Rocks of the Southwestern Ural and Mugodzhary Region -- On Locating Field Boundaries in Simple Phase Diagrams by Means of Discriminant Functions -- Two-Cluster Discrimination in Analytical Geochemistry using the Distance Coefficient -- III. Paragenetic Analysis -- Distribution of Percentage Values -- Niobium in Metagranites of the Polar Urals -- Linear Paragenetic Associations in Rocks and Minerals of the Ladoga Formation -- Processes of Magmatic Differentiation in Connection with Paragenetic Features among Rock-Forming Elements in Natural Glass -- IV. Analysis of Geologic Sections -- A Stochastic Model of Stratification (the Case of Unlimited Interstratal Erosion) -- The Vertical and Lateral Variation of a Carboniferous Limestone Area Near Sligo (Ireland) -- Use of a Harmonic Model for Analysis of the Dynamic System of Sedimentation in the Jatulian of Central Karelia -- Analysis of Sequences of Mineral Grains in Granites of the Kyzyltas Massif (Central Kazakhstan) as a Manifestation of the Markov Process -- Use of the Computer for Quantitative Analysis of Fossil Distribution -- V. Mapping Geological Characteristics -- Geometrical Properties of the Surface of the Alekseevka Uplift in the Kuibyshev District -- Sorting of Clastic Material in Eolian Deposits of Central Kara Kum -- VI. Various Geological Problems -- Heat Conduction Calculations on the Thermal History of Contact Aureoles -- Variance of Some Selected Attributes in Granitic Rocks -- The Role of Mathematical Statistics in Improved Ore Valuation Techniques in South African Gold Mines -- Fundamental Problems of Computing Reserves of Mineral Resources -- Visual Display of Computer Output Aids Geological Interpretation -- VII. Chronicle and Bibliography -- Trend Analysis of Geologic Data (Basic Literature) -- Mathematical Methods in Geology (Chronicle for the Period from September 1964 to September 1966).

Abstract: Collections of this sort are a regular publication feature of the Laboratory of Mathemati­ cal Geology of the Order of Lenin V. A. Steklov Mathematical Institute of the Academy of Sci­ ences of the USSR. In the future it is intended that further collections and monographs reflect­ ing the activity of the Laboratory be issued. In this present collection, in addition to workers of the Laboratory of Mathematical Geology, specialists of both Russia and many foreign countries participated. This has permit­ ted us to display the general level of mathematization of geology in 1966. In order to enhance the overall view, the editors have included a section "Chronicle and Bibliography" in which in­ formation is given on the most important actions relating to mathematization of geology taking place in 1965 and the first half of 1966, and which includes a bibliography on two-dimensional regressions having great practical value in geology but little known to us in the Soviet Union.

Abstract: Current Trends in Cryobiology -- 1 Effects of Low Temperatures on Microorganisms, Plants, and Cold-Blooded Animals -- 2 Preservation of Food -- 3 Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials: Some Physical and Engineering Aspects -- 4 Mechanisms of Injury and Protection in Living Cells and Tissues at Low Temperatures -- 5 Banking of Cells, Tissues, and Organs at Low Temperatures -- 6 Frostbite, Hypothermia, and Resuscitation after Freezing -- 7 Cryogenic Surgery -- Author Index.

Abstract: During the past 20 years there have been amazing developments in low temperature physics, engineering, and biology. They form part of the very rapid post-war growth in pure and applied sciences of every kind. During this period several branches of biology including immunology, molecular biology and, of course, cryobiology, have split off from their parent disciplines. One result of this splintering has been the development of separate jargons used by the specialists and sometimes incomprehensible to those working in closely allied fields. The pure physicists, chemists, and the applied scientists, including physicians, surgeons, and pathologists, find the new jargons particularly baffling. We have attempted in this monograph to present to cryogenic engineers a picture of cryobiologists and their problems using as few strange technical words as possible. We hope that this book will help to bridge the gap which has already formed between them in spite of the opportunities for collaboration in many projects. We hope that it may also be useful to scientific research workers and postgraduate students of many kinds united only by curiosity about cryobiology. We are very much indebted to Dr. K. Mendelssohn, who insti­ gated us to produce a monograph and who reassured us that cryogenic engineers are as keen to understand the current trends in biology, and particularly in cryobiology, as we are to enlist their help. We have had much help in preparing this book.

Abstract: I. A Realist View of Logic, Physics, and History -- II. Knowledge and Physical Reality -- III. The Science of History and Notions of Personality -- IV. The Growth of a Theoretical Model: A Simple Case Study -- V. Existence -- VI. The Problems of Unifying Cosmology with Microphysics -- VII. The Evolution of Evolution -- VIII. Plea for Pluralism in Philosophy and Physics -- IX. On Semantic Information -- X. Quantification and Ontological Commitment -- XI. Possible Internal Subquantum Motions of Elementary Particles -- XII. The Three Kings of Physics -- XIII. Scepticism and the Study of History -- XIV. Causation in History -- XV. Relativity Theory and Historicity of Physical Systems -- XVI. General Relativity as an Open Theory -- XVII. What Is Russell’s Theory of Descriptions? -- XVIII. The Non-Quantal Foundations of Quantum Mechanics -- XIX. Some Problems of the Connection between Technical Development and Economic History -- XX. Is Science Human? -- Conclusion The Editors.

Abstract: It is a trite and often lamented fact that every academic discipline suffers from the malady of overspecialization and expertise. Who, in his scholarly experience, has not encountered technical gibberish and the jargon of the pundit? The contributors to this work have aUempted to remove the artifi­ cial barriers between these respective disciplines. The purpose of this volume is to explore the ever present links between logic, physical reality, and history. Indeed there are not two or three or four cuItures: there is only one culture; our generation has lost its awareness of this. Though serious, it is not tragic. All we need is to free ourselves from the fetters of mere "technicalese" and search for a comprehensive interpretation of logical and physical theories. His'torians, logicians, physicists - all are banded in one common enterprise, namely in their desire to weave an enlightened fabric of human knowledge. It is a current, and perhaps weJcome, trend in philosophie inquiry to de-psychologize systems, methods, and theories. However, there is an equally fashionable tendency to minimize or even eschew the historical aspects of logical and physical theories, and analogously, there is a deep­ seated mistrust among physicists and cosmologists against the seemingly pure abstractions of logical formalisms.

Abstract: I. Regulatory Mechanisms -- Control of Red Cell Production -- Kinetics and Control of White Cell Production by Bone Marrow -- Heterogeneity and Circulation of Lymphocytes -- Megakaryocyte and Platelet Development and Regulation -- Discussion -- II. Metabolism and Function — A -- Normal Red Cell Metabolism and the Influences of Age and the Plasma Environment -- The Metabolism and Function of Red Cells with Inherited Defects -- Recent Studies on the Structure and Function of Leucocytes and Macrophages -- Increased Susceptibility to Infection Due to Dysfunction of Granulocytes -- Discussion -- III. Metabolism and Function — B -- Function of the Normal Lymphocyte -- Metabolism and Function of the Normal Platelets -- The Abnormal Platelet -- Discussion -- IV. Recent Developments in Therapy -- The Therapeutic Possibilities in the Hemoglobinopathies -- An Evaluation of the Present Status of Neutrophil Replacement Therapy -- Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Recent Concepts and Implications of Therapy -- Present Status of Blood Component Therapy -- Discussion -- Author Index.

Abstract: This volume is a collection of the presentations given at the sixth international research conference, Blood Cells as a Tissue, at The Lankenau Hospital, October 30 and 31, 1969. The conference was supported in part by the following pharmaceutical industries: Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois; Baxter Laboratories, Inc. ,. Morton Grove, Illinois; Bristol Laboratories, Syracuse, New York; Burroughs Wellcome and Company, Tuckahoe, New York; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana; Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardsley, New York; Merck Sharp & Dohme Post Graduate Program, West Point, Penn­ sylvania; Riker Laboratory, Northridge, California; Schering Corporation, Bloomfield, New Jersey; Squibb Research Institute, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Smith Kline and French Labora­ tories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This valuable support is gratefully acknowledged. The Conference Committee is especially indebted to the four chairmen, Dr. Allan J. Erslev, Dr. William J. Williams, Dr. R. Philip Custer and Dr. Sol Sherry, for their advice and guidance in the formulation of the program. Weare also grateful to the speakers for their splendid cooperation, and to all participants for their stimulating interest. The continuing support of the members of the Board of Trustees, of the Hospital Administration, and the Women's Volunteer Service played a major role in the success of the conference. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to the many members of the Hospital staff who contributed so willingly of their time to make the conference possible. A special vote of thanks goes to Mr. Ralph Hollerorth, Mrs. Carolyn Hyatt and Mrs.

Abstract: 1 Techniques for the Measurement of Electrode Processes at Temperatures Above 100°C -- Experimental Techniques -- Application of High-Temperature Electrochemical Techniques -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Surface- and Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior -- The Nature of Crystal Surfaces -- Environmental Effects on Crystalline Solids with Clean Surfaces -- Effects of Solid Surface Films -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Mechanism and Phenomenology of Organic Inhibitors -- Mechanisms of the Action of Organic Inhibitors -- The Role of the Metal in Inhibition -- Methods of Studying Inhibitors -- Organic Inhibitors in Various Aggressive Environments -- Summary -- References -- 4 Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum -- Short History -- Anodizing Processes of Current Importance and Interest -- Mechanism of Anodic Oxidation -- Properties of Anodic Oxide Films on Aluminum -- Corrosion Problems in Anodized Aluminum -- Acknowledgment -- References.

Abstract: This series was organized to provide a forum for review papers in the area of corrosion. The aim of these reviews is to bring certain areas of corrosion science and technology into a sharp focus. The volumes of this series will be published approximately on a yearly basis and will each contain three to five reviews. The articles in each volume will be selected in such a way to be of interest both to the corrosion scientists and the corrosion tech­ nologists. There is, in fact, a particular aim in juxtaposing these interests because of the importance of mutual interaction and interdisciplinarity so important in corrosion studies. It is hoped that the corrosion scientists in this way may stay abreast of the activities in corrosion technology and vice versa. In this series the term "corrosion" will be used in its very broadest sense. This will include, therefore, not only the degradation of metals in aqueous environment but also what is commonly referred to as "high­ temperature oxidation. " Further, the plan is to be even more general than these topics; the series will include all solids and all environments. Today, engineering solids include not only metals but glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids, and composites of these. Environments of interest must be extended to liquid metals, a wide variety of gases, nonaqueous electrolytes, and other nonaqueous liquids.

Abstract: Structural Aspects -- 1. Composition and Structure of Cell Membranes -- Kinetic Aspects -- 2. Transport in Homogeneous Liquid Phase -- 3. Passive Membrane Transport of Nonelectrolytes -- 4. Permeation of Ions and Water -- 5. Active and Coupled Uphill Transport -- 6. Kinetics of Tracer Exchange -- 7. Special Types of Transport -- Molecular Aspects -- 8. Molecular Basis of Transport -- Methodological Aspects -- 9. Incubation and Separation Techniques -- 10. Estimation of Solute Penetration -- 11. Interpretation of Transport Data -- 12. Bioelectrical Measurements -- 13. Volume Flow Measurements -- 14. Use of Artificial Membranes -- 15. Assay of Transport Proteins -- Comparative Aspects -- 16. Bacteria -- 17. Yeasts and Fungi -- 18. Algae and Higher Plants -- 19. Erythrocytes -- 20. Muscle -- 21. Nerve -- 22. Epithelial Layers of Anurans -- 23. Intestine -- 24. Kidney -- 25. Mitochondria -- 26. Tumor Cells.

Abstract: It is not a particularly rewarding task to engage in writing a book on a subject which is undergoing a rapid and potentially revolutionary develop­ ment, but, on the other hand, the investigation of transport of substances into and out of cells has reached a stage of maturity or at least of self­ realization and this fact alone warrants a closer examination of the subject. No one will doubt at present that the movement-mostly by selective translocation-of substances, ranging from hydrogen ions to deoxyribo­ nucleic acids, across the cell-surrounding barriers represents one of the salient features of a living cell and that, if we are permitted to go so far, the cessation of the selective transport processes might be considered as the equivalent of cell death. Hardly anybody will question the premise that cell and tissue differentiation within the ontogenetic development of an organism is closely associated with properties of the outer cell face. Perhaps no serious scholar will attempt to refute the concept that mem­ branes with characteristic morphology and composition represent the ar­ chitectural framework for the whole cell. And probably no experienced biologist will raise objections to the belief that many physiological processes, like nervous impulse conduction and other electrical phenomena of cells and tissues or their volume changes, are associated with membrane-regulated shifts of ions and molecules.

Abstract: 1 Pattern Recognition: Heuristics or Science? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principal Directions in Pattern Recognition -- 3. Parametric Models of Signals -- 4. The Method of Permissible Transformations -- 5. Methods of Analyzing Complex Pictures -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 2 Feature Compression -- 1. The Role of “Features” in Pattern Recognition -- 2. A Concrete Example of Feature Compression—Handwritten ZIP Code Reader -- 3. Discriminatory Feature Compression—SELFIC -- 4. Characteristic Feature Compression—CLAFIC -- 5. Implications of Subspace Model—Fuzzy Class -- References -- 3 Image Processing Principles and Techniques -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Filter Theory Applied to Images -- 3. Statistical Decision Theory -- 4. Adaptive Network Approaches -- 5. Image Features -- 6. Implementations: Staging -- 7. Implementations: Parallelism -- 8. Electrooptical Devices -- 9. Digital Computers -- 10. Optical Techniques -- 11. Comparison of Implementations -- 12. Conclusions -- References -- 4 Computer Graphics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Devices for Computer Graphics -- 3. Modes of Interactive Graphic Systems -- 4. Data Structures -- 5. Graphics Software -- 6. Graphic Languages -- 7. Conclusions -- Appendix 1. Choice of Equations for Generating a Circle -- Appendix 2. Method Given by Forrest for Parametrizing a Conic -- References -- 5 Logical Design of Optimal Digital Networks by Integer Programming -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Features of Logical Design by Integer Programming -- 3. Design of an Optimal Combinational Network with a Given Type of Gate by Integer Programming -- 4. Design of an Optimal Combinational Network with Building Blocks (or Composite Gates) by Integer Programming -- 5. Other Applications of the Integer Programming Logical Design Method -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- References.

Abstract: Information systems science embraces a broad spectrum of topics. It is vir­ tually impossible to provide comprehensive and in-depth discussion, other than simple recitals of recent results, of every important topic in each volume of this annual review series. Since we have chosen the former approach, each volume will only cover certain aspects of recent advances in this bur­ geoning field. The emphasis in this volume, the third of a continuing series, is focussed upon pattern recognition, pictorial information manipulation, and new approaches to logical design of information networks. In Chapter 1, V. A. Kovalevsky presents a tutorial survey of practical and theoretical developments in pattern recognition. He categorizes the basic developments in three different directions. The first direction is charac­ terized by an empirical treatment with highly specialized recognition schemes. In the second direction, the major efforts are centered upon the cre­ ation of learning systems capable of improving recognition performance on the basis of past experience. The majority of the work in the third direction is devoted to the study of the basic structure of complex patterns, the con­ struction of mathematical models for pattern recognition, and the analysis of complex pictorial representations. The author elucidates the "heuristics" approach and the "science" approach to pattern recognition problems. This chapter together with Chapter 2 of this volume supplements the chapter on Engineering Principles of Pattern Recognition in Volume 1 to provide a more complete treatment of this subject.

Abstract: I: Theory -- 1. The history and scope of ecology -- 2. Environment -- 3. Components of environment; resources -- 4. Components of environment; mates -- 5. Components of environment; predators and pathogens: aggressors -- 6. Components of environment; weather -- 7. Components of environment; malentities -- 8. Components of environment; more about the ecological web -- 9. Theory; the numbers of animals in natural populations -- II: Practical Course -- 10. Methods for estimating density, patterns of distribution and dispersal in populations of animals -- 11. Physiological responses to temperature -- 12. Behaviour in relation to moisture and food -- Bibliography and Author Index.

Abstract: In revising this book I have tried to bring the theory of environment up to date in the light of certain important criticisms that have appeared since 1961, especially in papers by T. O. Browning and D. A. Maelzer, and in the light of experience gained while using the book as a text for an undergraduate course in population ecology in the University of Adelaide. As a consequence the order in which the argument is pre­ sented has been altered. Some new material has been introduced to expand the discussion of certain topics, especially resources, pathogens, aggressors and territorial behaviour. But the general approach to the subject and the general theory remains very much the same as in the first edition. I am grateful to Professor F. Fenner and Dr F. N. Ratcliffe and to Cambridge University Press for permission to reproduce Fig. 5.04; to Professor D. O. Chitty and the Ecological Society of Australia for permission to reproduce Fig. 5.05 (with minor modifications); Fig. 3.03 has been modified from a figure in a paper by H. G. Andrewartha and T. O. Browning first published in the Journal of Experimental Biology. Adelaide, 1970 H. G. A. xi Preface to the First Edition My interest in animal ecology was first aroused by reading Elton's Animal Ecology. His definition of the scope of ecology which I quote in section 1.0 is still the best that I have met.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Nomenclature of multiple forms of enzymes. Numbering of isoenzymes -- 2 Techniques for the Separation of Isoenzymes -- Preparation of materials for isoenzyme separation. Electrophoretic techniques: general considerations; paper electrophoresis; starch-block electrophoresis; cellulose acetate electrophoresis; agar-gel electrophoresis; starch-gel electrophoresis; polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; column electrophoresis; iso-electric focusing. Chromatographic techniques:ion-exchange celluloses. Gel filtration -- 3 Detection and Determination of Isoenzymes -- Elution techniques: NAD- and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases; esterases; peroxidases. Detection of isoenzymes in electrophoretic media: ‘enzymoelectrophoresis’; tetrazoliumstaining techniques; ‘nothing dehydrogenase’ effect; staining techniques for esterases -- 4 The Chemical Nature of Isoenzymes -- Sub-unit structure: lactate dehydrogenase; creatine kinase;aldolase; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; tryptophan synthetase; catalase; caeruloplasmin. Presence of charged groups in isoenzyme molecules: alkaline phosphatase. Polymerization as the source of enzyme heterogeneity: cholinesterases; amylase. Conformational isomerism: malate dehydrogenase. Differences in amino-acid sequence -- 5 Enzyme Multiplicity in the Glycolytic Pathway and the Pentose—Phosphate Cycle -- Hexokinase: detection of hexokinase after zone electrophoresis; hexokinase isoenzymes in the erythrocyte; hexokinase in other tissues. Phosphoglucomutase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: demonstration of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase heterogeneity; chemical structure and properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; genetic variants of human erythrocytic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase heterogeneity in other tissues. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase: heterogeneity in human erythrocytes; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in other species; structure of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Phosphoglucose isomerase. Aldolase: classification of the aldolases;electrophoretic studies; fructose 1-phosphate aldolase. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. ?-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Phosphopyruvate hydratase (enolase). Pyruvate kinase -- 6 Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes -- Distribution. Chemical and kinetic properties: substrate specificities and affinities; effect of pH variation; effects of inhibitors; reactions with coenzyme analogues; effect of temperature. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in developing tissues. Genetic variants of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Diagnostic applications of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes:myocardial infarction; liver diseases; malignant diseases;diseases of muscle; diseases of joints: anaemia; pregnancy;renal diseases; non-electrophoretic diagnostic techniques:serum 2-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in diagnosis; relative heat-stability test; solvent-precipitation techniques; selective absorption techniques. Summary -- 7 Multiple Molecular Forms of Other Oxidoreductases -- Malate dehydrogenase: mitochondrial and supernatant malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; biological significance of malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in mammalian tissues; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in insect development; malate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of the chicken embryo. Isocitrate dehydrogenase: isocitrate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in heart and liver diseases. Glutamate dehydrogenase. Alcohol dehydrogenase: alcohol dehydrogenases of insects; avian alcohol dehydrogenases; alcohol dehydrogenases in mammalian liver; alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in plants. Xanthine dehydrogenase. Miscellaneous dehydrogenases -- 8 Aminotransferase (Transaminase) Isoenzymes -- Separation of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Properties of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Clinical applications of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes. Aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes in developing tissues. Alanine aminotransferase -- 9 Phosphatase Isoenzymes -- Alkaline phosphatase: distribution, paper electrophoresis; starch-block electrophoresis; agar-gel electrophoresis; starchgel electrophoresis; acrylamide-gel electrophoresis; electrophoresis on Sephadex G-200; cellulose acetate electrophoresis; ion-exchange chromatography; properties of alkaline phosphatases; substrate affinities; effects of inhibitors; heat inactivation; effect of neuraminidase; summary of catalytic properties of tissue alkaline phosphatases; immunochemical reactions; genetic studies; alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in bacteria. Acid phosphatase; electrophoretic separation; chromatographic investigations; genetic variants of human acid phosphatases -- 10 Multiple Forms of Esterases -- Aliesterases: genetic variations of non-specific esterases; ontogenetic observations. Cholinesterases: plasma cholinesterases; genetic polymorphism of serum cholinesterases; Cholinesterase isoenzymes in other species. Arylesterases:serum arylesterases; tissue esterases. Esterases and isoenzymes -- 11 Miscellaneous Enzymes -- Arylamidase: arylamidase isoenzymes in man; arylamidases in other species. Alanine aminopeptidase. Creatine kinase: creatine kinase isoenzymes. Arginine kinase. Caeruloplasmin (copper oxidase). Catalase. Carbonic anhydrase. Amylase: serum and tissue amylases; urinary amylase; macroamylasaemia. Other enzymes occurring in multiple forms: glycogen Phosphorylase; adenylate kinase; adenosine deaminase; tyrosinase; ribonuclease; deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase; peroxidase; hyaluronate lyase (hyaluronidase); ?-glycosidases -- 12 The Biological Significance of Isoenzymes -- Author Index.