Abstract: 1 Faults which develop during storage -- 2 Difficulties arising during application -- 3 Difficulties mainly due to faults in the liquid paints -- 4 Faults related to drying and curing -- 5 Defects apparent shortly after application -- 6 Defects related mainly to poor adhesion -- 7 Defects of coatings developing in service -- 8 Hazards to the paint user -- Author Index.

Abstract: Since publication of the first English edition this book has become the standard reference work on paint film defects throughout the world. The very considerable advances in coatings technology since the second English edition was published in 1965 have necessitated a revision of the book, a task which from the outset was recognized as formidable. The very wide field to be covered required specialist knowledge as well as wide experience, and we were fortunate in being able to enlist the services of a group of contributors who were well qualified for the task. Due to his advancing age Mr Manfred Hess, the originator of this work, felt unable to take an active part in the preparation of the new edition. He entrusted not only a large part of the necessarily extensive revision of the text, but also the editorial work, the planning and compilation of the index to us jointly. A variety of causes has prevented the main contributors to the second edition, Mr W.A. Edwards and Mr T .W. Wilkinson, from revising their sections. Nevertheless, much of what they and others have contributed to previous editions has enabled us to build on valuable foundations. Much new material has been added; the illustrations section has been expanded and enhanced by the addition of several colour plates. Mr S.T. Harris revised the sections concerned with industrial finishes and in particular powder coatings, and Dr T.A. Banfield contributed the sections on marine paints and compositions.

Abstract: 1 Ontogeny of Social Behavior -- 2 On the Physiological Organization of Social Behavior: Sex and Aggression -- 3 The Analysis of Animal Communication -- 4 Mechanisms and Evolution of Spacing in Animals -- 5 Foraging Strategies and Their Social Significance -- 6 The Evolution of Mating Systems in Birds and Mammals -- 7 The Roles of Individual, Kin, and Group Selection in the Evolution of Sociality.

Abstract: Other books in this series focus on behavior at the individual level, approached from the viewpoints of biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, and psychology. In this volume we show how the functioning nervous systems of interacting individuals are coordinated, with the ultimate creation of complex social structures. The intri­ cacies of an individual's nervous system have been subject to intense inquiry, and research at the chemical, cellular, and organ levels has made remarkable progress. Work at the social level has been conducted somewhat independently, by way of behavioral phenomena and communicative interactions. With the emergence of a large body of information from neurobiology, the beginnings of an integrated approach are possible. New data on social functions are presented in the chapters to follow, and the forward-looking reader may wish to reflect on how they clarify understanding of interactions between two or more independent nervous systems. The outcome is harmonious social structure and improvement in the inclusive fitness of group-living individuals. We believe that there is in prospect a new way of looking at social function that will ultimately increase our understanding of the highest and most complex levels of neurobiology. The modern approach to the study of social behavior involves more than the recording of interactions between animals. Each individual brings to the process of social interaction the implications of its prior genetic and experiential history.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Lettuce -- 3 Celery -- 4 Cabbage -- 5 Endive and Chicory -- 6 Spinach -- 7 Lesser Salad Vegetables.

Abstract: Leafy salad vegetables are among the most universally used vegetable crops grown today. Their prominence as important crops has been heightened through the last several decades due to an awareness on the part of consumers of the nutrient, and other obvious values they offer to the diet as "fresh greens" which, at least in the United States, have become a daily table staple. As a result, acreage planted to leafy salad vegetable crops has expanded to a remarkable degree over the past few decades, making these crops an important segment of the agricultural and marketing industries. Published information on leafy salad vegetables has been-and is­ widespread and scattered. This book brings together all up-to-date information and is amply referenced throughout for further study and information. Similarities and differences among the species are discussed and provide insight into the place these species hold in the world cropping system and in the human diet. This approach in text organiza­ tion was made in an effort to be helpful to the widest type of readership: professional researchers and teachers, graduate and undergraduate stu­ dents, extension workers, farmers and other members of the horticultural community, and, perhaps, even lay readers who are the ultimate consumers.

Abstract: Scope and History of Seismology -- Seismographs -- Seismic Waves -- Source Parameters and Their Determination -- Earthquake Statistics and Earthquake Geography -- Earthquake Mechanism -- Internal Structure of the Earth -- Methods to Improve Seismological Observations -- Model Seismology -- Prediction and Artificial Release of Earthquakes -- Nuclear Tests and Other Explosions -- Planetary Seismology -- Seismological Education and Practice.

Abstract: 1. Velocity Determination from Seismic Reflection Data -- 2. Patterns of Sources and Detectors -- 3. Well Geophone Surveys and the Calibration of Acoustic Velocity Logs -- 4. Seismic Sources on Land -- 5. Marine Seismic Sources -- 6. Gravity and Magnetic Surveys at Sea -- 7. Pulse Shaping Methods -- 8. Seismic Profiling for Coal on Land.

Abstract: This is a collection of original papers, each by an expert in his field. They deal with different sectors of recent geophysical development. It may be, at first, difficult to see what else unites them, and how these several technologies can contribute to an integrated exploration process. What brings these writers together is that they have all contributed to the improvement of what comes to the eye of the geophysical interpreter. Some of the improvement is achieved at the data-gathering stage, some of it in processing, and in presentation. For all of this improvement interpreters in general are most grateful. The editor is appreciative in a quite personal way, not only of the advances in technology, but also of the effort in writing which has been made by these busy contributors, and so created this collection. Something can be said here about interpretation and the environment in which it is carried out, since it represents the field where the results of these technical developments are ultimately tested. In the commercial world it is from the geophysical interpreter that management learns the results of a large sector of exploration expenditure, and learns them in a form on which still larger expenditures on later phases of exploration can be based.

Abstract: Section 1 Passive Circuits -- 1.1 English Letters -- 1.2 Greek Letters -- Section 2 Transistors -- 2.1 Static Conditions -- 2.2 Small Signal Conditions -- Section 3 Operational Amplifiers -- 3.1 Symbols and Definitions -- 3.2 Formulas and Circuits -- A Table of 5% Value Ratios -- B Electronic Terms and their Corresponding Symbols.

Abstract: The Handbook of Electronics Formulas, Symbols and Defini­ tions has been compiled for engineers, technicians, armed forces personnel, commercial operators, students, hobbyists, and all others who have some knowledge of electronic terms, symbols, and theory. The author's intention has been to provide: A small, light reference book that may be easily carried in an attache case or kept in a desk drawer for easy access. A source for the majority of all electronic formulas, sym­ bols, and definitions needed or desired for today's passive and active analog circuit technology. A format in which a desired formula may be located almost instantly without the use of an index, in the desired trans­ position, and in sufficiently parenthesized linear form for direct use with any scientific calculator. Sufficient information, alternate methods, approximations, schematic diagrams, and/or footnotes in such a manner so that technicians and hobbyists may understand and use the majority of the formulas, and that is acceptable and equally useful to engineers and others very knowledgeable in the field. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Much of the material is this Handbook is based upon a small loose-leaf notebook containing formulas and other reference material compiled over many years. With the passage of time, the sources of this material have become unknown. It is impos­ sible therefore to list and give the proper credit.

Abstract: Geometric convexity -- Boundary structure and curvature of convex bodies -- Kinematic integral formulas for convex bodies -- Geometric theories of measure and area -- Transforms, Diagrams and Representations -- Neuere Entwicklungen in der kombinatorischen Konvexgeometrie -- Radon’s theorem revisited -- Geometry of numbers -- Stetige und diskrete Funktionale konvexer Körper -- Neuere Entwicklungen über reguläre Polyeder -- Konvexe Polytope mit regulären Facetten im ?n (n?4) -- Problems in Geometric Convexity -- Differential geometry and kinematics -- Mean-value theorems in riemannian geometry -- Diskrete Gruppen und kleine Krümmung nach Gromov -- Nichtlineare Differentialgeometrie, insbesondere Minkowski-Geometrie -- Theorie der flächentreuen Abbildungen der Ebene -- Zum Satz von Holditch -- On kinematics of the n-dimensional Euclidean space -- Bemerkungen über parabolische Kegelschnittflächen -- Affine Trochoidenbewegungen -- Globale Geometrie der Regelflächen -- Über einige geometrische Aspekte der Approximationstheorie -- Foundations of Geometry -- Richtungsalgebren -- Unterräume von Blockplänen -- Die Methode der Hilfsmatrizen -- Verallgemeinerte Minkowski-Geometrie.

Abstract: During the time from June 28-July 1, 1978, representatives of different branches of geometry met in Siegen for discussion of and reports on current problems. In particular, the survey lectures, presented by well known geometers, gave nonspecialists the welcome opportunity to learn about the questions posed, the methods used and the results obtained in different areas of the field of geometry. The research areas represented at the meeting in Siegen are reflected in the list of participants and their contributions: Ranging from geometric convexity and related topics to differential geometry and kinematics. The foundations of geometry, an area well established in Germany, was also represented. It is a pleasure to thank all the lecturers as well as other participants in the Geometry Symposium for their contribution to the success of the meeting. We also thank the "Minister fUr Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen" and the University of Siegen for their generous support which helped make the Symposium so successful. In order to make the contributions and results of the Symposium accessible to the general public, the publication of a proceedings volume was planned. The idea was to give a summary of a wide spectrum of research in geometr- through survey articles and original research papers.

Abstract: 1 Introductory General Notes -- 1.1 Soldering components to interconnections when utilizing strip board -- 1.2 Resistor colour code -- 1.3 Symbols used in circuit diagrams -- 1.4 Symbols for quantities -- 1.5 Abbreviations -- 1.6 Notes on some aspects of electrical measuring instruments -- 2 Semiconductor Diodes: Characteristics; Use in D.C. Power Supplies -- 2.1 Semiconductor diodes -- 2.2 Zener diodes -- 2.3 D.C. power supplies: an introduction -- 3 Bipolar Junction Transistors: Characteristics and Simple Associated Circuits -- 3.1 Bipolar junction transistors -- 3.2 Characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in common-base (CB) connection -- 3.3 Characteristics of an n-p-n bipolar transistor in common-emitter (CE) connection -- 3.4 A bipolar transistor tester -- 3.5 Further investigation -- 3.6 Voltage stabilizing circuits: general information; the use of bipolar transistors -- 3.7 Constant current sources: introduction -- 3.8 Amplifiers: use of bipolar transistors -- 3.9 Sinusoidal waveform generators -- 3.10 Multivibrators -- 3.11 The Schmitt trigger circuit -- 3.12 Sweep generator: utilizing the bootstrap principle -- 3.13 An optically-coupled isolator -- 3.14 A typical application of an optically-coupled isolator -- 4 Field Effect Transistors: Characteristics and Simple Associated Circuits -- 4.1 Field-effect transistors (FETs or fets) -- 4.2 A simple common-source fet amplifier -- 4.3 Sinusoidal waveform generators based on field-effect transistors -- 4.4 Multivibrators utilizing fets -- 5 Unijunction Transistors; Silicon Controlled Rectifiers: Characteristics and Applications -- 5.1 Unijunction transistors (UJTs or ujts) -- 5.2 Relaxation oscillators -- 5.3 A staircase generator or frequency divider based on a unijunction transistor -- 5.4 Programmable unijunction transistors (PUTs or puts) -- 5.5 A relaxation oscillator based on a put -- 5.6 Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs or scrs) -- 5.7 Phase control by means of silicon controlled rectifiers -- 5.8 Phase control by means of an scr fired by pulses from a ujt circuit -- 5.9 Phase control by means of a put -- 5.10 A bistable circuit based on the use of silicon controlled rectifiers -- 6 More Complex Amplifiers and some Applications -- 6.1 Differential or difference amplifiers -- 6.2 Operational amplifiers -- 6.3 Applications of operational amplifiers -- 6.4 Voltage-to-frequency converters which make use of an operational amplifier -- 6.5 A high-quality pre-amplifier for audio frequency signals -- 7 Logic Gates -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The basic TTL 2-input NAND gate -- 7.3 Multivibrator circuits based on NAND gates of the TTL type -- 7.4 Further pulse generator circuits based on NAND gates -- 7.5 The OR and the exclusive-OR functions -- 7.6 Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic gates -- 7.7 Multivibrator circuits based on NAND gates of the CMOS type -- 8 Some integrated Circuits -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 A monolithic integrated circuit voltage stabilizer -- 8.3 Voltage-to-frequency converters -- 8.4 Monolithic integrated circuit waveform generators -- 8.5 Waveform generators of the multivibrator type based on NAND gates -- 8.6 A decade counter and a cold-cathode number display tube.

Abstract: Electronics is essentially an experimental subject and enables a wealth of experimental work to be undertaken at relatively low cost. In any modestly equipped electrical engineering or physics laboratory. it is possible to plan interesting experiments to study active and passive com­ ponents, basic circuit functions, modular encapsulations and monolithic integrated circuits. The work may range from the formal investigation of a device new to the student to the design and construction of quite advanced, modern measurement and control systems. There are few books which guide experimental work in electronics. This text aims to rectify this by giving detailed descriptions of a series of experiments all of which have been thoroughly tested by students in physics, electronics, electrical engineering and instrumentation at The Polytechnic of Central London. Moreover, several of these experiments would seem to be appropriate for the current development of interest in courses in electronics in schools because several of them have been undertaken with considerable success by first-year sixth-form students who have come to Central London for special courses. They would also assist an introductory course in electronics for students from other disciplines and have been tried out in this way at The Polytechnic.

Abstract: 1. The Problem and the Purpose -- Notes -- 2. Lamarck in Perspective -- Notes -- 3. The Central Paradox of Immunology -- The Cell Involved -- The Response to the Unexpected -- Antibody Diversity at the Molecular Level -- Antibody Diversity at the Cellular Level -- Nature versus Nurture -- The Problem with Rabbit Idiotypy -- Notes -- 4. The Somatic Selection Hypothesis -- The Tacit Constraints -- Somatic Ordering of Genetic Mutations -- Flow of Genetic Information in Living Systems -- Recapitulation -- Parallel Evolution 40 A Prototype Experimental Plan in the Immune System -- Rabbit Idiotypy Revisited -- Summary of the Hypothesis -- Notes -- 5. Implications and Conclusions -- Boundaries, Difficulties, Corollaries -- Implications for Immunology -- High Rates of Spontaneous Mutation -- Parallel Evolution and Jerne’s Hypothesis -- The Phenomenon of Regression -- Inheritance of Acquired Autoimmune Disease? -- The Endogenous Vector -- Emergence and Extinction -- Notes -- 6. Speculations on Man, Mind and Matter -- The Genetic Future of Man -- The Growth of Knowledge -- Downward Causation -- Notes -- Appendix: On the Relevance of the RNA Tumor Viruses to the Somatic Selection Hypothesis -- Exchange of Genes between Viruses and Cellular DNA -- (a) Capture of Host Cellular RNA Molecules Not Covalently Linked to Viral RNA -- (b) Covalent Capture and Transduction of Host Cellular Gene Sequences -- Speculation on Gene Selection and Integration.

Abstract: The origins of the idea to write this book are impossible to trace. What I can say with some certainty, is that the book would not have emerged without the pleasing interplay of two contingent pleasures which occurred in the summer of 1978. The first was the penetrating sense of awe experienced when I finished reading Koestler's recent book' Janus A Summing Up', 1978. His philosophy provided that necessary inspiration to tackle, in a rational way, a long held dissatisfaction with the . conven­ tional Darwinian explanation of evolution. The second was the more subliminal pleasure of camping and exploring that beautiful panorama of the lake district of Northern Ontario. The book, written in an argumentative style, reviews the case for the inheritance of acquired characteristics and proposes a simple, feasible mechanism to drive this process. It is written from the narrow perspective of an experimental Immunologist with an interest in the evolution of multicellular organisms. Much attention is given to current ideas in Immunology, and at times we dive deeply into its heartland to grasp those threads relevant to a general theory of evolution. In these excursions, I take pains not to lose the general reader (although I run the risk of annoying some Immunologists), I do this so that the argument is understood by Biologists as a whole. This narrow approach path, however, eliminates areas of interest to some Biologists, e. g.

Abstract: A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.

Abstract: Section One: Deposits in Geological Environments at the Earth’s Surface -- The Bauxite Deposits of Jamaica -- The Onverdacht Bauxite Deposit — Surinam -- The Nickel Deposits of New Caledonia -- The Nsuta Manganese Deposit — Ghana -- The Tin Deposits of the Kinta Valley — Malaysia -- The Beach-Sand Deposits of North Stradbroke Island — Australia -- The Witwatersrand Gold-Uranium Deposits — South Africa -- The Uranium Deposits of the Blind River Area — Canada -- The Esterhazy Potash Deposits — Canada -- The Sulphur Salt Dome — U.S.A. -- The Iron Deposits of the Northampton District — U.K. -- The Mesabi Iron Range — U.S.A. -- The Iron Deposits of the Itabira District — Brazil -- Section Two: Mineral Deposits in Sedimentary Rocks -- The Luanshya Copper Deposit — Zambia -- The Ambrosia Lake Uranium Field — U.S.A. -- The Laisvall Lead-Zinc Deposit — Sweden -- The Picher Lead-Zinc Field — U.S.A. -- The Zinc, Lead and Barite Deposits of the Silvermines District — Ireland -- The Zinc-Lead Deposits of the Pine Point District — Canada -- The Sullivan Deposit — Canada -- The Broken Hill Deposit — Australia -- Section Three: Deposits Associated with Felsic Magmatic Environments -- The Helen Iron Deposit — Canada -- The Pyritic Deposits of the Tamasos Field — Cyprus -- The Skorovas Pyritic Deposit — Norway -- The Rio Tinto Deposits — Spain -- The Noranda Field — Canada -- The Deposits of the Kosaka District — Japan -- The Almaden Mercury Deposit — Spain -- The Deposits of the MacIntyre-Hollinger Field — Canada -- The Homestake Gold Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Bunker Hill Silver Deposit — U.S.A. -- The El Salvador Porphyry Copper Deposit — Chile -- The Chuquicamata Copper Deposit — Chile -- The Bingham Canyon Copper Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Climax Molybdenum Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Butte District — U.S.A. -- The Santa Eulaila Deposit — Mexico -- The South-West England District — U.K. -- The Pine Creek Tungsten Deposit — U.S.A. -- The Bikita Pegmatite — Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) -- Section Four: Mineral Deposits in Basic and Ultrabasic Magmatic Rocks -- The Plantinum Deposits of the Merensky Reef — South Africa -- The Chromite Deposits of the Great Dyke — Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) -- The Sudbury Nickel Deposits — Canada -- The Tellnes Illmenite Deposit — Norway -- The Chromite Deposits of Mugla District — Turkey -- The Asbestos Deposits of the Thetford District — Canada -- The Palabora Complex — South Africa -- The Mwadui Diamond Pipe — Tanzania -- Section Five: The World Distribution of Mineral Deposits -- Copper Deposits of the World -- Lead and Zinc Deposits of the World -- Iron and Ferro-alloy metal Deposits of the World -- Light Metal Deposits of the World -- Precious Metal Deposits of the World -- Glossary of Mineral Names -- Units of Measurement -- Key to Stratigraphic Names.

Abstract: reader who wishes to study economic mineral deposits. I have in mind that it they do include references to the source material. Full bibliographies are in could be the basic descriptive part of a university course on the subject. many cases unnecessary because of the monumental work of Ridge (Ridge, Many teachers of economic and mining geology prefer to lecture on the 1972 and 1976). formative geological processes and origin of mineral deposits, and most of The Scope, Purpose and Layout of the Book Terminology. This is a persistent problem in geology. What I have tried to the existing textbooks do likewise. The Atlas is intended to be a compen­ Air, sea, surface water and soil support life, from which comes our food; the dium of descriptive material on which a more analytical series of lectures, or do is use a consistent, and internationally acceptable set of terms, making as much use as possible of the recent attempts by international organizations to fossil remains of life, that is: coal, oil and gas, together with solar and course of reading, could be based.

Abstract: VI. Neurobiology -- 1 Neuroembryology and the Development of Perception -- 2 The Differentiate Maturation of the Human Cerebral Cortex -- 3 Organization and Reorganization in the Central Nervous System: Evolving Concepts of Brain Plasticity -- 4 Developmental Aspects of the Neuronal Control of Breathing -- 5 Ontogenesis of Brain Bioelectrlcal Activity and Sleep Organization in Neonates and Infants -- 6 Sexual Differentiation of the Brain -- 7 Critical Periods in Organizational Processes -- 8 Patterns of Early Neurological Development -- 9 Early Development of Neonatal and Infant behavior -- VII. Nutrition -- 10 Nutrition and Growth in Infancy -- 11 Protein — Energy Malnutrition and Growth -- 12 Population Differences in Growth: Environmental and Genetic Factors -- 13 Epidemiological Considerations -- 14 Obesity -- 15 Nutritional Deficiencies and Brain Development -- 16 Nutrition, Mental Development and Learning -- VIII. History of Growth Studies -- 17 A Concise History of Growth Studies from Buffon to Boas.

Abstract: Growth, as we conceive it, is the study of change in an organism not yet mature. Differential growth creates form: external form through growth rates which vary from one part of the body to another and one tissue to another; and internal form through the series of time-entrained events which build up in each cell the special­ ized complexity of its particular function. We make no distinction, then, between growth and development, and if we have not included accounts of differentiation it is simply because we had to draw a quite arbitrary line somewhere. It is only rather recently that those involved in pediatrics and child health have come to realize that growth is the basic science peculiar to their art. It is a science which uses and incorporates the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and biology. It is indeed a part of biology, and the study of human growth is a part of the curriculum of the rejuvenated science of Human Biology. What growth is not is a series of charts of height and weight. Growth standards are useful and necessary, and their construction is by no means void of intellectual challenge. They are a basic instrument in pediatric epidemiology. But they do not appear in this book, any more than clinical accounts of growth disorders. This appears to be the first large handbook-in three volumes-devoted to Human Growth.

Abstract: The Countries -- African Countries -- Argentina -- Australia -- Austria -- Belgium -- Bolivia -- Brazil -- Bulgaria -- Canada -- Chile -- China -- Colombia -- Cuba -- Cyprus -- Czechoslovakia -- Denmark -- Ecuador -- Egypt -- Fiji -- Finland -- France -- Germany -- Greece -- Hong Kong -- Hungary -- Iceland -- India -- Indonesia -- Iran -- Ireland -- Israel -- Italy -- Japan -- Korea -- Lebanon -- Malta -- Mexico -- Nepal -- Netherlands -- New Zealand -- Nigeria -- Norway -- Pakistan -- Panama -- Paraguay -- Peru -- Philippines -- Poland -- Portugal -- Qatar -- Romania -- Singapore -- South Africa -- Spain -- Sweden -- Switzerland -- Syria -- Turkey -- Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic -- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) -- United Kingdom -- United States of America -- Uruguay -- Venezuela -- Yugoslavia (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFRJ).

Abstract: In the past several decades, psychology has grown so rapidly in many countries that no one has been able to keep up-to-date on more than a handful of countries. To be sure, the highly developed countries of North America, Western Europe, Ja­ pan, and Australia have generally had well-known national psychological societies for most of this century, and consider­ able information about their universities and institutes has been published at one time or another. But even in these more highly developed countries, the rapid changes of recent years are not well known. In any event, what information has been published is scattered so widely that it is hardly accessible when needed. Still less well known is the growth of psychology in the developing countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, and at least for Western readers, even the modem nations of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union are relatively unknown. Only recently have most Western psychologists become aware of the fact that psychology as they know it is provincial. With more than half of the world's highly trained psychologists in Canada and the United States, which together devote far more of their national resources to psychological research than is true of any other countries in the world, it is not surprising that the North American journals, psychological associations, institutes, clinics, and other manifestations of psychology have completely domi­ nated the field, at least until recently.

Abstract: 1. Aerospace Engineering -- 2. Agricultural Economics, Sciences, and Engineering -- 3. Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning -- 4. Astronomy -- 5. Astrophysics -- 6. Ceramic Engineering -- 7. Chemical Engineering -- 8. Chemistry and Biochemistry -- 9. Civil Engineering -- 10. Communications Engineering and Computer Science -- 11. Cryogenic Engineering -- 12. Electrical Engineering -- 13. Engineering Mechanics -- 14. Engineering Physics -- 15. Engineering Science -- 16. Fuels, Combustion, and Air Pollution -- 17. General and Environmental Engineering -- 18. Geochemistry and Soil Science -- 19. Geological Sciences and Geophysical Engineering -- 20. Geology and Earth Science -- 21. Geophysics -- 22. Industrial Engineering and Operations Research -- 23. Irrigation Engineering -- 24. Marine and Ocean Engineering -- 25. Materials Science and Engineering -- 26. Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering -- 27. Metallurgy -- 28. Meteorology and Atmospheric Science -- 29. Mineralogy and Petrology -- 30. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering -- 31. Missile and Space Systems Engineering -- 32. Nuclear Engineering -- 33. Nuclear Physics -- 34. Nuclear Science -- 35. Oceanography and Marine Science -- 36. Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering -- 37. Photogrammetric and Geodetic Engineering -- 38. Physics and Biophysics -- 39. Plastics Engineering -- 40. Wood Technology, Forestry, and Forest Science -- 41. Reactor Science -- 42. Sanitary Engineering, Water Pollution and Resources -- 43. Textile Technology -- 44. Transportation Engineering.

Abstract: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis­ seminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) * at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac­ tivity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 23 (thesis year 1978) a total of 10,148 theses titles from 27 Canadian and 220 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 23 reports these submitted in 1978, on occasion, certain universities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Abstract: Preface -- 1 The nature of vegetation -- 1.1 Ubiquity of changes in time -- 1.2 Variation in space -- 1.3 The nature of vegetation in time -- 2 Processes of vegetation change -- 2.1 Initiation of successions and fluctuations -- 2.2 Immigration of species -- 2.3 Establishment -- 2.4 Competition -- 2.5 Site modification -- 2.6 Stabilization -- 3 Fluctuations -- 3.1 Definitions of vegetation change -- 3.2 Phenological changes -- 3.3 Changes with fluctuations in environment -- 4 Regeneration and cyclic changes -- 5 Primary successions -- 5.1 Successions on submerged and waterlogged soils -- 5.2 Succession behind retreating glaciers -- 6 Secondary successions -- 6.1 The course of secondary succession -- 6.2 Factors determining the course of secondary succession -- 6.3 Predictability of secondary succession -- 7 Changes caused by grazing animals -- 8 Concluding remarks -- References.

Abstract: Vegetation dynamics is an important subject. A knowledge and under­ standing of it is central to the science of vegetation management-in grassland, range and nature reserve management, and in aspects of wildlife management, forestry and agricultural crop production. It is also a large and diffuse subject. In a small book such as this I had to be highly selective, and could not do equal justice to all aspects. I have had therefore to condense many examples, and more regrettably, many arguments. While I have tried to present a broad selection of topics and examples, the content inevitably reflects my own special interests and experience. The study of vegetation and its dynamics does not lend itselfto neat and tidy divisions, and the way of allotting material into different chapters here is arbitrary. I have used Chapter I to introduce a number of ideas, beginning with the nature of vegetation in space, then passing to an introduction to the nature of changes in vegetation with time, in particular those generally known as successions. The book also contains a number of asides to the text's central arguments; I hope the reader finds these interesting rather than disconcerting.

Abstract: 1. The Electric Power System -- 2. Faraday’s Induction Law -- 3. Magnetic Circuits -- 4. Sinusoidal Steady State -- 5. Transformers -- 6. Transformer Connections -- 7. Electromechanical Energy Conversion -- 8. Distributed Windings -- 9. Three-phase Synchronous Machines -- 10. Synchronous Motors -- 11. Synchronous Generators -- 12. Synchronous Machines With Salient Poles -- 13. Three-phase Induction Machines -- 14. Application of Induction Motors -- 15. Symmetrical Components -- 16. Two-phase Servomotors -- 17. Single-phase Motors -- 18. Commutator Machines -- 19. D-c Motors -- 20. D-c Generators -- 21. Synchros -- Answers to Problems.

Abstract: There are good reasons why the subject of electric power engineering, after many years of neglect, is making a comeback in the undergraduate curriculum of many electrical engineering departments. The most obvious is the current public awareness of the "energy crisis. " More fundamental is the concern with social responsibility among college students in general and engineering students in particular. After all, electric power remains one of the cornerstones of our civilization, and the well-publicized problems of ecology, economy, safety, dependability and natural resources management pose ever-growing challenges to the best minds in the engineering community. Before an engineer can successfully involve himself in such problems, he must first be familiar with the main components of electric power systems. This text­ book will assist him in acquiring the necessary familiarity. The course for which this book is mainly intended can be taken by any student who has had some cir­ cuit analysis (using discrete elements, and including sinusoidal steady state) and elementary electromagnetic field theory. Most students taking the course will be in their junior or senior years. Once the course is completed, students may decide to go more deeply into the design and operation of these components and study them on a more advanced level, or they may direct their attention to the problems of the system itself, problems which are only hinted at briefly at various points herein.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Reaching and colonizing islands -- 2.1 Getting there -- 2.2 Establishing a beach-head -- References -- 3 How many species? -- 3.1 Species number and habitat diversity -- 3.2 The effect of area alone -- 3.3 Equilibrium theory -- References -- 4 Islands as experiments in competition -- 4.1 Abundance shifts -- 4.2 Altitudinal shifts -- 4.3 Habitat shifts -- 4.4 Shifts in vertical foraging range -- 4.5 Dietary shifts -- 4.6 Assembly rules for island communities -- References -- 5 The very remote islands -- 5.1 The ancient conifers of New Caledonia -- 5.2 The Honeycreepers of Hawaii -- 5.3 Unresolved problems -- References -- 6 Some dangers of living on an island -- 6.1 The taxon cycle -- 6.2 What drives the cycle? -- References -- 7 Continental habitat islands -- 7.1 Islands of Páramo vegetation -- 7.2 Mountain mammals -- 7.3 Caves of limestone -- 7.4 Goldmines and Pikas -- References -- 8 Island ecology and nature reserves -- 8.1 How many species will a reserve support? -- 8.2 How long does it take to lose species? -- 8.3 Which species will be lost? -- 8.4 The design of reserves -- References -- Map-location of islands mentioned in text.

Abstract: The islands of the Pacific and East Indies made an enormous and fateful impact on the minds of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, the fathers of modem evolutionary theory. Since then island floras and faunas have continued to playa central role in the development of evolutionary, and more recently ecological thought. For much ofthis century island ecology was a descriptive science and a wealth of information has been amassed on patterns of species distributions, on the composition of island floras and faunas, on the classification of islands into types such as oceanic and continental, on the taxonomic description of insular species and sub-species and on the adaptations, often bizarre, of island creatures. However, biologists are not satisfied for long with the mere collection of data and the description of patterns, but seek unifying theories. Island ecology was transformed into a predictive science by the publication, in 1967, of MacArthur and Wilson's Theory of Island Biogeography. This, perhaps the most influential book written on island ecology, has been the stimulus for a generation of theoretical ecologists and gifted field workers. The books listed below in the bibliography will indicate to the reader the vast scope of island ecology and the changes in approach that have taken place over the years.

Abstract: Group IV Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Silicon -- 3 Germanium -- 4 Tin -- 5 Lead -- References: Group IV -- V Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth -- 6 Introduction -- 7 Arsenic -- 8 Antimony -- 9 Bismuth -- References: Group V.

Abstract: A very large number of organo derivatives is formed by the Group IV ele­ ments silicon, germanium, tin, and lead. In comparing the general properties of these elements, Table 1. 1 shows that the first ionization energies decrease (though not in a regular way) with increase in size and atomic number, con­ sistent with the general increase in metallic character of the elements. Electro­ negativity values (which have been the subject of considerable controversy) show no clear trend. Although purely inorganic compounds of tin(n) and leaden) are well known, almost all organo Group IV derivatives show an oxidation state of IV. Bonds to carbon become weaker on passing from silicon to lead, as do the element-element bonds themselves. With any particular element M (M = Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb), there is a small decrease in bond energy in the order: M-Ph 〉 M - Me 〉 M - Et. Although accurate data for organo derivatives are lacking, strengths of bonds to other elements probably decrease in the order: M-F〉 M-O 〉 M-CI 〉 M-H ~ M-N ~ M-S ~ M-Br 〉 M-I, while for a particular element X, the order is: Si-X 〉 Ge-X 〉 Sn-X 〉 Pb-X. It is therefore understandable that reactions leading to Si-F, Si-O, or Si-CI bonds are especially favoured in a thermodynamic sense.

Abstract: Since the publication in 1950 of Vol. I, Spectra of Diatomic Molecules of Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, much progress has been made in the field. While there have been some important refinements in the theory of diatomic molecular spectra, most of the advances have been in the further exploration of individual spectra. Not only has the number of molecules about which some spectroscopic data are available been increased by a factor of 2 to 3, but also the spectroscopic information about the molecules known in 1950 has been vastly extended. This is due to the observation of new elec­ tronic states (about three times as many as known before), the enormous improvements in the accuracy of the constants of the states known in 1950, and the determination of higher order constants. In view of the increasing use of spectroscopic information on diatomic molecules in other fields of physics, in chemistry, and in astrophysics, it appeared desirable to prepare an up-to-date version of the table of molecular constants in the appendix of Vol. I. This updating proved to be far more time-consuming than originally anticipated, and it is only now, 10 years that we are able to present such a table, which, instead after its initiation, of the original 80 pages (plus 30 pages of bibliography), now fills a volume of 700 pages. In the interest of economy, and unlike the original version, the new table has been produced by photo-offset from the final manuscript.

Abstract: Content -- 1. Energy Transfer Processes in Bioluminescence -- 2. Phytochrome: Function and Properties -- 3. Photosynthesis and Fast Changes in Light Emission by Green Plants -- 4. Photoreceptors for Circadian Rhythms -- 5. Nondimer Damage in Deoxyribonucleic Acid Caused by Ultraviolet Radiation.

Abstract: The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four categories: to develop (I) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine. To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and physicists; because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multidis­ ciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for theoretical or practical use. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in­ depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that these reviews will provide an important service to the younger scientists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking, or suggest a redirection when appropriate. Since it is important that this review series remain responsive to the needs of photochemists and photobiologists, the Editor would value com­ ments and suggestions from its readers.

Abstract: 1 Introduction: Mineral Resources and Exploration -- 1.1 Growth in Mineral Production -- 1.2 Metal Prices -- 1.3 Patterns of Production and Consumption -- 1.4 The Nature of Mineral Exploration -- 1.5 Mining and the Environment -- 2 Geological Mapping and Prospecting -- 2.1 The Importance of Geological Mapping and Prospecting -- 2.2 Traditional Prospecting Methods -- 3 Photogeology and Remote Sensing -- 3.1 Photogeology -- 3.2 Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) -- 3.3 Satellite Photographs and Imagery -- 3.4 Thermal Imagery -- 3.5 Other Remote Detection Methods -- 3.6 Air Sampling Methods -- 4 Geochemical Prospecting -- 4.1 Distribution of Elements -- 4.2 Primary Dispersion -- 4.3 Secondary Dispersion -- 4.4 Soil Types -- 4.5 Statistical Treatment of Data -- 4.6 Drainage Surveys -- 4.7 Soil Surveys -- 4.8 Vegetation and Water Surveys -- 4.9 Analytical Methods -- 5 Deep Sampling Methods -- 5.1 Pitting and Trenching -- 5.2 Auger Drilling -- 5.3 Hand-Held Percussion Drills -- 5.4 Wagon Drilling -- 5.5 Banka Drilling -- 6 Geophysical Prospecting -- 6.1 Gravity Surveying -- 6.2 Magnetic Surveying -- 6.3 Resistivity Surveys -- 6.4 Induced Polarization (IP) Surveys -- 6.5 Electromagnetic (EM) Surveying -- 6.6 Self-Potential (SP) Surveys -- 6.7 Equipotential (EP) Surveys -- 6.8 Magneto-Telluric (MT) Surveys -- 6.9 Seismic Methods -- 6.10 Radiometric Surveying -- 6.11 Geothermal Methods -- 6.12 Well-Logging Techniques -- 7 Drilling Methods -- 7.1 Percussion Drilling -- 7.2 Churn Drilling -- 7.3 Diamond Drilling -- 7.4 Rotary Drilling -- 8 Surveying -- 8.1 Chaining -- 8.2 Compass and Tape Surveys -- 8.3 Determination of Elevation -- 8.4 Plane Table Surveying -- 8.5 Surveying Calculations -- 8.6 Measurements with a Theodolite -- 8.7 Measurement of Distance -- 8.8 Astronomical Surveying -- 9 Ore Reserve Calculations -- 9.1 Ore and Ore Reserves -- 9.2 Plan Methods -- 9.3 Cross-Sectional Methods -- 9.4 Steeply Dipping Ore Bodies -- 9.5 Ore Bodies of Variable Dip -- 9.6 Use of Ore Blocks -- 9.7 Cut-Off Grades -- 9.8 Tonnage Factor -- 9.9 Sampling for Grade Determination -- 10 Evaluation of Prospects -- 10.1 Mineral Dressing -- 10.2 Smelting and Refining of Ores -- 10.3 Mining Methods -- 10.4 Economic Feasibility Studies -- 10.5 Examination of Properties.

Abstract: For some years I have felt there was a need for a single, comprehen­ sive, reference book on exploration geology. Numerous textbooks are available on subjects such as geophysical prospecting, exploration geochemistry, mining geology, photogeology and general economic geology, but, for the geologist working in mineral exploration, who does not require a specialist's knowledge, a general book on explora­ tion techniques is needed. Many undergraduate university courses tend to neglect economic geology and few deal with the more prac­ tical aspects in any detail. Graduate geologists embarking on a career in economic geology or mineral exploration are therefore often poorly equipped and have to learn a considerable amount 'on the job'. By providing a book that includes material which can be found in some of the standard texts together with a number of practical aspects not to be found elsewhere, I hope that both recent graduates and more experienced exploration geologists will find it a useful reference work and manual. In addition, students of economic geology and personnel working in related fields in the mining and mineral extraction in­ dustries will find it informative. J. H. REEDMAN v Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Dr K. Fletcher, geochemist with the Department of Geology, University of British Columbia, and Kari Savario, geophysicist with Finnish Technical Aid to Zambia, for reading the original drafts and offering constructive criticism and advice on the chapters on geochemical and geophysical prospecting respectively.

Abstract: Realms of Reason and Unreason -- I Diffusion and Superdiffusion, Prologue -- 1 From Continent to Continent: Making Ends Meet -- 2 Stones, Suppositions, and Science -- 3 Ancient Astronauts: Thesis -- 4 Ancient Astronauts: Response -- 5 The UFO Phenomenon -- II Strange Stone Monuments, Prologue -- 6 Stonehenge -- 7 Pyramid -- 8 Easter Island -- III Marine Mysteries, Prologue -- 9 The Bermuda Triangle -- 10 The Lost Continent of Atlantis -- IV Monsters, Stars, and Catastrophists, Prologue -- 11 Monsters -- 12 Astrology -- 13 The Colliding Worlds of Velikovsky -- 14 Noah’s Ark -- Epilogue -- References.

Abstract: The purpose of this book is to explore some of those great mysteries of the earth that have captured the popular imagination, and especially those having their roots in our specialties of archaeology and geology. The average reader probably is unfamiliar with the earth sciences or the archaeological history of man. Nor does the average reader have the time and literary resources to verify all he or she reads. Our aim is to lend a helping hand by examining the evidence that surrounds such mysteries as the legend of Atlantis and the ruins of Stonehenge, and, as logically as we can, sift truth from falsehood and exagger­ ation. Early man found himself in a world of unimaginable mysteries: meteors streaking across a star-studded sky, the darkness beyond the campfire's glow, the sound and fury of a volcano's eruption. Our earliest ancestors were probably mysteries to themselves, and totally susceptible to the subjectivity of their world. Fantasies may have been as much a formative influence as toolmaking in the early development of culture. As human beings gathered knowledge and understanding of their surroundings, old mysteries vanished, only to be replaced by others because so much was not understood.

Abstract: 1. Fractionation in igneous processes -- 2. Compositional variation in magmas -- 3. Phase diagrams — introduction -- 4. Ternary systems — I -- 5. Ternary systems with solid solutions page -- 6. The interpretation of two-element variation diagrams -- 7. Petrographic aspects of volcanic rocks -- 8. Quaternary systems -- 9. Experimental work on natural basaltic and allied rocks -- 10. Water-bearing basic rock systems -- 11. Compositionally zoned magma bodies and their bearing on crystal settling -- 12. Petrographic aspects of plutonic rocks -- 13. The interpretation of data for plutonic rocks -- 14. Trace elements in igneous processes -- 15. The use of isotopes in petrology -- Appendices -- 1. Nomenclature of igneous rocks -- 2. Average major element compositions and CIPW norms of common igneous rock types -- 3. Norm calculations -- Calculation of the CIPW norm -- Molecular norms -- 4. Calculation of plotting parameters for O’Hara (1968) polybaric phase diagram -- 5. Some representative mineral analyses -- Answers to exercises -- References.

Abstract: Our aim in writing this book is to try to show how igneous rocks can be persuaded to reveal some ofthe secrets of their origins. The data of igneous rocks consist of field relations, texture, mineralogy, and geochemistry. Additionally, experimental petrology tells us how igneous systems might be expected to behave. Working on this material we attempt to show how hypotheses concerning the origins and evolution of magmas are proposed and tested, and thus illuminate the interesting and fundamental problems of petrogenesis. The book assumes a modest knowledge of basic petro­ graphy, mineralogy, classification, and regional igneous geology. It has a role complementary to various established texts, several of which are descriptively good and give wide coverage and evaluation of petrogenetic ideas in various degrees of detail. Existing texts do not on the whole, however, deal with methodology, though this is one of the more important aspects of the subject. At first sight it may appear that the current work is a guidebook for the prospective research worker and thus has little relevance for the non-specialist student of geology. We hope this will prove to be far from the case. The methodological approach has an inherent interest because it can provide the reader with problems he can solve for himself, and as an almost incidental consequence he will acquire a satisfying understanding.

Abstract: I: Physics and Energy -- Perspective on Pakistan’s Energy Problems -- World Energy Problems -- Long-Term Energy Systems and the Role of Nuclear and Solar Energy -- Laser Produced Nuclear Fusion -- Latest Trends in the Economics of Nuclear Power -- Role of Nuclear Energy with Particular Reference to Western Europe -- Some Topics in Reactor Physics -- Nuclear Non-Proliferation -- Unified Neutron Transport Theory -- II: Physics and Technology -- Amorphous Semiconductors -- Solar Energy Materials -- III: Computational Methods in Physics -- Computational Methods in Physics -- IV: Physics and Frontiers of Knowledge -- Observational Traits of Black Holes in the Optical Band -- The Role of Polarization in Microscopic Physics -- Fundamental Constituents of Matter and Unification of Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions -- V: Science and Development -- Science and Development -- Appendix I: List of Invited Seminar Speakers -- Appendix II: List of Seminars -- Appendix III: List of Participants.

Abstract: These proceedings cover the lectures delivered at the Third International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held from June 17 - July 5, 1978 at Nathiagali, one of the scenic hill resorts in the northern part of Pakistan. The college was organized by The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and co-sponsored by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (ICTP). It also received a financial grant by the University Grants Commission for the participation of physicists from various universities of Pakistan. The college was attended by 14 lecturers, 2 invited seminar speakers and 156 participants from 23 countries and consisted of 15 concen­ trated days of lectures, seminars and informal discussions. These proceedings contain only regular lectures delivered there, but the seminars which were held there are listed in the Appendix. This year the college put special emphasis on energy, parti­ cularly on nuclear energy and its role in the context of energy sys­ tems. However the lectures delivered at the college also covered a wide spectrum of physics. The lectures gave an overview of various topics covered at the college and emphasized the inter-disciplinary aspects of physics. Some of the lecturers also indicated the areas where research in developing countries with limited facilities could be carried out. The college had a definite objective of encouraging the physicists, part~cularly those working at the universities, to apply their knowledge of physics and methodology of research to the needs of modern society.

Abstract: General -- Evolution in Image Science -- Trends in Digital Image Processing Research -- Theory -- A 1D Approach to 2D-Signal Processing -- Digital Coding of Television Signals -- Digital Image Analysis -- Application -- Biomedical Image Processing -- The Processing of X-Ray Image Sequences -- Landsat Image Processing -- Image Processing for Document Reproduction -- Image Processing and Computer Graphics -- Model-Driven Vision for Industrial Automation -- Implementation -- Distributed Image Processing -- Parallel Processors for Digital Image Processing -- Large-Scale Vector/Array Processors -- A Low-Cost Image Processing Facility Employing a New Hardware Realization of High-Speed Signal Processors.

Abstract: Digital image processing, originally established to analyze and improve lunar images, is rapidly growing into a wealth of new appli­ cations, due to the enormous technical progress made in computer engineering. At present, the most important fields of growth appear to emerge in the areas of medical image processing (i. e. tomography, thermography), earth resource inventory (i. e. land usage, minerals), office automation (i. e. document storage, retrieval and reproduction) and industrial production (i. e. computer vision for mechanical ro­ bots). Currently, emphasis is being shifted from signal-processing re­ search and design-innovation activities towards cost-efficient system implementations for interactive digital image processing. For the years ahead, trends in computer engineering indicate still further advances in Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Input/Output (I/O) technologies allowing the implementation of powerful parallel and/or distributed processor architectures for real-time processing of high­ resolution achromatic and color images. In view of the many new developments in the field of digital image processing and recognizing the importance of discussing these developments amongst key scientists that might make use of them, ffiM Germany sponsored an international symposium on 'Advances in Digital Image Processing', held at Bad Neuenahr, Federal Republic of Germany, September 26 - 28, 1978. The interest shown in this symposium encouraged the publi­ cation of the papers presented in this volume of the ffiM Research Symposium Series.

Abstract: 1 General Account of the Geomagnetic Field -- 2 Role of Geomagnetic Field in Vital Activity of Organisms on Earth -- 3 Questions of General Geomagnetobiology -- 4 Specific Aspects of Geomagnetobiology -- 5 Possible Mechanisms of Biological Effect of the Geomagnetic Field -- References.

Abstract: I am very pleased that my book The Geomagnetic Field and Life is being published in English in the United States. Thanks to the initiative of Plenum Press, a publishing hause that is widely known in all countries, I have a great new opportunity to make direct contact with friends throughout the world. My book on the geomagnetic field can be regarded as an abstraction, whose purpose is to provide a better picture and understanding of the world araund us, its main driving forces, and factors, to help us to know ourselves, and to proceed further. The essence of the abstraction is that in treating the problern I have deliberately ignored the diverse effects of various extemal factors on living organisms and have confined myself to an analysis of the effect of the GMF. This approach allows me to go one step further-to draw various conclusions and propose theories that rnight bring us closer to a proper understanding of the true nature of the phenomena. Philosophers have long been aware that by such abstract thinking we can deterrnine the nature of phenomena more reliably, completely, and comprehensively, penetrate to the very core of the observed effects, and perceive the depth of their interrelations.

Abstract: The theory of the Lebesgue integral is still considered as a difficult theory, no matter whether it is based the concept of measure or introduced by other methods. The primary aim of this book is to give an approach which would be as intelligible and lucid as possible. Our definition, produced in Chapter I, requires for its background only a little of the theory of absolutely convergent series so that it is understandable for students of the first undergraduate course. Nevertheless, it yields the Lebesgue integral in its full generality and, moreover, extends automatically to the Bochner integral (by replacing real coefficients of series by elements of a Banach space). It seems that our approach is simple enough as to eliminate the less useful Riemann integration theory from regular mathematics courses. Intuitively, the difference between various approaches to integration may be brought out by the following story on shoemakers. A piece of leather, like in Figure 1, is given. The task consists in measuring its area. There are three shoemakers and each of them solves the task in his own way. A B Fig. 1 The shoemaker R. divides the leather into a finite number of vertical strips and considers the strips approximately as rectangles. The sum of areas of all rectangles is taken for an approximate area of the leather (Figure 2). If he is not satisfied with the obtained exactitude, he repeats the whole procedure, by dividing the leather into thinner strips.

Abstract: 1 Stimulating One’s own Creativity -- 2 The Transistor -- Early Semiconductor Research -- The Bell Laboratories Program -- Preparations for the Transistor Announcement -- Patent Precautions -- The Transistor Announcement -- The Benefits -- From Surface States to Solid State -- The Double-Dimple Transistor -- Transistor Applications -- Leaving the Beaten Track -- 3 Electronic Music -- Musical Tones -- Harmonic Analysis -- The First Electric Organ -- The Early Days of Radio -- Radio and Electronic Music -- Electronic Developments -- Pitch Stabilization -- Doctoral Research -- The Formant Concept -- Visible Speech -- Formants and Hallformanten -- Engineering Thesis -- The Baldwin Electronic Organ -- Church Organists’ Views -- Formants and Pipe Organ Mixtures -- Several Electrical Musical Analogues -- Electronic Door Chimes -- Radar and High-Frequency Loudspeakers -- Modern Electronic Music -- 4 Lasers -- The Laser -- Laser Fundamentals -- The Metastable State -- The Two-Step Process -- Gas Lasers -- Semiconductor Lasers -- Alignment -- Distance and Length Measurements -- Lasers in Machine Tool Applications -- Interferometric Detection of Footprints -- Lasers in the Supermarket -- Drilling and Welding Applications -- Identification -- Fabric Cutting -- Medical Applications -- Communicating with Light -- Video Disks -- Laser Fusion -- Interdisciplinary Innovation -- 5 Traits -- Help for the Young -- The Value of Praise and Encouragement -- The Value of Creativity for Children -- Other Traits of Creative Youngsters -- Interest in Problems -- Chess-Playing Traits -- Chess Problem Composing -- Computer Chess -- Music -- Religion -- Authorship -- Age -- Needs -- 6 Waveguides -- Early Radio Transmission -- Microwave Waveguides -- The Waveguide as a Transmission Medium -- Phase and Group Velocities -- Long-Distance Transmission -- Millimeter Wavelengths -- The Circular Electric Mode -- Recent Field Tests -- Waveguides and Coaxial Cables -- Dielectric Waveguides -- Metallic Dielectric Waveguides -- Electron Bunching -- Bunchers and Catchers -- Ideal Bunching -- Klystrons -- Velocity Modulation of Waves -- Radar Breakdown Problems -- Wave Coding -- Corrugated Sound-Wave Waveguides -- Pulse Compression Tests -- Chirp -- Natural Waveguides -- Underwater Waveguides -- The SOFAR Channel -- SOFAR Localization -- Nonexplosive Acoustic Uses -- Acoustic Atmospheric Waveguides -- Waveguide Junctions -- Tee Junctions -- Hybrid Junctions -- The Magic Waveguide Junction -- 7 Lenses -- Velocity Focusing -- A Constant-Thickness Lens -- The Metal Plate Lens -- Stepped Lenses -- Radio Relay -- Foamed Dielectric Lenses -- Wider Bandwidth Needs -- Born’s Light Wave Analysis -- The First Artificial Dielectrics -- Sphere and Disk Dielectrics -- Strip Lenses -- The Transcontinental Relay -- The Bell Transcontinental Circuit -- High Refractive Power Lenses -- Path Length Lenses -- Lenses for Loudspeakers -- Microwave Lenses for Sound -- 8 Communications Satellites -- The First Rockets -- The Intercontinental Missile -- The Reentry Problem -- Sputnik -- Initial U.S. Reactions to Sputnik -- Explorer I -- Apollo 11 -- Communications -- Communications and the Space Program -- Orbiting Satellites -- Geostationary Satellites. -- Domestic Satellites -- Direct Broadcast Satellite -- 9 Why Invent? -- Wherewithal -- Renown -- Helping Others -- Eminence -- The Fraternity of Doers -- 10 Radar -- Early History -- The British Beginnings -- The U.S. Beginnings -- Radar Fundamentals -- The Plan Position Display -- The A-Scope Display -- Fire Control Radars -- Other Forms of Military Radar -- Doppler Radar -- Radars for Cars -- Circular Polarization -- An Aircraft-Versus-Submarine Machiavellism -- 11 Holography -- Gabor’s Interdisciplinary Skill -- Holography Fundamentals -- Making a Hologram -- The Complete Hologram Process -- The Hologram of a Scene -- Parallax in Holograms -- Single-Wavelength Nature of Holograms -- Nonoptical Holograms -- Microwave Holograms -- Microwave Holograms and Liquid Crystals -- Ultrasonic Holograms -- Underwater Viewing -- Earth Exploration -- Phase Quadrature -- Laser Holography -- Three-Dimensional Holography -- Information Content -- The Concept of Phase in Holography -- Synthetic Aperture Radar -- Two Recent Holography Developments -- Gabor’s Clairvoyance -- 12 Picturephone -- Visible Speech -- Real Time Sound Analysis -- The Real Time Analyzer -- From Analyzer to Picturephone -- Transmission Cost -- The Experimental Movie -- The First Picturephone -- The Permanent Record Form -- The Announcement to the Press -- Additional Background Information -- Press Reaction -- The Move to Higher-Quality Pictures -- The First Commercial Service -- The Future -- Peroration.

Abstract: The economic growth and strength of a nation are directly related to the ability of its people to make discoveries and their ability to transform these discoveries into useful products. Ninety percent of the increase in output per capita in the United States from 1909 to 1949 has been held to be attributable to technological advances. In this book, we examine the ways in which a number of important new technologies came into being and review the characteristic traits of inventors who create new technologies. Ways are suggested that could enable young and old alike to become more creative, and the various benefits they can thereby reap are also discussed. A high level of creativity is an important asset for a nation, and therefore a knowledge of ways to increase inventiveness can be of great value. University of Cincinnati President Warren Bennis has noted that "creativity is something most of us seem to lose, or let atrophy, as we leave childhood."· To "rediscover it," he continues, "we must find ways of re-creating our sense of wondering why, of heightening, even altering, our consciousness." Thus the earlier in life one seeks to enhance his creativity, the more successful the results are likely to be.

Abstract: 1.Introduction -- 2.Basic Oscillator Theory -- 3.Methods of Design -- 3.1.Experimental Method of Design -- 3.2.Y-Parameter Method of Design -- 3.3.Power Gain Method of Design -- 3.4.Nonlinear Modifications -- 4.Oscillator Frequency Stability -- 4.1.Temperature Effects of Frequency -- 4.2.Long-Term Frequency Drift -- 4.3.Short-Term Frequency Stability -- 5.Quartz Crystal Resonators -- 5.1.Load Capacitance -- 5.2.Pin-To-Pin Capacitance -- 5.3.Resistance -- 5.4.Rated or Test Drive Level -- 5.5.Frequency Stability -- 5.6.Finishing or Calibration Tolerance -- 5.7.Crystal Aging -- 5.8.Q and Stiffness of Crystals -- 5.9.Mechanical Overtone Crystals -- 5.10.Spurious or Unwanted Modes -- 5.11.Vibration, Shock, and Acceleration -- 5.12.Standard Military Crystals -- 5.13.Specifications and Standards -- 6.Discussion of Transistors -- 6.1.Transistor Equivalent Circuits -- 6.2.Y-Parameter Model -- 6.3.Hybrid ? Equivalent Circuit -- 6.4.Nonlinear Models -- 7.Oscillator Circuits -- 7.1.Pierce, Colpitis, and Clapp Oscillators -- 7.2.Pierce Oscillator -- 7.3.Colpitis Oscillator -- 7.4.Clapp Oscillator -- 7.5.Grounded-Base Oscillator -- 7.6.Gate Oscillators -- 7.7.Integrated-Circuit Oscillators -- 8.Preproduction Tests for Crystal Oscillators -- 9.Other Topics -- 9.1.Crystal Switches -- 9.2.Pullable Oscillators -- 9.3.Crystal Ovens -- 9.4.Squegging, Squelching, or Motorboating -- 9.5.Spurious Oscillations -- 10. Temperature Compensation -- 10.1.Analog Temperature Compensation -- 10.2.Hybrid Analog-Digital Compensation -- 10.3.Digital Temperature Compensation -- 10.4.Temperature Compensation with Microprocessors -- Appendix A Derivation of the Complex Equation for Oscillation -- Appendix B Derivation of Y-Parameter Equations for the Pierce Oscillator -- Appendix C Derivation of Y-Parameter Equations for the Grounded-Base Oscillator -- Appendix D Derivation of Approximate Equations for the Clapp Oscillator -- Appendix E Derivation of Approximate Equations for the Pierce Oscillator Analysis -- Appendix F Derivation of Approximate Equations for the Colpitts Oscillator -- Appendix G Large-Signal Transistor Parameters -- Appendix H Large-Signal Transistor Parameters with Emitter Degeneration -- Appendix I Nonlinear Analysis of the Colpitts Oscillator Based on the Principle of Harmonic Balance -- Appendix J Mathematical Development of the Sideband Level versus Phase Deviation Equation -- Appendix K Derivation of Crystal Equations -- Appendix L Sample Crystal Specification.

Abstract: Crystal oscillators have been in use now for well over SO years-one of the first was built by W. G. Cady in 1921. Today, millions of them are made every year, covering a range of frequencies from a few Kilohertz to several hundred Mega­ hertz and a range of stabilities from a fraction of one percent to a few parts in ten to the thirteenth, with most of them, by far, still in the range of several tens of parts per million.Their major application has long been the stabilization of fre­ quencies in transmitters and receivers, and indeed, the utilization of the frequency spectrum would be in utter chaos, and the communication systems as we know them today unthinkable,'without crystal oscillators. With the need to accommodate ever increasing numbers of users in a limited spectrum space, this traditional application will continue to grow for the fore­ seeable future, and ever tighter tolerances will have to be met by an ever larger percentage of these devices.

Abstract: 1. The Activation of Enzymes with Light -- 2. Radiation Synergism and Antagonism -- 3. The Melanins: Their Synthesis and Structure -- 4. The Role of Mutagenesis in Carcinogenesis -- 5. Physical Properties of Excited States: A General Method for Measuring Triplet-Triplet Extinction Coefficients, Singlet-Triplet Intersystem Crossing Efficiences, and Related Parameters -- 6. Mapping the Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins by Photochemical Techniques -- 7. The Use of Microwaves for the Hyperthermic Treatment of Cancer: Advantages and Disadvantages.

Abstract: The goals of the science of photobiology can be divided into four categories: to develop (I) ways to optimize the beneficial effects of light on man and his environment, (2) methods to protect organisms, including man, from the detrimental effects of light, (3) photochemical tools for use in studies of life processes, and (4) photochemical therapies in medicine. To achieve these goals will require the knowledgeable collaboration of biologists, chemists, engineers, mathematicians, physicians, and physicists; because photobiology is a truly multidisciplinary science. While a multi­ disciplinary science is more intellectually demanding, it also has a greater potential for unexpected breakthroughs that can occur when data from several areas of science are integrated into new concepts for theoretical or practical use. Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews continues to provide in­ depth coverage of the many specialty areas of photobiology. It is hoped that these reviews will provide an important service to the younger scientists in the field and to senior scientists in related fields, because they provide a ready access to the recent literature in the field, and more importantly, they frequently offer a critical evaluation of the direction that the field is taking, or suggest a redirection when appropriate. Kendric C. Smith Editor vii Contents v Contents of Earlier Volumes ...................................... . Preface ............................................... . vii Chapter 1. The Activation of Enzymes with Light ................... .

Abstract: One Introduction -- 1 Life’s logic -- Two Growing -- 2 life as an energy transforming system -- 3 Life as a cellular system -- 4 Life as a dynamic steady-state -- 5 On the adaptive significance of growing -- Three Reproduction -- 6 How organisms reproduce -- 7 Quantitative aspects of reproduction -- Four Ageing -- 8 The ageing process -- 9 The cycle reversed -- Five Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Index of organisms.

Abstract: As time progresses, biology becomes more and more fragmented and specialized and it becomes increasingly difficult to see how all the dis- ! parate facts fit together. It is completely proper that biologists should have sought to reduce complex biological wholes into their parts, and it is natural that studies on the products of this reduction should have diverged from more holistic studies on evolution and ecology. Yet the biological parts, what they do and how they are organized are products of an evolutionary process which fits organisms for life in particular ecological circumstances. Physiology, developmental biology, ecology and evolutionary biology must not be allowed to grow too far apart, therefore, because all these disciplines and the way their subject matters interact are crucial to understanding organisms - and it is this, it seems to me, which is the fundamental goal of the biological sciences. This book has been written in the spirit of unification and synthesis. It is, in a sense, a general biology of the organism - not, however, of organisms as static unchanging systems, but of organisms as dynamic entities which progress through a definite cycle of events from birth to maturity. The central theme, therefore, will be the life cycle, and the book is organized around the three main phases which are characteristic of all life cycles; growth (Part II), reproduction (Part III) and ageing (Part IV).

Abstract: 1 Longevity in Man and Animals -- 2 The Emergence of Man -- 3 Geographical Medicine -- 4 Problems of Nutrition -- 5 New Diseases -- 6 Gloom and Doom -- 7 Stress in a Crowded World -- 8 Genetics and Inheritance -- 9 Cardio-Vascular Disease—Horror and Dismay -- 10 Cancer—Ignorance and Fear -- 11 Inflating the Balloon -- Appendix: Stress and Cardio-Vascular Disease.

Abstract: Environment of Man is the eighth of the Croom Helm series of mono­ graphs on Biology and the Environment. The first volume, by this author, was a straightforward review of the principles of ecology as applied to the history of the earth. The second volume by J.L. Cloudesley-Thompson applied ecological principles to terrestrial habitats, and was followed by two volumes by C. F. Hickling and E. J. Ferguson-Wood on the ecology of aquatic habitats. The fifth volume, by Robert L. Snyder, reviews the natural ecological safeguards which control excessive growth of popUlation and discusses how these are operative in relation to the human race. Snyder's volume introduces man to the ecological scene and leads to the monograph by L. Harrison Matthews on the relationships of man with wildlife. In the seventh volume, Sir Cedric Stanton Hicks introduces us to the effects of agriculture on the ecology of the earth.

Abstract: Section I Developmental and Educational Practice -- Assessment of Sensory and Behavioral Functions in Infancy -- Growing Up Social -- Memory Strategies in Learning: Training Children to Study Strategically -- Televised Aggression and Prosocial Behavior -- Application of Basic Research in Reading -- Section II Psychological Practice and Social Problems -- Attitude Change -- Decision Counseling: Theory, Research, and Perspectives for a New Professional Role -- Uses and Abuses of the Polygraph -- Section III Clinical Applications of Basic Research -- Introduction—Health Care: Good Intentions Are Not Enough -- The Consequences of Prematurity: Understanding and Therapy -- Early Visual Experience in Humans: Evidence for a Critical Period in the Development of Binocular Vision -- The Production and Perception of Speech by a Misarticulating Child -- Clinical Applications of Biofeedback: Current Status and Future Prospects -- Section IV Application of Psychophysics and Human Performance Information -- Maneuvering the Mammoth -- Applications of Signal Detection Theory -- Subjective Effort in Relation to Physical Performance and Working Capacity -- A Psychophysical Contribution to Air Safety: Simulator Studies of Visual Illusions in Night Visual Approaches.

Abstract: This book grew out of discussion at the meetings of the Board of Sci­ entific Affair,r of the American Psychological Association during the years 1972 through 1975. Members of the board felt that there was general misunderstanding by the public about the role of basic research in science. The problem was thought to be particularly severe in the case of the behavioral sciences but it appeared to be a reflection of a more general anti-intellectual attitude in the United States. At the same time basic researchers had been admittedly underconcerned with the prac­ tical application of their results. Yet many thoughtful scientists realize there is a very fruitful interplay between basic research and application. The proposal was made to prepare a book of case studies that demon­ strate the application of basic research in psychology. The book was organized to sample applications from a range of topics in psychology. The editorial board divided up responsibilities for these topics. Herschel W. Leibowitz focused on applications from exper­ imental and engineering psychology and Jerome E. Singer organized the section on applications to social problems. Alfred Steinschneider took responsibility for the section on clinical applications of basic research in psychology and Harold W. Stevenson organized the section on appli­ cations of basic research to developmental and educational problems.

Abstract: 1 The Morphology of Barley; the Vegetative Phase -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The quiescent barley grain -- 1.3 Changes in the germinating grain -- 1.4 The growth of the stem and leaves -- 1.5 The root system -- 1.6 Plant morphology and lodging -- References -- 2 The Morphology of the Reproductive Parts in Barley -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The development of the ear -- 2.3 Variations in the form of grains -- 2.4 The ear -- 2.5 Some implications of the wide variety of forms of barley -- References -- 3 The Origin and Classification of Barleys -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Classifications of barleys -- 3.3 The position of barley within the Gramineae -- 3.4 The origin of cultivated barley -- References -- 4 The Biochemistry of Barley -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carbohydrates -- 4.3 The glycolytic sequence, the pentose phosphate shunt and the tricarboxylic acid cycle -- 4.4 Barley lipids -- 4.5 Photosynthesis and photorespiration -- 4.6 The formation of porphyrins -- 4.7 Phenolic and aromatic substances -- 4.8 Amino acid metabolism -- 4.9 The metabolism of some amines -- 4.10 Nucleic acids, and some other nitrogenous substances -- 4.11 Barley proteins -- References -- 5 Grain Quality and Germination -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sampling tests with small numbers of grains -- 5.3 Grain evaluation -- 5.4 The penetration of water, and other substances, into grain -- 5.5 Testing for grain germinability -- 5.6 Vigour -- 5.7 Dormancy -- 5.8 The gas exchange of germinating grains -- 5.9 The chemical composition of the quiescent grain -- 5.10 Biochemical changes in germinating grain -- 5.11 Embryo culture in vitro -- 5.12 The mobilization of the endosperm reserves -- References -- 6 The Growth of the Barley Plant -- 6.1 The description of growth -- 6.2 Sequential changes in the growth of the plant -- 6.3 The composition of the growing plant -- 6.4 The composition of the growing grain -- 6.5 Root growth -- 6.6 Water supplies -- 6.7 Water stress -- 6.8 Mineral requirements -- 6.9 The uptake and release of substances by roots -- 6.10 Coleoptile growth and gravity perception -- 6.11 Leaf unrolling and greening -- 6.12 Leaf senescence -- 6.13 Growth regulation -- 6.14 Temperature and growth -- 6.15 Cold hardiness -- 6.16 Vernalization -- 6.17 Some effects of light -- 6.18 Some factors that control yield -- References -- 7 Agricultural Practices and Yield -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Soil preparation -- 7.3 The choice of seed; sowing -- 7.4 Nutrient supply and barley yield -- 7.5 Some chemical treatments -- 7.6 Damaging factors -- 7.7 Water supplies and yield -- 7.8 Barley as forage -- 7.9 Harvesting the grain -- 7.10 Actual and potential yields -- References -- 8 Production and Harvesting Machinery -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Irrigation and drainage -- 8.3 Tillage -- 8.4 Sowing -- 8.5 Post-sowing treatments -- 8.6 Harvesting and threshing barley -- 8.7 Straw -- 8.8 Harvesting the whole plant -- 8.9 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Weeds, Pests and Diseases in the Growing Crop -- 9.1 Weeds and the need to control them -- 9.2 Weed control -- 9.3 The economics of weed control -- 9.4 Nematode pests -- 9.5 Molluscs -- 9.6 Birds and mammals -- 9.7 Insect and some other pests -- 9.8 Virus diseases of barley -- 9.9 Bacterial diseases -- 9.10 Fungal diseases -- 9.11 Some general considerations -- References -- 10 The Reception and Storage of Whole Plants and Grain. The Micro-organisms and Pests of Stored Grain -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Barley hay -- 10.3 Straw -- 10.4 Barley silage -- 10.5 Grain reception -- 10.6 Handling grain -- 10.7 Weighers -- 10.8 Cleaning and grading grain -- 10.9 Drying principles -- 10.10 Grain drying in practice -- 10.11 Grain storage facilities -- 10.12 Seed longevity and grain deterioration -- 10.13 Micro-organisms in grain -- 10.14 Insects and mites -- 10.15 The mites of stored grain -- 10.16 Insecticides and fumigants -- 10.17 Rodents and their control -- References -- 11 Barley Genetics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The inheritance of ‘distinct’ factors -- 11.3 Cytology and chromosome behaviour -- 11.4 Chromosomal abnormalities -- 11.5 Ploidy levels -- 11.6 Mutations and mutagenesis -- 11.7 The expression of some mutant and other genes -- 11.8 The genetics of complex characters -- References -- 12 Barley Improvement -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Plant introductions, and adapted forms -- 12.3 Plant selections -- 12.4 Mutation breeding -- 12.5 Hybridization -- 12.6 Crossing barley -- 12.7 The choice of parents -- 12.8 Selection sequences applied to hybrid progenies -- 12.9 Competition and ‘natural selection’ in barley -- 12.10 Breeding for quality -- 12.11 Some other objectives in breeding -- 12.12 Breeding for higher yields -- 12.13 The quantitative evaluation of parents -- 12.14 ‘Hybrid’ barley -- 12.15 Trial procedures -- 12.16 The multiplication of seed -- 12.17 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Some Actual and Potential Uses of Barley -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Barley grain; a source of starch and protein -- 13.3 Minor uses of straw -- 13.4 Straw in building -- 13.5 Animal bedding, litter, farmyard manure and compost -- 13.6 Soil protection, conditioning, or replacement -- 13.7 Some industrial uses of barley -- 13.8 Paper, cardboard and millboard -- References -- 14 Barley for Animal and Human Food -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The nutritional requirements of animals -- 14.3 Forage and hay -- 14.4 Silage -- 14.5 Barley straw -- 14.6 Barley grain -- 14.7 By-products for animal feed, derived from barley -- 14.8 Non-alcoholic beverages -- 14.9 Other potential feeding stuffs -- 14.10 The technology of preparing grain for food -- 14.11 Future uses of barley as food -- References -- 15 Malting -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The selection and acceptance of malting barley -- 15.3 Barley handling -- 15.4 Steeping -- 15.5 Germination equipment -- 15.6 Kilns and kilning -- 15.7 Malt analyses -- 15.8 Changes that occur in the malting grain -- References -- 16 Some Uses of Barley Malt -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Mashing -- 16.3 Some aspects of yeast metabolism -- 16.4 Malt extracts and barley syrups -- 16.5 Brewing beer -- 16.6 Malt vinegar -- 16.7 Distilled ‘potable spirits’ -- References.

Abstract: This book was written to provide an integrated account of barley, induding its cultivation, nature and uses. An attempt has been made to cut across the unjustified and obstructive divisions between pure science, applied science, technology, botany, biochemistry, agronomy, and so on. Limitations of space preclude the use of more illustrative material or references, or even complete accounts of various topics. However sufficient information is given to enable the reader to understand the general principles and to find his or her way readily into the literature to obtain further information. Emphasis has been placed on general principles rather than details. In becoming familiar with the literature one becomes acquainted with the effects of the cereal or religion, the English language and the development of agriculture and biochemistry. The comparison between 'parallel literatures' is often stimulating also. For example one is forced to conclude that many of the agricultural problems of poor 'seed vigour' would be overcome if seedsmen used the maltsters techniques for breaking dormancy and speeding 'post-harvest maturation'. Barley is the world's fourth most important cereal after wheat, rice, and maize. It is the most widely cultivated, being grown from the equator to 700N (Scandinavia), from the humid regions of Europe and Japan to the Saharan and Asiatic Oases, and from below sea level in Palestine to high up mountains in the Himalayas, E. Africa and S. America. Some­ where in the world it is being sown or harvested at every time of the year.

Abstract: 1 Introduction to the study of animal populations -- 1.1 POPULATION ESTIMATES -- 1.2 ERRORS AND CONFIDENCE -- 2 The sampling programme and the measurement and description of dispersion -- 2.1 PRELIMINARY SAMPLING -- 2.2 THE SAMPLING PROGRAMME -- 2.3 DISPERSION page -- 2.4 SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING -- 2.5 PRESENCE OR ABSENCE SAMPLING -- 2.6 SAMPLING A FAUNA -- 2.7 BIOLOGICAL AND OTHER QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF SAMPLING -- 3 Absolute population estimates using marking techniques -- 3.1 METHODS OF MARKING ANIMALS -- 3.2 CAPTURE-RECAPTURE METHODS OF ESTIMATING POPULATION PARAMETERS -- 4 Absolute population estimates by sampling a unit of habitat —air, plants, plant products and vertebrate hosts -- 4.1 SAMPLING FROM THE AIR -- 4.2 SAMPLING FROM PLANTS -- 4.3 SAMPLING FROM VERTEBRATE HOSTS -- 5 Absolute population estimates by sampling a unit of habitat—soil and litter page -- 5.1 SAMPLING -- 5.2 MECHANICAL METHODS OF EXTRACTION -- 5.3 BEHAVIOURAL OR DYNAMIC METHODS -- 5.4 SUMMARY OF THE APPLICABILITY OF THE METHODS -- 6 Absolute population estimates by sampling a unit of habitat — freshwater habitats -- 6.1 OPEN WATER -- 6.2 VEGETATION -- 6.3 BOTTOM FAUNA page -- 7 Relative methods of population measurement and the derivation of absolute estimates -- 7.1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SIZE OF RELATIVE ESTIMATES -- 7.2 THE USES OF RELATIVE METHODS -- 7.3 RELATIVE METHODS-CATCH PER UNIT EFFORT -- 7.4 RELATIVE METHODS—TRAPPING -- 8 Estimates based on products and effects of insects -- 8.1 PRODUCTS -- 8.2 EFFECTS -- 9 Observational and experimental methods for the estimation of natality, mortality and dispersal -- 9.1 NATALITY -- 9.2 MORTALITY -- 9.3 DISPERSAL -- 10 The construction, description and analysis of age-specific life-tables -- 10.1 TYPES OF LIFE-TABLE AND THE BUDGET -- 10.2 THE CONSTRUCTION OF A BUDGET -- 10.3 THE DESCRIPTION OF BUDGETS AND LIFE-TABLES -- 10.4 THE ANALYSIS OF LIFE-TABLE DATA -- 11 Age-grouping of insects, time-specific life-tables and predictive population models -- 11.1 AGE-GROUPING OF INSECTS -- 11.2 TIME-SPECIFIC LIFE TABLE AND SURVIVAL RATES -- 11.3 PREDICTIVE POPULATION MODELS -- 12 Systems analysis and modelling in ecology -- 12.1 TYPES OF SYSTEMS MODEL -- 12.2 ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION IN MODELS -- 12.3 DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC MODELS -- 12.4 DIFFERENCE AND DIFFERENTIAL MODELS -- 13 Diversity, species packing and habitat description -- 13.1 DIVERSITY -- 13.2 SPECIES PACKING -- 13.3 HABITATS -- 14 The estimation of productivity and the construction of energy budgets -- 14.1 ESTIMATION OF STANDING CROP -- 14.2 ESTIMATION OF ENERGY FLOW -- 14.3 THE ENERGY BUDGET, EFFICIENCIES AND TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS page -- 14.4 ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY AND TIME COST STRATEGIES -- Author Index -- General Index.

Abstract: the virtual impossibility of extracting the many different species from a habitat with equal efficiency by a single method (e.g. Nef, 1960). 1.1 Population estimates Population estimates can be classified into a number of different types; the most convenient classification is that adopted by Morris (1955), although he used the terms somewhat differently in a later paper (1960). 1.1.1 Absolute and related estimates The animal numbers may be expressed as a density per unit area of the ground of the habitat. Such estimates are given by nearest neighbour and related techniques (Chapter 2), marking and recapture (Chapter 3), by sampling a known fraction of the habitat (Chapter 4-6) and by removal sampling and random walk techniques (Chapter 7). Absolute population The number of animals per unit area (e.g. hectare, acre). It is almost impossible to construct a budget or to study mortality factors without the conversion of population estimates to absolute figures, for not only do insects often move from the plant to the soil at different developmental stages, but the amount of plant material is itself always changing. The importance of obtaining absolute estimates cannot be overemphasized.

Abstract: 1 Early muscle development -- 1.1 Early stages of muscle fibre development -- 1.2 Lack of specialization of myotubes -- 1.3 The dependance of the structural integrity of the developing muscle fibres on innervation -- 2 Development of the motor nerves and their encounter with muscle fibres -- 2.1 Origin of motor nerve fibres and their growth into the periphery -- 2.2 Development of nerves and muscles and their interdependence -- 2.3 Development of stable nerve-muscle connections -- 2.4 Are nerve-muscle connections specified? -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 3 Development of the neuromuscular junction -- 3.1 Distribution of ACh receptors during early development -- 3.2 Stabilization of chemosensitivity at the neuromuscular junction -- 3.3 Development of the subneural apparatus -- 3.4 Formation of stable nerve-muscle connections -- 3.5 Changes of chemosensitivity outside the endplate -- 3.6 Maintenance of endplate chemosensitivity -- 3.7 Pattern of innervation of muscle fibres -- 3.8 Conclusions -- 4 Differentiation of skeletal muscle fibres -- 4.1 The muscles of lower vertebrates and birds -- 4.2 Mammalian muscles -- 4.3 How is differentiation into different fibre types induced? -- 4.4 Conclusions -- 5 The effects of denervation on muscle fibre properties and the regulation of chemosensitivity -- 5.1 Morphological changes following denervation -- 5.2 Metabolic changes in denervated muscles -- 5.3 Changes in contractile properties of denervated muscle -- 5.4 Changes in electrical properties of the membrane on denervation -- 5.5 Changes of chemosensitivity at the endplate -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 6 Re-innervation of the muscle by its motor nerve -- 6.1 Nerve growth -- 6.2 Establishment of nerve-muscle connections by the regenerating nerve fibre -- 6.3 Maturation of the regenerated axon and recovery of the muscle -- 6.4 Effects of muscle on normal and regenerating motor nerve terminals -- 6.5 Conclusion -- 7 The mammalian motor unit -- 7.1 Specialization of motoneurones -- 7.2 Matching properties of different motoneurones to the muscle fibres they supply -- 7.3 Specialization of the vascular bed of slow and fast mammalian muscles -- 7.4 How is the matching of muscle fibres to their motoneurones brought about? -- 7.5 Development of the motor unit -- 7.6 Conclusions -- 8 Plasticity in the neuromuscular system -- 8.1 Can different skeletal muscle fibres be transformed from one type to another? -- 8.2 Can the characteristic properties of neurones and their terminals be altered? -- 8.3 Specificity of nerve-muscle connections -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 9 Some examples of disturbances of nerve-muscle interactions -- 9.1 Disturbances caused by a change in the function of the motoneurone -- 9.2 Consequences of disease of the motoneurone, or axon -- 9.3 Disturbance due to disease of the neuromuscular junction -- 9.4 Disease of the muscle -- 9.5 Retrograde influences on the motoneurone -- References.

Abstract: In the second century, Galen recognized that nerve and muscle were functionally inseparable since contraction of muscle occurred only if the nerves supplying that muscle were intact. He therefore concluded that the shortening of a muscle was controlled by the central nervous sytem while the extension of a muscle could occur in the absence of innervation. Nerves, he thought, were the means of transport for animal spirits to the muscles; the way in which animal spirits may bring about contraction dominated the study of muscle physiology from that time until the historical discovery of Galvani that muscle could be stimulated electrically and that nerve and muscle were themselves a source of electrical energy. It is now well known that nerves conduct electrically and that transmission from nerve to striated muscle is mediated by the chemical which is liberated from nerve terminals onto the muscle membrane. In vertebrates this chemical is acetylcholine (ACh). Thus the concept of spirits that are released from nerves and control muscle contraction directly, is no longer tenable. Nevertheless the concept of 'substances' transported down nerv~s which directly control many aspects of muscle has not been abandoned, and has in fact been frequently reinvoked to account for the long-term regula­ tion of many characteristics of muscle (see review by Gutmann, 1976) and for the maintenance of its structural integrity.

Abstract: 1 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation: UV-A in Perspective -- 2 Sources of UV-A -- Solar Ultraviolet Radiation -- Summary -- Artificial Sources of UV-A -- Ultraviolet Spectral Transmission and Reflection of Common Materials -- References -- 3 Radiometry of Ultraviolet Radiation -- and General Considerations of Radiometry -- Detectors -- Spectral Filters and Input Optics -- Appendix: U.S. Manufacturers of UV-Related Instrumentation -- 4 Optical Properties of the Skin and Eyes -- Structure of the Skin -- Factors Affecting Penetration and Absorption of Ultraviolet Radiation in the Skin -- Measurements of the Penetration and Reflection of Optical Radiation in Skin -- Ultraviolet Optics for the Eye -- References -- 5 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Microorganisms and Animal Cells -- Effect of Ultraviolet on Cells -- DNA Repair -- Effects of UV-A -- Summary -- References -- 6 Immediate and Short-Term Biologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Normal Skin -- Erythema -- Histology -- UV and Epidermal Macromolecular Synthesis -- Effects of UV-A on Mucous Membrane -- Tanning -- References -- 7 Adverse Cutaneous Reactions to UV-A -- Chemical Photosensitivity -- Persistent Light Reactivity -- Actinic Reticuloid -- Polymorphous Light Eruption -- Solar Urticaria -- Porphyrias and Other Endogenous Photosensitization Syndromes -- Melasma and Ephelides -- Management of U V-A-Induced Dermatoses -- References -- 8 Skin Aging and Carcinogenesis Due to Ultraviolet Radiation -- Incidence of Skin Cancers in Man -- Epidemiologic Evidence Supporting the Role of Sunlight -- Mechanisms of UV Carcinogenesis -- Action Spectrum of Animal Photocarcinogenesis and the Carcinogenic Effects of UV-A -- Other Factors Influencing or Associated with Development of Skin Cancer -- Ultraviolet Radiation and Aging -- References -- 9 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Eye -- Morphology and Histology of the Cornea and the Lens -- Histologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation -- Action Spectrum of Ocular Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation -- Corneal and Lenticular Effects of Longwave Ultraviolet Radiation -- Effects of U V-A in the Retina -- The Ocular Effects of UV-A Exposure in the Presence of Photosensitizing Compounds (Psoralens) -- Summary: UV-A Exposure of the Eye -- References -- 10 Uses of UV-A Involving Exposure of Humans -- Therapeutic Uses of Ultraviolet Radiation -- Ultraviolet Treatment of Psoriasis -- Photochemotherapy -- Oral Psoralen Photochemotherapy -- UV-A-Activated Polymerization of Resinous Dental Restorations -- Diagnostic Uses of UV-A -- References -- 11 Safety Measures and Protection Against Ultraviolet Exposure -- Ultraviolet Exposure Safety Standards -- Sunscreens -- Eye Protection against Ultraviolet Radiation -- References.

Abstract: The origin of this text was a request by industry and government to summarize the biological effects and to estimate the limits of safe exposure to longwave ul­ traviolet radiation. The specific issue was the safety of a small medium-pressure mercury arc designed to emit UV-A (NUVA-Lite, L. D. Caulk Co. , Milford, Delaware) for photopolymerization of resinous fillings used in dentistry. How-­ ever, the context grew to become a consideration of the risks and benefits to hu­ mans of electromagnetic radiation between the biologically active short UV and the visible spectrum. We have accumulated data from our own experimental work and from the literature and have attempted to put this information in the perspective of known biologic effects of ultraviolet radiation as it influences hu­ mans. Interest in the biological effects of longwave ultraviolet radiation is increas­ ing in all of the many scientific disciplines that make up the complex field of photobiology. In order to minimize the chance for error and personal prejudice and to maximize the use of expertise, each chapter has been reviewed by several authorities. Some of the contributions of this group led to significant alterations and creative additions to the chapter, and these persons deserve not only our sin­ cere gratitude but also recognition by the reader. These include Chapters 2 and 3: Dr. Robert E. Levin, Mr. Charles P. Comeau, Mr. Donald Gonser, Dr. David Sliney; Chapter 5: Dr. Jerry Williams, Dr. Robert Webb, Dr. Madhu A.

Abstract: 1 The Early Development of Hatch Covers -- 1.1 Introduction to the access problem -- 1.2 Early hatch covers -- 1.3 Failings of wooden hatch covers -- 1.4 The coming of steel hatch covers -- 1.5 Steel hatches after 1927 -- 2 Cargoes and Ships -- Summary -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Dry bulk trades -- 2.3 Bulk liquid trades -- 2.4 Break-bulk general cargo -- 2.5 Unitized cargo -- 2.6 Cargo handling -- 2.7 General arrangement of ships -- 2.8 Dry cargo ship types -- 3 The Influence of Cargo Access Equipment on Ships’ Performance -- Summary -- 3.1 The cost of time in port -- 3.2 Delays in port -- 3.3 Benefits of reduced time in port -- References -- 4 General Requirements for Access Equipment -- Summary -- 4.1 Regulatory requirements -- 4.2 Vertical loading ships -- 4.3 Horizontal loading ships -- 4.4 Operational requirements -- 4.5 General considerations for access equipment -- 4.6 Fabrication and installation -- 4.7 Safety -- References -- 5 Access Equipment in Vertical Loading Ships -- Summary -- 5.1 Types of hatch covers -- 5.2 Single pull covers -- 5.3 Folding covers (hydraulic or wire-operated) -- 5.4 Direct pull covers -- 5.5 Roll stowing covers — ‘Rolltite’ -- 5.6 Side and end rolling covers -- 5.7 Lift and roll covers (piggy-back) -- 5.8 Sliding tween-deck covers -- 5.9 Pontoon covers -- 5.10 Telescopic covers -- 5.11 Flexible rolling covers -- 5.12 Miscellaneous covers -- 6 Access Equipment for Horizontal Loading Ships -- Summary -- 6.1 Design philosophy -- 6.2 Ro-Ro access equipment -- 6.3 Ramps -- 6.4 Bow openings -- 6.5 Elevators -- 6.6 Side doors -- 6.7 Bulkhead doors -- 6.8 Car decks -- 6.9 Dimensions and weights -- References -- 7 Ship Design and Selection of Access Equipment — Bulk Cargo -- Summary -- 7.1 Access equipment for ships carrying dry bulk cargoes -- 7.2 Choice of type of hatch cover -- 7.3 Economic evaluation of alternative equipment -- References -- 8 Ship Design and Selection of Access Equipment — General Cargo -- Summary -- 8.1 Multi-deck break-bulk ships -- 8.2 Container ships -- 8.3 Roll-on/Roll-off ships -- 8.4 Specialized cargo vessels -- 8.5 What sorts of ships are best for general cargo? -- References -- 9 Specific Design Requirements for Access Equipment -- Summary -- 9.1 Hatch covers -- 9.2 Access equipment in horizontal loading ships -- 9.3 Advanced design techniques -- 9.4 Seals -- 9.5 Construction materials -- 9.6 Miscellaneous -- References -- 10 Access Equipment in Service -- Summary -- 10.1 Cargo claims -- 10.2 Hatch cover surveys -- 10.3 Hatch cover defects -- 10.4 Some reasons for hatch leakage -- 10.5 Hatch cover maintenance -- 10.6 Hatch cover maintenance costs -- 10.7 Ro-Ro access equipment maintenance -- 10.8 Ship conversion -- References -- 11 Recent Developments and Prospects -- Summary -- 11.1 Recent developments -- 11.2 Influences on change -- 11.3 Ship types -- 11.4 Materials -- 11.5 Innovation.

Abstract: As President of International MacGregor I am deeply indebted to the authors of this excellent book for the very considerable amount of work and scholarship it contains. It is the first authoritative work on cargo access equipment to be pubbshed and I am sure that it will be greatly welcomed by the Marine Industries. You will see from the authors' preface that the book was commissioned by the Henri Kummerman Foundation which was established in 1976 to assist and promote internationally research and development in the field of marine transportation and cargo handling. The Foundation has already made a number of grants to universities and to students but this book is its first major contribution to the furthering of education in the Marine Industries. For me, it is a rewarding fruition of a long involvement in maritime affairs. However, much requires to be done in the future and the Foundation can only succeed if it is encouraged and assisted by people who are forward thinking. I should be pleased therefore to hear from any readers of this book if they feel that they can help or be helped within the aims and objectives of the Foundation. 28 Chemin du Pommier, HENRI KUMMERMAN 1218 Geneva, Switzerland.

Abstract: Preface -- 1 Some Common Types of Investigation -- 2 Measurement -- 3 Some Simple Descriptive Statistics -- 4 Elementary Sampling Theory -- 5 Elementary Concepts of Probability -- 6 Contingency Tables and Tests of Association -- 7 Correlation and Regression -- 8 Simple Tests of Significance -- 9 Analysis of Variance -- 10 Recording Data on Punch Cards -- Appendix 1 The Normal Distribution Function -- References.

Abstract: For many years now I have been required to give a series of elementary lectures on statistics to medical students about to undertake a postgraduate course in psychiatry. The declared aim of the course, for which very limited time was available, was to provide the students with some initial understanding of the statistical terminology and elementary techniques to which other teachers, in particular psychologists and sociologists, would be likely to refer in the course of their lectures. The task was tricky for two reasons. In the first place most of the students involved, despite their best intentions, had forgotten their school mathematics, and secondly no textbook existed at the right level of difficulty which contained examples appropriate to these students' needs and experience. The present book was written to fill the gap. Though pri­ marily intended for psychiatrists, the book should prove very useful to any student of the behavioural sciences who wants a simple introductory course on the principles of experimental design and data analysis. It must be one of the simplest text­ books on elementary statistics ever written. I am indebted to the literary executor of the late Sir Ronald A. Fisher, F.R.S., to Dr Frank Yates, F.R.S., and to Oliver & Boyd Ltd for permission to reprint Tables 3 and 5 from their book Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and Medical Research.

Abstract: 1. 13C NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers -- 2. Mass Spectrometry -- 3. High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography -- 4. Light Scattering in Synthetic Polymer Systems -- 5. Molecular Dimensions of Amorphous Polymers by Neutron Scattering -- 6. Recent Advances in the Study of Polymers by Small Angle X-ray Scattering -- 7. Quantitative Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- 8. Microscopy of Polymer Surfaces.

Abstract: Over two decades ago, !he term characterisation covered just those techniques which measured the properties of polymers in solution in order to determine molecular weight and size. The discoveries of stereoregular polymers and polymer crystals created the need for new and advanced techniques for characterising chain structures and bulk properties. Further demands for new and improved characterisation methods for bulk polymers have resulted from the recent development and exploitation of multi phase polymeric systems, such as polymer blends, block and graft copolymers, and polymer composites. Today, therefore, characterisation is a very important part of polymer science. The polymer chemist must know the chain length, chain microstructure and chain conformation of the polymers he or she has prepared, i. e. the determination of molecular properties. The scientist involved in exploiting polymers in such applications as plastics, elastomers, fibres, surface coatings and adhesives must be informed on the morphology and physical and mechanical behaviour of his or her products, i. e. the determination of bulk and surface properties and their dependence on molecular properties. The techniques required for these determinations now cover an extremely wide field. Our aim has been to review a number of techniques critically and in sufficient depth so that the present state and future potential of each technique may be judged by the reader. Three criteria were used in the selection of techniques. First, we wished to present new methods which have been developed actively in the polymer field during the past five years.

Abstract: This is the second volume on "Optical Information Processing" within the scope of the US-USSR Science Cooperation Program co­ sponsored by the US National Science Foundation and the USSR Acad­ emy of Sciences Siberian Branch. Volume I was published in 1976, also by Plenum Press, and con­ tained the papers presented by a group of US and USSR scientists at the First US-USSR Science Cooperation Seminar "Optical Informa­ tion Processing" held at the US National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D. C. from 16 to 20 June 1975. The seminar was followed by a series of visits to US scientific research laboratories and universities, to which the visiting USSR scientists were escorted bv Dr. W. E. Kock and Dr. G. W. Stroke. The visits included Bell Laboratories, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Laboratory and M. I. T. , as reported in detail in the FOREWORD of Volume I. Volume II now presents the papers presented by another group of US and USSR scientists, some having participated in the first seminar: this series of papers was presented at the Second US-USSR Science Cooperation Seminar on "Optical Information Processing" held at the USSR Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch Institute of Auto­ mation and Electrometry in the famous "science city" of Akademgorodok, near Novosibirsk in Siberia, USSR from 10 to 16 July 1976.

Abstract: Section VIII: Research Procedures and Data Analysis -- 1 Techniques for Cytogenetic Analysis -- 2 Mutation Testing Systems -- 3 Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture as Teratologic Tools -- 4 Whole Embryo Explants and Transplants -- 5 Survey of in Vitro Systems: Their Potential Use in Teratogenicity Screening -- 6 The Structure and Uses of Genetically Homogeneous Lines of Animals -- 7 Multigeneration Reproduction Studies -- 8 The Design of Subprimate Animal Studies -- 9 Feasibility and Design of Subhuman Primate Studies -- 10 Uterine Vascular Interruption and Combined Radiation and Surgical Procedures -- 11 Analytical Techniques for the Study of Teratogenic Mechanisms -- 12 Immunological Aspects of Development -- 13 Behavioral Teratology -- 14 Methods and Concepts of Biometrics Applied to Teratology -- of the Complete Handbook (Volumes 1–4).

Abstract: 1 Diagnosis Techniques and Methodologies for Digital Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diagnostic Data Generation Theory -- 3. Diagnostic Execution -- 4. Applied Fault Diagnosis Techniques -- 5. Some Problems for Further Research -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 2 Design for a Distributed Information Network -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hardware Systems -- 3. Software Systems -- 4. Selected Applications -- References -- 3 Modeling and Design of Distributed Information Systems -- 1. General Introduction -- 2. Modeling Distributed Computer Systems -- 3. A Design Procedure for Distributed Computer Systems -- 4. Modeling Distributed Databases -- 5. Intelligent Coupler -- 5.1. Locating Information -- 5.2. Query Formulation and Test Run for Queries -- 5.3. Query Languages -- 5.4. Security -- 5.5. Locking in Distributed Information Systems -- 5.6. System Recovery -- 5.7. Performance Measurements and Evaluation -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- References and Suggested Further Reading -- 4 Hardware, Firmware, Software Technology in Microcomputer Systems -- 1. Hardware Organization -- 2. Firmware -- 3. Software -- 4. What Computing Has Come To -- 5 Data Structures and Pattern Recognition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Pattern Recognition Problem -- 3. The Data Structure Concept -- 4. Pictorial Pattern Recognition and Image Processing -- 5. Review of Applications to Pattern Recognition -- 6. Line Drawings and Chain Codes -- 7. Histograms and Integral Projections -- 8. Medial Axis Transformation -- 9. Generalized Cones -- 10. Syntactic Methods -- 11. Trees in Analysis: Text, Speech, and Line-Drawing Data -- 12. Webs and Trees in Applications -- 13. Structure Learning -- 14. Conclusion -- References.

Abstract: Information systems science is advancing in many directions with rapid strides. Many diversified ideas, methodologies, and techniques have been conceived and developed for improving the design of information systems and for inventing new methods for solving complex information problems. This volume, the seventh of a continuing series on information systems science, covers five timely topics which are in the mainstream of current interest in this growing field. In each chapter, an attempt is made to famil­ iarize the reader with some basic background information on the advances discussed, so that this volume may be used independently or in conjunction with the previous volumes. The emphasis in this volume is centered upon diagnosis for digital systems, distributed information networks, micro­ computer technology, and data structures for pattern recognition. In recent years, digital systems have found widespread applications in on-line real-time processing. Such applications demand high reliability, availability, and serviceability. Reliability may be improved through the use of highly reliable parts. Improvement in integrity may be accompanied by retry operation and redundant configuration. Serviceability may be improved by making use of fault diagnosis techniques. Chapter 1 is devoted to this important subject. Fault diagnosis techniques are developed to improve serviceability and to shorten mean time for repair. Kitamura, Tashiro, and Inagaki discuss many recent methods for fault diagnosis and explain them with illustrative examples.

Abstract: Content -- 1 Apples -- 2 Pears -- 3 Dwarfed Apples and Pears -- 4 Peaches -- 5 Cherries -- 6 Plums -- 7 Apricots and Nectarines.

Abstract: This is a revised and updated edition of the book Tree Fruit Production, first published in 1959 and extensively revised in the second edition in 1972. Considerable advances have been made in recent years in the scientific production and handling of deciduous tree fruits in North America. This third edition brings together in up-to-date usable text­ book form the essence of pertinent research and practical experience on the subject. Although the principles involved in the different operations of orchard management, such as pruning, soil management, fruit thin­ ning, and harvesting remain constant, practices and techniques have been undergoing considerable change. Economic and social changes have been brought to bear in altering the approach to such aspects of pomology as tree size, plant density, mechanical harvesting, pest control and irrigation. Greatly increased costs of production have swung the emphasis of attention toward the wider use of organic chemicals in the orchard. Growth regulating substances are finding a place in the orchard, not only for fruit thinning, preharvest drop control and weed suppression, but also for other purposes such as promotion of early flowering, tree train­ ing, pruning and the advancement and extension of the harvest season. The trend toward the smaller, more easily and economically managed apple tree which began slowly some three or more decades ago and increased rapidly in subsequent years is now complete.

Abstract: Keynote Papers -- Session I. Production and Extraction of Microbial Enzymes -- Session II. Industrial Applications of Enzymes: Engineering Aspects -- Session III. Study of Modified, Stabilized, and Immobilized Enzymes -- Session IV. New Medical Applications for Enzymes -- Session V. Industrial Applications for Enzymes: State of the Art -- Session VI. Multienzyme Systems, Immobilized Whole Cells, and Organelles -- Session VII. Fundamentals of Solid Phase Biochemistry -- Session VIII. Application of Affinity Methods and New Purification Procedures -- Guidelines for the Characterization of Immobilized Enzymes: A Proposal -- List of Participants.

Abstract: The unique catalytic properties of enzymes and the numerous techniques for immobilization of enzymes and cells continue to maintain a high degree of practical and scientific interest in this area called Enzyme Engineering. This fourth International Enzyme Engineering Confer­ ence was the first to be held outside of the United States. Europe was chosen as the site primarily to en­ able greater participation by investigators from that continent. The Engineering Foundation of New York, which was the principal sponsor of the first three conferences, was most fortunate in having the DECHEMA (Deutsche Gesell­ schaft fur chemisches Apparatewesen e. V.) of Frankfurt (Main), F. R. Germany as the cosponsor for this fourth conference. The success of the conference also was due in large part to the generous financial support, especially by the government of the Federal Republic of Germany, as well as by European enzyme and chemical companies. The fourth conference, held September 25-30, 1977 at Bad Neuenahr, Federal Republic of Germany was certainly successful, with 240 participants from 23 countries, repre­ senting many academic disciplines and occupational special­ ties. At this conference special emphasis was placed on the immobilization of whole cells and organelles, medical applications of immobilized enzymes and organelles, and the industrial status and future for immobilized biological materials.

Abstract: Editors’ Note -- A Review of Rock Mechanics Studies in the United States Pertinent to Earthquake Prediction -- Volume Changes During Fracture and Frictional Sliding: A Review -- Friction of Rocks -- A Note on Permeability Changes in Geologic Material Due to Stress -- The Effect of Water on Stress Relaxation of Faulted and Unfaulted Sandstone -- Mineralogy and Physical Nature of Clay Goug -- Rock Friction-Effect of Confing Pressure, Temperature, and Pore Pressure -- Aspects of Asperity-Surface Interaction and Surface Damage of Rocks during Experimental Frictional Sliding -- Electrical Resistivity Changes in Rocks During Frictional Sliding and Fracture -- Seismic Velocity Changes during Fracture and Frictional Sliding -- Dilatancy and Fracture Induced Velocity Changes in Rock and their Relation to Frictional Sliding -- Velocity Anomalies: An Alternative Explanation Based on Data from Laboratory Experiments -- Creep, Stable Sliding, and Premonitory Slip -- Time-Dependent Friction and the Mechanics of Stick-Slip -- Transient Creep and Semibrittle Behavior of Crystalline Rocks -- Effect of Displacement Rate on the Real Area of Contact and Temperatures Generated During Frictional Sliding of Tennessee Sandstone -- Fracture Surface Energy of Olivine -- Fault and System Stiffnesses and Stick-Slip Phenomena -- Experimental Observations of Elastic Wave Radiation Characteristics from Tensile Cracks and Pre-existing Shear Faults -- Model Studies of Shear Displacement along a Pre-existing Fault -- Small Faults Formed as Deformation Bands in Sandstone -- Development of Faults as Zones of Deformation Bands and as Slip Surfaces in Sandstone -- Propagation of Slip along Frictional Surfaces -- Rupture and Particle Velocity During Frictional Sliding -- Nonuniform Friction as a Physical Basis for Earthquake Mechanics -- Comments to “Nonuniform Friction as a Physical Basis for Earthquake Mechanics” by A. Nur.

Abstract: 1 Optimization problems; introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Transportation network -- 1.3 Production allocation model -- 1.4 Decentralized resource allocation -- 1.5 An inventory model -- 1.6 Control of a rocket -- 1.7 Mathematical formulation -- 1.8 Symbols and conventions -- 1.9 Differentiability -- 1.10 Abstract version of an optimal control problem -- References -- 2 Mathematical techniques -- 2.1 Convex geometry -- 2.2 Convex cones and separation theorems -- 2.3 Critical points -- 2.4 Convex functions -- 2.5 Alternative theorems -- 2.6 Local solvability and linearization -- References -- 3 Linear systems -- 3.1 Linear systems -- 3.2 Lagrangean and duality theory -- 3.3 The simplex method -- 3.4 Some extensions of the simplex method -- References -- 4 Lagrangean theory -- 4.1 Lagrangean theory and duality -- 4.2 Convex nondifferentiable problems -- 4.3 Some applications of convex duality theory -- 4.4 Differentiable problems -- 4.5 Sufficient Lagrangean conditions -- 4.6 Some applications of differentiable Lagrangean theory -- 4.7 Duality for differentiable problems -- 4.8 Converse duality -- References -- 5 Pontryagin theory -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Abstract Hamiltonian theory -- 5.3 Pointwise theorems -- 5.4 Problems with variable endpoint -- References -- 6 Fractional and complex programming -- 6.1 Fractional programming -- 6.2 Linear fractional programming -- 6.3 Nonlinear fractional programming -- 6.4 Algorithms for fractional programming -- 6.5 Optimization in complex spaces -- 6.6 Symmetric duality -- References -- 7 Some algorithms for nonlinear optimization -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Unconstrained minimization -- 7.3 Sequential unconstrained minimization -- 7.4 Feasible direction and projection methods -- 7.5 Lagrangean methods -- 7.6 Quadratic programming by Beale’s method -- 7.7 Decomposition -- References -- Appendices -- A.1 Local solvability -- A.2 On separation and Farkas theorems -- A.3 A zero as a differentiable function -- A.4 Lagrangean conditions when the cone has empty interior -- A.5 On measurable functions -- A.6 Lagrangean theory with weaker derivatives -- A.7 On convex functions.

Abstract: In a mathematical programming problem, an optimum (maxi­ mum or minimum) of a function is sought, subject to con­ straints on the values of the variables. In the quarter century since G. B. Dantzig introduced the simplex method for linear programming, many real-world problems have been modelled in mathematical programming terms. Such problems often arise in economic planning - such as scheduling industrial production or transportation - but various other problems, such as the optimal control of an interplanetary rocket, are of similar kind. Often the problems involve nonlinear func­ tions, and so need methods more general than linear pro­ gramming. This book presents a unified theory of nonlinear mathe­ matical programming. The same methods and concepts apply equally to 'nonlinear programming' problems with a finite number of variables, and to 'optimal control' problems with e. g. a continuous curve (i. e. infinitely many variables). The underlying ideas of vector space, convex cone, and separating hyperplane are the same, whether the dimension is finite or infinite; and infinite dimension makes very little difference to the proofs. Duality theory - the various nonlinear generaliz­ ations of the well-known duality theorem of linear program­ ming - is found relevant also to optimal control, and the , PREFACE Pontryagin theory for optimal control also illuminates finite dimensional problems. The theory is simplified, and its applicability extended, by using the geometric concept of convex cones, in place of coordinate inequalities.

Abstract: I. First Concepts -- 1. Two Definitions of Lattices -- 2. How to Describe Lattices -- 3. Some Algebraic Concepts -- 4. Polynomials, Identities, and Inequalities -- 5. Free Lattices -- 6. Special Elements -- Further Topics and References -- Problems -- II. Distributive Lattices -- 1. Characterization Theorems and Representation Theorems -- 2. Polynomials and Freeness -- 3. Congruence Relations -- 4. Boolean Algebras R-generated by Distributive Lattices -- 5. Topological Representation -- 6. Distributive Lattices with Pseudocomplementation -- Further Topics and References -- Problems -- III. Congruences and Ideals -- 1. Weak Projectivity and Congruences -- 2. Distributive, Standard, and Neutral Elements -- 3. Distributive, Standard, and Neutral Ideals -- 4. Structure Theorems -- Further Topics and References -- Problems -- IV. Modular and Semimodular Lattices -- 1. Modular Lattices -- 2. Semimodular Lattices -- 3. Geometric Lattices -- 4. Partition Lattices -- 5. Complemented Modular Lattices -- Further Topics and References -- Problems -- V. Equational Classes of Lattices -- 1. Characterizations of Equational Classes -- 2. The Lattice of Equational Classes of Lattices -- 3. Finding Equational Bases -- 4. The Amalgamation Property -- Further Topics and References -- Problems -- VI. Free Products -- 1. Free Products of Lattices -- 2. The Structure of Free Lattices -- 3. Reduced Free Products -- 4. Hopfian Lattices -- Further Topics and References -- Problems -- Concluding Remarks -- Table of Notation.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- § 1. On the Beginning of Relativity -- § 2. The Space-Time Structure of Special Relativity and First Basic Consequences -- § 3. On the Operational Aspect of Physical Concepts -- § 4. New Ideas on Mass and Energy, in Contrast with Classical Physics, Accepted on the Basis of Special Relativity Kinematics -- § 5. On Forces, Cauchy Equations of Continuous Media, and the First Principle of Thermodynamics in Special Relativity -- § 6. On Electromagnetism, Heat Conduction, and Constitutive Equations in Special Relativity -- § 7. Gravitation and Relativity -- § 8. On the Local Equivalence Principle and the Basic Local Laws of the Electromagnetic Field and Continuous Media, Other than the Poisson Equation, in General Relativity. A Criterion Connecting those Laws with Their Analogues in Classical Physics or Special Relativity -- § 9. On the Invariance of Physical Equations and on the Possible Physical Equivalence of the Frames in which these Equations have the Same Form. On a Privileged Absolute Concept of Event Point -- § 10. On Harmonic Coordinates and the Existence of General Frames not Physically Equivalent in General Relativity -- § 11. Some Distinctive Properties of General Relativity. On the Equivalence of General Frames in General Relativity -- § 12. What We Mean by General Theory of Relativity -- § 13. On the Development of General Relativity. Inclusion of Elasticity, Electromagnitostriction, Couple Stresses, and Hereditary Phenomena -- § 14. Scope and Plan of the Present Tract -- Footnotes to Chapter 1 -- I. Basic Equations of Gravitation, Thermodynamics and Electromagnetism, and Constitutive Equations from the Eulerian Point of View -- 2. Space-Time Kinematics Including Masses -- 3. Gravitation and Conservation Equations. Fluids and Elastic Waves -- 4. Electromagnetism from the Eulerian Point of View. Polarizable Fluids -- 5. On Media Capable of Electromagnetic Phenomena from the Eulerian Point of View. Magneto-Elastic Waves in Ideal Conductors -- II. Materials from the Lagrangian Point of View -- 6. Kinematics and Stresses from the Lagrangian Point of View -- 7. Elasticity, Acceleration Waves, and Variational Principles for Simple Materials -- 8. Piezo-Elasticity and Magnetoelastic Waves from the Lagrangian Point of View -- 9. Materials with Memory and Axiomatic Foundations -- 10. Couple Stresses and More General Stresses -- Appendix A. Double Tensors -- §A1. Definition of Double Tensors Related to Two Topological Spaces -- §A2. Partial Covariant Derivative and Total Covariant Derivative Based on a Mapping -- §A3. On Differentiation of Double Tensors, Functions of Double Tensors -- Case of Arguments Fulfilling Typical Regular Conditions -- Appendix C. On the Divergence of Spatial Vectors in Space-Time -- References.

Abstract: The theory of relativity was created in 1905 to solve a problem concerning electromagnetic fields. That solution was reached by means of profound changes in fundamental concepts and ideas that considerably affected the whole of physics. Moreover, when Einstein took gravitation into account, he was forced to develop radical changes also in our space-time concepts (1916). Relativistic works on heat, thermodynamics, and elasticity appeared as early as 1911. However, general theories having a thermodynamic basis, including heat conduction and constitutive equations, did not appear in general relativity until about 1955 for fluids and appeared only after 1960 for elastic or more general finitely deformed materials. These theories dealt with materials with memory, and in this connection some relativistic versions of the principle of material indifference were considered. Even more recently, relativistic theories incorporating finite deformations for polarizable and magnetizable materials and those in which couple stresses are considered have been formulated. A broader description of the development of these relativistic topics is contained in § 13. The purpose of this book is to describe the foundations of the general relativistic theories that include constitutive equations, and to present some applications, mainly to elastic waves, of these theories. This tract is divided into two parts. In the first part only the Eulerian point of view is considered; basic equations of general relativity, other than constitutive equations, are stated in full generality (except for couple stresses which are considered in part 2). Part 1 also thoroughly covers fluids, including constitutive equations.

Abstract: Innovation in Enzyme Engineering -- Session I. New Methods of Stabilizing and Immobilizing Enzymes and Whole Cells -- The Immobilization of a Stable Esterase by Entrapment, Covalent Binding and Adsorption -- Liquid-Membrane Hollow Fiber Enzyme Reactors -- Synthesis of Organic Acids and Modification of Steroids by Immobilized Whole Microbial Cells -- Immobilization of Enzymes by Reductive Alkylation -- Development of Immobilized Urease for the Owens-Illinois BUN Analyzer -- Immobilization of ?-Tyrosinase Cells with Collagen -- Stepwise Thermophotochemical Crosslinking for Enzyme Stabilization and Immobilization -- Session II. Enzyme Engineering -- Mass Transfer Problems with Immobilized Oxidases -- Mass Transfer and Reaction with Microcapsules Containing Enzyme and Adsorbent -- Enzymatic Regeneration of ATP from AMP and ADP: Kinetic Studies with the Coupled Enzyme System -- Cofactor Regeneration in Artificial Enzyme Membranes: Potentialities for Analytical and Reactor Applications -- Optimal Operations of a Batch Enzyme Reactor: Isomerization of D-Glucose to D-Fructose -- Physicochemical Aspects of Immobilized Enzyme-Matrix Interactions -- Coupled and Multienzyme-Nylon Tube Reactors -- Short Reports: Kinetics and Stability of Immobilized Glucose Oxidase and Catalase -- Kinetics of D-Glucose to D-Fructose Isomerization -- Efficiency of Two Immobilized Enzymes Acting in Sequence -- Photocontrol of Enzyme-Collagen Membrane Activity -- Enzyme Immobilization in Collagen Films Adhered to Semi-Rigid Supports: The Enzymatic Sponge Reactor -- Hollow Fiber Enzymatic Reactors: An Engineering Approach -- Session III, Enzyme Engineering and Enzyme Purification -- Genetic Engineering with Nitrogen Fixation -- The State of Enzyme Isolation Technology -- Unit Operations of Enzyme Purification -- Scale-Up of Enzyme Purification -- Carbon Dioxide as a Reagent for Proteins -- Application of Computers to Enzyme Recovery -- Studies on Immobilized Trypsin in High Concentrations of Organic Solvents -- A Tapered Fluidized Bed as a Bioreactor -- Short Reports: Induction of Phenol Hydroxylase in Yeast -- Session IV. Affinity Chromatography and Enzyme Cofactor Immobilization, Application and Regeneration -- Analysis of Ligand-Macromolecule Interactions by Quantitative Affinity Chromatography -- Affinity Chromatography: Interferences and their Prevention -- Immobilized Cofactors and Cofactor Fragments in General Ligand Affinity Chromatography and as Active Cofactors -- Purification of Dehydrogenases and Kinases by Affinity Chromatography -- Factors Concerning the Effectiveness of Affinity Chromatography Using Immobilized Cofactors -- Hydrophobic Chromatography and Its Potential Use in Biotechnology -- Purification of Proteinases by Affinity Chromatography Techniques -- Covalent Affinity Chromatography of Acetylcholinesterase -- Salt-Stable Hydrophobic Versus Salt-Reversible Electrostatic Effects in Adsorptive Protein Binding -- Strategy for Pure Hydrophobic Chromatography -- Short Reports: High Turnover NAD Regeneration in the Coupled Dehydrogenase Conversion of Sorbitol to Fructose -- Microencapsulated Multi-Enzyme Systems as Vehicles for the Cyclic Regeneration of Free and Immobilized Coenzymes -- Session V. Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes -- Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes: A Review -- Refixation of Solubilized and Purified Microsomal Enzymes: Towards an Extracorporal Detoxification in Liver Failure -- Immobilized Enzymes in Tubes and Hollow Fibers for Clinical Applications -- The Cholesterol Electrode: Use of the Polarographic Oxidase Anode with Multiple Enzymes -- Medical Applications of Affinity Chromatography -- Studies on the Thermal Enzyme Probe -- Prospects for an Assay Technique Based on Volatile Enzyme Products -- Short Reports: Enzymatic Catalysis of a Three Step Steroid Conversion -- Enzyme-Thermistor Assays of Cholesterol, Oxalic Acid, Glucose and Lactose in Standard Solutions and Biological Samples -- Session VI. Industrial Applications of Immobilized Enzymes -- Industrial Production of L-Malic Acid by Immobilized Microbial Cells -- Production of 5?-Mononucleotides Using Immobilized 5?-Phosphodiesterase and 5?-AMP Deaminase -- A New Method for the Production of Optically Active Aminoacids -- Development of an Adsorbed Lactase Immobilized Enzyme System -- Studies on the Isomerization of D-Glucose by Immobilized Glucose Isomerase -- Macrokinetics and Reactor Design for the Industrial Application of Enzymes in L-Aminoacid Production.. -- Recent Trends in Enzyme Engineering in Japan -- Short Reports: Pilot Plant Production of Glucose from Starch with Soluble a-Amylase and Immobilized Glucoamylase -- Production of High-Fructose Syrup Using Glucoamylase and Glucose Isomerase Immobilized on Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin -- Reduction of Lactose in Milk by Entrapped ?-Galactosidase. IV. Results of Long Term Experiments with a Pilot Plant -- Use of ?-Galactosidase, ?-Galactosidase, Glucose Isomerase and Invertase in Hollow Fiber Reactors -- Appendix I. Recommendations for Standardization of Nomenclature in Affinity Chromatography -- Appendix II. Matters Arising from the Nomenclature of Immobilized Enzymes -- List of Participants.

Abstract: The recent worldwide explosion of interest in enzymes as cata­ lysts in industrial processes has arisen primarily because of the potential of major innovative advances which have taken place over the last two decades, foremost among these being novel methods of enzyme immobilization and affinity chromatography for rapid enzyme purification. This interest is now being further stimulated by the remarkable commercial success of several enzyme-based industrial processes, particularly the production of high-fructose syrup in the U. S. and amino acid production in Japan. With the initiation of these and other processes, together with the readying for commercial­ ization of several other enzyme-based operations, interest has ex­ panded in other areas in which enzymes may playa useful role, particularly in medicine and analytical chemistry. The development of this technology has required the cooperative efforts of practi­ tioners of several disciplines, primarily chemical engineers, bio­ chemists and other life scientists. Indeed, from this cooperation is arising the new interdisciplinary field of Enzyme Engineering. To stimulate communication, information exchange and advance­ ment of knowledge in this new field on an international level the Engineering Foundation, through the efforts of Lemuel B. Wingard, Jr. , initiated in 1971 a series of international conferences on Enzyme Engineering to be held biannually. The first two conferences were held in Henniker, New Hampshire, in the summers of 1971 and 1973, respectively, while the third conference, from which these proceedings derived, was held in August 1975 in Portland, Oregon.

Abstract: 1 The Development of the Sports Car -- Motor sport -- The sports car -- The history of the sports car -- The first sports car -- The fabulous years -- Historic sports cars -- The future of the sports car -- 2 The Engine: Combustion -- Cylinder head history -- Combustion chamber research -- Volumetric efficiency -- Knock -- Limiting compression ratio -- Types of combustion chamber -- 3 The Engine: Induction and Exhaust -- The induction system -- The 4-cylinder in-line engine -- The 6-cylinder in-line engine -- The V-8 engine -- Ramming induction pipes -- Ramming pipe theory -- Forward-ram intakes -- Cold-air intakes -- The exhaust system -- The silencer -- Ramming exhaust pipes -- Branched exhaust pipes -- 4 The Engine: Valve Gear -- Push-rod valve operation -- Double overhead valve operation -- Single overhead camshaft head -- The four-valve head -- Desmodromic operation -- 5 The Engine: Fuel Metering -- The carburettor -- The S.U. principle -- The H.I.F. model -- Fuel injection -- Lucas electronic fuel injection -- Bosch K-Jetronic mechanical system -- 6 The Engine: Miscellaneous Components -- The crankcase -- The crankshaft -- Crankshaft bearings: bearing pressures: bearing materials -- General lubrication -- Pistons -- Cooling: air cooling: water cooling -- The ignition system: sparking plugs: the conventional coil ignition: new ignition developments -- 7 Road-Holding -- Tyres: the grip on the road: the tyre footprint -- Cornering power -- Tyre construction -- Aquaplaning -- Cornering behaviour: oversteer and understeer: rear wheel drive: front wheel drive: braking -- The mid-engined sports car -- Factors leading to understeer -- 8 The Suspension -- Springs -- Pitching -- Independent suspension -- Shimmy and tramp -- Representative designs: Jaguar, Porsche, Datsun, Aston Martin -- The suspension damper: double-tube damper: single tube damper -- 9 The Chassis, Frame and Body -- Materials -- Torsional stiffness -- The tubular frame -- Unitary body-chassis construction -- The backbone chassis -- The shape of the body: drag coefficients, lift at high speed, the air dam, directional stability at high speed -- 10 The Transmission -- Torque multiplication -- The gear ratios -- The overdrive -- Synchromesh -- The automatic transmission -- The clutch -- The final drive -- Universal joints -- The limited slip differential -- 11 The Brakes -- The grip on the road -- Braking forces -- Weight transference under braking -- Brake fade -- Disc brakes: disc brakes for the high-speed sports car, pad materials -- 12 Performance -- Standards of performance -- The meaning of power -- Acceleration: acceleration times for 0–60 m.p.h., the concept of effective mass -- Maximum speed -- 13 The Sports Car in the Future -- The Engine: promising alternatives, the gas turbine, rotating combustion engines, the Diesel engine, the Stirling engine, the steam engine -- Petrol engine developments: stratified charge: turbocharging: air fuel ratio control -- The transmission -- Tyres and suspension: no-roll suspension -- Braking -- The long-life car -- 14 Design Studies -- The Jaguar -- The Lotus -- The Mercedes -- The Porsche.

Abstract: I: Physics and Technology -- Surfaces and Interfaces in Semiconductor Technology -- Semiconductor Devices in Perspective — Discovery of and Recent Developments in Tunneling Devices -- A Short Introduction to the Physics of Sol-Gel Transitions -- Lasers and Applications -- Applications of Algebra and Geometry in Applied Systems Theory -- II Energy Resources and Earth Physics -- Magnetic Fusion Energy -- Feasibility Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion -- Wind Energy -- Ocean Waves -- Seismology -- III Physics and the Frontiers of Knowledge -- Gauge Unification of the Four Fundamental Forces -- Monopoles and Instantons: Classical Solutions to Quantum Mechanical Equations -- Cosmology Today -- Report on Some Aspects of the Scientific Programmes of the European Space Agency -- Appendix I: List of Invited Seminar Speakers -- Appendix II: List of Seminars -- Appendix III: List of Participants.

Abstract: These proceedings cover the lectures delivered at the Second International Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs held from June 20 - July 7, 1977 at Nathiagali, one of the scenic hill resorts in the northern part of Pakistan. The college was organised by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and co-sponsored by the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (ICTP). It also received a financial grant by the University Grants Commission for the participation of physicists from various universities of Pakistan. The college was attended by 13 lecturers, 7 invited semi­ nar speakers and 134 participants from 26 countries and consisted of 15 concentrated days of lectures, seminars-and informal discu­ ssions. These proceedings contain only regular lectures delivered there but. the seminars which were held are listed in the Appendix. The theme of the college covered two important aspects of science in general and physics in particular: first to provide to the participants from developing countries some of the excitement of what is happening at the frontiers of physics; secondly as the name of the college emphasises it was to encourage the physicists from developing countries to interest themselves in and to use their knowledge and methodology of research for attacking some of the problems faced by their respective countries. The lectures delivered at the college covered a wide spectrum of physics and indicated similarity of methodology used in various branches of physics as well as practical applications of some of the topics discussed.

Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Solute transport at the cellular level -- 2.1 Driving forces -- 2.2 Carriers and pumps -- 2.3 Energy sources for active transport -- 2.4 Sensitive cells -- 3 Symplast and apoplast -- 3.1 The parallel pathways -- 3.2 Radial barriers — the endodermis -- 3.3 Transfer cells -- 4 The xylem pathway -- 4.1 Xylem structure -- 4.2 Ion movement in the xylem -- 4.3 Regulation of leaf nutrient content -- 5 The phloem pathway -- 5.1 Experiments to determine the pathway of assimilate translocation -- 5.2 Structural design of the sieve element -- 5.3 Composition of phloem sap -- 5.4 Movement in the phloem -- 5.5 Physiology of the phloem -- 6 Driving forces for long-distance transport -- 6.1 Transpiration and the cohesion theory -- 6.2 Postulated mechanisms for phloem transport -- References.

Abstract: Plants, in addition to their role as primary synthesizers of organic com­ pounds, have evolved as selective accumulators of inorganic nutrients from the earth's crust. This ability to mine the physical environment is restricted to green plants and some microorganisms, other life forms being direct1y or indirect1y dependent on this process for their supply of mineral nutrients. The initial accumulation of ions by plants is of ten spatially separated from the photosynthetic parts, necessitating the transport to these parts of the inorganic solutes thus acquired. The requirement for energy-rich materials by the accumulation process is provided by a transport in the opposite direction of organic solutes from the photosynthetic areas. These transport phenomena in plants have been studied at the cellular level, the tissue level, and the whole plant level. The basic problems of analysing the driving forces and the supply of energy for solute transport remain the same for alI systems, but the method of approach and the type of results obtained vary widely with the experimental material employed, reflecting the variation of the solute transporting properties which have se1ectively evolved in response to both internal and external environmental pressures.

Abstract: 1 The Doctor’s Role in the Evolution of Human Society -- 2 Balancing the Needs of Western Society with its Expectations and Resources -- 3 The Patient’s View of the Doctor’s Job -- 4 The Challenge for Medical Education -- 5 Perspectives for the Future.

Abstract: This volume contains the edited transcript of the third Totts Gap Colloquium held at Totts Gap, Pennsylvania, June 14-16, 1976. The Colloquium was aimed at sensing and evaluating anticipated pat­ terns of medical responsibility and practice and preparing for im­ minent change - specifically as it will concern the role of the doctor. Recognizing that community values and social behavior are powerful forces affecting health, the participants explored ways in which the physician and the rest of the health care professionals may exert their salutary influence. What are the boundaries in which the doctor can function most usefully and effectively? The problem was examined from the view­ point of the philosopher, the public, the social scientist, the medical educator, the legislator, and the practicing physician. Currently available literature is unidimensional in the sense that it consists largely of essays written from an advocate point of view. In contrast, the participants of this Totts Gap Collo­ quium examined disparate data and opinion in the hope of achieving, insofar as possible, reconciliation and synthesis. The dialogue dealt with values and priorities attached to health and health care by our society and with the shifting perspectives occasioned by rapidly expanding scientific knowledge. Questions of economic choice and of public policy were dealt with, assessing anticipated costs of the various options to the community, as well as their implications for medical education.

Abstract: 1 Cellular Growth: Brain, Liver, Muscle, and Lung -- 2 Cellular Growth: Adipose Tissue -- 3 The Methods of Auxological Anthropometry -- 4 Somatic Growth of the Infant and Preschool Child -- 5 Body Composition and Energy Needs during Growth -- 6 Puberty -- 7 Prepubertal and Pubertal Endocrinology -- 8 The Central Nervous System and the Onset of Puberty -- 9 Body Composition in Adolescence -- 10 Growth of Muscle Tissue and Muscle Mass -- 11 Adipose Tissue Development in Man -- 12 Bone Growth and Maturation -- 13 The Fundamentals of Cranial and Facial Growth -- 14 Skull, Jaw, and Teeth Growth Patterns -- 15 Dentition -- 16 Secular Growth Changes -- 17 The Influence of Exercise, Physical Activity, and Athletic Performance on the Dynamics of Human Growth -- 18 The Low-Birth-Weight Infant -- 19 Growth Dynamics of Low-Birth-Weight Infants with Emphasis on the Perinatal Period.

Abstract: Growth, as we conceive it, is the study of changeinan organism not yet mature. Differential growth creates form: external form through growth rates which vary from one part of the body to another and one tissue to another; and internal form through the series of time-entrained events which build up in each cell the special­ ized complexity of its particular function. We make no distinction, then, between growth and development, and if we have not included accounts of differentiation it is simply because we had to draw a quite arbitrary line somewhere. lt is only rather recently that those involved in pediatrics and child health have come to realize that growth is the basic science peculiar to their art. It is a science which uses and incorporates the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and biology. It is indeed a part of biology, and the study of human growth is a part of the curriculum of the rejuvenated science of Human Biology. What growth is not is a series of chärts of height and weight. Growth standards are useful and necessary, and their construction is by no means void of intellectual challenge. They are a basic instrument in pediatric epidemiology. But they do not appear in this book, any more than clinical accounts of growth disorders. This appears to be the first large handbook-in three volumes-devoted to Human Growth.

Abstract: 1 Phylogeny of the Vertebrate Sensory Systems -- 2 Ontogeny of Sensory Systems -- 3 Common Properties of Sensory Systems -- 4 Olfaction -- 5 Visual System: Superior Colliculus -- 6 Vision: Geniculocortical System -- 7 Visual System: Pulvinar-Extrastriate Cortex -- 8 Somatosensory System -- 9 The Vestibular System: Basic Biophysical and Physiological Mechanisms -- 10 Vestibular Function in Normal and in Exceptional Conditions -- 11 Functional Properties of the Auditory System of the Brain Stem -- 12 Auditory Forebrain: Evidence from Anatomical and Behavioral Experiments Involving Human and Animal Subjects -- 13 Gustatory System.

Abstract: The principal goal of the Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology is a systematic, critical, and timely exposition of those aspects of neuroscience that have direct and immediate bearing on overt behavior. In this first volume, subtitled "Sensory Integration," the subject matter has been subdivided and the authors selected with this particular goal in mind. Although the early chapters (on the phylogeny and ontogeny of sensory systems, and on the common properties of sensory systems) are somewhat too abstract to permit many direct behavioral inferences, the focus on behavior has been maintained there too as closely as is now possible. A behavioral orientation is most obvious in the remaining chapters, which layout for each sensory modality in turn what is now known about structure-behavior relationships. The handbook is primarily intended to serve as a ready reference for two types of readers: first, practicing neuroscientists looking for a concise and authori­ tative treatment of developments outside of their particular specialities; and second, students of one or another branch of neuroscience who need an overview of the persistent questions and current problems surrounding the relation of the perceptual systems to behavior. The requirements imposed by the decision to address these particular audiences are reflected in the scope and style of the chapters as well as in their content.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. An outline of the anatomy -- 3. Respiration, circulation and excretion -- 4. Feeding and digestion -- 5. Reproduction and growth -- 6. Endocrinology -- 7. An inventory of the sense organs -- 8. What an octopus sees -- 9. Touch and the role of proprioception in learning -- 10. Effectors and motor control -- 11. Learning and brain lesions: 1: Mainly tactile learning -- 12. Learning and brain lesions: 2: Visual learning -- References -- Author index.

Abstract: between the organ systems of cephalopods and those of less ambitious molluscs. Octopus does, as we would predict, live close to the limits set by its own physiology. The circulation, to take one example, is barely adequate for such an active animal, mainly because of the absence of any system for pack­ aging the blood pigment; haemocyanin in solution is a poor oxygen carrier. Cephalopod blood can transport less than 5 millilitres of oxygen per 100 ml of blood (compared with about 15 vol% in fish) and the whole supercharged system of triple hearts, high blood pressure and pulsating blood vessels succeeds only in returning blood that retains less than 30% of its dissolved oxygen by the time it reaches the gills. This at rest; the effect of exercise is immediate and surprisingly long­ lasting even in octopuses as small as 300 g, which must very swiftly run into oxygen debt when they flee from predators or pursue their prey (Sections 3.2.2, 3.2.4). Digestion, too would seem to be limiting. As with other molluscs, digestion in Octopus is based on secretion­ absorption cycles by a massive diverticulum of the gut, an adequate system in a less hectic past, but scarcely appropriate in a predator that must be an opportunist in the matter of feeding. Octopus feeds mainly at night, and spends a great deal of every day sitting at home.

Abstract: I Developmental Biology -- 1 Adaptive Mechanisms of Growth Control -- 2 Human Biochemical Development -- 3 Developmental Pharmacology -- 4 Glimpses of Comparative Growth and Development -- II Biometrical Methods in Human Growth -- 5 Statistics of Growth Standards -- 6 Sampling for Growth Studies -- 7 The Mathematical Handling of Long-Term Longitudinal Data -- III Genetics -- 8 Introduction to Genetic Analysis -- 9 The Genetics of Human Fetal Growth -- 10 The Genetics of Birth Weight -- 11 The Genetics of Adult Stature -- 12 The Genetics of Maturational Processes -- IV Prenatal Growth -- 13 Anatomy of the Placenta -- 14 Physiology of the Placenta -- 15 Fetal Measurements -- 16 Implications for Growth in Human Twins -- 17 Association of Fetal Growth with Maternal Nutrition -- 18 Carbohydrate, Fat, and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Pregnant Woman and Fetus -- 19 Pre- and Perinatal Endocrinology -- 20 Development of Immune Responsiveness -- 21 Fetal Growth; Obstetric Implications.

Abstract: Growth, as we conceive it, is the study of change in an organism not yet mature. Differential growth creates form: external form through growth rates which vary from one part of the body to another and one tissue to another; and internal form through the series of time-entrained events which build up in each cell the special­ ized complexity of its particular function. We make no distinction, then, between growth and development, and if we have not included accounts of differentiation it is simply because we had to draw a quite arbitrary line somewhere. It is only rather recently that those involved in pediatrics and child health have come to realize that growth is the basic science peculiar to their art. It is a science which uses and incorporates the traditional disciplines of anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, and biology. It is indeed apart ofbiology, and the study of human growth is a part of the curriculum of the rejuvenated science of Human Biology. What growth is not is aseries of charts of height and weight. Growth standards are useful and necessary, and their construction is by no means void of intellectualchallenge. Theyare a basic instrument in pediatric epidemiology. But they do not appear in this book, any more than clinical accounts of growth disorders. This appears to be the first large handbook-in three volumes-devoted to Human Growth. Smaller textbooks on the subject began to appear in the late nineteenth century, some written by pediatricians and some by anthropologists.

Abstract: 1. Aerospace Engineering -- 2. Agricultural Economics, Sciences, and Engineering -- 3. Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning -- 4. Astronomy -- 5. Astrophysics -- 6. Ceramic Engineering -- 7. Chemical Engineering -- 8. Chemistry and Biochemistry -- 9. Civil Engineering -- 10. Communicatiohs Engineering and Computer Science -- 11. Cryogenic Engineering -- 12. Electrical Engineering -- 13. Engineering Mechanics -- 14. Engineering Physics -- 15. Engineering Science -- 16. Fuels, Combustion, and Air Pollution -- 17. General and Environmental Engineering -- 18. Geochemistry and Soil Science -- 19. Geological Sciences and Geophysical Engineering -- 20. Geology and Earth Science -- 21. Geophysics -- 22. Industrial Engineering and Operations Research -- 23. Irrigation Engineering -- 24. Marine and Ocean Engineering -- 25. Materials Science and Engineering -- 26. Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering -- 27. Metallurgy -- 28. Meteorology and Atmospheric Science -- 29. Mineralogy and Petrology -- 30. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering -- 31. Missile and Space Systems Engineering -- 32. Nuclear Engineering -- 33. Nuclear Physics -- 34. Nuclear Science -- 35. Oceanography and Marine Science -- 36. Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering -- 37. Photogrammetric and Geodetic Engineering -- 38. Physics and Biophysics -- 39. Plastics Engineering -- 40. Wood Technology, Forestry, and Forest Science -- 41. Reactor Science -- 42. Sanitary Engineering, Water Pollution, and Water Resources -- 43. Textile Technology -- 44. Transportation Engineering -- Theses without Specification of School or Department.

Abstract: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and dis­ seminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) * at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the ac­ tivity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all concerned if the printing and distribution of the volume were handled by an international publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 22 (thesis year 1977) a total of 10,658 theses titles from 28 Canadian and 227 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for theses titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 22 reports theses submitted in 1977, on occasion, certain universities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Abstract: I -- 1 The Position of Factor Analysis in Psychological Research -- 2 Extracting Factors: The Algebraic Picture -- 3 Rotating Factors: The Geometric Picture -- 4 Fixing the Number of Factors: TheScientific Model 52 -- 5 Fixing the Number of Factors: The Most Practicable Psychometric Procedures -- 6 The Theory of Unique Rotational Resolution by Confactor, Procrustes, and Simple Structure Principles -- 7 The Techniques of Simple Structure Rotation -- 8 More Refined Issues in Rotation and the Use of Oblique Factors -- 9 Higher-Order Factors: Models and Formulas -- 10 The Identification and Interpretation of Factors -- II -- 11 Factor Measures: Their Construction, Scoring, Psychometric Validity, and Consistency -- 12 Broader Experimental Designs and Uses: The Data Box and the New Techniques -- 13 Varieties of Factor Models in Relation to Scientific Models -- 14 Distribution, Scaling, and Significance Problems -- 15 Conducting a Factor Analytic Research: Strategy and Tactics -- Appendixes -- A. 1. Proposed Standard Notation: Rationale and Outline -- A.2. An Indexing System for Psychological Factors -- A.3. Note on Utility of Confactor Resolutions with Oblique Factors -- A.4. Transformations among SUD, SSA, and IIA Strata Models: Reversion from the Schmid-Leiman Matrix (IIA) -- A.5. A Practicable Minimum List of Computer Programs -- A.6. Tables for Statistical Significance of Simple Structure -- A. 7. Tables for Significance of Congruence Coefficients in Factor Matching -- A.8. Tables for Significance of Salient Variable Similarity Index s -- References -- Author Index.

Abstract: 1 / Introduction -- 2 / Atomic Structure -- 3 / Aggregations of Atoms—The Fluid States -- 4 / Aggregations of Atoms—Solids -- 5 / Crystal Growth and Size -- 6 / Aggregations of Two Sorts of Atoms—Binary Alloys -- 7 / Equilibrium Diagrams -- 8 / The Iron-carbon System -- 9 / Thermal Energy -- 10 / The Deformation of Metal Single Crystals -- 11 / The Strengthening of Metals -- 12 / Mechanical Testing of Polycrystalline Materials -- 13 / Plastic Flow and Fracture -- 14 / Fatigue -- 15 / Creep -- 16 / Heat Treatment of Steel -- 17 / Alloy Steels -- 18 / Corrosion -- 19 / Welding -- 20 / Inorganic Non-metallic Materials -- 21 / Organic Materials -- 22 / Composites -- 23 / The Nucleus -- Appendix I—Some equilibrium diagrams of interest and importance -- Appendix II—Equilibrium and free energy -- Appendix III—SI units -- Answers to Numerical Questions.

Abstract: The engineering designer is always limited by the properties of available materials. Some properties are critically affected by variations in com­ position, in state or in testing conditions, while others are much less so. The engineer must know this if he is to make intelligent use of the data on properties of materials that he finds in handbooks and tables, and if he is to exploit successfully new materials as they become available. He can only be aware of these limitations if he understands how pro­ perties depend on structure at the atomic, molecular, microscopic and macroscopic levels. Inculcating this awareness is one of the chief aims of the book, which is based on a successful course designed to give university engineering students the necessary basic knowledge of these various levels. The material is equivalent to a course of about eighty to a hundred lectures. In the first part of the book the topics covered are mainly fundamental physics. The structure of the atom, considered in non-wave-mechanical terms, leads to the nature of interatomic forces and aggregations of atoms in the three forms-gases, liquids and solids. Sufficient crystallography is discussed to facilitate an understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the crystals. The band theory of solids is not included, but the basic concepts which form a preliminary to the theory-energy levels of electrons in an atom, Pauli's exclusion principle, and so on-are dealt with.

Abstract: 1. Problems in the Design of Pattern Recognizers -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Three Areas of Application -- 1.3 The Configuration of a PR -- 1.4 Factors which Influence the Design of a PR -- 1.5 The Selection of the Attributes -- 1.6 Decision Procedures and Indices of Performance -- 1.7 Categorizer Design -- 1.8 Hardware Implementation -- 2. Design of a Pattern Recognizer Using the Frequency of Occurrence of Binary Words Method -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 A Step by Step Description of the FOBW Design Procedure -- 2.3 The Ordered Array of Attributes -- 2.4 The Generation of New Sets of NH Attributes -- 2.5 Detection of Effective Attributes -- 3. Computational Rules for Binary Word Frequencies of Occurrence -- 3.1 Binary Word Probabilities, Frequencies of Occurrence and Sequence Length -- 3.2 Redundant Information in N-Gram Frequencies -- 3.3 Other Sets of 2N?1 Pieces of Information -- 3.4 Bounds on the Binary Word Frequencies of Occurrence -- 3.5 Redundancy in Delayed N-Gram Frequencies -- 3.6 Eight Delayed Trigram Frequencies contain Five Pieces of Information -- 3.7 A Special Relationship between Delayed Digrams and Delayed Trigrams -- 3.8 The Frequencies of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Binary Words -- 4. S, A Measure of Separability -- 4.1 Four Statistics -- 4.2 Some Features of the S-Measure -- 4.3 A Conjecture Later Proven by Chernoff -- 5. Modeling of Pattern Generating Stochastic Processes -- 5.1 The Importance of a Model -- 5.2 The Transition Matrix Model -- 5.3 The Gaussian Process Model -- 5.4 Processes Related to the Gaussian Process -- 5.5 The ?0 and ?m Concepts -- 6. The Heuristic Search Procedure -- 6.1 The Search Rule -- 6.2 First Example of the FOBW Search Procedure -- 6.3 A Case Study -- 6.4 Second Example of the FOBW Search Procedure -- 7. Hardware Implementation -- 7.1 Two Applications -- 7.2 Simple Hardware -- 7.3 The Sonic Analysis Demonstrator -- 7.4 The Word Recognizer -- 8. Summary -- Appendix 1. Some Recent Books -- Appendix 2. The ?-Transformation.

Abstract: This book is a revised updated edition of the second edition which appeared 1974.The work described in this publication was initiated at the General Electric Company's Electronics Laboratory, Syracuse, N.Y., U.S.A. The author would like to take this opportunity to express his gratitude to the Electronics Laboratory for its support and encouragement in this work. Thanks are in particular due to Dr. J.J. Suran for his continued interest and help. It is impossible to acknowledge all the help the au­ thor has received from members of the Laboratory staff. However, the au­ thor is particularly indebted to r·lr. T.C. Robbins for managing the build­ ing of the word recognizer (described in Section 7.4) and for many help­ ful discussions. The work was later continued in Denmark, supported by two grants: no. 1382 in 1966 and no. 1511 in 1967, received from the Danish Govern­ ment Fund for Industrial and Scientific Research. The author is grateful to said Fund, and thereby the Danish taxpayers, who gave the author an opportunity for uninterrupted work with pattern recognitions problems. In August 1967 the author joined the staff of the Electronics Labo­ ratory, Technical University of Denmark, where the subsequent pattern recognition work took place; the author is happy to acknowledge his debt to the members of the staff and to his students for many stimulating and helpful discussions.

Abstract: In September 1925 the first class of medical students was admitted to the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. On January 4, 1926 the Strong Memorial Hospital was officially opened. The first patient was admitted the next day. On January 7th Dr. John J. Morton, Jr., newly appointed Chief of Surgery, performed the first operation. Ten days later the first baby was delivered. From these small beginnings the University of Rochester Medical Center had a steady and strong growth into the internationally renowned center of teaching, research and patient care that it is today. In recognition of its semicentennial the Medical Center con­ ducted a series of events during the 1975 - 76 year in which medi­ cal faculty and staff~ alumni, community physicians and distin­ guished visitors participated. This symposium on "Frontiers of Medicine" was a climactic event of the year's program. The twelve outstanding physicians and scientists undertook to look forward, in selected areas of biological science and medicine, to what promise there may be for developments to come which will significantly affect mankind's health and the quality of life. Four areas were chosen for discussion to cover the span of human life and to include aspects of it which are of vital in­ terest and in which significant developments now seem to be prob­ able in the years ahead. So far as possible the presentations sought to cover the basic science, the clinical and the sociologic aspects of each subject area.

Abstract: 1.1 Statement of the Problem This work describes a new and effective computer algorithm for detecting the contours of ribs in ehest radiographs. The problem, which is common to both the research areas of Machine Vision and Biomedical Computing, is to extract graphical information, such as that represented in Figure 1-lb, from a picture such as Figure 1-la. Figure 1-la shows a typical posterior-anterior (PA) ehest radiograph while Figure 1-lb shows a drawing of the ventral aspect of the thorax. lt is hoped that this researchwill contribute significantly toward developing an automated system for interpreting ehest radio­ graphs. 1.2 Why Have We Carried Out This Research? Since about one-third of the 650,000,000 medical radiographs (X-ray photographs) taken annually in the United States areehest radiographs, there is a growing awareness of the need for a computer­ aided system to help diagnose these radiographs. The detection of rib contours is, of course, a necessary element in such a system. In addition to being able to accommodate the need for a mass screening program, an automated systemalso has the ability to detect anomalies at earlier stages. Ziskin et al (1971) state that reliable 2 {a) Original Chest Radiograph Figure 1-1. A Chest Radiograph 3 VENTRAL CONTOUR CARTILAGE {b) THE THORAX; VENTRAL ASPECT OF A CHEST RADIOGRAPH Figura 1-1 A CHEST RADIOGRAPH studies indicate that even under routine conditions radiologists fail to detect approximately 30% of abnormalities in ehest X-ray films.

Abstract: One Music is Music Does Music Means -- Two Creators and Components -- 1. Melody, Harmony, and Rhythm -- 2. Composers and Composition -- 3. The Avant-Garde -- Three Exponents -- 1. Conductors and Conducting -- 2. Instruments and Instrumentalists -- 3. Pianos and Pianists, Violins and/or Fiddles, Woodwinds, and Guitars -- Violins and/or Fiddles -- Woodwinds -- Guitars -- 4. Concerts -- 5. The Music Trade -- Four Proponents and Opponents -- 1. Critics and Criticism -- 2. Musical Misanthropy -- Five Lift Every Voice -- 1. Words and/with/for/to Music -- 2. The Wings of Song -- 3. Singing and Singers -- 4. Opera and Opera Singers -- Six The Universal Art -- 1. The Medicine of a Troubled Mind -- 2. Emotions, Vapors, and Dispositions -- 3. The Food of Love -- 4. The Lingering Melody -- 5. Let Me Have Music Dying -- 6. Solitude -- 7. Warriors Fired with Animated Sounds -- 8. Consort Not with a Female Musician -- 9. Sing Me a Song with Social Significance -- 10. The Only Sensual Pleasure Without Vice -- 11. The Truth of Song -- 12. Tones in Time -- 13. Education -- 14. The Gift of God -- 15. The Soul of a Nation -- 16. The Sweetest Physic in the World -- 17. The Open-Air Art -- 18. A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread -- 19. Like the Birdies Sing -- 20. Sight and Sound -- Seven Music for the Millions -- 1. Jazz -- 2. Blues and Blacks -- 3. Rock -- 4. Popular and Light -- 5. Folk -- 6. Dance -- 7. Film and Theater -- Eight Metaphysics, Metaphor, and Miscellany -- 1. The Music of the Spheres -- 2. Music as Metaphor -- 3. Proverbs, Aphorisms, Wordplay, and Assorted Musical Saws -- Index of Names and Sources -- Index of Key Words and Phrases.

Abstract: Writing about music-about what it is and what it means-is akin to describing the act of love. Somehow, the reduction of the experience to an unblushingly detailed exposition of how, where, when, and why who does what to whom, from prelude to resolu­ tion, loses everything in the translation. The other extreme, the one wherein the writer, in desperation, resorts to metaphor (with or without benefit of meter and rhyme), most often results in im­ agery that is banal, vulgar, inane, obscure, pretentious, and almost always insufferably romantic. To achieve good and accurate writing about music is as rare an accomplishment as expert wine-tasting, lion-taming, diamond-cut­ ting, truffie-finding and (if one just happens to be an unconverted Mohican brave) deer-tracking. Only the intuitive, the pure, the sensual, and the intrepid need apply. Professional musicians often evidence a fixed tendency either to rudely ignore or else to actively despise those of us who bravely try to understand, define, and describe their art. To many composers and instrumentalists, those outsiders (nonmusicians) who have the temerity to discuss anything more abstract than the digital dexterity of a fiddler, the particular vanity of a conductor, or the wage scales for overtime recording sessions are judged worthy only of contempt or-at the most-patronizing tolerance. "Music means itself," insists one of the contributors to the collection that follows, and many practitioners of the art of organ­ ized sound would prefer to leave it at that.

Abstract: Picture processing by computer has found its application in various fields. Character recognition has shown the most practical success. Furthermore, the techniques span much more sophisticated applications such as interpretation of biomedical images and X-ray films, measurement of images in nuclear physics, processing of a large volume of pictorial data sent from the satellites, etc. The particular problem attacked in this thesis is computer analysis and identification of human faces. Pictures of human faces are successfully analyzed by a computer program which extracts face­ feature points, such as nose, mouth, eyes, and so on. The program was tested with more than 800 photographs The research has been done with main emphasis on the method of how to incorporate the picture structures into the picture anlysis program. The success of the program is due to the employment of a flexible picture analysis scheme with feedbacks, which will be described in the next chapter. An experiment on face identification of 20 people was also conducted. I-1. Picture Analysis and Recognition- New Aspects When shown the pictures of the human face of Fig. 1-1, we can immediately tell the positions of the nose, mouth and eyes; and more- over, we can say that both pictures surely portray the same person. Picture analysis and recognition by computer concerns itself with this type of two-dimensional image processing. In this thesis, I selected human-face pictures as objects of processing.

Abstract: Critical Points and Multicritical Points (Abstract) -- Series Expansion Approximants for Singular Functions of Many Variables -- Structure and Thermodynamics of Interfaces -- A Van Der Waals Fixed Point -- Spin-Spin Correlation Functions for the Two-Dimensional Ising Model -- Scaled Particle Theory of Hard Sphere Fluids to 1976 -- Statistical Mechanics of Lattice Boson Field Theory -- On The Use of Determinants and their Expansions for Various Physical Problems -- Ring Diagram Contribution to Electron Correlations -- Fluctuations Near and Far from Equilibrium -- Stochastic Equations for Classical and Quantum Distribution Functions -- Stationary States and Noise in the Ballast Resistor, an Electro-Thermal Instability in a Conducting Wire -- Speculations on the Intrinsic Significance of Random Interactions -- A Dilation Problem in Non-Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics -- The Fractal Geometry of Percolation, Polymers and almost Everything Else -- On the Iterative Solution of a Stochastic Mapping -- Theory of the Surface Contribution to the Low Temperature Specific Heat of a Semi-Infinite Solid -- Optical Spectra Line Shape for Mixed Crystals -- Nonadiabatic Approach to Vibronically Assisted Radiationless Transitions -- The Generalized Master Equation and its Applications -- Two-Dimensional Anisotropic Random Walks -- Random Walks and Gamma Functions -- Steady-State Kinetics of a Linear Array of Interlocking Reactions -- Monte Carlo Models of Self Replicating Macromolecules I -- Combinatorial Aspects of Dynamics in Biological Systems -- The Transition of Two Stranded DNA to Single Strands -- Effective Behavior of Heterogeneous Media -- Unstable Brownian Motion of a Bus Trip -- Integration Errors in Image Reconstruction of Circularly Symmetric Objects in Computer Assisted Tomography -- The “Internal Referencing” Structural Instability in an Environment Characterized by Random Variation: The Example of the N.Y.C. Banks in the Crisis of 1857 -- The Theory of the Glory -- Exotic Matter in the Universe -- Some Statistical Observations from a 75 Year Run of Sears Roebuck Catalogues.

Abstract: 1 Phototechnology and Biological Experimentation -- 2 Spectroscopy -- 3 Photochemistry -- 4 Photosensitization -- 5 Ultraviolet Radiation Effects On Molecules and Cells -- 6 Environmental Photobiology -- 7 Photomedicine -- 8 Chronobiology (Circadian Rhythms) -- 9 Extraretinal Photoreception -- 10 Vision -- 11 Photomorphogenesis -- 12 Photomovement -- 13 Photosynthesis -- 14 Bioluminescence -- 15 New Topics in Photobiology.

Abstract: Although there are several excellent books covering a few of the specialized areas of photobiology, at the present time there is no book that covers all areas of the science of photobiology. This book attempts to fill this void. The science of photobiology is currently divided into 14 subspecialty areas by the American Society for Photobiology. The first 14 chapters of this book deal with those subspecialty areas, each written by a leader in the field. Chapter 15, entitled "New Topics in Photobiology," highlights areas of research that may be desig­ nated sUbspecialties of photobiology in the future. This book has been written as a textbook to introduce the science of photobiology to advanced undergraduate and graduate students. The chapters are written to provide a broad overview of each topic. They are designed to contain the amount of information that might be presented in a one-to two-hour general lecture. The references are not meant to be exhaustive, but key refer­ ences are included to give students an entry into the literature. Frequently a more recent reference that reviews the literature will be cited rather than the first paper by the author making the original discovery. Whenever practical, a classroom demonstration or simple laboratory exercise has been provided to exemplify one or more major points in a chapter.

Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Preamble -- 1.2 Scope of book -- 1.3 Notation and definitions -- 2. Pipe and Channel Flow -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Laminar flow theory: channel -- 2.3 Laminar flow theory: pipe -- 2.4 The Reynolds number -- 2.5 The entry length -- 2.6 Transition to turbulent flow -- 2.7 Relationship between flow rate and pressure gradient -- 3. Flow Past a Circular Cylinder -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Reynolds number -- 3.3 Flow patterns -- 3.4 Drag -- 4. Convection in Horizontal Layers -- 4.1 The configuration -- 4.2 Onset of motion -- 4.3 Flow regimes -- 5. Equations of Motion -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fluid particles and continuum mechanics -- 5.3 Eulerian and Langrangian co-ordinates -- 5.4 Continuity equation -- 5.5 The substantive derivative -- 5.6 The Navier—Stokes equation -- 5.7 Boundary conditions -- 5.8 Condition for incompressibility -- Appendix: Derivation of viscous term of dynamical equation -- 6. Further Basic Ideas -- 6.1 Streamlines, streamtubes, particle paths and streaklines -- 6.2 Computations for flow past a circular cylinder -- 6.3 The stream function -- 6.4 Vorticity -- 6.5 Vorticity equation -- 6.6 Circulation -- 7. Dynamical Similarity -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Condition for dynamical similarity: Reynolds number -- 7.3 Dependent quantities -- 7.4 Other governing non-dimensional parameters -- 8. Low and High Reynolds Numbers -- 8.1 Physical significance of the Reynolds number -- 8.2 Low Reynolds number -- 8.3 High Reynolds number -- 9. Some Solutions of the Viscous Flow Equations -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Poiseuille flow -- 9.3 Rotating Couette flow -- 9.4 Stokes flow past a sphere -- 9.5 Low Reynolds number flow past a cylinder -- 10. Inviscid Flow -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Kelvin circulation theorem -- 10.3 Irrotational motion -- 10.4 Bernoulli’s equation -- 10.5 Drag in inviscid flow: d’Alembert’s ‘paradox’ -- 10.6 Applications of Bernoulli’s equation -- 10.7 Some definitions -- 11. Boundary Layers and Related Topics -- 11.1 Boundary layer formation -- 11.2 The boundary layer approximation -- 11.3 Zero pressure gradient solution -- 11.4 Boundary layer separation -- 11.5 Drag on bluff bodies -- 11.6 Streamlining -- 11.7 Wakes -- 11.8 Jets -- 11.9 Momentum and energy in viscous flow -- 12. Lift -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Two-dimensional aerofoils -- 12.3 Three-dimensional aerofoils -- 12.4 Spinning bodies -- 13. Thermal Flows: Basic Equations and Concepts -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Equations of convection -- 13.3 Classification of convective flows -- 13.4 Forced convection -- 13.5 Flow with concentration variations (mass transfer) -- 14. Free Convection -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The governing non-dimensional parameters -- 14.3 The adiabatic temperature gradient -- 14.4 Free convection as a heat engine -- 14.5 Convection from a heated vertical surface -- 14.6 Thermal plumes -- 14.7 Convection in fluid layers -- Appendix: The Boussinesq approximation in free convection -- 15. Flow in Rotating Fluids -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Centrifugal and Coriolis forces -- 15.3 Geostrophic flow and the Taylor—Proud man theorem -- 15.4 Taylor columns -- 15.5 Ekman layers -- 15.6 Intrinsic stability and inertial waves -- 15.7 Rossby waves -- 15.8 Convection in a rotating annulus -- 16. Stratified Flow -- 16.1 Basic concepts -- 16.2 Blocking -- 16.3 Lee waves -- 16.4 Internal waves -- 16.5 Stratification and rotation -- 17. Instability Phenomena -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Surface tension instability of a liquid column -- 17.3 Convection due to internal heat generation -- 17.4 Convection due to surface tension variations -- 17.5 Instability of rotating Couette flow -- 17.6 Shear flow instability -- 18. The Theory of Hydro Dynamic Stability -- 18.1 The nature of linear stability theory -- 18.2 Onset of Bénard convection -- 18.3 Overstability -- 18.4 Rotating Couette flow -- 18.5 Boundary layer stability -- 19. Transition to Turbulence -- 19.1 Boundary layer transition -- 19.2 Transition in jets and other free shear flows -- 19.3 Pipe flow transition -- 20. Turbulence -- 20.1 The nature of turbulent motion -- 20.2 Introduction to the statistical description of turbulent motion -- 20.3 Formulation of the statistical description -- 20.4 Turbulence equations -- 20.5 Calculation methods -- 20.6 Interpretation of correlations -- 20.7 Spectra -- 20.8 The concept of eddies -- 21. Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Space correlations and the closure problem -- 21.3 Spectra and the energy cascade -- 21.4 Dynamical processes of the energy cascade -- 22. The Structure of Turbulent Flows -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Reynolds number similarity and self-preservation -- 22.3 Intermittency and entrainment -- 22.4 The structure of a turbulent wake -- 22.5 Turbulent motion near a wall -- 22.6 Large eddies in a boundary layer -- 22.7 The Coanda effect -- 22.8 Stratified shear flows -- 22.9 Reverse transition -- 23. Experimental Methods -- 23.1 General aspects of experimental fluid dynamics -- 23.2 Velocity measurement -- 23.3 Pressure and temperature measurement -- 23.4 Flow visualization -- 24. Practical Situations -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Cloud patterns -- 24.3 Waves in the atmospheric circulation -- 24.4 Continental drift and convection in the Earth’s mantle -- 24.5 Solar granulation -- 24.6 Effluent dispersal -- 24.7 Wind effects on structures -- 24.8 Boundary layer control: vortex generators -- 24.9 Fluidics -- 24.10 Undulatory swimming -- 24.11 Convection from the human body -- 24.12 The flight of a boomerang -- Notation -- Problems -- Bibliography and References.

Abstract: To classify a book as 'experimental' rather than 'theoretical' or as 'pure' rather than 'applied' is liable to imply umeal distinctions. Nevertheless, some Classification is necessary to teIl the potential reader whether the book is for him. In this spirit, this book may be said to treat fluid dynamies as a branch of physics, rather than as a branch of applied mathematics or of engineering. I have often heard expressions of the need for such a book, and certainly I have feIt it in my own teaching. I have written it primariIy for students of physics and of physics-based applied science, aIthough I hope others may find it useful. The book differs from existing 'fundamental' books in placing much greater emphasis on what we know through laboratory experiments and their physical interpretation and less on the mathe­ matieal formalism. It differs from existing 'applied' books in that the choice of topics has been made for the insight they give into the behaviour of fluids in motion rather than for their practical importance. There are differences also from many existing books on fluid dynamics in the branches treated, reflecting to some extent shifts of interest in reeent years. In particular, geophysical and astrophysical applications have prompted important fundamental developments in topics such as conveetion, stratified flow, and the dynamics of rotating fluids. These developments have hitherto been reflected in the contents of textbooks only to a limited extent.

Abstract: Section III: Initiating Mechanisms and Early Pathogenesis -- 1 Gene Expression and Its Regulation -- 2 Developmental Genetics -- 3 Numerical and Structural Chromosome Abnormalities -- 4 Cell Death and Reduced Proliferative Rate -- 5 Altered Biosynthesis -- 6 Embryonic Intermediary Metabolism under Normal and Pathological Conditions -- 7 Altered Electrolyte and Fluid Balance -- 8 Abnormal Cellular and Tissue Interactions -- 9 Cell Morphogenetic Movements -- 10 Alterations in the Metabolism of Glycosaminoglycans and Collagen -- 11 Time-Position Relationships, with Particular Reference to Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate -- 12 Teratogenesis and Oncogenesis -- Section IV: Examples of Abnormal Organogenesis -- 13 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Eye -- 14 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Cardiovascular System -- 15 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Urinary Tract -- 16 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Reproductive System -- 17 Abnormal Organogenesis of Facial Structures -- 18 Abnormal Organogenesis in the Limbs.

Abstract: I. Overview and Perspective -- 1. The Crisis of Physical Illness: An Overview -- II. The Crisis of Illness: Stillbirth and Birth Defects -- 2. Chronic Grief -- 3. Maternal Reaction to the Loss of Multiple Births -- 4. Counseling Parents after the Birth of an Infant with Down’s Syndrome -- III. The Crisis of Illness: Cancer -- 5. Bearing Cancer -- 6. A Brave Family Faces Up to Breast Cancer -- 7. Family Mediation of Stress -- IV. The Crisis of Illness: Cardiovascular Disease -- 8. Psychological Hazards of Convalescence Following Myocardial Infarction -- 9. Psychological Responses to the Experience of Open-Heart Surgery -- 10. Rehabilitating the Stroke Patient through Patient-Family Groups -- V. The Crisis of Illness: Severe Burns -- 11. Long-Term Adjustment and Adaptation Mechanisms in Severely Burned Adults -- 12. Adjustment Problems of the Family of the Burn Patient -- VI. The Crisis of Illness: Chronic Conditions -- 13. Long-Term Physical Illness in Childhood: A Challenge to Psychosocial Adaptation -- 14. Psychological Aspects of the Care of Children with Cystic Fibrosis -- 15. Coping with a Chronic Disability: Psychosocial Observations of Girls with Scoliosis -- VII. The Crisis of Treatment: Unusual Hospital Environments -- 16. The Hospital Environment: Its Impact on the Patient -- 17. Cancer, Emotions, and Nurses -- 18. Coping with Waiting: Psychiatric Intervention and Study in the Waiting Room of a Pediatric Oncology Clinic -- VIII. The Crisis of Treatment: Survival by Machine -- 19. The CCU Nurse Has a Pacemaker -- 20. Survival by Machine: The Psychological Stress of Chronic Hemodialysis -- 21. Problems in Adaptation to Maintenance Hemodialysis -- IX. The Crisis of Treatment: Organ Transplants -- 22. The Vicissitudes and Vivification of Viki Vaughn -- 23. Kidney Transplantation and Coping Mechanisms -- 24. Selection of Cardiac Transplant Recipients and Their Subsequent Psychosocial Adjustment -- X. The Crisis of Treatment: Stresses on Staff -- 25. Identity Problems and the Adaptation of Nurses to Severely Burned Children -- 26. The Psychological Stresses of Intensive Care Unit Nursing -- XI. The Final Crisis: Death and the Fear of Dying -- 27. I Don’t Intend To Die This Year -- 28. Humane Treatment of the Terminally Ill -- 29. Family Tasks and Reactions in the Crisis of Death -- Author Index.

Abstract: This book discusses how human beings cope with serious physical ill­ ness and injury. A conceptual model for understanding the process of coping with the crisis of illness is provided, and basic adaptive tasks and types of coping skills are identified. The major portion of the book is organized around various types of physical illness. These physical illnesses, which almost all people face either in themselves or their family members, raise common relevant coping issues. The last few sections cover "the crisis of treatment," emphasizing the importance of unusual hospital environments and radical new medical treatments, of stresses on professional staff, and of issues related to death and the fear of dying. The material highlights the fact that people can successfully cope with life crises such as major ill­ ness and inj ury, rather than the fact that severe symptoms and/or breakdowns sometimes occur. The importance of support from professional care-givers, such as physicians, nurses, and social workers, and from family, friends, and other sources of help in the community, is emphasized. Many of the selections include case examples which serve to illustrate the material. Coping with Physical Illness has been broadly conceived to meet the needs of a diverse audience. There is substantial information about how human beings cope with illness and physical disability, but this material has never been collected in one place.

Abstract: 1 Aggregation and Cell Surface Receptors in Cellular Slime Molds -- 2 Bacterial Chemotaxis -- 3 Bacterial Receptors for Phages and Colicins as Constituents of Specific Transport Systems -- 4 The Attachment of Bacteria to the Surfaces of Animal Cells -- 5 Binding and Entry of DNA in Bacterial Transformation -- 6 A Redefinition of the Mating Phenomenon in Bacteria -- 7 Cell—Cell Interactions during Mating in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- 8 Mating Interactions in Chlamydomonas -- Cell—Cell Interactions in Ciliates: Evolutionary and Genetic Constraints -- An Overview -- Thesaurus of Microbial Interactions.

Abstract: Microbiology has undergone a number of metamorphoses in its relatively brief existence. It has been in approximate succession, morphology, epidemiology, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology. It is also becoming a significant parcel of cell surface studies. The one embodiment which has remained elusiv- particularly for bacteriology - is the taxonomic one. This may have been a blessing in disguise because it encouraged microbiologists to deal with the general rather than the particular; promoting a search for unitary explanations, in the manner of Kluyver and van Niel, long before anyone knew about the universality of the genetic code, or could trace the genealogy of enzymes from the study of amino acid substitutions. . This volume is predicated on the idea that deep analogies underly the mech­ anisms of cellular interaction, and therefore belongs in the unitary tradition of microbiology. It occupies itself with a wide variety of micro-organisms, considering them from vantage points of considerable diversity, ranging from taxonomic irreverence to keen evolutionary awareness, and is concerned with areas which have developed independently of each other.