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  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (896)
  • Agriculture and Food  (665)
  • Germany
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Review of G7 Government-led Voluntary and Mandatory Due Diligence Measures for Sustainable Agri-food Supply Chains (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264967441 , 9789264912816 , 9789264946699
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Agroindustrie ; Ernährungsindustrie ; Due Diligence ; Lieferkette ; Corporate Social Responsibility ; G7-Staaten ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This report aims to provide G7 agricultural policy makers with insights to better understand the design, objectives and mechanisms of national and regional, voluntary and mandatory due diligence-related measures. The report creates a fact-based selective inventory for policy makers to identify common elements across the measures with a view to strengthening, where possible, coherence of G7 policy responses to promote responsible business conduct in agricultural supply chains. The inventory also aims to help companies understand different national and regional standards by highlighting synergies and, where applicable discrepancies, to enable and support effective implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/f05af4a1-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reaching Climate Neutrality for the Hamburg Economy by 2040 (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264613249 , 9789264719736 , 9789264485068
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (210 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Studies
    Keywords: Klimaneutralität ; Klimapolitik ; Hamburg ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Energy ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Germany
    Abstract: Reaching climate neutrality requires economic transformations of unprecedented scale and speed. Immediate action from the business community can avoid unnecessary costs, create wellbeing co-benefits and prepare local businesses with a better competitive position in the future climate neutral economy. This report shows what reaching climate neutrality by 2040 means for Hamburg businesses and identifies key actions they need to undertake. It provides insights where the Hamburg economy and its businesses stand on the way to climate neutrality and on their needs to advance, drawing on a business survey. The study also shares insights from action plans of selected comparison cities. It points to cross-sector as well as to sector-specific challenges and opportunities for Hamburg businesses. This includes making better use of low-cost renewables, addressing energy efficiency in buildings as well as challenges and opportunities in activities in and around the port and in industry. It highlights Hamburg's potential as a hydrogen hub as well as the need to adopt circular economy practices. It illustrates that a regional and business perspective are necessary to achieve climate neutrality in prosperity, requiring individual and collective business action.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1e44672-en
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Building a Skilled Cyber Security Workforce in Europe : Insights from France, Germany and Poland (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264478763 , 9789264872738 , 9789264489943
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (117 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; IT-Kriminalität ; Frankreich ; Deutschland ; Polen ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; France ; Germany ; Poland
    Abstract: In an increasingly digital world, the significance of cyber security for individuals, businesses, and governments has never been greater. Rising cyber attacks are challenging current defence and operational capabilities, highlighting a critical shortage of skilled cyber security professionals. This report delves into the demand for cyber security expertise by analysing online job postings in France, Germany and Poland in between 2018 and 2023. It examines trends in the demand for cyber security professionals, the geographical distribution of job opportunities, and the changing skill requirements in this field. Focusing on France, the report also explores cyber security education and training programmes, the characteristics of the programmes, the demographics of enrolled learners, and their outcomes. Additionally, it reviews French policies and initiatives aimed at broadening the cyber security workforce and enhancing educational opportunities in this field. This comprehensive analysis is part of a larger effort to understand the evolving landscape of cyber security policies and professional experiences worldwide.
    DOI: 10.1787/3673cd60-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Not lost in translation : The implications of machine translation technologies for language professionals and for broader society (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.291
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; New Zealand ; Singapore ; Sweden ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: The paper discusses the implications of recent advances in artificial intelligence for knowledge workers, focusing on possible complementarities and substitution between machine translation tools and language professionals. The emergence of machine translation tools could enhance social welfare through enhanced opportunities for inter-language communication but also create new threats because of persisting low levels of accuracy and quality in the translation output. The paper uses data on online job vacancies to map the evolution of the demand for language professionals between 2015 and 2019 in 10 countries and illustrates the set of skills that are considered important by employers seeking to hire language professionals through job vacancies posted on line.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1d1d170-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Towards a taxonomy of agri-environmental regulations : A literature review (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.194
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Regulations are an important part of the policy toolkit governments can use to address climate and environmental objectives in agriculture. This report reviews existing literature on the characteristics and assessment of environmental regulations in agriculture. It finds that direct evidence on the outcomes and cost-effectiveness of agri-environmental regulations is generally limited and situation-specific. However, a taxonomy that classifies and organises information on regulations can give a sense of their number, the environmental domains covered, and the scope and depth of their application. This is potentially useful with respect to measuring progress on international commitments for action on climate change mitigation and other analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/1066cdef-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Costs, benefits and effectiveness of remote audits for international food safety (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.196
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Remote audits enabled international food trade to continue despite the severe COVID-19 pandemic disruptions, but what is their role in the future? Based on case studies and an OECD survey, this report examines the cost, benefits and effectiveness of remote audits. The analysis reveals that key benefits include lower travel expenses, reduced emissions footprints, more flexible use of time, and opportunities to train and involve more staff. There were nevertheless major drawbacks, including limitations to gather audit evidence, a heavy additional burden of preparation time, internet connectivity issues, and the lack of interpersonal engagement. In general, most stakeholders consider remote audits to be less effective than on-site audits, particularly for those of regulatory systems or for the physical auditing of establishments. This report highlights the need to harmonise the terminology in this area of work, and to develop practical guidelines on how and when to conduct remote audits.
    DOI: 10.1787/fef97106-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comportement des ménages et environnement : Opérer des choix durables sur fond de crises interdépendantes (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (160 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur la politique de l'environnement et le comportement des ménages
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How Green is Household Behaviour?: Sustainable Choices in a Time of Interlocking Crises
    Keywords: Energy ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Les choix des ménages – quoi manger, par quel moyen se rendre au travail, comment se chauffer, etc. – sont lourds de conséquences pour l’environnement. Alors qu’il est plus que jamais nécessaire d’agir en faveur de l’environnement et d’évoluer vers des modes de consommation plus soutenables, rendre ces choix plus durables promet de réduire notablement les incidences environnementales. Or, dans un contexte marqué par une accumulation de crises interdépendantes, les gouvernements peinent à accompagner les ménages afin de concrétiser ce potentiel. Le présent ouvrage passe en revue les résultats de l’enquête 2022 de l’OCDE sur la politique de l’environnement et l’évolution des comportements individuels. Cette enquête porte sur les attitudes et les comportements des ménages concernant l’énergie, les transports, les déchets et les systèmes alimentaires. Elle a été réalisée auprès de plus de 17 000 ménages dans 9 pays : Belgique, Canada, États-Unis, France, Israël, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, Suède et Suisse. L’enquête a aussi servi à recueillir des informations sur les raisons pour lesquelles les personnes interrogées changent de comportement et sur les obstacles qu’elles doivent surmonter, et offre de ce fait une source unique de données empiriques pour éclairer l’action des pouvoirs publics en faveur de modes de consommation plus durables.
    DOI: 10.1787/6892a2e0-fr
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Germany 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264596863 , 9789264665897 , 9789264369009
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (160 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-Umweltprüfberichte: Deutschland 2023
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; Deutschland ; Energy ; Environment ; Transport ; Germany
    Abstract: Germany has continued to improve its environmental performance over the past decade. It has ambitious climate targets with the aim to reach climate neutrality by 2045 and achieve negative emissions after 2050. Nevertheless, Germany will need to further accelerate climate action, particularly in the buildings and transport sectors, and address the triple crisis of energy, climate and biodiversity in an integrated and holistic manner. As part of its energy crisis response, Germany has taken a series of measures, which are historic in size and scope. They are set to massively accelerate its green energy transition in the coming years. It is also scaling up its engagement on climate change adaptation across all government levels and has initiated an ambitious programme to foster investments in nature-based solutions. This is the fourth OECD Environmental Performance Review of Germany. It provides 28 recommendations to help Germany further improve its environmental performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/f26da7da-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Politiques au service de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation de demain dans l'Union européenne (version abrégée) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264407435 , 9789264756458 , 9789264504981
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Policies for the Future of Farming and Food in the European Union
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Grande puissance agroalimentaire mondiale, l'Union européenne se caractérise par un système agroalimentaire résilient et capable de maintenir la productivité à la hausse dans un contexte économique et politique en constante évolution. Mais il en faudra plus pour que le secteur agricole réponde aux attentes en matière de durabilité environnementale. Le présent rapport, Politiques au service de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation de demain dans l'Union européenne, est le résultat de l'application du cadre d'analyse de la productivité, de la durabilité et de la résilience (PSR) mis au point par l'OCDE, avec les valeurs les plus récentes de ses indicateurs agroenvironnementaux, pour comparer le bilan du secteur agricole de l'UE en termes de productivité durable et pour recenser les principaux défis à venir. La Politique agricole commune (PAC) de l'UE est appelée à jouer un rôle de premier plan dans la mise en œuvre des buts et objectifs du pacte vert pour l'Europe. Les préoccupations urgentes qui touchent l'environnement imposent de repenser les paiements de la PAC, de combler le déficit de mise en œuvre sur le plan de la durabilité, d'appliquer une stratégie ambitieuse dans les domaines des données et du numérique et d'amener l'innovation au centre de la politique agricole.
    DOI: 10.1787/9f2518bc-fr
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Understanding the impact of consumer-oriented assurance schemes : A review of voluntary standards and labels for the environmental sustainability of agri-food products (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.200
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Assurance schemes (certifications and labels) are widespread in the agri-food sector. This paper reviews the landscape of existing schemes, and the evidence on whether labels change consumer behaviour, and whether assurance schemes achieve positive change on the farm. The impact of existing labels on shopping behaviours appears limited: even for well-established schemes, market shares remain low, as factors such as taste, health, or price appear to dominate consumer decisions. Regarding farm-level effects, not all crops, standards, and geographies have been equally well studied, and many studies find no effect; but when an effect is found, it is usually positive. The paper identifies actions to improve the effectiveness and inclusiveness of existing and new assurance schemes, and also highlights the new trend of labels which communicate environmental impacts, rather than conformity with process or production requirements.
    DOI: 10.1787/af917674-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sanitary and phytosanitary approval procedures : Key issues, their impact on trade, and ways to address them (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.192
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: Approval procedures are critical to sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) systems as they uphold countries’ commitments to facilitate safe trade. However, they can create significant costs and act as non-tariff barriers if not properly administered. This report examines the costs and opportunities that are associated with seven of the most pressing issues related to the administration of approval procedures. The analysis reveals that countries have increasingly raised specific trade concerns (STCs) to the WTO about issues related to approval procedures. Furthermore, gravity analysis demonstrates that trading partners dealing with STCs related to approval procedures trade 26% less on average than those not dealing with any STC. An OECD survey specifically designed to evaluate how issues related to approval procedures can be addressed indicates that multiple solutions exist to enhance efficiencies in agro-food trade, such as digitalizing SPS systems, relying on international standards or simplifying SPS measures.
    DOI: 10.1787/35c3fd16-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Länderprofile Krebs: Deutschland 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264533226
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe EU Country Cancer Profile: Germany 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Deutschland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany ; Amtliche Publikation ; Statistik
    Abstract: Mit den Länderprofilen Krebs werden in Bezug auf die 27 EU-Mitgliedstaaten sowie Island und Norwegen Stärken, Herausforderungen und spezifische Maßnahmenbereiche aufgezeigt, die als Richtschnur für Investitionen und Interventionen auf EU-, nationaler und regionaler Ebene im Rahmen von Europas Plan gegen den Krebs dienen können. Jedes Länder-Krebs-Profil bietet eine kurze Synthese von: der nationalen Krebsbelastung, den Risikofaktoren für Krebs (wobei der Schwerpunkt auf verhaltensbedingten und umweltbedingten Risikofaktoren liegt) ; den Früherkennungsprogrammen ; den Leistungen der Krebsversorgung (wobei der Schwerpunkt auf Zugänglichkeit, Versorgungsqualität, Kosten und den Auswirkungen von COVID-19 auf die Krebsversorgung lieg).
    DOI: 10.1787/435ea60e-de
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Decoding agricultural tariffs : A practical guide on databases with preferential tariffs in agriculture (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.191
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have become the major route for countries to reduce trade barriers and open new markets. To fully assess the current state of market opening for agricultural products and examine the potential impacts of RTAs, access to up-to-date and consistent information on preferential tariffs is crucial. There are multiple databases that collect information on preferential tariffs; however, it is not always easy to identify how these databases differ in terms of their data collection, treatment and representation, nor which database is the most appropriate for a specific type of analysis. This practical guide aims to help trade negotiators, policy makers, researchers, and private sector actors to identify which international or national database to use for their analysis of preferential tariffs on agricultural products.
    DOI: 10.1787/143e195b-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Labour and skills shortages in the agro-food sector (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.189
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Labour and skills shortages are a major concern in the agro-food sector across OECD countries. This challenge is compounded by the relatively small, and declining, contribution of agriculture to GDP, and the negative public perception of the sector with relatively low wages and limited career prospects. This paper reviews policies that have the potential to address labour and skills shortages in the agro-food sector including labour market, education and training, social protection policies, immigration, as well as agricultural specific policies. Many of the policy levers used to address the agro-food labour challenge lie outside the sector and involve finding the right policy mix that tends to be country specific. Furthermore, some issues can be addressed by closer public and private collaboration such as improving working conditions, increasing investment in agricultural education and training of young entrants to the sector. Greater attention also needs to be given to improving the image of agriculture as a career choice, promoting a more diverse workforce, improving the alignment of skills to the needs of the sector, promoting continuous learning, and strengthening national advisory services.
    DOI: 10.1787/ed758aab-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Electronic sanitary certificates for trade in animal products : Opportunities and Challenges (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.190
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: Electronic exchange of sanitary and phytosanitary certificates can facilitate trade in animal and plant products. The electronic exchange of certificates can benefit both exporting and importing countries through enhanced efficiency gains, improved transparency, and traceability, as well as improved risk management along the food chain. However, the policy levers associated with e-sanitary certification systems are complex and include trade policies, as well as regulatory policies, investment policies, and public health and animal health policies. Countries face substantial challenges in the adoption of electronic sanitary certification systems including the costs associated with building the infrastructure, providing training, and updating existing regulatory systems. This paper reviews the uptake of e-sanitary certification systems and discusses the potential benefits and costs of adoption of these systems. Effective co-operation and collaboration between the public and private sectors are critical to the adoption and maintenance of sustainable e-sanitary certification systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/5417ff4f-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Passion Fruit (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264374355
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (82 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This brochure is published within the framework of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables established by OECD in 1962. It comprises explanatory notes and illustrations to facilitate the uniform interpretation of the current standard for Passion Fruit. It demonstrates the quality parameters on high quality photographs. Thus it is a valuable tool for the inspection authorities, professional bodies and traders interested in international trade in this produce.
    DOI: 10.1787/0e8b71d3-en-fr
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The role of carbon pricing in transforming pathways to reach net zero emissions : Insights from current experiences and potential application to food systems (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (105 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.220
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper investigates the potential role and contribution of carbon pricing in transforming emission pathways towards net zero GHG emissions. It reviews carbon pricing’s impacts, overall and in the electricity sector in selected jurisdictions to date. The paper also analyses the current and potential application of emissions pricing (e.g. emissions trading schemes or carbon taxes) in food systems. The analysis finds that carbon pricing could contribute to net zero pathways alongside other policies, yet price levels and coverage to date have been too low to reduce emissions in line with the Paris Agreement’s goals. Carbon pricing’s contribution to net zero pathways could be further strengthened, including by incentivising demand-side shifts, sequencing policies and enhancing international carbon pricing collaboration. Applying emissions pricing in food systems faces significant short-term technical, methodological, and political barriers and could have just transition implications but reducing emissions from food systems could also lead to many co-benefits.
    DOI: 10.1787/5cefdf8c-en
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The demand for language skills in the European labour market : Evidence from online job vacancies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.294
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Austria ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; Croatia ; Cyprus ; Czech Republic ; Denmark ; Estonia ; Finland ; France ; Germany ; Greece ; Hungary ; Ireland ; Italy ; Latvia ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Malta ; Netherlands ; Poland ; Portugal ; Romania ; Slovak Republic ; Slovenia ; Spain ; Sweden ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This paper investigates the demand for language skills using data on online job vacancies in 27 European Union member countries and the United Kingdom in 2021. Evidence indicates that although Europe remains a linguistically diverse labour market, knowing English confers unique advantages in certain occupations. Across countries included in the analyses, a knowledge of English was explicitly required in 22% of all vacancies and English was the sixth most required skill overall. A knowledge of German, Spanish, French and Mandarin Chinese was explicitly demanded in between 1% and 2% of all vacancies. One in two positions advertised on line for managers or professionals required some knowledge of English, on average across European Union member countries and across OECD countries in the sample. This compares with only one in ten positions for skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers and among elementary occupations.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1a5abe0-en
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  • 19
    Online Resource
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    The adoption of innovation in international development organisations : Lessons for development co-operation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.112
    Keywords: Entwicklungsorganisation ; Innovationsakzeptanz ; Development ; France ; Germany ; Korea, Republic of ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: Addressing 21st century development challenges requires investments in innovation, including the use of new approaches and technologies. Currently, many development organisations prioritise investments in isolated innovation pilots that leverage a specific approach or technology rather than pursuing a strategic approach to expand the organisation’s toolbox with innovations that have proven their comparative advantage over what is currently used. This Working Paper addresses this challenge of adopting innovations. How can development organisations institutionalise a new way of working, bringing what was once novel to the core of how business is done? Analysing successful adoption efforts across five DAC agencies, the paper lays out a proposed process for the adoption of innovations. The paper features five case-studies and concludes with a set of lessons and recommendations for policy makers on innovation management generally, and adoption of innovation in particular.
    DOI: 10.1787/21f63c69-en
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  • 20
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    Artificial Intelligence in Science : Challenges, Opportunities and the Future of Research (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264446212 , 9789264332287 , 9789264928206
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (300 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Wissenschaft ; Forschung ; Energy ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Development ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The rapid advances of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years have led to numerous creative applications in science. Accelerating the productivity of science could be the most economically and socially valuable of all the uses of AI. Utilising AI to accelerate scientific productivity will support the ability of OECD countries to grow, innovate and meet global challenges, from climate change to new contagions. This publication is aimed at a broad readership, including policy makers, the public, and stakeholders in all areas of science. It is written in non-technical language and gathers the perspectives of prominent researchers and practitioners. The book examines various topics, including the current, emerging, and potential future uses of AI in science, where progress is needed to better serve scientific advancements, and changes in scientific productivity. Additionally, it explores measures to expedite the integration of AI into research in developing countries. A distinctive contribution is the book’s examination of policies for AI in science. Policy makers and actors across research systems can do much to deepen AI’s use in science, magnifying its positive effects, while adapting to the fast-changing implications of AI for research governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/a8d820bd-en
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  • 21
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    Policies for the Future of Farming and Food in Spain (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264806344 , 9789264792548 , 9789264498952
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (180 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Agriculture and Food Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Ernährungssicherung ; Spanien ; Agriculture and Food ; Spain
    Abstract: Spain has a dynamic and competitive agro-food sector. However, higher productivity has not always reduced environmental pressures. The agricultural innovation and knowledge system could play a key role in addressing the environmental challenges and improving the sector’s resilience. Policies for the Future of Farming and Food in Spain undertakes a thorough examination of the Spanish agro-food sector. It applies the OECD Productivity, Sustainability and Resilience (PSR) analytical framework along with the latest data from the OECD Agri-Environmental Indicators to benchmark the country’s sustainable productivity performance and to identify the main challenges facing the sector. This report proposes a new policy approach, which puts innovation at the centre of a strategy to reconcile environmental performance and productivity growth. Its policy recommendations focus on actions to improve the agricultural knowledge and innovation system and make it more responsive to the most urgent environmental pressures. This requires strengthening the institutional and regulatory framework that supports agricultural innovation and creating incentives to tackle the impediments for a more sustainable and resilient agriculture.
    DOI: 10.1787/a93d26be-en
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    Developing food labels for improved health outcomes : Insights into simplified nutrition labelling policies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (103 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.203
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Simplified nutrition labelling policies provide supplementary nutritional information in an easy-to-understand label displayed on food products at the front-of-pack. Forty-four countries have introduced these types of labelling schemes with a view to promoting positive public health outcomes. Preliminary insights on the impact of these schemes show that they can influence reformulation efforts by the food industry as well as consumers' purchasing decisions. The schemes differ, however, across several dimensions including implementation methods (voluntary or mandatory), the extent to which they provide consumers with nutrient information versus nutrition advice, the conveyed message, targeted products, design and appearance, and accompanying national policy mix. Their rapid proliferation across the world has led to a diversity of schemes which can have implications for private sector decisions and trade. Mechanisms to improve the availability of information and reduce administrative hurdles should be considered in order to improve the integration and use of such schemes, and to facilitate trade. Improving consistency across the nutrient criteria that underpin the different schemes could be considered when reviews are undertaken, especially at the regional level.
    DOI: 10.1787/c1f4d81d-en
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    Climate change adaptation policies to foster resilience in agriculture : Analysis and stocktake based on UNFCCC reporting documents (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.202
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: National climate change adaptation programmes can strengthen agriculture's resilience to adverse climatic events by investing in absorptive capacity to mitigate the impact of a shock in the short run, adaptive capacity to effect incremental changes in the medium run, and transformative capacity to create fundamentally new agricultural production systems in the long run. Using UNFCCC reporting documents, this analysis takes stock of agricultural climate change adaptation programmes in OECD countries and evaluates their contribution to developing resilience. Significant investments have been undertaken in the creation of decision support tools, the management of soil and water resources, and cultivar selection and breeding to address key agricultural vulnerabilities, namely drought, flooding and declining crop yields. Adaptation programmes developed to date most heavily emphasise adaptive capacity to address sustained and growing climate risks. Actions that contribute to transformative capacity are beginning to emerge, but lag behind medium-run measures.
    DOI: 10.1787/5fa2c770-en
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    Policies for the Future of Farming and Food in the European Union (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264710191 , 9789264384163 , 9789264437524
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (283 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Agriculture and Food Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Politiques au service de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation de demain dans l'Union européenne (version abrégée)
    Keywords: EU-Agrarpolitik ; Ernährungssicherung ; EU-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: The European Union is one of the world's largest agro-food players. In an ever-changing economic and policy environment, the EU agro-food system has demonstrated its resilience and the ability to keep productivity growing. More needs to be done for the agricultural sector to improve its environmental sustainability performance in line with expectations. Policies for the Future of Farming and Food in the European Union applies the OECD Productivity, Sustainability and Resilience (PSR) analytical framework along with the latest data from the OECD Agri-Environmental Indicators to benchmark the sustainable productivity performance of the EU's agricultural sector and to identify the main challenges ahead. The EU´s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is called to play an important role in implementing the European Green Deal's vision and objectives. Responding to pressing environmental concerns will require redesigning CAP payments, addressing the implementation gap on sustainability, implementing an ambitious data and digitalisation strategy, and bringing innovation to the centre of the agricultural policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/32810cf6-en
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Germany 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264843240
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Länderprofile Krebs: Deutschland 2023
    Keywords: Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Deutschland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Abstract: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Germany as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/fcc8586e-en
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    Reshaping Decentralised Development Co-operation in Germany (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264395183 , 9789264978065 , 9789264908420
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (127 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Urban Studies
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Dezentralisierung ; Deutschland ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Germany
    Abstract: German federal states and municipalities have engaged in decentralised development co-operation (DDC) since the 1950s. Germany provides over half of total official development assistance (ODA) in the world that is channelled as DDC. However, most of this support remains within German borders. To incentivise further international partnerships, the federal government has established dedicated programmes and financial support schemes for states and municipalities. This report presents key data on the DDC landscape in Germany and offers guidance on how to strengthen its role in enabling peer-to-peer learning and improve collaboration between German states and municipalities. It also showcases how to further raise awareness about the mutual benefits of DDC partnerships, including through better ODA data reporting and a harmonised approach to monitoring and evaluating its results across levels of government.
    DOI: 10.1787/afedb776-en
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    Panduan OECD‑FAO untuk Rantai Pemasok Agrikultura yang Bertanggung Jawab (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264534643
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-FAO Guidance for Responsible Agricultural Supply Chains (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Guide OCDE-FAO pour des filières agricoles responsables
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Руководство ОЭСР-ФАО по ответственным производственно-сбытовым цепочкам в сфере сельского хозяйства
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Guia OCDE-FAO para Cadeias de Fornecimento Responsáveis no setor agrícola
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Guía OCDE-FAO para las cadenas de suministro responsable en el sector agrícola
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD/FAO-Leitfaden für verantwortungsvolle landwirtschaftliche Lieferketten
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe توجيهات منظمة التعاون والتنمية في الميدان الاقتصادي ومنظمة الأغذية والزراعة بشأن سلاسل الإمدادات الزراعية المسؤولة
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-FAO Guidance for Responsible Agricultural Supply Chains
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Governance
    Abstract: OECD dan FAO telah mengembangkan Panduan ini untuk membantu perusahaan mematuhi standar perilaku bisnis yang bertanggung jawab dan melakukan uji tuntas di sepanjang rantai pemasok agrikultura untuk memastikan bahwa operasi mereka berkontribusi pada pembangunan berkelanjutan. Pedoman tersebut terdiri dari: • Model kebijakan perusahaan yang menguraikan standar yang harus dipatuhi oleh perusahaan untuk menciptakan rantai pemasok agrikultura yang bertanggung jawab. • Kerangka kerja untuk uji tuntas yang menjabarkan lima langkah yang harus diikuti oleh perusahaan untuk mengidentifikasi, menilai, memitigasi, dan menjelaskan cara mengatasi dampak merugikan dari aktivitas mereka. • Uraian risiko utama yang dihadapi oleh perusahaan dan tindakan untuk memitigasi risiko ini. • Panduan untuk berinteraksi dengan penduduk asli.
    DOI: 10.1787/1286bb3f-id
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    Pursuing higher environmental goals for agriculture in an interconnected world : Climate change and pesticides (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.193
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Governments in many countries are pursuing higher environmental goals for agriculture. However, in an interconnected world, the unilateral adoption of environmental policies for agriculture can reduce the producers’ competitiveness and induce pollution leakage. This report analyses these challenges and discusses policy solutions, focusing on two examples: climate change mitigation policies and policies limiting the environmental impacts of pesticides. The extent of competitiveness and leakage effects is found to depend on market conditions, differences in pollution intensity, and the type of environmental policy adopted. Two policy routes are identified to improve agriculture’s environmental performance while maintaining the benefits of global markets. The first route relies on “direct” environmental policies, such as market-based instruments or regulations, which are rapidly effective in limiting environmental impacts but may require additional complementary policies to limit their potential competitiveness and leakage impacts. The second route involves alternative policies acting on agricultural supply, demand, or through private sector engagement, which limit competitiveness and leakage impacts but may require time to be environmentally effective.
    DOI: 10.1787/99d917ab-en
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  • 29
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    Characterising farming resilience capacities : An example of crop farms in the United Kingdom (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.195
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Improving the resilience of farmers against external shocks is a priority for policy makers. This paper measures the resilience of a sample of farmers in the United Kingdom to assess the impact of the 2011-12 drought on their productivity and income. The analysis allows for the distinction of four resilience capacities: to prepare; to absorb the immediate impact of the shock; to adapt farming practices to a new environment; and to transform the business model, and improve productivity and income in the longer term. Results show that a single farm rarely performs strongly across these four capacities, and that those farms that best absorb the impact of the drought, perform poorly in transforming their business after the shock. While size and diversification improve absorption and adaptation, innovation is a key driver of long-term resilience to keep the pace of productivity gains. In the past, policies on agricultural risk management focused on the absorption capacity of farms and on stabilising income. Forward-looking resilience policies today need to prioritise other capacities, in particular preparedness, adaptation and transformation.
    DOI: 10.1787/1e26883b-en
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    OECD-Umweltprüfberichte: Deutschland 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264703315 , 9789264929364 , 9789264583337
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (171 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD-Umweltprüfberichte
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Germany 2023
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; Deutschland ; Energy ; Environment ; Transport ; Germany
    Abstract: Die Umweltergebnisse haben sich in Deutschland in den vergangenen zehn Jahren weiter verbessert. Das Land verfolgt ehrgeizige Klimaziele, um bis 2045 Klimaneutralität und nach 2050 Negativemissionen zu erreichen. Dennoch muss Deutschland seine Klimamaßnahmen vor allem im Gebäude- und im Verkehrssektor weiter beschleunigen und sich ganzheitlich mit der Energie-, Klima- und Biodiversitätskrise auseinandersetzen. Als Reaktion auf die Energiekrise wurde eine Reihe von Maßnahmen ergriffen, deren Größenordnung und Reichweite historisch sind. Diese dürften die Energiewende in den kommenden Jahren deutlich schneller voranbringen. Außerdem verstärkt Deutschland sein Engagement in der Klimaanpassung auf allen staatlichen Ebenen und hat ein ehrgeiziges Förderprogramm für Investitionen in naturbasierte Lösungen aufgelegt. Dies ist die vierte Ausgabe des OECD-Umweltprüfberichts Deutschland. Er enthält 28 Empfehlungen, die Deutschland helfen sollen, seine Umweltergebnisse weiter zu verbessern.
    DOI: 10.1787/9a336992-de
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    Mitigating the impact of extreme weather events on agricultural markets through trade (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.198
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: Extreme weather events can disrupt agricultural markets, but agricultural trade can help address subsequent food security concerns. Using the Aglink-Cosimo model, this stochastic scenario analysis sheds light on the complex relationships between trade and food security in an environment where extreme weather events create uncertainty. The analysis suggests that trade integration makes countries less vulnerable to negative yield shocks by mitigating the risk of extreme food prices and by stabilising food availability. Although no model can capture the complex process and consequences of opening this sector to trade, it is clear that trade integration needs to be part of a wider coherent policy package to improve food security.
    DOI: 10.1787/aa584482-en
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    Lignes directrices pour l'élaboration d'un indicateur de biodiversité des habitats agricoles propre à l'OCDE (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Guidelines for the development of an OECD farmland habitat biodiversity indicator
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: La moitié des terres habitables de la planète étant utilisée pour l'agriculture, la surveillance de la biodiversité des terres agricoles est essentielle pour atteindre les objectifs de la Convention des Nations Unies sur la diversité biologique (CDB). Ce document vise à faire progresser la surveillance de la biodiversité agricole dans les pays de l'OCDE en étudiant les initiatives nationales actuelles et en proposant des lignes directrices pour l'élaboration d'un indicateur fondé sur l'habitat. L'approche proposée fournit un cadre flexible et pragmatique pour harmoniser les rapports des programmes nationaux tout en tenant compte de la diversité des facteurs contextuels d'un pays à l'autre, notamment les systèmes agricoles, le climat, les conditions biophysiques et les pools d'espèces. Afin de faciliter la mise en œuvre de l'indicateur à court terme, il est prévu trois niveaux de notification, qui dépendent de la disponibilité des données, de sorte que tous les pays peuvent participer, qu'ils disposent de ressources limitées en matière de données ou qu'ils soient déjà dotés de programmes de surveillance.
    DOI: 10.1787/e72d9f28-fr
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    Unlocking the potential of teleworking to address labour shortages in the Ems-Achse, Germany (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2023/18
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Germany
    Abstract: In the north-western corner of Germany, the Ems-Achse, a rural region, has witnessed a decade of economic growth. This growth has exacerbated labour shortages, primarily due to an aging population and the outmigration of youth. Acknowledging the potential of teleworking, regional stakeholders aim to explore its capacity to address labour gaps and attract a broader talent pool. This paper delves into three main dimensions for harnessing teleworking's potential: activating individuals who are not currently seeking employment, expanding the talent pool to include surrounding areas, and attracting workers from congested urban areas or overseas. To facilitate successful teleworking, the region can bolster its high-speed internet infrastructure, promote a culture of flexibility in management and nurture digital skills. Additionally, increasing opportunities for higher education, improving public transportation and enhancing international accessibility could help profile the Ems-Achse as an attractive hub for teleworkers.
    DOI: 10.1787/ea8dc114-en
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    Guidelines for the development of an OECD farmland habitat biodiversity indicator (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.201
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Lignes directrices pour l'élaboration d'un indicateur de biodiversité des habitats agricoles propre à l'OCDE
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: With half of the world's habitable land being used for agriculture, monitoring the biodiversity on agricultural land is essential for meeting the objectives of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). This paper seeks to advance the monitoring of farmland biodiversity in OECD countries by investigating current national initiatives and proposing guidelines for the development of an indicator based on habitat. The proposed approach provides a flexible and pragmatic framework to harmonise reporting from national programmes while accommodating cross-country diversity in contextual factors, including farming systems, climate, biophysical conditions and species pools. To facilitate implementation in the near term, the indicator includes a three-tiered approach to reporting based on data availability, which accommodates countries with limited data resources as well as those that currently have monitoring programmes in place.
    DOI: 10.1787/09d45d55-en
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    Reaching net zero while safeguarding competitiveness and social cohesion in Germany (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1768
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: Germany intends to reach climate neutrality in 2045, tripling the speed of emission reductions that was achieved between 1990 and 2019. Soaring energy prices and the need to replace Russian energy imports have amplified the urgency to act. Various policy adjustments are needed to ensure implementation and achieve the transition to net zero cost-effectively. Lengthy planning and approval procedures risk slowing the expansion of renewables, while fossil fuel subsidies and generous tax exemptions limit the effectiveness of environmental policies. Germany should continue to rely on carbon pricing as a keystone of its mitigation strategy and aim to harmonise prices across sectors and make them more predictable. Carbon prices will be more effective if complemented by well-designed sectoral regulations and subsidies, especially for boosting green R&D, expanding sustainable transport and electricity network infrastructure, and decarbonising the housing sector. Subsidies for mature technologies and specific industries should be gradually phased out. Using carbon tax revenue to compensate low-income households and improve the quality of active labour market policies would help to support growth and ensure that the transition does not weaken social cohesion.
    DOI: 10.1787/5bf13192-en
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    The impact of AI on the workplace: Main findings from the OECD AI surveys of employers and workers (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (156 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.288
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Austria ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Ireland ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: New OECD surveys of employers and workers in the manufacturing and finance sectors of seven countries shed new light on the impact that Artificial Intelligence has on the workplace —an under-researched area to date due to lack of data. The findings suggest that both workers and their employers are generally very positive about the impact of AI on performance and working conditions. However, there are also concerns, including about job loss—an issue that should be closely monitored. The surveys also indicate that, while many workers trust their employers when it comes to the implementation of AI in the workplace, more can be done to improve trust. In particular, the surveys show that both training and worker consultation are associated with better outcomes for workers.
    DOI: 10.1787/ea0a0fe1-en
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    A territorial approach to the Sustainable Development Goals in Rhine-Neckar, Germany (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Papers no.40
    Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals ; Rhein-Neckar-Gebiet ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Germany
    Abstract: To achieve its vision to become one of the most attractive and competitive regions in Europe by 2025, the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region put in place eleven fields of action that promote sustainability across policy areas, such as sustainable and needs-based mobility, regional innovation promotion, regional energy transition and education of the future. This report offers guidance on how the metropolitan region could harness the SDGs as an integrated framework to address its main challenges, including climate change, the impacts of digitalisation on the labour market, territorial disparities among urban and rural areas as well as the co-ordination of actors and policies across three different federal states, notably on funding.
    DOI: 10.1787/7705cc09-en
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    The Road to LGBTI+ Inclusion in Germany : Progress at the Federal and Länder Levels (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264946477
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (168 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Homosexualität ; Geschlecht ; Gleichstellungspolitik ; Soziale Integration ; Deutschland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Germany
    Abstract: This report is the first country review undertaken as part of the OECD work on LGBTI+ inclusion. It explores legal and policy progress towards LGBTI+ equality in Germany at both the national and subnational levels, and identifies good practices. The report first investigates the life situation of LGBTI+ Germans by presenting the most up-to-date data on the share of Germans who self-identify as LGBTI+, evaluating the extent to which LGBTI+ Germans face discrimination and violence, and assessing how this population fares in terms of well-being, mental and physical health. The report then examines whether laws critical to achieving LGBTI+ equality have been passed and how LGBTI+ equality in Germany could be further improved through legislation. Finally, beyond laws, the report focuses on policy achievements towards LGBTI+ equality, by distinguishing between remedial policies, aimed at enforcing antidiscrimination and anti-violence laws, and preventive policies, aimed at fostering a culture of equal treatment of LGBTI+ individuals at school, in the workplace, and in healthcare.
    DOI: 10.1787/977b463a-en
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    Fostering agricultural and rural policy dialogue (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.197
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Agricultural and rural policies can benefit from potential synergies when designed correctly. Broadly speaking, agricultural policies target farms and food production, while rural policies focus on ensuring the development of a territory and the well-being of the rural population. Despite these differences, both policies are often applied within the same territory and share a growing interest in improving environmental sustainability and adapting to climate change, as well as improving inclusiveness, food security and nutrition, and increasing productivity and innovation. This paper calls for a constructive dialogue on policies and processes to enhance the synergies and coherence in policy advice, and helping to resolve possible trade-offs between agricultural and rural policies. There are many opportunities to build on potential synergies, including on the role of agriculture in structural change in rural areas, on diversifying farm and rural economies, and on ensuring environmental sustainability.
    DOI: 10.1787/d36fcbad-en
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    Towards a National Circular Economy Strategy for Hungary (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264595521 , 9789264797598 , 9789264945173
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (249 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Ungarn ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Development ; Hungary
    Abstract: The growing demand for raw materials in the Hungarian economy projected up to 2050 is expected to exert significant additional pressure on the environment, putting the country at risk of missing important environmental goals and opportunities to strengthen the competitiveness and resilience of its economy. Despite the notable progress in decoupling environmental pressures from economic activities over the past 20 years, several challenges remain. The transition to a circular economy has significant potential to address these challenges. To fully realise the circular potential of its economy, Hungary will need to adopt a comprehensive circular economy policy framework. This report outlines a set of key elements for the development of the Hungarian national circular economy strategy and action plan. It identifies priority areas that are deemed critical to the Hungarian circular economy transition, including: biomass and food, construction and plastics, as well as cross-cutting horizontal tools to facilitate an economy-wide circular transition. It also provides 45 policy recommendations and suggests specific implementation actions across the priority areas for the short, medium and long term.
    DOI: 10.1787/1178c379-en
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    Policies for the Future of Farming and Food in the Netherlands (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264462045 , 9789264842250 , 9789264854727
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (147 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Agriculture and Food Policy Reviews
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Landwirtschaft ; Umweltpolitik ; Niederlande ; Agriculture and Food ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The Netherlands has built an agricultural sector that is a world leader in productivity and competitiveness. But environmental challenges have grown increasingly urgent and the sector will have to adjust. A recent court ruling on nitrogen pollution has set the stage for a transition towards a more environmentally sustainable path that will be difficult and contentious. Leveraging the strong innovation capacity of the sector will be key to finding long-term solutions that work for farmers, citizens and the environment. Policies for the Future of Farming and Food in the Netherlands takes stock of the current situation in the agriculture sector. It applies the OECD Productivity, Sustainability and Resilience (PSR) analytical framework along with the latest data from the OECD Agri-Environmental Indicators to benchmark the country’s sustainable productivity performance and to identify the main challenges facing the sector, and make suggestions for a possible path forward.
    DOI: 10.1787/bb16dea4-en
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  • 42
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    How Green is Household Behaviour? : Sustainable Choices in a Time of Interlocking Crises (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264556928 , 9789264172746 , 9789264922945
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (180 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Environmental Policy and Household Behaviour
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Comportement des ménages et environnement : Opérer des choix durables sur fond de crises interdépendantes
    Keywords: Privater Haushalt ; Umweltbewusstsein ; Nachhaltiger Konsum ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Transport
    Abstract: Household choices – such as what to eat, how to get to work and how to heat our homes – have significant implications for the environment. With the urgency of environmental action and the need to shift to more sustainable consumption patterns, making more sustainable choices holds great potential to reduce environmental impacts. Yet in the context of interlocking crises, governments face challenges in supporting households with policies that realise this potential. How Green is Household Behaviour? presents an overview of results from the 2022 OECD Survey on Environmental Policies and Individual Behaviour Change. The survey investigates household attitudes and behaviour with respect to energy, transport, waste and food systems. It was carried out across more than 17 000 households in 9 countries, including Belgium, Canada, Israel, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The data collected also include information on self-reported motivations and barriers to change, providing a unique source of empirical evidence to inform policy efforts to shift to more sustainable consumption patterns.
    DOI: 10.1787/2bbbb663-en
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  • 43
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    Innovative agro-food industries in the EU Outermost Regions (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.49
    Keywords: Economics ; Development ; Agriculture and Food ; France ; Portugal ; Spain
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of agro-food value chains in the EU Outermost Regions (EU ORs). It assesses emerging trends, discusses opportunities and challenges, reviews the policy frameworks and tools that can strengthen the beneficial participation of EU ORs in international agro-food value chains, and proposes priority actions. The paper is developed within the framework of the EU-OECD project on Global Outermost Regions.
    DOI: 10.1787/0d615c8d-en
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  • 44
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    The G20 initiative for rural youth employment : A better future for rural youth (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.48
    Keywords: Development ; Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Between 2017 and 2022, G20 members invested over USD 20 billion in 671 projects related to rural youth employment in Africa. The G20 Initiative for Rural Youth Employment (RYE), launched in 2017, overachieved the targets set to provide employment-related skills to 5 million youth and create 1.1 million jobs by 2022. The most common types of interventions were those focused on agriculture value chain development, skills training, and the promotion of entrepreneurship and small and medium-sized businesses. The paper assesses the achievements of the G20 Initiative for RYE, analyses different RYE programmes and provides recommendations for future G20 initiatives and RYE programming. Despite great progress, much remains to be done to tackle rural youth employment challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/ac173afe-en
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    Integrated approaches for agricultural sustainability and productivity assessments (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.204
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Increasing agricultural productivity growth sustainably can help to address the triple challenge of providing sufficient affordable and nutritious food for a growing global population, while supporting sector livelihoods and improving environmental outcomes. However, challenges remain in measuring environmentally sustainable productivity growth. This study uses alternative approaches to address these challenges and provides answers to the following questions: i) has Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth coincided with improved environmental outcomes?; and ii) has the agricultural productivity and environmental performance of countries improved over time? While there is compelling evidence that TFP growth has helped countries to expand agricultural output and reduce greenhouse gas emissions per unit of output, these emissions increased in absolute terms for about half of the OECD countries assessed and nitrogen surpluses increased for about one-third. While these environmental impacts would have been larger if output had expanded in the absence of productivity growth, there is room to steer innovation in the sector in a more environmentally sustainable direction.
    DOI: 10.1787/60cfa586-en
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  • 46
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    Towards resilient food systems : Implications of supply chain disruptions and policy responses (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.205
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: This paper explores food supply chain resilience and its connection to resilience of food systems more broadly. In terms of availability and affordability, food supply chains have been resilient to a wide range of shocks. Trade plays an important risk pooling role in allowing countries to draw on international markets in the face of domestic shocks. Some domestic policies have helped absorb supply chain shocks, for example support to low-income households or the removal of supply chain bottlenecks. Other measures like export restrictions exacerbate instability. The concept of food systems resilience goes further than availability and affordability of food. It includes broader objectives (like livelihoods and environmental sustainability), and must also anticipate a broader range of shocks, as well as the pressures generated by food systems themselves on the environment. Policy makers should therefore take a more complete systems-wide view of resilience.
    DOI: 10.1787/f7998e46-en
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    Overcoming evidence gaps on food systems : Synthesis (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.199
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: There is a growing awareness of the need to transform food systems. Yet successful actions require sound evidence: on the extent, characteristics, and drivers of issues; on the effectiveness of different policy instruments, and their synergies and trade-offs; on how policy proposals would affect stakeholders; and on citizens' values and preferences. There are considerable evidence gaps on many of these aspects. This paper presents the main findings from the OECD project "Overcoming Evidence Gaps on Food Systems," which aimed to identify different types of evidence gaps, as well as pragmatic approaches to overcome these. The project explored this question through three "deep dives" on food insecurity and food assistance programmes across OECD countries, gender and food systems, and environmental impacts along food supply chains. Overall, there is a strong case for greater investment in overcoming evidence gaps for food systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/043db97b-en
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  • 48
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    Bananas (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264931954
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (115 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This brochure is published within the framework of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables established by OECD in 1962. It comprises explanatory notes and illustrations to facilitate the uniform interpretation of the current international standard for Bananas. It demonstrates the quality parameters on high quality photographs. Thus it is a valuable tool for the inspection authorities, professional bodies and traders interested in international trade in this produce.
    DOI: 10.1787/e762dec6-en-fr
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    New Aspects of EPR: Extending producer responsibility to additional product groups and challenges throughout the product lifecycle (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.225
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Environment
    Abstract: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach that makes producers responsible for their products at the post-consumer stage of the lifecycle. It has been widely adopted by governments and companies across the OECD membership and beyond and is currently most commonly used for electronics, packaging, vehicles, and tyres. The success of EPR in increasing material recovery rates has triggered a debate about expanding the use of EPR to additional product groups. Additionally, there is a debate about expanding producer responsibilities to additional impact categories, which go beyond the traditional use of EPR to cover end-of-life costs that occur at the domestic level. This paper presents a discussion of relatively novel applications of EPR to additional product groups (plastic products beyond packaging, textiles, construction materials, and food waste) and to environmental impacts (design considerations, pollution and littering) that occur throughout the product lifecycle. Based on select case studies, this report evaluates the successes and challenges that early adopters of applying the EPR approach to new product groups or additional environmental impact categories have experienced. It reviews the arguments for further application of EPR, possible limitations and provides guidance on when and how to best apply an EPR.
    DOI: 10.1787/cfdc1bdc-en
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  • 50
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    Mit Telearbeit gegen den Arbeitskräftemangel in der Ems-Achse (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Unlocking the potential of teleworking to address labour shortages in the Ems-Achse, Germany
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Germany
    Abstract: Die Ems-Achse, eine ländliche Region im Nordwesten Deutschlands, kann auf ein Jahrzehnt des Wirtschaftswachstums zurückblicken. Mit dem Wachstum hat sich jedoch der Arbeitskräftemangel in der Region verschärft, insbesondere aufgrund einer alternden Bevölkerung und der Abwanderung junger Menschen. Viele regionale Akteur*innen haben das Potenzial von Telearbeit erkannt und wollen nun ausloten, inwieweit sich dem Arbeitskräftemangel mit Telearbeit begegnen lässt, und ein breiteres Spektrum qualifizierter Personen angelockt werden kann. Dieses Policy Paper untersucht drei Kernaspekte: Das Potenzial von Telearbeit, 1.) Menschen zu aktivieren, die derzeit nicht auf Stellensuche sind; 2.) den Talentpool auf umliegende Gebiete auszuweiten; und 3.) Arbeitskräfte aus Ballungsgebieten oder aus dem Ausland anzuwerben. Um Telearbeit erfolgreich zu machen, sollte die Region das Hochgeschwindigkeitsinternet ausbauen, für eine Kultur der Flexibilität in der Teamführung sorgen und digitale Kompetenzen fördern. Um die Ems-Achse als attraktiven Standort für Telearbeiter zu etablieren, ist es zudem wichtig, die Möglichkeiten für höhere Bildung zu verbessern, öffentliche Verkehrsangebote auszubauen und den Zugang für internationale Arbeitskräfte zum regionalen Arbeitsmarkt zu verbessern.
    DOI: 10.1787/957da91f-de
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    The cost of job loss in carbon-intensive sectors: Evidence from Germany (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1774
    Keywords: Economics ; Employment ; Germany
    Abstract: The green transformation of the economy is expected to lead to a sharp reduction in employment in carbon-intensive industries. For designing policies to support displaced workers, it is crucial to better understand the cost of job loss, whether there are specific effects of being displaced from a carbon-intensive sector and which workers are most at risk. By using German administrative labour market data and focusing on mass layoff events, we estimate the cost of involuntary job displacement for workers in high carbon-intensity sectors and compare it with the displacement costs for workers in low carbon-intensity sectors. We find that displaced workers from high carbon-intensity sectors have, on average, higher earnings losses and face stronger difficulties in finding a new job and recovering their earnings. Our results indicate that this is mainly due to human capital specificity, the regional clustering of carbon-intensive activities and higher wage premia in carbon-intensive firms. Workers displaced in high carbon-intensity sectors are older, face higher local labour market concentration and have fewer outside options for finding jobs with similar skill requirements. They have a higher probability to switch occupations and sectors, move to occupations that are more different in terms of skill requirements compared to the pre-displacement job, and are more likely to change workplace districts after displacement. Women, older workers and those with vocational degrees as well as workers in East Germany, experience particularly high costs in case they are displaced from high carbon-intensity sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/6f636d3b-en
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    Reorienting budgetary support to agriculture for climate change mitigation : A modelling analysis (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.206
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Reforming agricultural support is increasingly considered a viable means to enhance agriculture’s contribution to climate change mitigation, while fulfilling broader food systems policy objectives related to food security and livelihoods. This study uses a new computable general equilibrium model to investigate a set of global policy reform scenarios that reorientate governments’ budgetary transfers to agriculture to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The results suggest that removing budgetary support globally would reduce agricultural emissions by 2.1% with potential negative effects on food supply. Reorienting existing support, instead, could have significantly stronger effects: decoupling payments from production and tying these to suitable agri-environmental practices could raise emission reduction to over 4% without harming food supply. Targeted investments in productivity and abatement technologies could bring additional emission savings in the long term with co-benefits for food security. Overall, combining green decoupling and investment policies in OECD countries would reduce global agricultural emissions by 5% – or by 11% if extended to other regions – while balancing outcomes across the three dimensions of the food systems’ triple challenge.
    DOI: 10.1787/28248b95-en
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    Inventaire OCDE des mesures de soutien pour les combustibles fossiles 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels 2023
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Malgré les engagements visant à intensifier et à accélérer l’action climatique, le coût budgétaire du soutien public aux combustibles fossiles a presque doublé en 2022 pour atteindre plus de 1 400 milliards de dollars, alors que les gouvernements des pays de l’OCDE et des pays partenaires ont lancé des initiatives substantielles pour atténuer les coûts énergétiques élevés pour les ménages et les entreprises, causés en partie par la guerre d'agression de la Russie contre l'Ukraine. Cette tendance croissante constitue une menace réelle pour nos objectifs collectifs de zéro émission nette et met en évidence les défis que représentent le respect des engagements de zéro émission nette face aux perturbations géopolitiques et économiques. À l’avenir, il sera essentiel de réformer les mesures de soutien afin de mieux cibler ceux qui en ont le plus besoin. Le soutien aux combustibles fossiles devrait aussi être progressivement supprimé dès que possible. Cela contribuera à libérer des ressources indispensables à la transition vers zéro émission nette et à accélérer l’innovation pour améliorer l’efficacité énergétique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9a234d8b-fr
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Allemagne 2023 (version abrégée) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264979178 , 9789264661448 , 9789264880733
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Germany 2023
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-Umweltprüfberichte: Deutschland 2023
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Transport ; Germany
    Abstract: L'Allemagne a continué à améliorer ses performances environnementales au cours de la dernière décennie. Elle s'est fixée des objectifs climatiques ambitieux visant à atteindre la neutralité climatique d'ici 2045 et à parvenir à des émissions négatives après 2050. Toutefois, l'Allemagne devra accélérer encore son action climatique, en particulier dans les secteurs du bâtiment et des transports. La triple crise de l'énergie, du climat et de la biodiversité appelle des solutions intégrées et systémiques. En réponse à la crise énergétique, l’Allemagne a pris une série de mesures d’une ampleur historique. Celles-ci devraient accélérer massivement sa transition vers l'énergie verte au cours des années à venir. L’Allemagne renforce également son engagement en faveur de l’adaptation au changement climatique à tous les niveaux de gouvernement, et a lancé un programme ambitieux visant à encourager les investissements dans des solutions fondées sur la nature. Il s’agit du quatrième Examen environnemental de l’Allemagne. Il propose 28 recommandations pour aider l’Allemagne à améliorer ses performances environnementales. La présente version abrégée contient le résumé, de même que l’évaluation et les recommandations officielles du rapport. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais et en allemand sur le site Internet de l’OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/5e93ec55-fr
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    OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Inventaire OCDE des mesures de soutien pour les combustibles fossiles 2023
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Despite commitments to scale up and speed up climate action, the fiscal cost of government support for fossil fuels almost doubled in 2022 to reach more than USD 1.4 trillion as governments across the OECD and partner countries introduced substantial initiatives to mitigate high energy costs on households and firms, caused in part by Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine. This rising trend is a real threat to our collective net zero goals and highlights the challenges of staying on track with net zero commitments in the face of geopolitical and economic disruption. Going forward, it will be critical that support measures are reformed to better target those most in need. Support for fossil fuels should also be phased out as soon as possible. This will help free up much needed resources for the transition towards net zero emissions and accelerate innovation to improve energy efficiency.
    DOI: 10.1787/87dc4a55-en
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    Deutschland: Ländergesundheitsprofil 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264566279
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Germany: Country Health Profile 2023
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany
    Abstract: Dieses Profil bietet einen prägnanten und auf die Gesundheitspolitik ausgerichteten Überblick über den Gesundheitszustand und das Gesundheitssystem in Deutschland als Teil der umfassenderen Serie von Ländergesundheitsprofilen im Rahmen der Initiative ""State of Health in the EU"". Es präsentiert eine eindeutige Analyse, die folgende Schlüsselaspekte umfasst: den aktuellen Gesundheitszustand in Deutschland; die Determinanten der Gesundheit, mit Schwerpunkt auf Verhaltensrisikofaktoren; die Organisation des deutschen Gesundheitssystems; und eine Bewertung der Effektivität, Zugänglichkeit und Resilienz des Gesundheitssystems. Darüber hinaus enthält die Ausgabe von 2023 einen thematischen Abschnitt zum Stand der psychischen Gesundheit und der zugehörigen Leistungen in Deutschland. Dieses Profil ist das Ergebnis gemeinsamer Arbeit der OECD und des Europäischen Observatoriums für Gesundheitssysteme und -politiken, in Zusammenarbeit mit der Europäischen Kommission.
    DOI: 10.1787/7fd88e75-de
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    经合组织–粮农组织2023-2032年农业展望 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264882843
    Language: Chinese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (245 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perspectives agricoles de l’OCDE et de la FAO 2023-2032
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OCDE-FAO Perspectivas Agrícolas 2023-2032
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2023-2032
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: 经合组织-粮农组织2023-2032年农业展望》对国家、区域和全球层面的农产品和渔产品未来10年市场前景做出一致评估，为前瞻性政策分析和规划提供参考。本《展望》对农业投入成本上升对粮食价格的影响进行了研究。经合组织-粮农组织Aglink-Cosimo模型的新特点是，可将主要矿物肥料成本变化的影响与其他生产投入的成本分开进行分析。据此通过情景分析估计，化肥价格每上涨1%，农产品价格将上涨0.2%。预计未来十年全球粮食消费（农产品的主要用途）年均增长1.4%，由于人口和人均收入增长放缓，增速将低于过去十年水平。本《展望》还对粮食消费的估算方法进行了改进，首次引入了估算粮食损失和浪费的计算方法。 本报告由经济合作与发展组织（经合组织）和联合国粮食及农业组织（粮农组织）共同编写，成员国和国际商品机构提供了支持。报告在假设天气条件或政策没有重大变化的前提下，突出了推动全球农业及食品部门发展的基本经济和社会趋势。 补充信息可以在www.agri outlook.org查阅。
    DOI: 10.1787/f2ad1d80-zh
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    Industries agroalimentaires novatrices dans les régions ultrapériphériques de l’UE (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Policy Papers no.49
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Innovative agro-food industries in the EU Outermost Regions
    Keywords: Economics ; Development ; Agriculture and Food ; France ; Portugal ; Spain
    Abstract: Ce document présente une vue d'ensemble des chaînes de valeur agroalimentaires dans les régions ultrapériphériques de l'UE (RUP de l'UE). Il évalue les tendances émergentes, discute des opportunités et des défis, examine les cadres politiques et les outils qui peuvent renforcer la participation bénéfique des RUP de l'UE dans les chaînes de valeur agroalimentaires internationales, et propose des actions prioritaires. Ce document s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet conjoint UE-OCDE sur les régions ultrapériphériques du monde.
    DOI: 10.1787/04a79fa0-fr
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    Germany: Country Health Profile 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264898615
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: State of Health in the EU
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Deutschland: Ländergesundheitsprofil 2023
    Keywords: Gesundheit ; Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Mental Health ; Deutschland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany
    Abstract: This profile provides a concise and policy-focused overview of the state of health and the healthcare system in Germany, as a part of the broader series of Country Health Profiles from the State of Health in the EU initiative. It presents a succinct analysis encompassing the following key aspects: the current health status in Germany; the determinants of health, focusing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the German healthcare system; and an evaluation of the health system's effectiveness, accessibility, and resilience. Moreover, the 2023 edition presents a thematic section on the state of mental health and associated services in Germany. This profile is the collaborative effort of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, carried out in cooperation with the European Commission.
    DOI: 10.1787/21dd4679-en
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  • 60
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    Allocation of competences in policy sectors key to migrant integration : In a sample of ten OECD countries (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (94 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Papers no.25
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Austria ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Ireland ; Italy ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Spain ; Sweden
    Abstract: A first step to implement effective migrant integration policies is to know who does what in policy sectors key to integration. Responding to this need, this paper offers policy makers a tool to understand the organisation of public action in key sectors for integration - Employment, Education, Housing, and Health/Welfare – in a sample of 10 OECD countries: Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands. The complexity of the division of powers among levels of government calls for coordination mechanisms between actors, whatever the level of decentralisation. Besides, it throws lights on subnational governments’ role in integrating migrants and enabling them to participate to local development for the benefits of all. The geographic differences that exist in migrant presence and outcomes mean countries should build on local authorities' knowledge of local realities, aptitudes to coordinate different policy fields at the relevant scale and cooperate with non-governmental organisations.
    DOI: 10.1787/dc4a71c5-en
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    Potential impact of dietary changes on the triple challenge facing food systems : Three stylised scenarios (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.173
    Keywords: Ernährungssicherung ; Ernährung ; Ernährungspolitik ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: A shift towards healthier diets is expected to address the challenge of providing food security and nutrition for a growing global population. This report explores whether such a shift would also have positive effects on the other two challenges food systems face: supporting livelihoods for those working along the food supply chain and contributing to environmental sustainability. The report finds that aligning diets with World Health Organisation guidelines on sugar and fat consumption would have the expected positive effect on nutrition and food security, and would also positively affect environmental sustainability. The effect on livelihoods along the food value chain, however, would overall be negative. The magnitude of the trade-offs and synergies are greater when fat consumption is reduced, as opposed to sugar consumption, because actual consumption levels of fat are further away from WHO recommendations.
    DOI: 10.1787/d7a18023-en
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    The role of China’s feed deficit in international grain markets (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.172
    Keywords: Getreidepreis ; Futtermittelmarkt ; Getreidemarkt ; Import ; Ernährungssicherung ; China ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift
    Abstract: International grain prices experienced a sharp increase during the 2020/2021 marketing season, most likely due to the unprecedented increase of imported grains by China. What would be the possible impact on international grain markets if China remains a strong grain importer? The scenario developed to explore the impact of such a development shows that further increases in Chinese grain imports over the medium term could result in a 4% to 25% increase in agriculture commodity prices compared to what was projected in the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2030.
    DOI: 10.1787/2138cc7f-en
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    The digitalisation of agriculture : A literature review and emerging policy issues (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.176
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Digitalisation offers the potential to help address the productivity, sustainability and resilience challenges facing agriculture. Evidence on the adoption and impacts of digital agriculture in OECD countries from national surveys and the literature indicates broad use of digital technologies in row crop farms, but less evidence is available on uptake for livestock and speciality crops. Common barriers to adoption include costs (up-front investment and recurring maintenance expenses), relevance and limited use cases, user-friendliness, high operator skill requirements, mistrust of algorithms, and technological risk. National governments have an important role in addressing bottlenecks to adoption, such as by ensuring better information about costs and benefits of various technologies (including intangible benefits such as quality of life improvements); investing in human capital; ensuring appropriate incentives for innovation; serving as knowledge brokers and facilitators of data-sharing to spur inclusive, secure and representative data ecosystems; and promoting competitive markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/285cc27d-en
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    Policies to bolster trust in agricultural digitalisation : Issues note (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.175
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: One important constraint to farmers’ adoption of digital technologies, beyond costs, relevance, user-friendliness, human capital requirements, and perceived technology risks, is farmers’ lack of trust in digital technologies. A number of issues underlie this lack of trust: 1) problems of data privacy, security, and confidence in data sharing; 2) cases of misaligned incentives of sellers and buyers of digital technologies; 3) difficulty in learning how to unwrap “black box” technologies; and 4) lack of standards for comparing and certifying the operation of digital technologies. Governments have several potential options to help bridge these trust gaps. These include encouraging firms to decouple their sales of problem assessment from sales of solutions; strengthening public sector extension services and farmers’ technological learning; facilitating the development of risk-sharing arrangements between technology providers and farmers; and exploring ways to promote the standardisation of evaluation and certification of digital agricultural technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/5a89a749-en
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  • 65
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    Un chemin court et sinueux jusqu’à 2030 (version abrégée) : Mesurer la distance à parcourir pour atteindre les cibles des ODD (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264488458 , 9789264719286 , 9789264483729
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The Short and Winding Road to 2030: Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Governance
    Abstract: Le Programme de développement durable à l’horizon 2030 se caractérise par un degré d’ambition sans précédent, mais il représente aussi un formidable défi pour les pays du fait de la complexité et de l’imbrication de ses 17 objectifs et 169 cibles. Afin d’aider les gouvernements nationaux à le mettre en œuvre, l’OCDE a mis au point une méthode unique permettant de comparer les progrès accomplis ainsi que les dynamiques sous-jacentes pour l’ensemble des objectifs et cibles du Programme de Développement Durable. Sur la base du Cadre mondial d’indicateurs relatifs aux Objectifs de Développement Durable et de données provenant des Nations Unies et de l’OCDE, le présent rapport propose un bilan détaillé des résultats obtenus par les pays membres de l’OCDE. Pour l’ensemble des cibles pour lesquelles des données existent, ce rapport évalue la distance que les pays de l’OCDE ont à parcourir afin d’atteindre les Objectifs de Développement Durable mais il va plus loin et approfondit l’analyse en mettant en évidence les tendances de fond ainsi que l’impact potentiel de la pandémie de COVID-19. En faisant le point sur les forces et les faiblesses des pays par rapport aux différents ODD, ce rapport vise à aider les pays Membres à avancer au mieux vers la réalisation de ces objectifs et à identifier leurs propres priorités d’action.
    DOI: 10.1787/2fa2183f-fr
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    Zugang zu Hochschulbildung im Bundesland Brandenburg (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264937123 , 9789264500167 , 9789264832985
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (181 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Accessing Higher Education in the German State of Brandenburg
    Keywords: Studium ; Bildungschancen ; Hochschulpolitik ; Hochschule ; Brandenburg ; Education ; Germany
    Abstract: Brandenburg erlebt derzeit einen Strukturwandel, der hochqualifizierten Arbeitskräften spannende neue Perspektiven eröffnet. Im Zuge dessen hat das Bundesland seine Bemühungen um eine Diversifizierung der Wirtschaft in Richtung saubererer und stärker wissensintensiver Branchen intensiviert. Dazu gehören die Entwicklung moderner Fertigungsverfahren, die Förderung unternehmerischer Aktivitäten an landeseigenen Hochschuleinrichtungen sowie innovativer Arbeits- und Lebensorte und der schrittweise Ausstieg aus der Kohleförderung zugunsten von Technologien der nächsten Generation. Dies wird ergänzt durch Spillover-Effekte aus der Berliner Startup-Szene. Bei diesen Bemühungen spielt das Hochschulsystem als Motor von Kompetenzentwicklung und Forschung eine wichtige Rolle. Um die Hochschulen dabei bestmöglich zu unterstützen, hat das Land Brandenburg die Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) beauftragt, Empfehlungen zu erarbeiten, wie das Programmangebot der Hochschulen des Landes sichtbarer gemacht, auf den Bedarf an Kompetenzen und Innovationen zugeschnitten und für potenzielle Studierende aus dem Bundesland und darüber hinaus attraktiver gestaltet werden kann. Dieses Projekt wird von der Europäischen Union finanziert und erfolgt in enger Kooperation mit der Generaldirektion für die Unterstützung von Strukturreformen der Europäischen Kommission.
    DOI: 10.1787/bc20edb6-de
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    Maritime Transportation Costs in the Grains and Oilseeds Sector : Trends, Determinants and Network Analysis (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.179
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Transport
    Abstract: More than 80% of global trade in grains and oilseeds occurs by maritime transport. This report provides an in-depth analysis of ocean freight rates during 2007-2021, examining their evolution, volatility, determinants, and how they influence port networks. Freight rates accounted on average for 11% of the cost and freight price, but this share ranges between 2% and 43%, demonstrating the potentially large impact of freight rates on consumer prices. Freight rates for grains and oilseeds are generally more volatile than their free-on-board prices. Regression analysis shows that a 10% increase in the distance between two ports is estimated to lead to a 2.5% increase in freight rates. It also demonstrates that freight costs for grains and oilseeds do not obey the iceberg formulation, which implies that they should be modelled as additive (constant costs per unit traded) rather than as multiplicative (iceberg) costs.
    DOI: 10.1787/b1cdf6b7-en
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    The impacts of agricultural trade and support policy reform on climate change adaptation and environmental performance : A model-based analysis (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (78 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.180
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Environment
    Abstract: This study investigates whether agricultural policy reforms could help cushion the impacts of climate change on agriculture by facilitating the relocation of production and international trade. The agricultural sector faces immense challenges in ensuring the provision of food, farm incomes, employment and environmental services in a changing climate. Its ability to meet these challenges depends, in part, on the flexibility with which agricultural production can be relocated in response to agro-ecological and market conditions being reshaped by climate change in a sustainable manner. To better understand these interactions, this study employs a quantitative model to assess the economic and environmental effects of removing market distorting policies under climate change. The results suggest that the policy reforms could reduce the extent to which climate change increases agricultural commodity prices and undernourishment and, in that sense, contribute to global adaptation to climate change. Accompanying policy measures may however be required to prevent potential trade-offs associated with the reforms, including increases in land use emissions.
    DOI: 10.1787/520dd70d-en
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    Illicit Trade in High-Risk Sectors : Implications of Illicit Alcohol for Public Health and Criminal Networks (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264713956 , 9789264849273 , 9789264467248
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Alkoholisches Getränk ; Alkohol ; Kriminalität ; Gesundheitswesen ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: Trade in illicit alcohol products is an attractive target for organised crime, as both the market and potential profits are large, in some cases requiring little investment. The illicit alcohol trade not only fuels criminal networks, but also poses significant risks to public health and safety. This report structures and enhances existing evidence on illicit alcohol trade. It examines the nature and scope of illicit trade in the sector, assesses the impacts of illicit trade on socio-economic development, and identifies the factors driving illicit trade in the sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/1334c634-en
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    Effets de l’agression russe contre l’Ukraine sur les marchés agricoles et conséquences pour l’action publique (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (14 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face aux conséquences de la guerre en Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The impacts and policy implications of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine on agricultural markets
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Depuis février 2022, les capacités de récolte et d’exportation de produits végétaux de l’Ukraine sont affaiblies par l’agression lancée contre elle par la Russie. D’après les résultats présentés dans cette synthèse, si les capacités d’exportation de l’Ukraine devaient être réduites à néant et les exportations russes de blé, baisser de 50 %, les prix internationaux du blé pourraient augmenter de 34 % durant la campagne 2022/23.
    DOI: 10.1787/6c120154-fr
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    International effects of fisheries support policies (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.188
    Keywords: Taxation ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper examines how fisheries policies affect domestic versus foreign fishing efforts. In line with previous work, the paper finds that policies directly affecting fishing costs (e.g. fuel or input subsidies) are more likely to lead to overfishing than those based on income or fixed assets such as vessels. This new work, based on a disaggregated global model where regional fishers operate interdependently, shows that fuel tax concessions (FTCs) tend to encourage more fishing effort in domestic fisheries and less in foreign ones because the fisher must take on fuel at a domestic port to take advantage of the policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/984b0ce6-en
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    Food insecurity and food assistance programmes across OECD countries : Overcoming evidence gaps (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.183
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Food systems are expected to ensure food security and nutrition for a growing population. While food insecurity is more acute in developing countries, OECD countries are also affected. The current high-level of food prices could push more people into poverty and hunger. Governments have a role to play in easing impacts on households. They run or support food assistance programmes, such as school meal programmes, food voucher programmes and food banks’ operations. Based on OECD countries’ experiences, this paper provides a roadmap to identify and overcome evidence gaps on food insecurity and food assistance programmes to allow for a better targeting and improved efficiency of such programmes. This paper highlights the need for a coordinated effort by OECD countries to collect regular and comparable information.
    DOI: 10.1787/42b4a7fa-en
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    Cross-border Data Flows : Taking Stock of Key Policies and Initiatives (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade ; Science and Technology ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; Japan ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: As data become an important resource for the global economy, it is important to strengthen trust to facilitate data sharing domestically and across borders. Significant momentum for related policies in the G7, and G20, has gone hand in hand with a wide range of – often complementary – national and international initiatives and the development of technological and organisational measures. Advancing a common understanding and dialogue among G7 countries and beyond is crucial to support coordinated and coherent progress in policy and regulatory approaches that leverage the full potential of data for global economic and social prosperity. This report takes stock of key policies and initiatives on cross-border data flows to inform and support G7 countries’ engagement on this policy agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/5031dd97-en
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    Zukunftssichere Weiterbildung in Berlin, Deutschland (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264472006 , 9789264316874 , 9789264408456
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (121 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Future-Proofing Adult Learning in Berlin, Germany
    Keywords: Weiterbildung ; Berlin ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Employment ; Industry and Services ; Governance ; Germany
    Abstract: Nach einer langen Phase des Beschäftigungswachstums, die zur niedrigsten Arbeitslosenquote seit der deutschen Wiedervereinigung führte, wird der Berliner Arbeitsmarkt nun zunehmend angespannter. Beschleunigt durch die COVID-19-Pandemie stellen globale Megatrends wie die Automatisierung von Produktionsprozessen und die immer weiter fortgeschrittenen digitalen Kompetenzen, die für viele Jobs erforderlich sind, die Berliner Politik vor neue Herausforderungen. Das lokale Weiterbildungssystem nimmt dabei eine zentrale Rolle ein: Es soll die Berliner Bevölkerung auf den sich wandelnden Arbeitsmarkt vorbereiten. Der Bericht „Zukunftssichere Weiterbildung in Berlin, Deutschland“ analysiert die Weiterbildung in Berlin im Detail und arbeitet Stärken und Engpässe des lokalen Weiterbildungssystems heraus. Der Bericht betont die Notwendigkeit einer langfristigen Vision für die Weiterbildung in Berlin, welche die verschiedenen Akteure der Weiterbildungslandschaft zusammenbringt um Angebote dynamisch an die Bedürfnisse der Berliner Bevölkerung anzupassen.
    DOI: 10.1787/88e97ff5-de
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    OECD-Berichte zur Innovationspolitik: Deutschland 2022 : Agile Ansätze für erfolgreiche Transformationen (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264383036 , 9789264884533 , 9789264986152
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (374 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Germany 2022: Building Agility for Successful Transitions
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Deutschland ; Industry and Services ; Science and Technology ; Germany
    Abstract: Die Coronapandemie und der Krieg in der Ukraine haben Schwachstellen in Deutschlands Wirtschaftsmodell aufgezeigt: zu wenig diversifizierte Energieversorgung, zu starke Abhängigkeit von fossilen Energieträgern, zu langsame Digitalisierung und störanfällige Lieferketten. Die digitalen Technologien können im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe, in dem Deutschland seit Jahrzehnten eine führende Stellung einnimmt, zu erheblichen disruptiven Veränderungen führen und die künftige Wettbewerbsfähigkeit gefährden. Darüber hinaus verlangt die ökologische Transformation der Industrie große Anpassungsmaßnahmen ab. Deutschland kann auf eines der fortschrittlichsten Innovationssysteme der Welt zurückgreifen, um diese Herausforderungen zu bewältigen, im Bereich der WTI-Politik ist jedoch ein agilerer Ansatz mit mehr Experimentierfreude erforderlich. Der OECD-Bericht zur Innovationspolitik: Deutschland 2022 beschreibt, wie ein solcher Ansatz entwickelt werden kann und worauf sich die WTI-Politik konzentrierten sollte: die Schaffung von Märkten für künftige Innovationen, umfangreichere und risikotolerantere Finanzierung für Innovationen, interdisziplinärer Wissensaustausch sowie bessere Dateninfrastruktur und -kapazitäten. Da die mit den Transformationen verbundenen Herausforderungen auch andere Länder betreffen, dürften die in diesem Bericht dargelegten Erkenntnisse nicht nur für politische Entscheidungsträger*innen, beteiligte Akteure und Politikberater*innen in Deutschland, sondern auch für andere OECD-Länder von großem Interesse sein.
    DOI: 10.1787/9d21d68b-de
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    Guia OCDE-FAO para Cadeias de Fornecimento Responsáveis no setor agrícola (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264420755
    Language: Portuguese
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-FAO Guidance for Responsible Agricultural Supply Chains (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Guide OCDE-FAO pour des filières agricoles responsables
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Руководство ОЭСР-ФАО по ответственным производственно-сбытовым цепочкам в сфере сельского хозяйства
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Guía OCDE-FAO para las cadenas de suministro responsable en el sector agrícola
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD/FAO-Leitfaden für verantwortungsvolle landwirtschaftliche Lieferketten
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe توجيهات منظمة التعاون والتنمية في الميدان الاقتصادي ومنظمة الأغذية والزراعة بشأن سلاسل الإمدادات الزراعية المسؤولة
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-FAO Guidance for Responsible Agricultural Supply Chains
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Governance
    Abstract: A OCDE e a FAO desenvolveram este Guia para ajudar as empresas a cumprir normas sobre conduta empresarial responsável e realizar a devida diligência nas cadeias de fornecimento do setor agrícola, de forma a garantir que suas operações contribuam para o desenvolvimento sustentável. O Guia inclui: • Um modelo de política empresarial que descreve as normas que devem ser observadas pelas empresas na construção de cadeias de fornecimento responsáveis no setor agrícola; • Um processo para realizar a devida diligência baseada em riscos, que descreve os cincos passos que devem ser tomados pelas empresas para identificar, prevenir, mitigar e prestar contas de como lidam com os impactos adversos de suas atividades; • Uma descrição dos maiores riscos enfrentados pelas empresas e das medidas para mitigar esses riscos; • Um guia de engajamento com povos indígenas.
    DOI: 10.1787/fb446fdc-pt
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  • 77
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    Holistic refugee and newcomer education in Europe : Mapping, upscaling and institutionalising promising practices from Germany, Greece and the Netherlands (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.264
    Keywords: Flüchtlinge ; Soziale Integration ; Arbeitsmarktintegration ; Deutschland ; Griechenland ; Niederlande ; Education ; Germany ; Greece ; Netherlands
    Abstract: Education is one of the most important fields to promote the integration of refugee and newcomer children and youths in host countries. However, holistic education for refugee and newcomers has so far not been established into mainstream education systems in European countries. Projects and pilot programmes have developed across Europe to test holistic approaches. Some of them have started very recently as a response to the arrival of high numbers of refugees and newcomers, while others have been established for a longer period and have started to expand. This paper first provides an overview of key research gaps in refugee education. It then provides a mapping of promising holistic education practices in Europe, with a focus on Germany, Greece and the Netherlands. Based on this, the paper explores key conditions to upscale and institutionalise promising practices of holistic refugee and newcomer education.
    DOI: 10.1787/9ea58c54-en
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  • 78
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    Career Guidance for Low-Qualified Workers in Germany (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264792906
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (77 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Getting Skills Right
    Keywords: Berufsberatung ; Ungelernte Arbeitskräfte ; Karriereplanung ; Berlin ; Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Education ; Employment ; Germany
    Abstract: In Germany, the three ‘Ds’ – Digitalisation, Decarbonisation and Demographic change – are dominating the headlines. Countless studies analyse the impact of these megatrends on the world of work and document how job profiles are changing. The growing demand for high-level cognitive skills and complex social interaction skills is challenging particularly low-qualified workers. In response to these trends, many countries have developed career guidance programmes to support individuals and companies in navigating career options and sustainable job transitions. However, low-qualified workers are less likely to receive career guidance than those with higher qualifications and even those who are unemployed due to a range of multi-layered and interconnected barriers. The report first gives an overview of career guidance provision at the federal level in Germany and then describes career guidance needs and provision in the states of Berlin and North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW). It reviews the support that low-qualified workers have access to, where learnings could serve in other regions and at the national level and provides recommendations on how provision for this group can be strengthened.
    DOI: 10.1787/5e6af8da-en
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  • 79
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    Leeks (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264368705
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.) , 18 x 25cm.
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Leeks
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This brochure is published within the framework of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables established by OECD in 1962. It comprises explanatory notes and illustrations to facilitate the uniform interpretation of the Leeks Standard. This brochure illustrates the standard text and demonstrates the quality parameters on high quality photographs. Thus, it is a valuable tool for the inspection authorities, professional bodies and traders interested in international trade of leeks.
    DOI: 10.1787/9dd96672-en-de
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  • 80
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    Apples (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264868953
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (113 p.) , 16 x 23cm.
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Apples
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This brochure is published within the framework of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables established by OECD in 1962. It comprises explanatory notes and illustrations to facilitate the uniform interpretation of the current apples standard. It demonstrates the quality parameters on high quality photographs. Thus it is a valuable tool for the inspection authorities, professional bodies and traders interested in international trade in apples. This brochure is available in electronic format only.
    DOI: 10.1787/421fcacc-en-de
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  • 81
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    Wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung und der EU-Rahmen für staatliche Beihilfen : Auswirkungen auf den öffentlichen Hochschulsektor in Brandenburg (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264471580 , 9789264583504 , 9789264476516
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (109 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Continuing Education and Training and the EU Framework on State Aid: Implications for the Public Higher Education Sector in Brandenburg
    Keywords: Hochschulfinanzierung ; EU-Beihilferecht ; Brandenburg ; Education ; Germany
    Abstract: Eine alternde Bevölkerung und ein steigender Bedarf an Kompetenzen verstärken die Erwartungen, dass die Hochschulen Weiterbildungsangebote für Erwachsene, die ihre Qualifikationen auf einem höheren Niveau erneuern oder erweitern wollen, ausbauen werden. Weiterbildung wird auch in Deutschland und insbesondere im Land Brandenburg immer wichtiger, um den Bestand an hochqualifizierten Arbeitskräften zu erhalten. Die öffentlichen Hochschuleinrichtungen in Brandenburg tragen bislang jedoch nur vergleichsweise wenig dazu bei. Um ihr Angebot an wissenschaftlicher Weiterbildung zu erweitern, bräuchten diese Einrichtungen mehr Rechtssicherheit bei der Verwendung öffentlicher Mittel angesichts der politischen Vorgaben der Europäischen Union (EU) zu staatlichen Beihilfen. Die EU-Beihilfepolitik gewährleistet, dass öffentliche Subventionen (staatliche Beihilfen) von staatlichen Stellen nicht zur Verdrängung anderer Akteure (wirtschaftlicher Tätigkeiten) von den Märkten verwendet werden. Es gibt keine klaren Vorgaben auf EU-, Bundes- oder Landesebene dazu, ob Weiterbildung eine nicht-wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit darstellt und somit von den EU-Beihilfevorschriften ausgenommen ist. Der vorliegende Bericht analysiert die rechtlichen Grundlagen und gibt Empfehlungen an die Landesregierung und öffentliche Hochschuleinrichtungen in Brandenburg dazu, wie sich der Status der wissenschaftlichen Weiterbildung als staatlich geförderte Tätigkeit klären lässt. Darüber hinaus werden Hinweise für die Auslegung und künftige Reform des EU-Beihilferahmens gegeben und Impulse für politisches Handeln auch in anderen deutschen Bundesländern und auf Bundesebene gesetzt.
    DOI: 10.1787/5d8eeb73-de
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  • 82
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    How vocational education and training (VET) systems can support Ukraine : Lessons from past crises (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (19 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Education ; Economics ; Germany ; Ukraine
    Abstract: Russia’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine has led to the most important humanitarian crisis in the OECD area since World War II, affecting millions of people and a severe economic, social and educational shock of uncertain duration and magnitude. This policy brief discusses how VET systems in host countries can become more inclusive and supportive of Ukrainians displaced by Russia’s large-scale aggression, building on OECD work on VET for young refugees, an analysis of VET in Ukraine, and first policy responses to the current crisis. Ukraine has strong VET provision at upper secondary level, and young people have strong interests in occupations which are commonly entered through VET. This policy brief argues that providing VET in host countries can be key in valuing and further building the skills of refugees from Ukraine, to the benefit of the Ukrainians concerned, host country labour markets, and for the rebuilding of Ukraine.
    DOI: 10.1787/e8e86ce2-en
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  • 83
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    Comment les systèmes d’éducation et de formation professionnelles (EFP) peuvent soutenir l’Ukraine : Enseignements tirés des crises passées (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les réponses de l’OCDE face aux conséquences de la guerre en Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How vocational education and training (VET) systems can support Ukraine: Lessons from past crises
    Keywords: Education ; Germany ; Ukraine
    Abstract: La guerre menée par la Russie contre l’Ukraine est à l’origine de la plus grave crise humanitaire dans la zone OCDE depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, portant préjudice à des millions de personnes et provoquant un choc économique, social et éducatif majeur dont la durée et l’ampleur restent incertaines. Cette note examine comment les systèmes d’éducation et de formation professionnelles (EFP) dans les pays d’accueil peuvent devenir plus inclusifs et accompagner les Ukrainiens déplacés à la suite de la guerre menée par la Russie. Elle s’appuie pour cela sur les travaux de l’OCDE relatifs à l’offre d’EFP pour les jeunes réfugiés, sur une analyse de l’EFP en Ukraine, et sur les premières mesures prises par les pouvoirs publics face à la crise actuelle. L’Ukraine dispose d’une offre étoffée d’EFP au niveau du deuxième cycle de l’enseignement secondaire, et les débouchés professionnels de l’EFP intéressent beaucoup ses jeunes. Cette note affirme que l’offre d’EFP dans les pays d’accueil joue un rôle clé en ce qu’elle valorise et développe les compétences des réfugiés venus d’Ukraine, au bénéfice des Ukrainiens concernés et du marché du travail dans les pays d’accueil, mais aussi de la reconstruction de l’Ukraine.
    DOI: 10.1787/d9afb1f4-fr
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  • 84
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    OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Germany 2022 : Building Agility for Successful Transitions (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264522749 , 9789264671560 , 9789264958876
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (346 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD-Berichte zur Innovationspolitik: Deutschland 2022: Agile Ansätze für erfolgreiche Transformationen
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Deutschland ; Industry and Services ; Science and Technology ; Germany
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine war have revealed vulnerabilities in Germany’s economic model: undiversified energy supply, an over-reliance on fossil fuels, delayed digitalisation and disruptable supply chains. Digital technologies may significantly disrupt manufacturing industries Germany has dominated for decades, threatening future competitiveness. The green transition also requires significant industrial transformations. Germany can call upon one of the world’s most advanced innovation systems in dealing with these challenges, but a new more agile and experimental approach to STI policy is needed. This Review outlines how to develop such an approach and what STI policies need to focus on: create markets for future innovations, more significant and more risk-tolerant finance for innovation, inter-disciplinary knowledge exchange, improved data infrastructure and capabilities. Given the internationally shared challenges of dealing with transitions, the insights presented in the review will be of interest to policymakers, stakeholders and analysts from Germany and across the OECD.
    DOI: 10.1787/50b32331-en
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  • 85
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    Public accounting reforms in the Western Balkans and European Neighbourhood : Guidance for SIGMA Partners (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (88 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: SIGMA Papers no.65
    Keywords: Öffentliches Rechnungswesen ; Reform ; Südosteuropa ; EU-Nachbarstaaten ; EU-Staaten ; Governance ; Bulgaria ; Estonia ; France ; Georgia ; Germany ; Montenegro ; Morocco ; Netherlands ; Serbia
    Abstract: This report discusses the costs and benefits of the transition from cash to accrual accounting in the public sector for SIGMA partners in the Western Balkans and the European Neighbourhood. The countries are attracted by the promises of accrual accounting and the corresponding IPSAS standards that it will improve transparency, accountability and financial decision-making. This report investigates whether the reform towards accrual accounting is indeed recommendable given that the reform towards IPSAS-based financial statements also carries a higher administrative burden and often requires government-wide adaptation or adjustment of the financial information systems. In this report, evidence from case studies of five EU Member States and four SIGMA partners is combined with a review of the academic literature to understand the balance of the benefits versus the costs of the reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/505f903e-en
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  • 86
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    Continuing Education and Training and the EU Framework on State Aid : Implications for the Public Higher Education Sector in Brandenburg (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264890442 , 9789264606876 , 9789264815711
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (97 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Higher Education
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung und der EU-Rahmen für staatliche Beihilfen: Auswirkungen auf den öffentlichen Hochschulsektor in Brandenburg
    Keywords: Weiterbildung ; Berufsbildung ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; Bildungseinrichtung ; Subvention ; EU-Beihilferecht ; Brandenburg ; Education ; Germany
    Abstract: Ageing populations and rising skill demands have heightened expectations that higher education systems will widen their offer of continuing education and training (CET) for adults aiming to renew or augment their skills at an advanced level. CET is becoming increasingly important for maintaining a highly skilled workforce also in Germany, and particularly in the state of Brandenburg. However, Brandenburg’s public higher education institutions have so far been only marginal providers. To expand their offer of CET, they would require more legal certainty about the use of public funding in light of European Union (EU) state aid policy. EU state aid policy ensures public subsidies (state aid) are not used by state agencies to crowd out markets (economic activity). There are no clear EU, federal or state-level directions about whether CET is a non-economic activity and thus exempt from EU state aid rules. This report analyses the reasons for this legal uncertainty and provides recommendations to the state government and public higher education institutions in Brandenburg about how to clarify the status of continuing education and training as a state-aided activity. It also proposes pointers for interpretation and future reform of the EU framework on state aid, and provides impulses for policy action in other German states and at the federal level.
    DOI: 10.1787/9ec6cb98-en
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  • 87
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    Multi-level governance for migrant integration : Policy instruments from Austria, Canada, France, Germany and Italy (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Regional Development Papers no.24
    Keywords: Migrationspolitik ; Migranten ; Arbeitsmigranten ; Flüchtlinge ; Soziale Integration ; Österreich ; Kanada ; Frankreich ; Deutschland ; Italien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Austria ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy
    Abstract: Comprehensive and coordinated action across levels of government responsible for different policy domains (labour, education, housing and welfare/health) as well as across local actors is crucial to migrant integration. To respond to this need for co-ordination, different policy instruments are mobilised by countries. This paper presents six of them, to illustrate three categories of practices supporting migrant integration through better multi-level co-ordination: · Reinforcing co-ordination (financial, human, technical) between levels of governments and private actors such as businesses or non-governmental organisations to foster migrant integration and retention: The Canadian Atlantic Immigration Pilot (AIP) and the French Territorial Contracts for the Reception and Integration of Refugees (CTAIR); · Resolving information and evaluation asymmetries: Vienna (Austria) Integration and Diversity Monitor and the German Network IQ; · Illustrating the positive externalities of territorial development and investment programmes on migrant integration and social cohesion: The Italian Inner Areas Strategy and the French Urban Policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/efeeda9d-en
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  • 88
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    The Short and Winding Road to 2030 : Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264655478 , 9789264691902 , 9789264803343
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (262 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Un chemin court et sinueux jusqu’à 2030 (version abrégée) : Mesurer la distance à parcourir pour atteindre les cibles des ODD
    Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Governance
    Abstract: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has an unprecedented ambition, but also confronts countries with an enormous challenge given the complex and integrated nature of the Agenda with its 17 Goals, underpinned by 169 Targets. To assist national governments with their implementation, the OECD has developed a unique methodology allowing comparison of progress across SDG goals and targets, and also over time. Based on the Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and leveraging UN and OECD data, this report provides a high-level assessment of OECD Member countries’ performance across the Goals and Targets of the 2030 Agenda. The report evaluates the distance that OECD countries need to travel to meet SDG targets for which data is currently available, but it goes one step further and deepens the analysis by identifying long-term trends, considering also how these trends may be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. By providing a high-level overview of countries’ strengths and weaknesses in performance across the SDGs, it aims to support Member countries in navigating the SDGs and in setting their own priorities for action within the broad 2030 Agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/af4b630d-en
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  • 89
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    Eliminating government support to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.178
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This report assesses how to stop illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing benefitting from government support. Based on a survey of OECD countries and partner economies participating in the work of the OECD Fisheries Committee, it recommends actions that can be undertaken by countries to maximise the chances of excluding individuals and companies with links to IUU fishing from government support, and to minimise the risk that such support benefits IUU fishing ex ante, given the inherent difficulty to take action ex post. Eight specific recommendations are presented.
    DOI: 10.1787/f09ab3a0-en
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  • 90
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    Benefits of regional co-operation on the energy-water-land use nexus transformation in Central Asia (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (77 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Green Growth Papers no.2022/01
    Keywords: Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Ressourcennutzung ; Umweltschutz ; Klimaschutz ; Zentralasien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Energy ; Development ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Governance
    Abstract: The “energy, water and land use nexus” approach has been attracting attention of policy makers, development practitioners and academia in Central Asia as a tool to facilitate regional and cross-sectoral co-operation for climate action and resource security. However, further work is still needed to better understand economic and non-economic benefits of the nexus approach, and integrate it into policy processes in the countries. Based on desk research and consultations with stakeholders in Central Asia, this paper aims to highlight several possible action points for promoting the energy-water-land use nexus approach in the face of a changing climate in the region.
    DOI: 10.1787/7fcec36c-en
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  • 91
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    Policies to Support Green Entrepreneurship : Building a Hub for Green Entrepreneurship in Denmark (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264565470 , 9789264898431 , 9789264354555
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (83 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
    Keywords: Gründungsförderung ; Unternehmer ; Umweltwirtschaft ; Umwelttechnik ; Dänemark ; Kanada ; Deutschland ; Israel ; Gründungsförderung ; Unternehmer ; Umweltwirtschaft ; Umwelttechnik ; Dänemark ; Kanada ; Deutschland ; Israel ; Employment ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Governance ; Canada ; Denmark ; Germany ; Israel
    Abstract: Combatting climate change is among the most critical issues on the global policy agenda. The transition towards a greener economy will require a pivot towards more sustainable production processes and consumption patterns. Entrepreneurs have the potential to be a major driving force behind this effort through their capacity to develop and propagate innovative green solutions. To unlock this potential, it is crucial for policy makers to implement appropriate policies and measures that enable green entrepreneurs to thrive. This report identifies lessons from international policy practices in stimulating and supporting green entrepreneurship from three case study countries – Canada, Germany and Israel – to inform Denmark about effective policy practices and pitfalls to avoid as it implements initiatives to strengthen its green transition. Recommendations are offered across a number of areas such as promoting greater co-ordination between relevant policy actors, strengthening specialised support for green entrepreneurs and building green markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/e92b1946-en
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  • 92
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    The impacts and policy implications of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine on agricultural markets (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Effets de l’agression russe contre l’Ukraine sur les marchés agricoles et conséquences pour l’action publique
    Keywords: Kriegsfolgen ; Agrarmarkt ; Agraraußenhandel ; Ernährungssicherung ; Lebensmittelpreis ; Russland ; Ukraine ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has been since February 2022 undermining the latter’s capacity to harvest and export crops. A reduction in export capacity from Ukraine and Russia, and rising energy and fertiliser prices are pushing up international food prices, thereby threatening global food security. Findings presented in this brief suggest that the full loss of Ukraine’s capacity to export together with a 50% reduction in Russian wheat export could lead to a 34% increase in international wheat prices in the marketing year 2022/23.
    DOI: 10.1787/0030a4cd-en
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  • 93
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    Aligning agricultural and rural development policies in the context of structural change (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.187
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: The economic importance and level of employment in agriculture are declining in many rural regions. There are many reasons for this, including demographic changes, deeper urban-rural linkages, technological advances, growing urbanisation, and land use change. To successfully accompany this structural change, agricultural and rural development policies must be coherent. This requires an improved understanding of areas of complementarity and trade-offs between these policies to ensure better integration and to avoid overlaps. Areas of complementarity include rural policies with transferable benefits for agriculture, such as investments in rural infrastructure, digital connectivity, health care, and other public services. With respect to agricultural policies, these complementarities exist with policies that have wider rural benefits, such as investments in agricultural innovation systems, improvements in extension services, and land and water management policies. As the transition towards a diversified low carbon rural economy continues, additional synergies could be developed between agriculture and rural policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/1499398c-en
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  • 94
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    Meat protein alternatives : Opportunities and challenges for food systems’ transformation (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.182
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Meat alternatives are attracting private investment and interest from the research community as possible solutions to meet the growing global demand for proteins in a sustainable, ethical, and healthy way. Using a food systems lens, this report investigates the opportunities and challenges associated with three meat alternatives: plant-based, insects and cultured meat. The analysis is based primarily on a literature review, which is complemented by an illustrative scenario using the OECD-FAO Aglink-Cosimo model. Results from the scenario analysis suggest that a shift from meat to meat alternatives in high and upper middle-income countries could result in a decline in global agricultural land use and GHG emissions from the agriculture, forestry, and other land use sector. Lower demand for meats in these countries would also lead to a decrease in international prices for meats, soybean and cereals, which would benefit consumers but place pressure on farmer incomes.
    DOI: 10.1787/387d30cf-en
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  • 95
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    Environmental impacts along food supply chains : Methods, findings, and evidence Gaps (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.185
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Food systems exert major pressures on the environment. This paper reviews what is known and not known about environmental impacts along food supply chains, looking at the contribution of different stages of the supply chain, the impact of different products, heterogeneity among producers, and the role of international trade. This review shows that most environmental impacts in food supply chains occur through land use change or at the stage of agricultural production. Livestock (especially ruminant livestock) has a higher footprint than plant-based food. However, there is also important heterogeneity among producers, even within the same region. A significant share of total environmental impacts is "embodied" in international trade, although considerably less than half. In terms of evidence gaps, some impacts (e.g. biodiversity, soil carbon) have been less studied, and there are geographic and product blind spots. Moreover, existing evidence is not sufficiently granular. While important evidence gaps thus exist, the overall picture that emerges is one of a rapidly growing evidence base, which can inform innovative supply chain initiatives to reduce impacts.
    DOI: 10.1787/48232173-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 96
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    The Role of Firms in the Gender Wage Gap in Germany (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264494114 , 9789264685505 , 9789264488540
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (81 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Gender Equality at Work
    Keywords: Lohnstruktur ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; Vergütungssystem ; Personalmanagement ; Deutschland ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany
    Abstract: This review contributes to a better understanding of the gender wage gap in Germany and puts forward key elements of a policy package to reduce gender pay gaps. It provides a detailed analysis of the role of firms in the gender wage gap by focusing on the pay gap between similarly skilled men and women between and within firms. The within-firm component captures differences in pay between men and women within firms related to differences in tasks and responsibilities, or differences in pay for work of equal value (e.g. bargaining, discrimination). The between-firm component captures the role of differences in pay between firms (unrelated to workforce composition) due to the tendency of women to work in low-wage firms. The review analyses gender differences in job mobility and the earnings consequences of career breaks following childbirth to shed light on the evolution of the gender wage gap across the working life. To put results for Germany in context, they are systematically benchmarked to those of four nearby countries (i.e. Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Sweden). The policy discussion extends the empirical analysis by putting forward a comprehensive policy package with an emphasis on policies targeted at firms.
    DOI: 10.1787/e8623d6f-en
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  • 97
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    Gender and food systems : Overcoming evidence gaps (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.184
    Keywords: Employment ; Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Fostering gender inclusion can have positive impacts on the food systems' triple challenge of ensuring food security and nutrition for a growing population, supporting the livelihoods of millions of people working in the food supply chain, and doing so in an environmentally sustainable way. Yet these positive synergies are often invisible as sex-disaggregated information is not collected. This report calls for the development of better evidence on gender and food systems as a necessary first step in the path towards gender equality. Based on OECD countries’ experiences, it provides a roadmap to identify and overcome evidence gaps on gender aspects and policies that address gender inequality in food systems with the aim of advancing women’s contribution to food systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/355ba4ee-en
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  • 98
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    Improving environmental outcomes along food supply chains : A review of initiatives and their effectiveness (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.186
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper reviews initiatives which take a “supply chain lens” to improving environmental outcomes of food systems. Some focus on due diligence, or ask firms to disclose impacts of their supply chain. Others benchmark firms according to supply chain performance. Firms also increasingly make corporate pledges covering their supply chain. In addition to traditional voluntary sustainability standards and labels, new labels are emerging which communicate actual environmental impacts along the life cycle. Governments can also provide financial incentives linked to such impacts. This review demonstrates the strong growth and diversity of initiatives, bolstered by more clearly defined societal expectations and reporting standards, and leading to a greater availability of data and evidence and more universal reporting, reducing the scope for greenwashing. Despite their great promise, there remain coverage gaps. Evidence on effectiveness also remains relatively scarce, although there is a clear increase in the number of empirical studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/d549eb43-en
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  • 99
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    Rural Policy Review of Colombia 2022 (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264967205 , 9789264348592 , 9789264828490
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (277 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Studies
    Keywords: Ländliche Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsplanung ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Kolumbien ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Agriculture and Food ; Governance ; Colombia
    Abstract: Rural regions in Colombia have untapped potential to boost wealth and well-being in the country. Despite remarkable economic growth over the last two decades, Colombia’s development policy needs to increase its focus on rurality, as regional inequalities remain high by OECD standards and structural challenges still prevent greater development in rural places. This report assesses trends, challenges and opportunities of rural Colombia and examines the country’s rural development policy. It offers recommendations to mobilise rural assets and improve rural well-being with a focus on: strengthening multi-government coordination and policy implementation; enhancing transport and broadband connectivity as well as accessibility to quality education and health and; improving land use management in rural Colombia.
    DOI: 10.1787/c26abeb4-en
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  • 100
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    Online Resource
    Preparing Vocational Teachers and Trainers : Case Studies on Entry Requirements and Initial Training (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264436657
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (135 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training
    Keywords: Lehrkräfte ; Berufsbildung ; Berufsbildende Schule ; Kanada ; Deutschland ; Niederlande ; Norwegen ; Education ; Canada ; Denmark ; Germany ; Netherlands ; Norway
    Abstract: Teachers and in-company trainers are central to vocational education and training (VET), as they support the school-to-work transitions of learners from diverse backgrounds. VET teachers develop learners’ skills in school-based settings, while in-company trainers support learners during their time in work-based learning. Countries use different strategies to ensure an adequate supply of well-prepared VET teachers and trainers. This report focuses on two aspects: entry requirements for the VET teaching and training profession to ensure quality and consistency; and initial education and training for VET teachers and trainers to ensure that they are well-prepared when taking up their role. It draws lessons from policies and practices in Canada, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Norway for developing a skilled teaching and training workforce through entry requirements and training, while maintaining sufficient flexibility.
    DOI: 10.1787/c44f2715-en
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