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  • 1980-1984  (154)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
  • 1
    Language: French
    Pages: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.14
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Après la longue récession qui a suivi le second choc pétrolier, la reprise économique est actuellement amorcée dans la plupart des grands pays de l'OCDE. Elle est d'une importance variable selon les pays : si les Etats-Unis connaissent d'ores et déjà une croissance rapide de la production et une réduction sensible du chômage, on n'observe dans certains pays européens que les tout premiers signes d'un redressement. Néanmoins, la situation semble devoir s'améliorer dans presque tous les pays. En dehors de l'Amérique du Nord, toutefois, on continue de craindré que la reprise ne se révèle fragile dans le cadre de la politique actuellement suivie. De même, on se demande, surtout aux Etats-Unis, si la reprise ne se développera pas trop rapidement, ce qui relancerait l'inflation. Dans la conjoncture actuelle, le problème qui se pose aux autorités est de faire en sorte que ni l'un ni l'autre de ces risques éventuels ne se matérialise afin d'assurer une période d'expansion soutenue. L'étude ...
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264070011
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 205; Avian Dietary Toxicity Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 205: Avian Dietary Toxicity Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le but de cette Ligne directrice est de déterminer les effets d'une substance administrée avec de la nourriture aux oiseaux. Des oiseaux sont alimentés par un régime contenant la substance d'essai à différentes concentrations pendant une période de cinq jours. Deux groupes de contrôle et un groupe de traitement pour chacun des cinq niveaux (au moins) de concentrations alimentaires de la substance d'essai devraient être employés. Chaque groupe se compose de 10 oiseaux. La durée minimum de l'essai est de huit jours : cinq jours d'alimentation avec la substance d'essai, suivis de trois jours d'alimentation normale. Des équipements appropriés pour l’élevage d’oiseaux en local clos sont nécessaires. Ceux-ci incluent des mécanismes de régulation de la température, de l'humidité et de la lumière au besoin, ainsi que des cages de capacité suffisante pour élever des oiseaux. La mortalité et les signes de toxicité sont enregistrés quotidiennement. Les observations suivantes devraient être faites pendant l'essai : des signes d'intoxication et de tout autre comportement anormal, la mortalité, le poids corporels et la consommation de nourriture.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264071377
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 478; Genetic Toxicology; Rodent Dominant Lethal Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 478: Genetic Toxicology: Rodent Dominant Lethal Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Les effets létaux dominants (LD) causent la mort embryonnaire ou foetale. L’induction d'un événement létal dominant après exposition à une substance d'essai (liquide, solide, vapeur ou gaz,…) indique que la substance a affecté le tissu germinal des espèces d'essai. Les effets létaux dominants sont souvent le résultat des aberrations chromosomiques (anomalies structurales et numériques), mais les mutations géniques et les effets toxiques ne peuvent pas être exclus. Cette Ligne directrice recommande des rats ou des souris comme espèces d'essai. Généralement, des mâles sont exposés à la substance d'essai et accouplés aux femelles vierges non traitées. Le moyen le plus employé est l'administration unique de la substance d'essai par voie orale ou par injection intrapéritonéale. Normalement, trois niveaux de dose devraient être employés. Les différentes étapes de la formation des cellules germinales peuvent être testées séparément en employant différents intervalles d'accouplement. Les femelles sont sacrifiées après une période appropriée, et le contenu des utérus est examiné pour déterminer les nombres d'implants et d'embryons vivants et morts. Le calcul de l'effet létal dominant repose sur la comparaison du nombre d'embryons implantés vivants par femelle dans le groupe traité et dans le groupe témoin.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.15
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Conventionally, fiscal policy analysis makes a distinction between "discretionary" budget changes and "built-in stability". This distinction is the first step to defining a structural budget balance operationally. Budget deficits vary automatically with the business cycle. Revenues automatically rise as the economy expands; unemployment transfers are reduced, leaving a deficit or surplus at the cyclical peak which may be termed a "structural" budget balance. The "built-in stabilizer" component of the deficit should be self-cancelling as the cyclical output gap is closed so that it is temporary and non-structural. A structural budget deficit is then that excess of public spending over revenues which would persist if the economy were to grow steadily at its highest sustainable employment rate, i.e. at the same rate as potential output.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264070004
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 205; Oiseaux, essai de toxicité liée au régime alimentaire
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 205: Oiseaux, essai de toxicité liée au régime alimentaire
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of this Test Guideline is to determine the effects of a substance administered with food to birds. Birds are fed a diet containing the test substance at a range of concentrations for a period of five days. Two control groups and one treatment group for each of the, at least, five dietary levels of the test substance should be used. Each group consists of 10 birds. The minimum duration of the test is eight days: five days on the test diet followed by a minimum of three days on normal diet. Suitable facilities for holding birds indoors are necessary. These include mechanisms for temperature, humidity and light control as required, as well as pens of suitable capacity for rearing the birds. Mortalities and signs of toxicity are recorded daily. The following observations should be made during the test: signs of intoxication and other abnormal behaviour; mortality; body weights; food consumption.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264167834
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transfer Pricing and Multinational Enterprises; Three Taxation Issues
    Keywords: Taxation
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789282105221
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.61
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Systèmes de distribution des marchandises dans les aires urbaines ; Rapport de la soixante-et-unième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 15 et 16 décembre 1983
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table examines the dimensions of urban goods transport, the policy making context, and possible courses of action to deal with issues.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789282105214
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (117 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.62
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Possibilités et limites d'une polique de réglementation dans les transports ; Rapport de la soixante-deuxième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 29 et 30 septembre 1983
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table examines the history, possibilities and limits of regulation in transport policy.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264071353
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 477; Genetic Toxicology; Sex-Linked Recessive Lethal Test in Drosophila melanogaster
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 477: Genetic Toxicology: Sex-Linked Recessive Lethal Test in Drosophila melanogaster
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Suite à la décision du Conseil de l’OCDE, l’essai 477 « Toxicologie Génétique : Essais de Mutation Létale Récessive liée au Sexe chez Drosophila melanogaster » a été supprimé le 2 avril 2014.
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264070042
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 207; Ver de terre, essais de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 207: Ver de terre, essais de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline includes two methods: a paper contact toxicity test and an artificial soil test. The recommended specie is Eisenia foetida (Michaelsen). The initial screening test (filter paper contact test) involves exposing earthworms to test substances on moist filter paper in order to identify potentially toxic chemicals to earthworms in soil. Five or more treatment levels in a geometric series and, at least, ten replicates (one worm per vial) for each treatment should be used. Tests are done in the dark and for a period of 48 hours. The artificial soil test gives toxicity data more representative of natural exposure of earthworms to chemicals. It involves keeping earthworms in samples of a precisely defined artificial soil. Five concentrations, in a geometric series, of the test substance have been applied. One concentration resulting in no mortality and one resulting in total mortality should be used. Four replicates for each treatment are recommended. Mortality is assessed 7 and 14 days after application.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789264069992
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 204; Fish, Prolonged Toxicity Test; 14-Day Study
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 204: Fish, Prolonged Toxicity Test: 14-Day Study
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Suite à la décision du Conseil de l’OCDE, l’essai 204 "Poisson, Toxicité Prolongée: Étude sur 14 Jours" a été supprimé le 2 avril 2014.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789282105252
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (269 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.65
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le transport public dans les aires rurales ; Transport de ligne et de ramassage ; rapport de la soixante-cinquième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 16 et 17 février 1984
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table on Public Transport in Rural Areas includes reports from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789282104552
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.67
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aims and Effects of Public Financial Support for Passenger Transport; Report of the Sixty-Seventh Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 10-11 May 1984
    Keywords: Transport
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789282104514
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.63
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Costs and Benefits of Road Safety Measures; Report of the Sixty-Third Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 17-18 November 1983
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde examine les coûts et les avantages des mesures de sécurité routière. Elle étudie les méthodologies, les perspectives et les expériences des pays avant de parvenir à une série de conclusions.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789282105238
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.63
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Coûts et avantages des mesures de sécurité routière ; Rapport de la soixante-troisième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 17 et 18 novembre 1983
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table examines the costs and benefits of road safety measures, examining methodologies, prospects and country experiences before drawing a series of conclusions.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.12
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent document étudie l'influence des conditions du marché du travail, des revenus réels et des transferts publics sur l'évolution des taux d'activité, à l'aide d'un modèle néo-classique de maximisation de l'utilité. Le modèle de base est complété par des facteurs socio-démographiques tels que le développement de l'enseignement supérieur, la croissance du secteur des services et les variations de la répartition par âge de la population d'âge actif. Trois techniques différentes ont été utilisées pour estimer les équations des taux d'activité féminins et masculins, sur la base de séries chronologiques portant sur six grands pays. On a également effectué une extrapolation à 1990 des effectifs d'âge actif et des taux d'activité afin de faciliter l'analyse des tendances que pourrait marquer la population active dans les années à venir ...
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.16
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The international financial linkage block of the OECD Secretariat's multi-country model, INTERLINK, is based on a portfolio balance model of exchange rate determination. International consistency is ensured by cross country restrictions on parameters imposed during estimation (1). However, in an earlier version of the model, the specification of the domestic financial sector for each country was too rudimentary for simulation analysis under alternative monetary policy assumptions. The main element missing from this version of the model was an explicit formulation of the money demand and supply process (2). This gap has been filled in the version of the model reported in this study, which opens the way for a more comprehensive set of alternative policy regimes under which the model can be run, notably: non-accommodating monetary policy; managed floating; fixed exchange rates; and floating with accommodating monetary policy. These will be elaborated upon in more detail below. In a ...
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789264071360
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 478; Toxicologie génétique; Essai de mutation létale dominante chez le rongeur
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 478: Toxicologie génétique: Essai de mutation létale dominante chez le rongeur
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Dominant lethal (DL) effects cause embryonic or foetal death. Induction of a dominant lethal event after exposure to a test substance (liquid, solid, vapour or gas, …) indicates that the substance has affected germinal tissue of the test species. Dominant lethals are generally accepted to be the result of chromosomal aberrations (structural and numerical anomalies), but gene mutations and toxic effects cannot be excluded. This Test Guideline recommends rats or mice as the test species. Generally, male animals are exposed to the test substance and mated to untreated virgin females. The most widely used is the single administration of the test substance by oral or by intraperitoneal injection. Normally, three dose levels should be used. The various germ cell stages can be tested separately by the use of sequential mating intervals. The females are sacrificed after an appropriate period of time, and the contents of the uteri are examined to determine the numbers of implants and live and dead embryos. The calculation of the dominant lethal effect is based on comparison of the live implants per female in the treated group to the live implants per female in the control group.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264167803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Prix de transfert et entreprises multinationales ; Trois études fiscales
    RVK:
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Digitised document - Electronic release on 24/11/2011
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789282104569
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (77 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.67
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Objectifs et effets de l'intervention financière des pouvoirs publics dans les transports de personnes ; Rapport de la soixante-septième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 10 et 11 mai 1984
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table examines the aims and effects of public subsidies for passenger transport.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789282104491
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (86 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.61
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Goods Distribution Systems in Urban Areas; Report of the Sixty-First Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 15-16 December 1983
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde examine les dimensions du transport de marchandises en milieu urbain, le contexte de la prise de décision politique et les mesures envisageables pour traiter ces problèmes.
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789282104521
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.64
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Cost of Combined Transport; Report of the Sixty-Fourth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 12-13 January 1984
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde examine les différents systèmes de transport combiné, estime leurs coûts, les évolutions techniques et les avantages et parvient à une série de conclusions.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264070028
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 206; Oiseaux, essai de reproduction
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 206: Oiseaux, essai de reproduction
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The purpose of this Test Guideline is to determine the effects on the reproduction of a substance administered with food to birds.Birds are fed a diet containing the test substance in various concentrations for a period of not less than 20 weeks. A minimum of three dietary concentrations of the test substance is required. The maximum recommended test concentration is 1000 ppm. Birds may be kept in pens as pairs (at least 12 pens per test group) or as groups of one male and two or three females (at least 8-12 pens per group). Birds are induced, by photoperiod manipulation, to lay eggs. Eggs are collected over a ten-week period, artificially incubated and hatched, and the young maintained for 14 days. Suitable facilities for rearing birds, preferably indoors, are necessary. Mortality of adults, egg production, cracked eggs, egg shell thickness (at least two eggs from each pen), viability, hatchability and effects on young birds are observed during the study.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264071346
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 477; Toxicologie génétique; Essai de mutation létale récessive liée au sexe chez Drosophila melanogaster
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 477: Toxicologie génétique: Essai de mutation létale récessive liée au sexe chez Drosophila melanogaster
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Following the OECD Council decision, the Test Guideline 477 ‘Genetic Toxicology: Sex-Linked Recessive Lethal Test in Drosophila melanogaster’ was deleted on 2nd April 2014.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264070059
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 207; Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 207: Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice inclut deux méthodes : un essai de toxicité par contact sur papier et un essai avec un sol artificiel. L’espèce recommandée est Eisenia foetida (Michaelsen). L’essai de dépistage initial (essai de contact sur papier filtre) implique d'exposer des vers de terre aux substances d'essai sur papier filtre humide afin d'identifier les produits chimiques potentiellement toxiques pour les vers de terre dans le sol. Cinq doses au moins, choisies dans une série géométrique, et dix répliques au moins (un ver par fiole) pour chaque traitement devraient être employées. Des essais sont faits dans l'obscurité et pendant une période de 48 heures. L'essai avec le sol artificiel fournit des données de toxicité plus représentative de l'exposition naturelle des vers de terre aux produits chimiques. Il implique de maintenir des vers de terre dans les échantillons d'un sol artificiel de composition précisément définie. Cinq concentrations, d'une série géométrique, de la substance d'essai sont appliquées. Une concentration ne provoquant aucune mortalité et une concentration provoquant une mortalité totale devraient être employées. Quatre réplicats pour chaque traitement sont recommandées. La mortalité est relevée les jours 7 et 14 après l’application.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.13
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In recent years the behaviour of the income velocity of money in major OECD economies has displayed considerable volatility for both narrow and broad monetary aggregates (Table 1). Velocity in a number of large OECD economies, for example, fell sharply in 1982. Most notably, declines in the income velocity of M1, M2 and M3 in the United States of 2.3, 4.9 and 5.9 per cent, respectively, were large by historical standards. Such movements in velocity may arise as a consequence of changes in money demand in two important ways: they may result from movements along the money demand function, as the normal implication of changes in its interest rate and inflation expectations arguments; and the money demand function itself may shift (money demand instability), leading to unpredictable changes in velocity. Velocity may also move as the mechanical result of policies by the authorities which alter the supply of money in the short run, while the private sector is able to adjust only with ...
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789282105245
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.64
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le coût du transport combiné ; Rapport de la soixante-quatrième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 12 et 13 janvier 1984
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table examined the various combined transport systems, assessed their costs, technical developements, and benefits, aznd drew a series of conclusions.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789282104538
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.65
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Public Transport in Rural Areas; Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Services; Report of the Sixty-Fifth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 15-16 February 1984
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde sur le transport public dans les aires rurales comprend des rapports sur la Belgique, le Danemark, la France, l’Allemagne, la Suisse et le Royaume-Uni.
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789282104507
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.62
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Possibilities and Limits of Regulation in Transport Policy; Report of the Sixty-Second Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 29-30 September 1983
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde examine l’histoire, les possibilités et les limites de la réglementation de la politique des transports.
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789264070035
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 206; Avian Reproduction Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 206: Avian Reproduction Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le but de cette Ligne directrice est de déterminer les effets sur la reproduction d'une substance administrée avec de la nourriture aux oiseaux. Des oiseaux sont alimentés par un régime contenant la substance d'essai à différentes concentrations pendant une période de moins de 20 semaines. Un minimum de trois concentrations alimentaires de la substance d'essai est exigé. La concentration maximum d'essai recommandée est de 1000 ppm. Les oiseaux peuvent être répartis dans les cages, soit en couple (au moins 12 cages par groupe d'essai), soit un mâle et deux ou trois femelles (au moins 8-12 cages par groupe) Les oiseaux sont amenés, par modification de la photopériode, à pondre des oeufs. Les oeufs sont rassemblés sur une période de dix semaines, artificiellement incubés et éclosent, et les jeunes sont élevés pendant 14 jours. Les équipements appropriés pour élever des oiseaux, de préférence en local clos, sont nécessaires. On observe la mortalité des adultes, la production d'oeufs, les oeufs fêlés, l'épaisseur de la coquille (au moins deux oeufs de chaque cage), la viabilité, l’éclosabilité et les effets sur de jeunes oiseaux pendant l'étude.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.17
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This report contains a new set of results on the levels of real per capita GDP and its main components in OECD countries in 1980, with estimates for later years upto 1984. Real per capita GDP is obtained by valuing the goods and services in different countries at a fixed set of prices, namely, the average prices prevailing at the time within the group of countries covered. This procedure is essentially the same as that used to measure volume changes over time within a single country when the fixed prices of some base year are used to compile expenditure or output series at constant prices. The international measures of real per capita GDP for different countries can therefore be interpreted in the same way as the volume indices which are used to measure real rates of growth within a single country. These international volume measures may be contrasted with measures of per capita GDP which are frequently obtained by converting data for different countries into a single currency ...
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.11
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: La présente étude examine les données dont on dispose quant à l'incidence exercée sur la répartition des revenus, dans un certain nombre de pays de l'OCDE, par la fiscalité et la dépense publique. Elle entre dans le cadre d'une étude plus vaste, portant sur le rôle du secteur public, et destinée à être publiée ultérieurement. Son apport principal consiste à rassembler les résultats d'études existantes, qu'elle présente sous une forme grosso modo comparable, et non à effectuer de nouvelles analyses ou à fournir de nouveaux résultats. Les informations y sont présentées de manière à permettre au lecteur d'apprécier l'influence exercée sur la répartition du revenu par les transferts publics en espèces, les avantages découlant de la dépense publique et la fiscalité, tant isolément que dans leur ensemble. L'étude décrit brièvement la méthodologie sur laquelle s'appuient ces estimations et en examine les principaux résultats, pays par pays et de manière globale ...
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789264069985
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 204; Poisson, toxicité prolongée étude sur 14 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 204: Poisson, toxicité prolongée étude sur 14 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Following the OECD Council decision, the Test Guideline 204 ‘Fish, Prolonged Toxicity Test: 14-Day Study’ was deleted on 2nd April 2014.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783110861167
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (296 pages)
    Series Statement: Religion and Society v.24
    DDC: 306/.6/091822
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Soziales System ; Religionssoziologie ; Philosophische Anthropologie ; Religion ; Religionsphilosophie ; Mittelmeerraum ; Südeuropa ; Mittelmeerküste ; Mittelmeerraum
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin/Boston : Walter de Gruyter GmbH | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783111629902
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 pages)
    Edition: 3rd ed.
    Series Statement: Sammlung Göschen Ser. v.1101
    DDC: 301
    Keywords: Sociology ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783110848717
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (200 pages)
    Series Statement: Approaches to Semiotics [AS] v.64
    DDC: 001.51
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Fastnacht ; Karneval ; Rio de Janeiro ; Brasilien
    Abstract: The frames of comic freedom / Umberto Eco The semiotic theory of carnival as the inversion of bipolar opposites / V.V. Ivanov The code and message of Carnival: escolas-de-samba / Monica Rector.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780816681877
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (336 pages)
    Series Statement: Theory and History of Literature
    DDC: 398.2/0947
    Abstract: The Russian folklorist Vladimir Propp published his first book, Morphology of the Folktale, in 1928. Since it was translated to English, in 1958, it has become an international bestseller and is well known as a major theoretical work in oral literature. Now, Anatoly Liberman has selected seven essays and three chapters from his later books which together reveal the full range of Propp's thought in Theory and History of Folklore. This will help readers see that his work is essentially a theory of narrative. Included are the famous essay by Claude Levi-Strauss about Propp and Propp's response to Levi-Strauss's Critique.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kent : Elsevier Science | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9781483190600
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (307 pages)
    DDC: 303.623
    Keywords: Scarman, Leslie George ; Geschichte 1981 ; Unruhen ; London-Brixton
    Abstract: Scarman and After: Essays Reflecting on Lord Scarman's Report, the Riots and their Aftermath covers the proceedings of a conference on Lord Scarman's social and economic issues, held at the University of Leicester in April 1982, organized by the Continuing Education Unit of the University's Department of Adult Education. The Lord Scarman Report itemized and stressed particular issues that arose from the Brixton disorders. This text is organized into five parts encompassing 22 chapters. The first parts explore the political agenda of the Brixton riot and Lord Scarman's report, explanations, images and impact of riots. Another part is concerned with the issues in policy making related to the community, public, and accountability. These topics are followed by discussions of the issues of unemployment and racial disadvantages in cities. The last part contains a summary of the Report. This book will prove useful to historians, sociologists, and researchers.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Madison : University of Wisconsin Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780299099039
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (251 pages)
    Series Statement: History of Anthropology
    DDC: 306.0941
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Anthropologie
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Albany : State University of New York Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9781438410166
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (389 pages)
    Series Statement: SUNY Series in Modern Jewish Literature and Culture
    DDC: 305.8/924/064
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783110854305
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (320 pages)
    Series Statement: New Babylon v.40
    DDC: 306.4094
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Geschichte 1000-1850 ; Unterschicht ; Alltagskultur
    Abstract: Understanding Popular Culture: Europe from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (New Babylon, Studies in the Social Sciences).
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783110852561
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (187 pages)
    Series Statement: Religion and Society v.23
    DDC: 303.484
    Keywords: Religionssoziologie ; Sekte ; Sozialordnung ; Indien
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften GmbH | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783322954886
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (116 pages)
    DDC: 305.235
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Jugendsoziologie ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften GmbH | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783322886774
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (392 pages)
    Series Statement: Beiträge Zur Sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung Ser. v.61
    DDC: 301
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Parsons, Talcott ; Handlungstheorie ; Strukturalismus ; Hochschulschrift ; Electronic books
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789282106846
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (128 p.) , 20 x 27cm.
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce rapport presente l'évolution des investissements et des prestations dans les transports dans les Etats membres de la CEMT (1) et est divisé en quatre chapitres récapitulatifs et une annexe statistique. Le chapitre 1 décrit, en les situant dans le contexte économique général, les grandes tendances enregistrées en 1981 pour l'ensemble des transports de voyageurs et de marchandises. Il vise notamment à comparer les évolutions respectives des différents modes de transports. Le chapitre 2 est consacré aux transports ferroviaires qui sont examinés sous l'angle non seulement du trafic mais également des réseaux, du matériel et de l'exploitation. Les transports routiers font l'objet du chapitre 3 qui analyse l'évolution des trafics, des parcs de véhicules, des infrastructures et des conditions d'exploitation. Les transports par voies navigables intérieures et par conduites ainsi que les transports maritimes sont étudiés au chapitre 4. La deuxième partie est un rapport statistique sur les accidents de la route en 1982.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789282106822
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (97 p.) , 20 x 27cm.
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce rapport sur l'évolution des investissment ext prestations dans les transports dans les Etats de la CEMT en 1980 est divisé en quatre chapitres récapitulatifs et une Annexe statistique. Le Chapitre 1 décrit les grandes tendances du transport de voyageurs et de marchandises pour chacun des modes au cours des quinze dernières années. Le Chapitre 2 concerne les transports ferroviaires examinés sous l'angle non seulement du trafic, mais encore des réseaux et de l'exploitation. Le Chapitre 3 a trait aux transports routiers, à la taille des infrastructures, au parc de véhicules et à son exploitation. Enfin, les voies navigables intérieures, les ports et les transports par conduites sont décrits au Chapitre 4. La deuxième partie est une rapport statistique sur les accidents de la route en 1981.
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  • 47
    Language: French
    Pages: 123 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.10
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: L'objet de cette étude est de présenter une analyse de la dynamique des prix industriels en relation avec l'évolution des coûts de production et les fluctuation de l'activité économique, dans quelques pays de l'OCDE au cours des vingt dernières années. Les succès récents que certains pays ont connu dans la lutte contre l'inflation amènent à se poser une question fondamentale. Le processus de désinflation qu'ont connu certains pays au cours de la dernière période résulte-t-il simplement de la sévérité et de la longueur inhabituelle de la récession qu'on vient ...
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.6
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette étude porte sur la "ventilation" des variations de la croissance du revenu nominal entre la croissance réelle et l'inflation. Elle présente une analyse descriptive des données de la période d'après-guerre ainsi qu'une analyse par régression qui postule l'existence d'une ventilation dynamique stable. Cette analyse a été effectuée pour tous les pays Membres de l'OCDE. On admet en général que les pouvoirs publics ont la possibilité de maîtriser l'évolution du revenu nominal encore que l'étude présente également quelques données relatives aux rapports entre l'inflation et la croissance du revenu nominal et de la masse monétaire. On examine aussi le rôle des anticipations et de l'incertitude et leurs rapports avec l'action des pouvoirs publics ...
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789282107331
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (751 p.)
    Series Statement: Symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports no.9
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport is for People; Ninth International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics, Madrid, 2nd-4th November 1982. Introductory reports and summary of the discussion
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce livre comprend les rapports introductifs et une synthèse du Neuvième symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports, Madrid, 2-4 novembre 1982. Cette conférence était consacrée au transport au service de l'homme.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.4
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Participants in the Special Meeting on National Accounts held in February 1980 requested the Secretariat to prepare a report on service lives of capital assets. Estimating service lives is one of the more difficult problems in using the perpetual inventory method to calculate capital stocks. While an earlier OECD report, The Measurement of Capital (40), had touched on the problem, participants agreed that this was an area where a more detailed study of country practices would be useful. A consultant, M. Pierre Teillet, was asked to conduct a survey of country practices and to prepare an initial report, which was briefly discussed at the Special Meeting on National Accounts held in June 1981. The present study, which has been prepared by the Economic Statistics and National Accounts Division of the ESD, draws both on the earlier work by M. Teillet and on the substantial quantity of reports, working papers and other documentation on capital stock estimates supplied by statistical ...
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.2
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper sets out the various stages in the construction and estimation of a supply block for medium-term projection models. It describes the theoretical basis for the specification chosen and the estimation results. The basic block is a set of production factor demand functions. It is refined by modelling the scrapping behaviour of firms, introducing the effects stemming from movements in hours worked, and examining the role of profits. Other possible changes or improvements are outlined. The model is used to simulate the effects of movements in the relative prices of labour, capital and energy in recent years ...
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  • 52
    Language: French
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: La question des réactions de la demande de pétrole et d'énergie aux variations du revenu et des prix reste au premier plan des débats consacrés à la politique économique. Comme l'on n'escompte qu'un ...
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9789264070844
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 415; Étude de toxicité pour la reproduction sur une génération
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 415: Étude de toxicité pour la reproduction sur une génération
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline for reproduction testing is designed to provide general information concerning the effects of a test substance (Solid, liquid, gas or vapour) on male and female reproductive performance. The test substance is administered orally in graduated doses to several groups of males and females. Males should be dosed during growth and for at least one complete spermatogenic cycle; females of the Parent generation should be dosed for at least two complete oestrous cycles. The animals are then mated. The test substance is administered to both sexes during the mating period and thereafter only to females during pregnancy and for the duration of the nursing period. This Test Guideline is intended primarily for use with the rat or mouse. Each test and control group should contain a sufficient number of animals to yield about 20 pregnant females at or near term. Three test groups, at least, should be used. It is recommended that the test substance be administered in the diet or drinking water. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The results of this study include measurements (weighing, food consumption) and daily and detailed observations, each day preferably at the same time, as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. The findings of a reproduction toxicity study should be evaluated in terms of the observed effects, necropsy and microscopic findings. A properly conducted reproduction test should provide a satisfactory estimation of a no-effect level and an understanding of adverse effects on reproduction, parturition, lactation and postnatal growth.
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  • 54
    Language: French
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.5
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce document examine un certain nombre des conséquences que les deux grandes augmentations des prix du pétrole - 1973-74 et 1979-80 - ont eues sur l'économie de l'ensemble de la zone de l'OCDE.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.7
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Exchange rates are relative prices of national currencies, and under a floating rate regime they may naturally be viewed as being determined by the interplay of supply and demand in foreign exchange markets. This proposition is uncontroversial, but it provides no more than a starting point for understanding exchange rate determination and its relationship to other macroeconomic variables and to policy. Supply and demand in currency markets are dependent on conditions in other markets, real and financial, which are affected in turn by exchange rates themselves. In fact any analysis which attempted to be general would describe exchange rates as being determined in a complex process of interaction simultaneously with all other variables in the international macro-economy. Such an approach would prove too cumbersome to be helpful empirically. Simplifying assumptions have therefore been used in most standard models to provide explanations which are in varying degrees partial. Each model ...
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264070851
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 415; One-Generation Reproduction Toxicity Study
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 415: One-Generation Reproduction Toxicity Study
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice pour l’essai sur la reproduction est conçue pour fournir des informations générales concernant les effets d’une substance d’essai (liquide, solide, gaz ou vapeur), sur la performance reproductrice des mâles et des femelles. La substance d’essai est administrée oralement par dose graduée à plusieurs groupes de mâles et de femelles. Les mâles doivent être dosés durant la croissance et au moins pendant un cycle spermatogène complet ; les femelles de la génération parentale doivent être dosées pendant au moins deux cycles oestraux. Les animaux sont alors accouplés. La substance d’essai est administrée aux deux sexes pendant la période d’accouplement et par la suite seulement aux femelles pendant la période de gestation et d’allaitement. Cette Ligne directrice utilise principalement le rat ou la souris. Chaque groupe d'essai et de contrôle devrait contenir un nombre suffisant d'animaux pour garantir environ 20 femelles gravides à terme (ou presque à terme). Trois groupes d’essai au moins doivent être employés. Il est recommandé que la substance d’essai soit administrée dans la nourriture ou dans la boisson. Un essai limite peut être effectué si aucun effet n’est attendu à une dose de 1000 mg/kg poids corporel/j. Les résultats de l’étude comportent des mesures ( poids, consommation de nourriture) et des observations quotidiennes détaillées, tous les jours de préférence au même moment, de même qu’une autopsie générale et de l’histopathologie. Les résultats d'une étude de toxicité de reproduction sont évalués en termes d'effets observés, autopsie et résultats microscopiques. Un essai correctement effectué de reproduction fournit une évaluation satisfaisante d'un niveau de sans effet et une compréhension des effets nuisibles sur la reproduction, la parturition, la lactation et la croissance postnatale.
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  • 57
    ISBN: 9789282105207
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (189 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.60
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La navigation maritime à courte distance dans l'économie des transports intérieurs européens ; Rapport de la soixantième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Göteborg, Suède, les 1er et 2 avril 1982
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table includes reports on Short Sea Shipping from five countries: Greece, Italy, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789282104484
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.60
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Short-Sea Shipping in the Economy of Inland Transport in Europe; Report of the Sixtieth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 1-2 April 1982
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde comprend des rapports sur la navigation maritime à courte distance de cinq pays : Grèce, Italie, Norvège, Suède et le Royaume-Uni.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789282107324
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (674 p.)
    Series Statement: International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics no.9
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le transport au service de l'homme ; Neuvième symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports, Madrid, 2-4 novembre 1982. Rapports introductifs et synthèse
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This book contains the introductory reports and discussion summary for the Ninth International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics, held in Madrid, 2nd-4th November 1982. The conference focused on transport for people.
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  • 60
    Language: French
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.8
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Devant le recul sensible de la demande de pétrole des pays de l'OPEP, que l'on observe depuis 1980, les prix internationaux en dollars du pétrole ont fléchi légèrement en 1981 et en 1982 pour chuter nettement au début de 1983. La présente note s'appuie sur des simulations réalisées à partir du modèle de l'économie mondiale, INTERLINK, du Secrétariat de l'OCDE, pour examiner les facteurs qui détermineront les principales conséquences macro-économiques de la baisse des prix du pétrole pour la zone de l'OCDE. Les pays importateurs nets de pétrole en retireront trois avantages non négligeables: la poursuite du recul de l'inflation, le redressement de la balance des opérations courantes et l'augmentation des revenus réels. L'incidence sur la production est moins sûre car elle dépend en partie de la confiance des entreprises et des changements induits dans l'orientation de la politique économique ...
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 100 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.9
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is to provide an assessment of the medium-term financial strategies operating in and available to OECD economies. Three issues are discussed: first, the rationale for the increasing adoption of medium-term budgetary and monetary objectives; second, the appropriate criteria for the determination of medium-term policy norms, and the institutional means through which these are implemented; and third, the problems of ensuring consistency between short-term policies and medium-term goals. Underlying these issues is the theme of monetary and fiscal policy co-ordination and the medium-term effectiveness of demand management. To the extent that central banks can contain the pressures stemming from the mix of restrictive monetary targets and expansionary budgets, monetary and fiscal policies might be assigned to different objectives - inflation control and short-term employment support respectively (although monetary restraint would not free expansionary fiscal action ...
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.3
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the processes of wage formation in France sector by sector, to idenitfy the reasons for fluctuations in sectoral wage differentials and ascertain whether wage emulation exists. In France no information is available quarterly on sector wages with breakdowns by sex or according to a number of other characteristics, so it was not possible to make use of a number of studies done in other countries on the degree of wage dispersion, such as those of Bouteiller (1971), Pollen (1977), Tachibanaki (1974), and all the studies on the much researched relationship between wage level and membership of a trade union. Here it would be appropriate to ...
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264177277
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.)
    Keywords: Taxation
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789282104460
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (93 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.59
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transports et télécommunications ; Rapport de la cinquante-neuvième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 14 et 15 janvier 1982
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Transport and telecommunications are complementary technologies, essential to the functioning of the economic and social system, which facilitate the making and development of relationships. But as means of communication they also compete. The recent development of telecommunications constitutes a challenge to the transport sector. This report sets out to identify the nature and scope of that challenge.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789282104477
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.59
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport and Telecommunications; Report of the Fifty-Ninth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 14th-15th January, 1982
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Le transport et les télécommunications sont des technologies complémentaires, essentielles au fonctionnement du système économique et social, ce qui facilite la création et le développement de liens. Mais ils se font également concurrence en tant que moyens de communication. Le développement récent des télécommunications représente un défi pour le secteur des transports. Ce rapport vise à identifier la nature et l’ampleur de ce défi.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264180451
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (155 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Model Double Taxation Convention on Estates and Inheritances and on Gifts
    Keywords: Taxation
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cary : Oxford University Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780199772155
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (218 pages)
    DDC: 001.51
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    Keywords: Semiotik
    Abstract: This provocative book undertakes a new and challenging reading of recent semiotic and structuralist theory, arguing that films, novels, and poems cannot be studied in isolation from their viewers and readers.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Secaucus : Kluwer Academic Publishers | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (353 pages)
    DDC: 305.42
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    Keywords: Feminismus ; Philosophie ; Wissenschaft
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Montreal : MQUP | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780773581036
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (248 pages)
    DDC: 305.630417
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    Abstract: This book traces the changing fortunes of the small Protestant community in the southern twenty-six counties of Ireland after independence was achieved in 1922.
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington : National Academies Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9780309595469
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (103 pages)
    DDC: 304.6/2/0951
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9789027280312
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (138 pages)
    Series Statement: Pragmatics & Beyond
    DDC: 302.34
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    Keywords: Soziolinguistik ; Kind ; Kommunikation ; Rangordnung ; Interaktion
    Abstract: 'Context' is a concept for linguistic analysis which has rarely been subjected to close empirical scrutiny. This volume presents an attempt to investigate in microscopic detail various processes of contextualization by which children organize their interaction 'frame by frame', achieve, sustain, and embody their working consensus on what it is that they are doing together, and thereby situate their linguistic activities. Microethnography comprises research methods of context analysis, ethnography, and conversational analysis and seeks to locate phenomena of social order in both verbal and nonverbal behavior.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9783110860573
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 pages)
    DDC: 306.7072
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    Keywords: Geschichte ; Sexualwissenschaft
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789282106648
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (126 p.) , 20 x 27cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Evolution des investissements et des prestations dans les transports en 1981. Rapport statistique sur les accidents de la route en 1982. Volume II
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This report on trends in investment and expenditure in the transport sector in ECMT Member countries in 1981 consists of four summary chapters and a statistical annex. Chapter 1 sets out the main trends for passenger and freight traffic as a whole in 1981 against the general economic background, the aim being primarily to compare the respective trends for the different modes of transport. Chapter 2 deals with the railways, covering not only traffic but also details of networks, rolling stock and operations. Chapter 3 analyses road transport in terms of trends in traffic, vehicle populations, infrastructures and operating conditions. Inland waterways, pipeline and sea transport are the subject of Chapter 4. The second part of the book presents a statistical report on road accidents in 1982.
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin : Duncker & Humblot | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783428452422
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (129 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    Series Statement: Beiträge zur Sozialforschung v.1
    DDC: 302.54
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    Keywords: Tönnies, Ferdinand ; Sigwart, Christoph ; Wille ; Sozialphilosophie ; Psychologie ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften GmbH | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783322838001
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (318 pages)
    DDC: 303.385
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    Keywords: Forschung ; Vorurteil ; Wissenssoziologie ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften GmbH | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783322886682
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (259 pages)
    Series Statement: Beiträge Zur Sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung Ser. v.41
    DDC: 303.483
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    Keywords: Techniksoziologie ; Gesellschaft ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Sozialer Wandel ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Edmonton : University of Alberta Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9781459304055
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (201 pages)
    DDC: 304.2097123
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    Keywords: Anthropogeografie ; Geografie ; Alberta ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789282104453
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.58
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Demand Models; Forecast-Recorded Traffic Comparisons for Urban and Intercity Transport; Report of the Fifty-Eighth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 25-26 June 1981
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette Table ronde évalue les tentatives réalisées depuis le début des années soixante pour modéliser la demande de transports de voyageurs et de marchandises.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789282105184
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (233 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.55
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'avenir de l'utilisation de l'automobile ; Perspectives de l'utilisation et de la possession de l'automobile; Rapport des la cinquante-cinquième table ronde d'économie des transports -- Coût d'usage de la voiture ; perception du coût et mesures fiscales ; Rapport de la cinquante-sixième table ro
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This book presents the proceedings of three related ECMT Round Tables on the future of the car. The first concern the future of car ownership, the second concerns the cost of using a car, and the third concerns changing patterns of car usage.
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9789282104446
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (269 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.55
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of the Use of the Car; Report of the Fifty-Fifth, Fifty-Sixth and Fifty-Seventh Round Tables on Transport Economics
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente les délibérations de trois Tables rondes de la CEMT sur l’avenir de l’automobile. La première porte sur l’avenir de la motorisation, la seconde traite de l’utilisation de l’automobile et la troisième porte sur le changement de comportement des automobilistes.
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789282106600
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (109 p.) , 20 x 27cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Evolution des investissements et des prestations dans les transports (1979). Rapport statistique sur les accidents de la route en 1980. Volume II
    Keywords: Transport
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London : Littman Library of Jewish Civilization | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9781909821873
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (828 pages)
    DDC: 305.8/924/044
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    Keywords: Geschichte 1894-1906 ; Antisemitismus ; Dreyfusaffäre ; Frankreich
    Abstract: In this analysis of racialism in late-nineteenth-century France, antisemitism is studied not in isolation but in its social context, as an indicator and symptom of profound social change. As anticapitalism, for example, antisemitism expressed hostility to modern economic forms and 'the rule of money'; as a kind of socialism, it expressed opposition to the establishment without calling the social hierarchy into question; as a kind of nationalism and as racialism, it created a sense of belonging, in opposition to the Jews and to other supposedly alien groups within French society. Other aspects studied in the book are the religious, the sexual, and the cultural and intellectual, in which antisemitism again acted as the vehicle for the expression of the fears inspired by and in reaction to the experience of rapid change, which was seen as a fundamental decadence.
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  • 83
    ISBN: 9780309567213
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (141 pages)
    DDC: 304.632091724
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783110851694
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (132 pages)
    Series Statement: Topics in Sociolinguistics v.1
    DDC: 306
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783486703368
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (178 pages)
    Series Statement: Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte v.44
    DDC: 305.4/0943
    Abstract: Im Dritten Reich wurde Frauenpolitik verstanden als die "Weckung, Erziehung und Erneuerung der Frauen zu ihrer Aufgabe als Hüterin des Quellgebietes der Nation: des nationalen Liebeslebens, der Ehe, Mutterschaft und Familie, des Blutes und der Rasse, der Jugend und des Volkstums". Wie diese schwülstigen Phrasen aus dem Programm der NS-Frauenschaft in die Praxis des nationalsozialistischen Alltags umgesetzt wurden und was das für die Lebenssituation der Frauen bedeutete, wird von Dorothee Klinksiek erstmals umfassend analysiert. Aufgrund intensiver Quellenstudien ist es der Autorin gelungen, die Lage der Frauen anschaulich zu schildern. Dabei wird auch das alte Vorurteil, die Frauen hätten wegen ihres mangelnden politischen Verständnisses Hitler an die Macht gebracht, eindeutig widerlegt. Obwohl die Autorin keineswegs vom feministischen Standpunkt aus argumentiert, wird doch auf Schritt und Tritt deutlich, dass die Analyse von einer engagierten Frau verfasst wurde, die die Aufarbeitung der "Frauengeschichte" als Teil des eigenen Selbstverständnisses sieht. Das Buch wendet sich nicht nur an den historisch interessierten Leser, sondern auch an alle, die sich mit den zentralen Fragen der Gegenwart auseinandersetzen. Die flüssige, leicht verständliche Darstellung macht die Untersuchung zu einer unterhaltsamen und informativen Lektüre.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Basel : Springer Basel AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783034867061
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (225 pages)
    RVK:
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag fur Sozialwissenschaften GmbH | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783322877499
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (427 pages)
    DDC: 303.38
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth ; Demoskopie ; Öffentliche Meinung ; Sozialer Wandel ; Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Basel : Springer Basel AG | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783034867030
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (132 pages)
    RVK:
    Keywords: Electronic books
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9789027274502
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (615 pages)
    DDC: 303.484
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    Keywords: Schneider, Karl ; Englisch ; Literatur ; Indogermanische Sprachen ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Bibliographie
    Abstract: This volume is in honour of Karl Schneider and covers the wide spectrum of Schneider's own interests: Part I covers runology (Elmer H. Antonsen, Hans Schwartz, Winfred P. Lehmann); The second part deals with indogermanics, etymology and lexicography (Edgard C. Polomé, Fritz W. Schulze, Kurt R. Jankowsky, Rosemarie Lieber, Ernst S. Dick, Rudolf Schützeichel, Helmut Gneuss, Jürgen Schäfer, Horst Geckeler); Part III & IV cover linguistic studies (Peter Hartmann, Helmut Gipper, Götz Wienold, Herbert Pilch, Shoichi Watanabe, Manford Hanowell); the next section concerns cultural history (Hartmut Beckers, Karl Heinz Göller, Edgar Mertner, Gustav H. Blanke, Christian W. Thomsen); Part VI Old and Middle English literature (Günter Kellermann & Renate Haas, Armin Rathe, Uwe Böker, Helmut A. Benning); Part VII Shakespeare (Marvin Spevack, Wolfgang Babilas) and a final section on newer literatures (Hermann J. Real & Heinz J. Vienken, Herbert Mainusch, Helmut Koopman, Klaus Ostheeren, Walter A. Koch, Egon Werlich, Horst W. Drescher). The volume ends with a full bibliography of Karl Schneider.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Edmonton : University of Alberta Press | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9781459304307
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (329 pages)
    DDC: 297.0971
    Keywords: Islam ; Muslim ; USA ; Nordamerika ; Kanada
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin/Boston : De Gruyter | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783110823530
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (696 pages)
    Series Statement: Religion and Society v.22
    DDC: 306.6095
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    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789282105191
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.58
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bilan de la modélisation de la demande ; Confrontation prévisions-résultats dans les transports urbains et interurbains ; rapport de la cinquante-huitième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 25 et 26 juin 1981
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table is an assessment of the attempts made since the early sixties to model passenger and freight transport demand.
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789282106808
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (112 p.) , 20 x 27cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Trends in Transport Investment and Expenditure in 1979. Statistical Report on Road Accidents in 1980 [27th Annual Report. Activity of the Conference] Volume II
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce rapport qui traite du développement des investissment et expenditures des transports dans les pays de la CEMT pour 1979 contient quatre chapitres. Le chapitre 1 résume les principales tendances en matière de transport des passagers et du fret pour chacun des modes. Le chapitre 2 concerne les transports par chemin de fer, mais à la comparaison des transports effectués s'ajoute une description détaillée des réseaux et des opérations ; le chapitre 3 porte sur les transports routiers, la dimension de l'infrastructure, le. parc de véhicules et son utilisation ; et le chapitre 4 sur les voies navigables, les ports et les pipelines. La deuxième partie de le rapport est une rapport statistique sur l'évolution des accidents de la route dans les pays membres de la CEMT et les 4 pays associés.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264069510
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 101; UV-VIS Absorption Spectra
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 101: UV-VIS Absorption Spectra
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit la détermination du spectre d’absorption ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) d’un produit chimique pour avoir des indications sur les longueurs d'onde auxquelles les composés sont susceptibles de subir une dégradation photochimique. L'absence d'absorption mesurable n'empêche pas la possibilité d'une photodégradation. Cette méthode utilise un spectrophotomètre à double faisceau qui enregistre uniquement les différences d'absorption entre le blanc (le solvant et toutes les espèces chimiques présentes excepté celle testée) et les solutions d'essai afin de donner le spectre du produit chimique étudié. L'essai doit être effectué à 25°C. Les solutions test doivent être préparées à une concentration qui fournira au moins un maximum d'absorbance de 0,5 à 1,5 unités.
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789264069749
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 113; Essai de sélection pour la stabilité thermique et la stabilité dans l'air
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 113: Essai de sélection pour la stabilité thermique et la stabilité dans l'air
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes methods for determining storage stability of a substance with respect to heat and air. Two methods are applicable to homogeneous solid and liquid substances and to mixtures of these: the accelerated storage test and the thermal analysis methods.In the accelerated storage test (CIPAC), a long duration storage instability can be simulated by applying a higher temperature during a short test. This test calls for the controlled storage at 54°C to 55°C for 14 days and subsequent analysis. In simple cases, it will be enough to determine a characteristic property before and after storage. The substance is considered to be stable at room temperature if the melting point has remained constant or the content of original substance as determined by analysis has decreased by not more than 5 per cent. In the thermal analysis methods (TGA and DTA), the sample and the standard reference material are heated up to the final temperature at a constant rate in a defined test atmosphere, either separately in a TGA or DTA apparatus, or in a combined system. The weight change of the sample or the quantities of heat absorbed or given off are measured and recorded. The substance is considered to be stable at room temperature if no decomposition or chemical transformation is found below 150°.
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789264069725
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 112; Constante de dissociation dans l'eau
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 112: Constante de dissociation dans l'eau
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes the methods allowing the determination of the dissociation constants in water. The dissociation is the reversible splitting into two or more chemical species which may be ionic. The determination of the dissociation constant requires a measure of the concentrations of the dissociated and undissociated forms of the chemical substance. From a knowledge of the stoichiometry of the dissociation reaction the appropriate constant can be determined. In the particular case described in this Guideline the substance is behaving as an acid or a base, and the determination is most conveniently done by determining the relative concentrations of ionised and unionised forms of the substance and the pH of the solution. The relationship between these terms is given in the equation for pKa. Some compounds exhibit more than one dissociation constant. Some of the methods described are also suitable for non-acid/base dissociation. There are two basic approaches to the determination of pKa. One involves titrating a known amount of substance with standard acid or base, as appropriate; the other involves determining the relative concentrations of the ionised and unionised forms and their pH dependence. Methods based on those principles may be classified as titration, spectrophotometric and conductometric procedures.
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  • 97
    ISBN: 9789264069657
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 108; Complex Formation Ability in Water
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 108: Complex Formation Ability in Water
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit la méthode polarographique. La faculté d'une substance à former des complexes avec des métaux peut être évaluée à l'aide de techniques polarographiques qui permettent de déterminer les constantes d'équilibre de certains complexes. La méthode polarographique peut être appliquée à des substances dont la solubilité dans l'eau est supérieure à 10-5M. Cette méthode est basée sur le fait qu'à la suite de la formation de complexes, les potentiels de réduction des ions métalliques sont déplacés, en général vers des valeurs plus négatives. Un minimum de quatre concentrations connues du produit chimique étudié, et une concentration connue en ions métalliques devraient être employées. Le produit chimique à étudier doit normalement avoir une concentration au moins 25 fois supérieure à celle des ions métalliques. On doit mesurer le courant pour des potentiels appliqués variant de - 0,2V à - 1,0V. Afin de détecter les complexes qui se forment lentement, il est nécessaire de laisser reposer les solutions pendant au moins 24 heures sous atmosphère d'azote. Si les résultats ne sont pas significatifs, il est nécessaire d'utiliser des méthodes basées sur des principes physico-chimiques différents, telles que la spectrophotométrie ou la spectrométrie par résonance magnétique nucléaire.
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  • 98
    ISBN: 9789264070769
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 411; Toxicité cutanée subchronique; 90 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 411: Toxicité cutanée subchronique: 90 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This study relates to the analysis, via dermal application, of the health hazards of solid or liquid test substance. It may be carried out after initial information obtained by acute testing. This method is composed of the main test and the limit test. This Test Guideline is intended for use with the adult rat, rabbit or guinea pig. At least 20 animals (10 female and 10 male) with healthy skin should be used at each dose level (at least three). The highest dose level should result in toxic effects but not produce an incidence of fatalities. The limit test corresponds to one dose level of at least 1000 mg/kg body weight. The method is based on the repeated application of the substance of interest during one limited period (several hours daily during 90 days). The test substance should be applied over not less than 10 per cent of the body surface area. The results of this study include: measurements and daily and detailed observations (ophthalmological examination, haematology, clinical biochemistry and urinalysis), as well as gross necropsy and histopathology. A properly conducted subchronic test should provide a satisfactory estimation of a non effect level.
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  • 99
    ISBN: 9789264069503
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (6 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 101; Spectres d'Absorption UV-VIS
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 101: Spectres d'Absorption UV-VIS
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes the determining of the ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) absorption spectrum of a chemical compound to have some indication of the wavelengths at which the compounds may be susceptible to photochemical degradation. Degradation will depend upon the total energy absorbed in specific wavelength regions. The absence of measurable absorption does not preclude the possibility of photodegradation. This method utilises a double-beam spectrophotometer which records only the absorption differences between the blank (the solvent and all present chemical species other than the test chemical) and test solutions to give the spectrum of the chemical being tested. The test should be carried out at 25°C. The test solutions should be made up in a concentration which will result in at least one absorbance maximum in the range 0.5 to 1.5 units.
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  • 100
    ISBN: 9789264070370
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 302A; Inherent Biodegradability; Modified SCAS Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 302A: Inherent Biodegradability: Modified SCAS Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit une méthode qui est une adaptation de la méthode semi-continue en présence de boue activée (SCAS), mise au point par la « Soap and Detergent Association », pour évaluer la biodégradation primaire de l'alkylbenzène sulfonate. L'essai ne simule pas les conditions réelles d’une installation de traitement d'eaux d'égout. Les boues activées d'une station de traitement d'eaux d'égout sont déposées dans une unité d'aération. Le composé d'essai (non-volatil, hydrosoluble, organique, non inhibitrice de bactéries à la concentration d'essai) et de l’eau d'égout domestique décantée sont ajoutés, et le mélange est aéré pendant 23 heures. L'aération est alors arrêtée, la boue est décantée et le surnageant est retiré. La boue restante dans la chambre d'aération est alors mélangée à une nouvelle portion de composé d'essai et d'eau d'égout, puis le cycle est recommencé. Les opérations de remplissage et de soutirage sont répétées quotidiennement pendant toute la durée de l'essai. Une concentration élevée des micro-organismes aérobies est employée. La durée de l'essai pour des composés montrant peu ou pas de biodégradation est indéterminée, mais l'expérience suggère que cette durée devrait être au moins de 12 semaines. La biodégradation est déterminée par la teneur en carbone organique dissous dans le liquide surnageant. Ce résultat est comparé à celui obtenu dans un tube contenant une solution témoin réalisée uniquement avec de l'eau d'égout décantée.
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