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  • 1990-1994  (110)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (110)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank
  • Development  (110)
  • 1
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    International Initiatives in Biotechnology for Developing Country Agriculture : Promises and Problems (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.100
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: A growing number of international initiatives are being undertaken to stimulate the development of agricultural biotechnology applications in developing countries. These initiatives, which include a wide range of biotechnology research, information and advisory activities, are supported by bilateral and multilateral agencies, private foundations and, to some extent, by commercial firms. This study, based on the results of a survey conducted by the Intermediary Biotechnology Service (IBS) at The Hague, attempts to analyse the nature and scope of these initiatives and their potential impact. The study concludes by outlining a number of planning, execution and policy conditions which need to be met, both by donor agencies and by developing countries, if the potential impact of these international initiatives is to be fully realised ...
    DOI: 10.1787/257557587410
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  • 2
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    What Can Developing Countries Learn from OECD Labour Market Programmes and Policies? (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.93
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Many OECD Member countries and a large number of the developing countries are suffering from extensive unemployment, both in short and long-term forms. Based on a five-part schema of labour market problems, this paper summarises and evaluates the effectiveness of labour market policies and programmes in the OECD countries and assesses the relevance of the experience to economies in transition, dynamic non-Member economies and developing countries in general. The overall conclusion is that such policies have not proven very effective in dealing with the most pressing problems in most types of economy (the dynamic non- Member economies being the main exception), that is, high and persistent unemployment, both short term and long term. Nevertheless, there are a variety of active labour market policies which are of help with some other types of problem. In general, the developing countries would be well advised not to invest too heavily in socalled passive measures; thus, a social ...
    DOI: 10.1787/570121553883
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  • 3
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    The OECD Green Model : An Updated Overview (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.97
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents a brief introduction to the OECD GREEN Model. The GREEN model has been developed by the OECD Secretariat in order to assess the economic impact of abating CO2 emissions using several different economic instruments. The paper is divided into two parts. The first provides a brief introduction to the structure of the GREEN model. The second describes several different simulations using the GREEN model, including what is generally referred to as the Business-as-Usual scenario and several alternative carbon-abatement scenarios. For specific details on the model and its implementation, readers are referred to the GREEN Reference Manual, and the GREEN User Manual ...
    DOI: 10.1787/272425468524
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  • 4
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    The Disarmament Dividend : Challenges for Development Policy (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.8
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les dividendes du désarmement : Défis pour la politique de développement
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: . In 1990-1991, worldwide military expenditure amounted to $950 billion. This bill could be reduced by the year 2000 by over $300 billion.. . Excessive military expenditure jeopardizes development prospects. . Policies to achieve transparency and to strengthen military security arrangements should be a priority. . Excessive military expenditure is stimulated by supply-side pressure on the part of producer countries, including a number of OECD Member countries. . Donors should consider concerted incentive policies such as defence conditionality in economic aid.
    DOI: 10.1787/236570240018
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  • 5
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    Pension Funds, Capital Controls and Macroeconomic Stability (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.98
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The paper discusses the pros and cons of liberalising foreign investment of pension assets in developing countries, with particular reference to Chile. The positive part of the paper examines the impact on macroeconomic policy of a small country's opening its equity market for investment; the investment strategies of, and the restrictions imposed upon, privately-managed pension funds; and the specific British experience with portfolio diversification after the dismantling of capital controls in 1979. The normative part, while finding only a weak case for regulating foreign pension investment (loss of savings, domestic capital markets), discusses various techniques of such regulation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/834630363647
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  • 6
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    Transitional Problems from Reform to Growth : Safety Nets and Financial Efficiency in the Adjusting Egyptian Economy (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.102
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Egypt
    Kurzfassung: In recent years, considerable analytical work has been done on issues of economic reform in countries undertaking adjustment. Less attention has been devoted to the social costs of adjustment and the transitional problems during the period from reform to growth. The Egyptian economic adjustment since 1991 is a good case in point, as Egypt is facing difficult transitional problems, of both social and financial nature. The first part of this paper discusses Egypt's newly established social fund (1991), notably the adequacy of its core programmes and targeting mechanism for providing an appropriate "social safety net" in the medium term. The second part of the paper deals with Egypt's financial intermediation system, which is unable to convert large amounts of liquid savings into long-term real capital, hence increasing the time-lag between reform and growth. It is concluded that an efficient system of financial intermediation and a comprehensive social safety net are needed to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/267677618887
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  • 7
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    Participatory Development and Gender : Articulating Concepts and Cases (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.95
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper begins with an explanation of the need for a gender perspective in the participatory development field. Subsequently it examines some of the obstacles to achieving the goals, such as cultural beliefs and practices, including the social organisation of production. Ways of surmounting these obstacles include: a gender focus of efforts, advocacy, flexible funding and evidence that participation works. Various positions in the debate in regard to: the project paradigm, social actors versus communities as entities and women's organisations and participatory development issues are also presented. An effort is made to spell out the implications of gender differentiation with numerous examples from the literature and interviews ...
    DOI: 10.1787/011121626005
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  • 8
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    Trade Liberalization and Employment Linkages in the Pacific Basin (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.94
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: At the 1994 APEC summit in Bogor, Indonesia, it was recommended that trade and investment barriers among the member countries be removed by 2020. Despite general consensus that trade liberalization would accelerate development in this most dynamic trading area, there is very little empirical evidence about the adjustment process which would ensue. In this chapter, a ten-country CGE model is used to estimate the impact of trade liberalization among economies of Pacific Asia and the United States, giving particular attention to the adjustment which would occur in domestic labor markets. Our results elucidate the employment linkages between trading partners and show that the potential for new import demand by developed countries would accelerate employment growth in developing countries. In particular, Pacific trade liberalization could facilitate the emergence of a new reciprocal basis for multilateral gains from trade. Under an expanding system of liberal trade, capital-intensive ...
    DOI: 10.1787/075360517770
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  • 9
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    Promouvoir la maîtrise locale et régionale du développement : Une démarche participative à Madagascar (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.96
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Madagascar
    Kurzfassung: By the late 1980s, a technically successful and well-regarded project of reforestation that had been carried out in certain communities in Madagascar with the assistance of bilateral aid from Switzerland, was facing new challenges: How to replicate and continue the activities without ubiquitous project interventions? The project has transmitted know-how to the farmers but their capacity to organise and manage independently was still weak and they were lacking initiative. How to stimulate a process of genuinely local development under such circumstances? Government services in rural areas were poor and fragmented, a legacy of some 20 years of policies favouring an overly centralised approach largely neglectful of the rural areas. The entire approach had to be reconsidered: the farmers were to become the main actors of the project rather than simple executors. A process of selfevaluation triggered dynamics of change. A new strategy was designed and a new programme was adopted, with ...
    DOI: 10.1787/143532855872
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  • 10
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    Trade and Pollution Linkages : Piecemeal Reform and Optimal Intervention (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.99
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Linkages between international trade and the domestic environment are receiving intensified scrutiny by researchers and policy makers alike. This is especially the case in developing countries, where trade can be a significant agent of change and growth. While trade policies are increasingly oriented toward lower levels of intervention, interventionist policies are increasingly being implemented to correct for negative environmental externalities. In such a situation, the interactions between the two can be complex and challenging for policy makers. This paper explores second-best policy issues affecting trade and environmental linkages. We derive optimum policy interventions and sufficient conditions for welfareimproving piecemeal trade and environmental policy reforms in a small economy. Pollution originates in both domestic consumption and production and is a domestic public bad. Production pollution can be abated by decreasing output and/or decreasing effluent rates per unit of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/454671040074
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  • 11
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    Les dividendes du désarmement : Défis pour la politique de développement (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.8
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Disarmament Dividend: Challenges for Development Policy
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: . Les dépenses militaires mondiales représentaient 950 milliards de dollars en 1990-1991. Cette facture pourrait être réduite de plus de 300 milliards d'ici l'an 2000. . Des dépenses militaires excessives compromettent l'avenir des pays en développement. . Améliorer la transparence des informations et renforcer les structures multilatérales de sécurité doivent constituer des objectifs prioritaires. . Des dépenses militaires excessives sont souvent encouragées par une offre pressante de matériels militaires par les pays producteurs, y compris des pays Membres de l'OCDE. . Les pays donateurs doivent envisager de manière concertée des mesures d'incitation telles que la subordination de l'aide économique aux efforts de démilitarisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/176527270025
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  • 12
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    Biotechnology and Sustainable Agriculture : Lessons from India (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.103
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; India
    Kurzfassung: India's self-sufficiency in food production has been achieved by the adoption of chemicals-intensive farming methods which have contributed to serious deterioration of the environment. New evironmentally-friendly technologies, which maintain (or increase) current levels of productivity, are needed if the use of chemical inputs is to be reduced. This study examines the development and diffusion of biotechnologies in India, with respect to both products derived from conventional biological methods and those using the more advanced techniques of molecular biology. Thus far, the contribution of available biofertilisers and biopesticides to reduced use of agro-chemicals is marginal, due to the vicious circle created by problems of supply as well as demand. By and large, biofertilisers and biopesticides are being produced on a small scale, using inefficient technologies. Inconsistent quality and poor performance thus combine to limit demand and their acceptance by farmers which, in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/711068780307
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  • 13
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    Input-Based Pollution Estimates for Environmental Assessment in Developing Countries (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.101
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The practice of environmental regulation and assessment in developing countries faces many special challenges. Apart from popular misconceptions about negative links between environmentalism and economic growth, there are numerous practical limitations to appraising environmental conditions and implementing policies that conserve or improve them. These include weak institutional capacity or discipline, high monitoring and administrative costs for individual programs, and limited local engineering information. Institutional constraints mean that first-best policies like direct pollution monitoring and regulation may not be feasible. Even market-based systems like tradable pollution permits usually require initial assessment and monitoring which is too costly or complex to be supported locally. Detailed data on pollution do exist for OECD countries, however, and this paper attempts to render this information more usable to environmental analysts in countries where direct sampling has not ...
    DOI: 10.1787/340360612368
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  • 14
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    Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy : Lessons from the OECD Experience and their Relevance to Developing Economies (1994)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.92
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: In recent years, there has been a rapid spread of economic instruments (EIs) in environmental policies of OECD Member countries. The application of EIs has gained wider political acceptability and, in a growing number of cases, they have come to have incentive rather than merely revenue-raising effects. In Sweden, eco-taxes have been introduced as part of a broad fiscal reform, while in other countries the approach is more piecemeal. Virtually without exception, EIs are employed in combination with regulations and other policy instruments. Developing countries stand to learn from the OECD experience with EIs, but they often face unique challenges as well as opportunities in applying such instruments. Resource and other prices have historically been distorted in such economies, so correcting such distortions is a prerequisite to the effective use of EIs. Also, underdeveloped markets, public enterprises with soft budget constraints, and high rates of inflation can all undermine the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/754416133402
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  • 15
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    Informal Sector and Regulations in Ecuador and Jamaica (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.86
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Ecuador ; Jamaica
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents the results of a survey of micro-enterprises undertaken in Ecuador and Jamaica. The purpose was to understand the relationships between these countries' institutional and legal regulations, the degree of compliance by firms and the impact of compliance on their performance (particularly growth). This enquiry was complemented with case studies of issues related to compliance with regulations. Initially, the paper sets out to analyse the characteristics of the microenterprises surveyed and their type of insertion into product and factor markets. Afterwards, it describes the differences observed in the regulatory frameworks of the two countries, and explains the differences in the degree of compliance with the law on the part of small firms. The final part of the paper determines statistically the relative importance of the factors that influence firm registration and identifies their effects on the growth of micro-enterprises. The initial process of registration ...
    DOI: 10.1787/687376184560
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  • 16
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    La faisabilité politique de l'ajustement dans les pays africains (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.88
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Il est désormais admis qu'on ne peut pas mettre au point un programme d'ajustement sans tenir compte des réactions politiques qu'il peut susciter. Les expériences malheureuses de pays où les troubles provoqués par des mesures de stabilisation ont entraîné des dizaines, voire des centaines de morts, en ont convaincu tous les responsables politiques. Ceci a conduit à construire un modèle politico-économique adapté aux pays en développement. On a ensuite appliqué ce modèle à 23 pays africains sur la période 1980-1990. Les résultats des estimations s'avèrent satisfaisantes : l'ensemble des variables endogènes, qu'elles soient économiques ou politiques, peuvent être expliquées de façon précise et les coefficients obtenus prouvent qu'il existe des interactions importantes entre la sphère politique et la sphère économique. Il est assuré par exemple que les troubles résultent en partie des mesures de stabilisation. A partir d'une simulation de référence, on a ensuite estimé les ...
    DOI: 10.1787/548847573280
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  • 17
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    A Detailed Input-Output Table for Morocco, 1990 (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.90
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Morocco
    Kurzfassung: This paper reports on the construction of an Input-Output table for the economy of Morocco. The table is calibrated to the year 1990 and details the interactions between 133 primary, manufacturing, and service sectors, relying on a combination of a more aggregate table estimated by the Moroccan government and detailed data from official sources. This table will form the core of a detailed social accounting matrix (SAM) currently under construction as part of the same work programme. Ultimately, the SAM will be incorporated into a general equilibrium model, to be used cooperatively by the Development Centre, the Moroccan government, and the World Bank for trade and resource policy analysis. This report describes in detail the construction of the Input-Output table, presents the table in its entirety, and provides some preliminary multiplier estimates elucidating the links between Moroccan agriculture and the rest of the economy ...
    DOI: 10.1787/663051037026
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  • 18
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    Towards Sustainable Development in Rural Africa (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.6
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Pour un développement durable de l'Afrique rurale
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: . A growing recognition of the need to delimit the role of the government, to promote the market framework, and to rely on the private sector as the engine of growth, offers the prospect of a new beginning in rural development in Africa. . Rural people must take a more dominant role, both in shaping their economic prospects and in assuming the responsibility for a high quality of stewardship of natural resources. . To help to bring about such an empowerment of the people, governments and the donors will need to undertake some drastic reforms in the old systems and habits of governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/251402826358
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  • 19
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    Employment Creation and Development Strategy (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.7
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Création d'emploi et stratégie de développement
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: . Developing countries will account for almost all the increase in the world's labour force over the next 25 years; most countries, especially in Africa, will experience very rapid labour force growth. . Labour-intensive development has been spectacularly successful in some countries and others have begun to emulate them. Nevertheless, many countries still need to rethink policies and programmes in the light of the increasing urgency of employment creation. .The poor and the unemployed have much to gain from labour-intensive development, but fears about the short-term impact of reforms may cause them to oppose change. . Carefully targeted programmes of public works and food security measures implemented early in the reform process, plus improved incentives for farmers, may be essential for the popular support of reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/250272230667
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  • 20
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    Alternative Explanations of the Trade-Output Correlation in the East Asian Economies (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.87
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: A number of Asian countries have been able to follow the example of Japan and develop sophisticated industrial economies in a relatively short time. Specifically, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan have become known as the "Four Tigers" of Asia due to their strength and importance in international markets. It is not only the pace of industrialisation but the relative equity which has accompanied growth in these countries that has fascinated economists. This paper analyses alternative structural models which represent different theoretical frameworks for development in East Asia. A structural vectorautoregressive technique is used with panel data comprising Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, for the period 1969-89. This technique has been chosen because it can discriminate between structural hypotheses. The first model tested is a model of export-led output growth. In this exercise exports are allowed to have a direct stimulating effect on the economy. In ...
    DOI: 10.1787/448367214462
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  • 21
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    Création d'emploi et stratégie de développement (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.7
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Employment Creation and Development Strategy
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: . Les 25 prochaines années verront une augmentation de la population active des pays en développement, particulièrement en Afrique, qui connaîtront une croissance rapide de la main-d'oeuvre. . Pour certains pays, le développement à forte intensité de main-d'oeuvre a été une réussite spectaculaire et on commence à les imiter. Cependant, de nombreux pays doivent redéfinir leurs politiques et programmes, face à l'urgence de la création d'emploi. . Les pauvres et les chômeurs ont tout à gagner d'un développement à forte intensité de main d'oeuvre, mais ils peuvent s'y opposer par crainte des conséquences, à court terme, des réformes. . Des programmes de travaux publics soigneusement ciblés, la mise en place, dès la première phase de la réforme, de mesures relatives à la sécurité alimentaire, ainsi que de meilleures incitations pour les agriculteurs, seront indispensables pour que la réforme soit assurée d'un soutien populaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/245481263253
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  • 22
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    Pour un développement durable de l'Afrique rurale (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.6
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Towards Sustainable Development in Rural Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • La nécessité de limiter le rôle de l'État, de promouvoir l'économie de marché et de s'appuyer sur le secteur privé pour entraîner la croissance, offre de nouvelles perspectives de développement à l'Afrique rurale. • La polpulation des campagnes doit jouer un rôle plus déterminant, à la fois en construisant elle-même son avenir économique et en prenant la responsabilté de gérer au mieux les ressources naturelles. • Pour favoriser une telle prise en charge des habitants par eux-mêmes, États et donateurs internationaux doivent réviser de fond en comble les règles établies et les pratiques de gouvernement.
    DOI: 10.1787/250836764437
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  • 23
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    Micro-entreprises et cadre institutionnel en Algérie (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.85
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Algeria
    Kurzfassung: Ce document technique présente les résultats d'une enquête sur l'impact des réglementations juridiques et fiscales sur les micro-entreprises en Algérie. Le cas algérien se distingue de ceux des autres pays du programme de recherche (Niger, Swaziland, Tunisie, Thaïlande, Equateur, Jamaïque) car, en dépit de la stratégie d'ouverture adoptée par le gouvernement algérien dans les années 80, l'économie reste très réglementée. Trois secteurs ont été retenus, pour un échantillon d'environ 300 entreprises : la mécanique, le textile et la restauration. Leur étude permet de comparer le comportement d'entreprises opérant sur des marchés différents. L'enquête révèle que, dans l'ensemble, les obligations juridiques et fiscales sont respectées par une majorité de micro-entreprises ; les taux de respect les plus élevés sont ceux du secteur textile. Elle montre surtout que, quel que soit le secteur, le dynamisme des petits entrepreneurs interrogés est entravé par les lourdeurs de l'économie ...
    DOI: 10.1787/334015587676
    URL: Volltext
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  • 24
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    China as a Leading Pacific Economy (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.89
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: China is emerging as a leading Pacific economy in the 1990s. This paper examines the implications of China's entry into the world market for the OECD countries as well as for the regional economies of Asia and the Pacific. It argues that the shares of Asian countries in the OECD countries' market cannot increase without bound, as China and its neighbouring developing economies have basically similar export profiles, competing with each other for market shares for similar products. China's coastal strategy has led to the emergence of a "greater China", encompassing China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Growing trade and investment flows between China and Taiwan via Hong Kong since the mid-1980s can be understood as components of "catching-up" processes, described by some trade economists as the "flying-geese" pattern of trade development. In short, China's entry into the world market is a "positive sum" game, as it provides new market opportunities for both OECD countries and Asian NIEs. In ...
    DOI: 10.1787/111803631747
    URL: Volltext
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  • 25
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    Striving for International Competitiveness : Lessons from Electronics for Developing Countries (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.84
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Electronics has become critically important in every country's attempt to restructure or build its competitiveness. The developments in electronics have given rise to an industry with an unprecedented growth record in terms of sales and exports, innovative capacity, and spin-off potential for related services. But electronics has also infiltrated into many other industries through the pervasiveness of its application potential. Instead of competing solely on cost, competitive advantage is now often obtained by those who have the (temporary) benefit of having mastered cutting-edge technology. To the fore has come a type of innovation that builds on relations with users, on interaction with suppliers, subcontractors, universities, industry associations, government institutes, and even potential competitors through various kinds of cooperative agreements. Thus, the competitiveness of a firm depends not only on its own strength, but also on the support it receives from the external environment ...
    DOI: 10.1787/828011556753
    URL: Volltext
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  • 26
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    International Trade and the Transfer of Environmental Costs and Benefits (1993)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.91
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The environmental implications of international trade have come under intensified scrutiny in recent years, particularly with expanded interest in multilateralism, regionalism, and other negotiated trade regimes. The transfer of environmental effects, both positive and negative, is embodied in most trade patterns, particularly those which reflect technological hierarchy or other stratification by degree of economic modernization. Despite the emotional reaction these issues often arouse, the question of whether and to whom these transfers are beneficial or detrimental is a very complex one. In this paper, we use applied general equilibrium analysis to examine a well-established trade relationship between two diverse economies, Japan and Indonesia. Historically, it appears that their bilateral trade has conferred asymmetric environmental effects on the two countries, effecting a net transfer of some environmental costs from the former to the latter. In the light of this negative ...
    DOI: 10.1787/854022818551
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  • 27
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    Structural Adjustment and the Institutional Dimensions of Agricultural Research and Development in Brazil : Soybeans, Wheat and Sugar Cane (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.76
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Brazil
    Kurzfassung: Structural adjustment, liberalisation and the pressures of technological change are having major impact on the institutional organisation of the agro-industrial sector. In industrialised countries, the private sector is positioned to play the vanguard role in the next generation of agricultural technologies. Thus, the ability to promote and sustain new patterns of co-operation in research and development between the private and the public sectors will be a key determinant of future patterns of competitiveness. This study of Brazil attempts to identify the main lines of technological and organisational innovation at present under way in important sectors of the Brazilian agricultural research system. It focuses on three crops -- soybeans, wheat and sugar -- which are strategic from the point of view of structural adjustment and liberalisation and at the same time involve both export and domestic markets ...
    DOI: 10.1787/866017563566
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  • 28
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    The Privatisation in Developing Countries : Reflections on a Panacea (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La privatisation dans les pays en développement : Réflexions sur une panacée
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    DOI: 10.1787/423186135728
    URL: Volltext
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  • 29
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    An Assessment of the Brady Plan Agreements (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.67
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents an assessment of the results of Brady plans for debtor countries which have implemented such agreements (Costa Rica, Mexico, the Philippines, Uruguay and Venezuela). First, we show that the relatively successful Mexican case cannot be generalized, due to the great diversity of the agreements signed. Hence a case-by-case analysis is essential. Second, we attempt to measure the distribution of wealth gains and losses among Brady plan participants. An original feature of this attempt is that we explicitly take account of the role of multilateral creditors in the burden sharing. In a simplified framework, Brady plans are interpreted as a "gift" from official creditors, which is, with one exception, fairly equally shared between banks and debtors. On completion of this analysis, the assessment is modified on a case-by-case basis in order to take account of efficiency gains specifically linked to the Brady deals. This does not lead to very optimistic conclusions about ...
    DOI: 10.1787/615827578321
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  • 30
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    Latin America in a Changing Global Environment (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.66
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Latin America's insertion in the world trade system is entering a period of historical change. Driving that change will be the outcome, or failure, of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations; the increasing regionalisation of trade relations; and the profound liberalisation in Latin America of national trade regimes, which is also leading to a strong revival in the region of sub-regional integration schemes. The interaction between changes in the region's trade regimes and changes in the global determinants of foreign direct investment in manufacturing are affecting the locational advantages of Latin America as a recipient of direct investment flows as well. The effects on Latin America of regionalisation in Europe and in the Western Hemisphere are, overall, benign. "EC 1992" is likely to have a positive net impact on Latin America's exports unless dramatic, and unlikely, discriminatory measures against third parties are introduced in conjunction with the creation of the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/310764374447
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  • 31
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    Trade Liberalisation : What's at Stake? (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Libéralisation des échanges : Quel enjeu ?
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • Trade barriers seriously distort patterns of international trade, allocation of resources, and economic growth. The total economic costs of the barriers are estimated to exceed $475 billion per annum • Partial reform, such as envisaged in the Uruguay Round, would yield benefits of $195 billion per annum, of which over $90 billion would accrue to developing and formerly centrally planned countries • The EC, Japan, and EFTA, stand to gain most from liberalisation • Trade liberalisation will raise rural incomes in developing countries
    DOI: 10.1787/288158367171
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  • 32
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    Managing the Environment in Developing Countries (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Gestion de l'environnement dans les pays en développement
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • Environmental policy should be inspired by the recognition that the environment is everyone’s business; all social actors must be involved in environmental management • Policies that implicitly subsidize a wasteful and environmentally destructive use of resources are pervasive: reforms should command a high priority on economic as well as environmental grounds • Compared to regulation, market-based instruments are little used but they can be more efficient; they can also produce revenues to finance environmental improvements • Regulatory effectiveness can be improved by: relying more on preventive measures, including environmental impact assessment; targeting large polluters; strengthening enforcement; and favouring mediation over litigation
    DOI: 10.1787/480585052668
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  • 33
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    Some Implications of Europe 1992 for Developing Countries (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.60
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Both the process of formation of the Single European Market, which implies major economic and legal changes in Europe, and the results, which imply greater efficiency and growth, affect the Community's trading partners. Initial calculations have suggested that, in aggregate, the benefits for the rest of the world roughly balance the costs. But many developing countries are directly affected by individual sectoral changes. Because of the relatively high degree of specialisation of their economies and trading patterns, the effects on individual developing economies are therefore potentially large. The changes which are likely to be most important for developing countries include: the removal of all barriers to intra-EC trade, which improves the competitiveness of EC relative to non-EC suppliers; the harmonisation of excise duties, which is helpful to coffee, tea and cocoa producers, and harmful to tobacco producers; the harmonisation of textile and clothing quotas, whose effects will ...
    DOI: 10.1787/620650853627
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  • 34
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    Evaluation of Nigeria's Debt-Relief Experience (1985-1990) (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.55
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Nigeria
    Kurzfassung: Buoyant oil revenues in the 1970s provided Nigeria with the basis for large but unsustainable increases in incomes and public expenditure. Agriculture was neglected and the economy became heavily dependent on crude oil and more vulnerable to external shocks. These led to fundamental changes in the structure of the Nigerian economy. When the oil revenues collapsed following the glut in international oil market in the early 1980s, the country faced an acute economic crisis. Unable to shift gears in the face of changing economic fortunes the country resorted to external borrowing. Instead of adjusting, the government adopted a policy of deficit financing. The deficits were financed by borrowing from international capital markets (ICM), a drawn-down of external reserves, and by accumulation of arrears on external trade payments. The debt stock grew rapidly from $3.4 billion in 1980 to $17.3 billion in 1985 and $32.9 billion in 1990. In 1986, the government adopted a structural ...
    DOI: 10.1787/728878867073
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  • 35
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    L' allégement de la dette au Club de Paris : Les évolutions récentes en perspective (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.71
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: What does the Paris Club do for debtor countries, and more particularly for the poorest of them? Set up to ease the liquidity constraints of a country experiencing payment problems, by rescheduling its debt with the creditor governments, the Paris Club has frequently had to intervene since the beginning of the debt crisis. Since the Toronto Summit of June 1988 it has also been playing the role of aid provider for the poorest debtor countries. After describing the functioning of the Paris Club in part one, the study goes on to evaluate the extent and role of the liquidity provided by the Club throughout the 1980s in part two. An initial finding is that the sums rescheduled through its action were very much greater than those lent over the same period by the creditor governments comprising the Club. Through focusing on selected African countries, the paper then shows that the main role of the liquidity created has been to avoid these countries' accumulating massive arrears and being cut ...
    DOI: 10.1787/380566408014
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  • 36
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    Lessons from the Family Planning Experience for Community-Based Environmental Education (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.62
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper starts out reviewing and comparing the World Population Plan of Action and the UNESCO-UNEP Global Strategy for Environmental Education: the objectives, tactics, actors and institutions. Subsequently, the examination of numerous materials from the family planning field provides some examples to be emulated by community-based environmental activities in developing countries. Population, cultural and gender variables are also sought in some existing environmental education and protection efforts. It is hoped that such information will increase the ability to integrate these concerns into environmental education and public awareness programmes. The analysis builds on the author's previous research on gender issues ...
    DOI: 10.1787/460260405417
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  • 37
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    L' expérience de l'allégement de la dette au Mali (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.56
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Mali
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents the variety of debt relief measures from which Mali has benefited in recent years. Particular emphasis is placed on the 1988 measures accorded by the Paris Club under the Toronto terms, of which the country was the first beneficiary. This relief, and the adjustment policy which Mali formed with it, were relatively successful. Indeed, they led to a cleansing of public finances marked, before the political events of Spring 1991, by the total removal of both domestic and international arrears. The size of the improvement in the situation thus obtained, however, was reduced by the existence of debts with Paris Club members excluded from the Toronto terms and above all by heavy debts with non-Paris Club members (the ex-USSR, China and Arab countries). Debt held by multilateral institutions which was not eligible for rescheduling also represented a large financial burden. As a result, in a short time ...
    DOI: 10.1787/546002114500
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  • 38
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    Mexican Agriculture in the Free Trade Agreement : Transition Problems in Economic Reform (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.63
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: Should Mexican agriculture be liberalized? If so, how fast should this be done, and what policies should accompany the transition? We use Mexican agriculture as a case study to analyze the transition problems that arise in most major economic reforms. We focus on the implications for policy design of the absence of efficient capital markets; on the welfare costs of reforming only gradually; on incentive problems created by trade adjustment policies; and on the redistributive aspects of policy reform in the presence of realistic limits on available policy instruments. Our key point is that adjustment should focus on increasing the value of the assets owned by the groups affected, and not on direct income transfers or programs targeted on output or other characteristics controlled by the beneficiaries. We target adjustment on what people have, as opposed to what people do ...
    DOI: 10.1787/856518560383
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  • 39
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    Vers la liberté des mouvements de capitaux (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Towards Capital Account Convertibility
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: . Les pays en développement les plus avancés sont incités de façon toujours pressante à supprimer les contrôles des mouvements de capitaux ; mais les expériences diverses de libéralisation montrent que les réformes doivent être élaborées avec soin pour améliorer l'efficacité économique et la croissance sans compromettre la stabilité. . Il est recommandé de procéder à une suppression graduelle de ces contrôles en prenant appui sur le progrès des réformes fiscales, la gestion du taux de change, le renforcement de la concurrence, et de la surveillance du système bancaire et la résolution des problèmes internes posés par les créances bancaires douteuses.
    DOI: 10.1787/304644858187
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  • 40
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    Offensive and Defensive Responses by European Multinationals to a World of Trade Blocs (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.64
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: European multinationals show a growing divergence in their response to the formation of regional trade blocs, according to evidence from seven industries. European firms that are strong competitors at the world level are able to adjust aggressively to changes within Europe without disturbing their global strategies. Weaker firms are prone to becoming more inward-looking in Europe, and to risk further loss of global competitive position. The contrast is particularly marked in industries like chemicals and consumer products, which emphasize exports as a means to serve international markets, and the weaker firms are especially prone to call for protectionist help from Brussels in trade-intensive industries, like apparel. While the lobbying pressures on national and European institutions differ according to the global competitive strength of the leading European firms in a particular industry, the effect is one-sided: the pressure for protection or support is strong in industries where the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/145052815784
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  • 41
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    Taiwanese Corporations in Globalisation and Regionalisation (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.61
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Chinese Taipei
    Kurzfassung: Many of Taiwan's highly export-oriented enterprises are small and medium-sized, and many are in a relatively good position to cope with, even to take advantage of, globalisation. Because they generally do not have strong in-house R&D, and often do not have their own global marketing channels and internationally recognised brand names, however, many also see globalisation as a serious threat. To cope with the challenges of globalisation, Taiwanese firms are adopting various strategies to strengthen their technological capabilities; these strategies include joint R&D efforts in Taiwan, and technology alliances with foreign partners. Faced with challenges at home — including labour shortages, major appreciation of the NT dollar and an environmental protection movement — as well as the pressures of globalisation, many firms are also striving to internationalise their operations, both in Asia and outside the region (especially in North America, more recently in Europe). Direct overseas ...
    DOI: 10.1787/263030024237
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  • 42
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    La privatisation dans les pays en développement : Réflexions sur une panacée (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Privatisation in Developing Countries: Reflections on a Panacea
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: •La dérive des secteurs publics nationaux dans les pays en développement légitime la privatisation ; •La privatisation n'a pas connu au cours des années 80 l'essor escompté ; •Les difficultés à privatiser dans les pays en développement révèlent l'inadaptation de leurs structures économiques et financières à ce changement ; •Toutes stratégie nationale de privatisation doit être cohérente avec l'orientation globale des réformes économiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/337703878328
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  • 43
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    Economic Regionalisation and Intra-Industry Trade : Pacific-Asian Perspectives (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.53
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The present paper examines the trade development of Pacific-Asian economies during the past decade from the perspective of regional integration. Its main focus is on the development of intra-regional and intra-industry trade. It provides some statistical evidence for the often-heard argument that the remarkable development of Pacific-Asian trade in the 1980s should be seen as a case for the "flying-geese" pattern of trade development, which is basically of inter-industry type. It argues, however, that developments since the mid-1980s have provided a new dimension to the regional division of labour — increasing the opportunities for intra-industry trade (IIT) among the Pacific-Asian economies. The empirical analysis based on the Grubel-Lloyd index of IIT in manufactures suggests that large increases in the level of IIT in the developing economies of the region is a consequence of "globalisation" of corporate activities in the United States and, more recently, in Japan and the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/035300332827
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  • 44
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    Debt Conversions in Yugoslavia (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.54
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The paper begins with a brief description of the relationship between Yugoslavia and its creditors throughout the 1980s, providing a background for the introduction of debt conversions in Yugoslav practice. The main features of the legal environment for debt conversions, especially of the debt conversion programme initiated in March 1989, are then reviewed. The paper then focuses on the main patterns of debt conversions executed in Yugoslavia with respect to their volume, structure of transactions, sources of funds and debt reduction effects. It appears in particular that the Yugoslav debt conversion programme presents many original features when compared with similar programmes implemented in several developing countries. Finally, the paper provides a review of the micro and macroeconomic implications of debt conversions, including the cost and benefits of these transactions, and concludes that this programme has been quite successful for Yugoslavia ...
    DOI: 10.1787/051211613213
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  • 45
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    Agriculture and the Policy Environment : Zambia and Zimbabwe (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.74
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Zambia ; Zimbabwe
    Kurzfassung: The paper examines the effect of differing policies in the post-independence period on the agricultural and overall economic performance of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It focuses on the interaction between macroeconomic and agricultural policy reforms. It shows that macro and micro reforms need to be closely linked and that both are critical to sectoral performance. The paper identifies a number of reform options and examines their sequencing at the national and agricultural level. Such reform will greatly improve the performance of the Zambian and Zimbabwean agricultural sectors, enhancing food security, employment and economic growth ...
    DOI: 10.1787/850532161540
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  • 46
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    Namibian Agriculture : Policies and Prospects (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.73
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Namibia
    Kurzfassung: The study examines agricultural development in Namibia in the context of the economic environment, with a view to providing policy perspectives which may assist in the process of reform towards a more equitable and dynamic economy. It shows that the improvement of smallholder incomes provides the only means of improving the position of the majority of poor Namibians, and examines how best to raise agricultural output without endangering the large-scale farmers who are vital to the economy. The significance for agricultural development of the customs and monetary agreements between Namibia and South Africa, and other external policies, is examined. The reform of pricing and marketing structures in Namibia is constrained by these external arrangements, but they also provide some benefits. The assessment of these and other issues provides the basis for an analysis of the reform options facing Namibian agriculture and the links between agricultural and economywide policies ...
    DOI: 10.1787/034622700155
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  • 47
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    Small-Scale Industries and Institutional Framework in Thailand (including Statistical Annex) (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.81
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Thailand
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents the results of a survey of the impact of regulations and taxes on small and micro enterprises, considered here as part of the informal sector, in Thailand. The survey covered a large sample of enterprises (more than 500) in Bangkok and ten other provinces. Three sectors were studied: restaurant stalls, garment manufacturing, metal goods manufacturing. In fact, these are activities in which there are the greatest number of "manufacturing" enterprises in Thailand's urban informal sector. Their study permits a comparison of the behaviour of enterprises active in different markets. The study shows that small enterprises in Thailand are well integrated in the economic development process, especially through subcontracting, and their growth is not particularly hindered by institutional constraints. Moreover, even though small entrepreneurs complain about the attitude of official inspectors, they often accepted the reasons for regulations, for they served to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/074416410021
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  • 48
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    Japan's Rapidly Emerging Strategy Toward Asia (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.58
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Japan
    Kurzfassung: Japan is in the process of developing much closer economic ties with its Asian neighbours, at both the government and private-sector levels. While there is little official support in Japan for the creation of any formal regional integration scheme, there is evidence of Japanese behaviour leading to what can be termed soft regionalisation with Japan as the dominant actor. A major increase in direct investment, supported by large amounts of foreign aid helping to create the necessary infrastructure for that investment, is the principal vehicle for the increasing Japanese involvement in Asia. Regional trade flows have shown less of a shift toward Japan, but that could change in the 1990s. The developing nations of Asia have been quite receptive to this rapid increase in the Japanese economic presence, and would be quite foolish to restrict the inflow of foreign aid and direct investment. Recipient countries should recognize however that the co-ordination between ...
    DOI: 10.1787/826220570632
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  • 49
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    Libéralisation des échanges : Quel enjeu ? (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.5
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Trade Liberalisation: What's at Stake?
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: . Les barrières commerciales faussent la structure des échanges internationaux ; elles altèrent l'affectation des ressources productives et freinent la croissance économique. Leur coût économique total est estimé à plus de 475 milliards de dollars par an. . Une réforme partielle, comme celle envisagée lors de l'Uruguay Round, rapporterait 195 milliards de dollars par an, dont plus de 90 milliards profiteraient aux pays en développement et aux anciennes économies centralement planifiées. . La CEE, le Japon et l'AELE seront sans doute les grands bénéficiaires de cette libéralisation. . Mais celle-ci aboutira également à une augmentation des revenus ruraux dans les pays en développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/263233630320
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  • 50
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    L' expérience de l'allégement de la dette du Niger (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.82
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Niger
    Kurzfassung: This document presents the different debt-reduction measures from which Niger has benefited since 1983. The country had a sizeable debt with commercial banks, resulting from the development of the uranium mining. Thus, to reschedule its public debt, Niger regularly resorted to both the London Club and the Paris Club. Besides these traditional measures, Niger was the first country to benefit from the IDA Debt-reduction Fund to allow it to use grants to buy back its debt at a discount. Despite the reduction produced by this process and from the application of the Toronto terms by the Paris Club which in 1991 together accounted for the maximum reduction possible by the usual procedures, the Niger government can still not meet its obligations. The adjustment policy and in particular the attempt to clean up public finances, have not resulted in rebalancing the budget in a country where the level of direct taxation is the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa and where tax receipts have continued ...
    DOI: 10.1787/507332822478
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and the Changing Public/Private Sector Balance : Developments in Rice and Cocoa (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.72
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This study examines the potential impact of changes in the public/private sector balance for biotechnology development and diffusion in developing country agriculture. It focuses on biotechnology related to two important developing country crops: rice and cocoa. The study highlights the differences in the ways in which research on the two crops is organised, at both national and international level, in the financial and scientific resources devoted to research and in the public and private actors involved. It stresses the need for government intervention in setting national research priorities and for innovative institutional arrangements — including public/private sector collaboration — in situations where public research funding has been reduced or is increasingly scarce ...
    DOI: 10.1787/324280502022
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  • 52
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    The Political Economy of Stabilization Programmes in Developing Countries (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 73 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.59
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This report investigates the endogenous effects of the implementation of stabilization programmes (credits and different variants of conditionalities) in developing countries. A model is outlined, which at the same time builds on Modern Political Economy and New Institutional Economy and incorporates cognitive (psychological) aspects in decision making. Emphasizing the demand and supply of support for the government by the various interest groups and the population, this model helps to explain not only the programmes' effects on the standard of living, but also on the use of instruments by the groups involved. Especially, effects on the politicians' own consumption, the extent of corruption by bribery and the suppression of the population and particular groups are analysed. Conditions under which the economic and/or the political situations improve for the population are identified and corresponding testable propositions are formulated ...
    DOI: 10.1787/802526617102
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  • 53
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    Economic Integration in the Pacific Region (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.65
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Economic integration in the Pacific region — which includes the United States, Canada and Mexico — is rapidly occurring, primarily as a result of intra-regional capital flows. Private-sector business opportunities between the west and east coasts and the northern and southern rims of the Pacific region are stimulating ever-larger flows of goods, services, capital, technology, and people among these economies. Seven trends in the world economy are likely to strengthen these regional business relationships. They are: (1) the evolution of US-Soviet relations from conflict to co-operation, (2) the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe, (3) the reversal of the "locomotive" role of the United States, (4) the ascendancy of Japan as the world's banker, (5) the econornic integration of Europe, (6) the economic integration of North America, and (7) the declining relevance of the GATT. However, a regional trend, the growing friction between Japan and the United ...
    DOI: 10.1787/600342086204
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  • 54
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    Co-Financing Transactions between Multilateral Institutions and International Banks (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.78
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The last decade has exemplified a retrenchment of bank lending in developing countries. International banks strive to boost capital ratios, thereby raising equity, reducing their less profitable assets and rebalancing portfolios towards less risky claims. In that context of underfinanced adjustment and growth programmes in the LDCs, international financial institutions (IFIs) have attempted to mobilize additional financing from commercial banks through co-financing and guarantee operations. The World Bank has been at the forefront of such a role since 1983. The B-loan programme, however, has fallen short of reviving private lending in the LDCs. In 1989, the World Bank introduced an enhanced co-financing operation programme (ECO) geared toward creditworthy borrowers. Risk-sharing arrangements with private banks involve the guarantee of late maturities as well as direct participation in bank loans and partial guarantee of bond issues. Despite more flexible guidelines for the World ...
    DOI: 10.1787/728086677321
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  • 55
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    Stabilization and Structural Adjustment in Indonesia : An Intertemporal General Equilibrium Analysis (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.83
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Indonesia
    Kurzfassung: Like most petroleum producing countries, Indonesia experienced a sharp deterioration in its export conditions during the early 1980s. Given the country's heavy reliance on oil taxation and relatively low per capita income, this exogenous shock seriously disrupted development plans and induced extensive structural adjustments in the economy. Indonesia has taken greater initiative than some to stabilize its economy and reduce the distortionary threat of expansionist policies inherited from the oil boom. Its success in this regard was due to an eventual willingness to implement voluntary stabilization and relatively favorable credit rating. In this study, a calibrated intertemporal general equilibrium model is used to evaluate the Indonesian adjustment policy of the period 1980-86 with particular attention to the growth and distributional implications of adjustment. The findings of this report indicate that more efficacious policies could have been implemented. These policies would ...
    DOI: 10.1787/158215377764
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  • 56
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    On the Pricing of LDC Debt : An Analysis Based on Historical Evidence from Latin America (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.52
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper displays and discusses historical data on sovereign debt prices for two Latin American countries and provides a signalling framework to account for the following phenomena: (a) prices for old (defaulted) and newly-issued debts were the same, but such prices diverge and rise sharply once the countries stopped issuing new foreign debt, and, (b) the price of defaulted and newly issued debts both tend to rise as the latter approaches maturity and the country starts redeeming all its outstanding obligations. The analysis sheds some light on the valuation of different debt instruments in today's secondary market for LDC debt ...
    DOI: 10.1787/745662235424
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  • 57
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    Adjustment and Equity (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Ajustement et équité
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • Adjustment does not necessarily increase poverty • Adjusting before a crisis reduces social costs • Refusal to adjust and the suspension of imports leads to self-centred underdevelopment, which is socially much more costly • The choice of macroeconomic stabilisation measures is important: the same result can be obtained with higher or lower social costs • Some structural adjustment measures have beneficial social effects but others, like the reorganisation of public enterprises, involve high costs • Action by donor countries is indispensable to offset the increase in poverty linked to stabilisation measures and to the reduction of employment in public enterprises
    DOI: 10.1787/534374616322
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  • 58
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    Le secteur informel en Tunisie : Cadre réglementaire et pratique courante (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.80
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Tunisia
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents the results of a survey of the impact of regulations and taxes on micro enterprises, considered here as part of the informal sector, in Tunisia. Its purpose is to determine the extent to which small entrepreneurs comply with current regulations, and the consequences of these regulations on the functioning and growth of their enterprises. The survey was carried out among a representative sample of enterprises in four sectors, with different degrees of compliance with institutional obligations: machinery repair, garment manufacturing, restaurant stalls and carpet manufacturing. The study of the four sectors permits a comparison of the behaviour of enterprises active in different markets. The study reveals that among small entrepreneurs there is nearly total distrust of the state and its regulations, which they consider a constraint on the development of their activities. However, certain legal obligations, such as those concerning insurance on the premises or the minimum ...
    DOI: 10.1787/636600173665
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  • 59
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    Gestion de l'environnement dans les pays en développement (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Managing the Environment in Developing Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • La politique de l'environnement devrait être fondée sur le principe selon lequel l'environnement est l'affaire de chacun ; tous les acteurs sociaux doivent prendre part à la gestion de l'environnement • Les politiques qui encouragent mplicitement, par des subventions, une exploitation des ressources naturelles abusive et préjudiciable à l'environnement sont fréquentes : les réformes devraient donner aussi bien la priorité aux questions économiques qu'à celles concernant l'environnement • Les instruments de marché sont moins employés que la réglementation mais ils peuvent être plus efficaces ; ils peuvent également constituer une source de revenus pour le financement de la protection de l'environnement • Il est possible d'améliorer l'efficacité des réglementations en mettant l'accent sur les mesures préventives, notamment les études d'impact sur l'environnement, en identifiant les gros pollueurs, en renforçant la mise en oeuvre des mesures adoptées et en encourageant la médiation aux dépens du recours à la poursuite judiciaire
    DOI: 10.1787/441575884444
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  • 60
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    Impact of Structural Adjustment and Adoption of Technology on Competitiveness of Major Cocoa Producing Countries (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.69
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: All the world’s cocoa is grown in developing countries — more than half in West Africa — essentially for export. Except in Brazil, Malaysia and Indonesia, it is grown by smallholders. In the international cocoa market, prices rose steeply in 1977 but have been in almost constant decline since and production surpluses have persisted. For producers, the impact of the structural adjustment and liberalisation process has been mixed. While prices have remained low on the international market, producers have generally received a higher share of the international market price. On the other hand, input prices have increased and subsidies for fertiliser or improved planting material have either been reduced or eliminated. Under these conditions, poor producers then use even fewer purchased inputs. Structural adjustment has had a negative impact on cocoa research, particularly in public research institutions in Brazil and in Africa. In Malaysia the situation is different as the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/275313772128
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  • 61
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    The Impact of Economic Reform on the Performance of the Seed Sector in Eastern and Southern Africa (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 83 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.68
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: During the last decade, the seed sector has been included in economic reform programmes in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa but it is not clear whether these initiatives have helped or hindered the process of improving small farmers' access to improved seed. This study explores this issue using the contrasting experiences of the seed sector in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Against a broadly common economic heritage and farming system, the pace of reform and the way it has been implemented in the seed sector have varied considerably between the three countries. Nonetheless the available data on seed production, costs of seed production and seed sales suggest that, at least in the short- to medium-term, reform-type policies adversely affect the ability of seed companies to produce improved seed cheaply and the ability of small farmers to make effective use of it. This is largely because general macro-economic and agricultural sector reforms fail to tackle the more ...
    DOI: 10.1787/523245475740
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  • 62
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    L' allégement de la dette et croissance : Le cas mexicain (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.79
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents a dynamic model simulating the Mexican economy, concentrating on the effects of public indebtedness. Three main variables are at the heart of the economic dynamic which is described here: the real domestic interest rate, the price of the debt on the secondary market, and the real exchange rate. The real domestic interest rate, which includes a risk premium on investments in Mexico, associated to a risk of illiquidity in the public sector, in turn influences the behaviour of private-sector investment. The price on the secondary market, which also includes a risk-bonus factor, in addition influences long-term expectations of the financial reliability of Mexico and therefore affects investment behaviour. The real exchange rate, which depends on the macroeconomic balance between goods and services, in turn affects public finances through the valuation of the contractual service of the external debt. This model is used to simulate the effects of the Brady plan, the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/603151830561
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  • 63
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    Towards Capital Account Convertibility (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Vers la liberté des mouvements de capitaux
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • Advanced developing countries are increasingly encouraged to remove existing capital controls, but mixed experiences with capital account opening caution that reform must be carefully designed to increase efficiency and growth without compromising stability • A gradual dismantling of capital controls is recommended, based on progress made in tax reform, exchange rate management, enforcement of bank competition and supervision, and solving domestic banks' bad-loan problems
    DOI: 10.1787/332312815187
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  • 64
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    Ajustement et équité (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.1
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Adjustment and Equity
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: • L'ajustement n'est pas synonyme 'aggravation de la pauvreté • Ajuster avant la crise permet d'en réduire les coûts sociaux • Le refus d'ajuster et la réduction forcée des importations conduisent à un sousdéveloppement autocentré beaucoup plus coûteux socialement que l'ajustement • Le choix de mesures macroéconomiques pour stabiliser n'est pas neutre : on peut obtenir le même résultat à des coûts sociaux plus ou moins élevés • Plusieurs mesures d'ajustement structurel ont des effets sociaux favorables, mais d'autres, comme la remise en ordre des entreprises publiques, sont coûteuses • L'intervention des pays donneurs est indispensable pour compenser l'aggravation de la pauvreté liée aux mesures de stabilisation et aux licenciements dans les entreprises publiques
    DOI: 10.1787/487881601588
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  • 65
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    The Impact of Laws and Regulations on Micro and Small Enterprises in Niger and Swaziland (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 83 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.77
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Eswatini ; Niger
    Kurzfassung: This Technical Paper presents the results of research on the impact of taxation and other regulations on micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in two countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The fiscal and other regulations of the countries studied — Niger and Swaziland — and their administrative systems are quite different. Based on approximately similar samples of enterprises from the two countries, this study estimated and compared the level of compliance with these different legal requirements, and also ascertained their consequences for the functioning and growth of these enterprises. The research revealed that the MSEs of the two countries do not comply with all the applicable regulations. The level of compliance itself depended more on the type of regulation and characteristics of the MSEs studied than on the country. It appears that the proportion of MSEs that are registered was nearly identical in the two countries, while differences depend primarily on location (rural versus urban) ...
    DOI: 10.1787/685353573323
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  • 66
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    Conflict or Indifference : US Multinationals in a World of Regional Trading Blocs (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.57
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Managers of US multinational corporations generally respond with a "big yawn" to warnings that the world trading system might evolve into a set of protectionist regional blocs. Their lack of fear is justified, since both their past strategies and their more recent, supposedly global strategies have resulted principally in regional systems of production facilities. The gains from manufacturing and trading among more widely dispersed facilities seem lower than the costs of managing such a complex system. As a result, US multinationals' trade in manufactures stays mostly within the region of production, and would be little affected by the emergence of powerful trading blocs. The strategies of most US multinationals would be threatened only if regional blocs restricted foreign investment. This seems unlikely, given the history of regional trade groups, and restrictions on new investment would probably harm Japanese competitors more than US multinationals, which have already established ...
    DOI: 10.1787/258656276864
    URL: Volltext
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  • 67
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    Agricultural Productivity and Economic Policies : Concepts and Measurements (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.75
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This study develops a conceptual framework for analysing the ways in which changes in the economic environment modify factor productivity. It focuses on the technology actually used in production — implemented technology — rather than the generation of technology. Implementation reflects the pattern of incentives and constraints deriving from the underlying economic conditions with which producers are faced in making technology choices. The study provides an original, formal theoretical underpinning to the popular but essentially unsubstantiated proposition that productivity and the rate of growth of productivity depend on the policy framework ...
    DOI: 10.1787/257184001567
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  • 68
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    Structural Adjustment and Moroccan Agriculture : An Assessment of the Reforms in the Sugar and Cereal Sectors (1992)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.70
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Morocco
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews the process of agricultural policy reforms in Morocco in the 1980's, with particular emphasis on the cereals and sugar sub-sectors. Agricultural policy is reviewed in historical perspective, to show that the liberalisation process which was proposed in the framework of structural adjustment reforms ran contrary to the agricultural development strategy followed by Morocco since Independence. The macro-economic performance of Morocco is examined. It shows that the origin of the economic policy reforms can be found in the necessity to seek balance of payment ssupport. This led from a series of orthodox stabilisation measures to a process of liberalisation and structural adjustment which has affected a certain number of sectors including agriculture. The history of proposals for agricultural reforms is outlined and the extent of actual implementation is discussed. The adequacy of policy instruments and the impact of reforms are reviewed in a more detailed form for the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/217714011805
    URL: Volltext
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  • 69
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    The External Financing of Indonesia's Imports (Special Series on Mixed Credits, in Collaboration with ICEPS) (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.37
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Indonesia
    Kurzfassung: Foreign borrowing as a source of additional savings can be valuable to a nation whose supply of long-term investment funds is scarce, relative to the amount of its productive investment opportunities. Indonesia is an example of such a country. It has abundant investment opportunities, but because of a limited capital market has financed many of its development projects from international sources. It has maintained a policy of restricting foreign commercial borrowing while maximizing the share of funds from multilateral and bilateral sources at preferential terms. At the end of 1986, Indonesia's total outstanding external debt was estimated at $43.5 billion, 43 per cent of which was denominated in US dollars, and 22 per cent in Japanese yen. The current rates of public foreign debt services to exports is in the 30 per cent range and the rates of total foreign debt service to exports is in the 40 per cent range. Since 1984, the co-ordination of debt management and trade ...
    DOI: 10.1787/510306807525
    URL: Volltext
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  • 70
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    Long-Term Capital Reflow Under Macroeconomic Stabilization in Latin America (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.38
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper focuses on the scope for stabilizing Latin American economies to repatriate capital for the financing of long-term investments and economic recovery in the region. In particular, a simple two-period investment model is developed to show that a government seeking capital repatriation may be tempted to introduce investment subsidies on such long-term capital inflows. Typically, however, such a government will be facing the following trade off: small investment subsidies may not be sufficient to attract large-scale repatriation, and high aggregate subsidies may trigger inflationary expectations. A decreasing subsidy scheme is shown to be optimal. Such a scheme has the following properties: it provides an incentive for investors to repatriate their capital early, and at the same time, it keeps government spending low enough not to jeopardize stabilization programmes. A decreasing subsidy scheme could account for the success that the Chilean debt-equity-swap programmes have ...
    DOI: 10.1787/751522750014
    URL: Volltext
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  • 71
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    Measuring and Modelling Non-Tariff Distortions with Special Reference to Trade in Agricultural Commodities (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.40
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines issues which have arisen from the growth of non-tariff measures (NTM)s as the preferred instrument of government intervention in commodities markets, especially for agricultural commodities. In order to understand the effects of NTMs and to compare them with tariffs, the paper uses the standard concepts of equivalence and non-equivalence with tariffs . It also establishes and develops a comparison between two instruments called quasi-equivalence which is particularly useful in analysing various differences between the effects of tariffs and non-tariff measures. These differences between tariffs and NTMs have several consequences which no single measure can adequately summarise. Nevertheless, the price effects of NTMs can be captured by using either effective rates of assistance (ERA) or producer subsidy equivalents (PSE)s. When the net percentage form of the PSE is calculated using world prices and allowing for as many input price changes as ...
    DOI: 10.1787/260642830870
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  • 72
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    Time-Varying Estimates on the Openness of the Capital Account in Korea and Taiwan (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.42
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Chinese Taipei ; Korea, Republic of
    Kurzfassung: How open are the capital accounts in Korea and Taiwan? Has there been a trend towards more financial openness during the 1980s? This paper aims at answering both questions by estimating a model of interest determination first outlined by Edwards and Khan, in an extension suggested by Haque and Montiel. Use is made of a time-varying parameter estimation based on the Kalman filter technique, instead of the usual constant parameter estimation. The findings indicate a low degree of capital mobility for both Korea and Taiwan, and no trend towards more financial openness (except recently in Taiwan's interbank market). The dismantling of capital controls and of internal financial restrictions is thus likely to impose an important loss of monetary autonomy in both countries ...
    DOI: 10.1787/424740140426
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  • 73
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    Trade Policies in a Global Context : Technical Specifications of the Rural/Urban-North/South (RUNS) Applied General Equilibrium Model (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 85 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.48
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The Rural/Urban-North/South Model (RUNS) is a global applied general equilibrium model, with a focus on agriculture. RUNS was initially developed in the early 1980's and has been used throughout the 1980's to provide analyses of world agricultural trends and agricultural policies. Amongst other things, RUNS was used to provide background analyses for several World Bank World Development Reports. RUNS is now integrated into the Development Centre's 1990-1992 programme on Developing Country Agriculture and International Economic Trends, under the direction of Ian Goldin. This paper provides an updated full technical specification of the RUNS model. It replaces and revises Technical Paper 33 which documented the model structure as of December 1990. Parts I and II of the paper provide an introduction and a general description of the model and is intended for a broad audience. Part III provides a detailed description of each block of the RUNS model, including a full set of model ...
    DOI: 10.1787/102708577135
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  • 74
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    Le partage du fardeau entre les créanciers de pays débiteurs défaillants (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.44
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This Technical paper presents the results of research carried out with the aim of defining and explaining how the debt crisis burden is shared between the different creditors. The interaction between creditors, which is seen primarily in this burden-sharing, is a phenomenon that has been unduly neglected by the analyses and the policies implemented since the beginning of the debt crisis. The paper first shows how it is possible, at the price of a small number of simplifying analytical assumptions, to define and statistically measure burden-sharing among creditors. The proposed method is then applied to the data of a sample group of 28 countries for a 5 year period (1985-1989). The calculations lead to extremely clear results, according to which the burden has in recent years fallen mainly on official creditors and, among these, above all on the multilateral institutions. The paper then goes on to throw light on the macroeconomic determinants of the burden borne by the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/267878327340
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  • 75
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    Policy and Entrepreneurial Responses to the Montreal Protocol : Some Evidence from the Dynamic Asian Economies (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.51
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This Technical Paper examines: (i) how the governments of the six dynamic Asian economies — Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand — have responded to the challenge posed by the Montreal Protocol to reduce their consumption of ozone-depleting substances like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and methyl chloroform (MC); (ii) how electronics firms in those economies have coped with the technical and other problems involved in substituting for CFC-113 and MC in their cleaning operations. The paper shows how different national control strategies and policy frameworks can shape incentives for conservation and recycling; countries with quantitative restrictions in place have been highly effective in curtailing CFC consumption. Once quotas are in place, governments do well to devise an allocation system that enables them to capture the bulk of the quota rents to finance measures designed to facilitate the phase-out effort. Substantial reductions through conservation measures ...
    DOI: 10.1787/408872013406
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  • 76
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    The External Financing of Thailand's Imports (Special Series on Mixed Credits, in Collaboration with ICEPS) (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 84 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.45
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Thailand
    Kurzfassung: This study has three basic objectives. First, it estimates the subsidy rates for the officially supported external financing received by the Thai public sector. Second, it attempts to provide some analysis of the impact of this concessional funding on the domestic allocation of resources. Third, it aims to estimate the supply and demand functions for the officially supported export credits received by Thailand from 1976 to 1985. A relatively detailed review of the period from 1975 to 1985 revealed a deteriorating external debt situation for Thailand. External public debt rose from a low of US$900 million in 1973 to US$12.8 billion in 1985 with comparable public debt service ratios of 2.9 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively. This occurred despite the customary conservative external borrowing policy of the Thai government and its centralized administrative control of public debt creation. Concessional ODA financing averaged 21 per cent of total net financial flows in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/086838577183
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  • 77
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    Toward a Concept of Development Agreements (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.43
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The problems associated with structural stagnation, the debt crisis, and policy mismanagement have proved resistant to the procedures of balance-of-payments stabilization and structural adjustment of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. This paper considers the challenges encountered in merging policies of adjustment and development planning. We consider some guiding principles and weigh some alternative policies. The paper suggests that a new approach may be useful for the countries that have been least successful at making adjustments, face massive structural problems, and need additional donor aid. Development Agreements would call, on the part of the recipient countries, for policies based on a "development strategy" and, on the part of the donor countries, for assurances of long-term financial assistance. It is suggested that such agreements be organised and overseen by joint Development Commissions made up of representatives of the donors, the recipient ...
    DOI: 10.1787/821180114212
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  • 78
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    Aggregation by Industry in General Equilibrium Models with International Trade (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.50
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Models of trading economies have become very large in dimensions and complex in structure. This paper seeks conditions under which it is possible to aggregate the production and consumption of groups of commodities in "industries": commodity groups sharing some common characteristics and behaviour. The most extreme form of aggregation is the simultaneous aggregation of the same commodities using the same aggregator functions on both the production and consumption sides of the model. This is called "complete aggregation". If this can be done, the competitive equilibrium can be determined in two stages and the commodity dimensions of a model can be reduced drastically, perhaps to very few. In other cases it is possible to aggregate commodities only on the production or the consumption side of the model. Such aggregation will simplify the production or consumption side and allow the derivation of new results. Conditions which are sufficient for aggregation in production or ...
    DOI: 10.1787/581654016867
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  • 79
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    The Changing Nature of IMF Conditionality (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 70 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.41
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: In the terminology of the International Monetary Fund, "conditionality" refers to the policies the Fund expects a member to follow in order to be able to avail itself of credit from the Fund (Gold, 1979). Over the years, major changes in the landscape surrounding the Fund and in the situation of its members have brought about important changes in the content of conditionality. These changes have been most pronounced in the 1980s, and they have led to a gradual, but cumulatively fundamental, change in the Fund's relations with its borrowing members over the past decade — with further changes likely in the 1990s. 1.1 The impact of changing economic conditions One major change affecting the Fund's conditionality has been the narrowing down of the Fund's clientele to its developing members. The Fund had been conceived as an institution to which any of its members could be expected to turn for temporary financing when faced with balance-of-payments difficulties. The main ...
    DOI: 10.1787/187765075405
    URL: Volltext
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  • 80
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    Macro-Micro Linkages : Structural Adjustment and Fertilizer Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.49
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: In the 1960s, the principle of subsidies for agricultural inputs was unquestioned. The advent of Structural Adjustment Plans led however to a re-examination of this principle, as preference moved towards liberalisation of the agricultural sector. Given the very low consumption of fertilizers in sub-Saharan Africa — a consumption level which is currently the lowest for all world regions — its agricultural development calls imperatively for an increase in the use of fertilizers. Widespread diffusion of the most modern agricultural practices is therefore a sine quo non for agricultural policies in this region. Hitherto, the cessation of subsidies has always resulted in reduced use of fertilizers. This is due to the specific nature of private demand for agricultural inputs, which is particularly sensitive to the risk factor associated with the use of fertilizers. Users must accordingly be protected against the economic hazards consequent upon the introduction of modern ...
    DOI: 10.1787/616580654627
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  • 81
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    The External Financing of Brazilian Imports (Special Series on Mixed Credits, in Collaboration with ICEPS) (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.46
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Brazil
    Kurzfassung: On average, the role of export-credit operations (ECOs) in the Brazilian economy has been modest: during the 1985-89 period they involved only 2.57 per cent of total Brazilian imports, highly concentrated in "equipment" (excluding transport, but including government services), "cereals" and "coal", with the United States, Canada and France being the most important partners (covering on average 88.5 per cent of the total). The subsidy, in principle, corresponds to the value of the difference between repayments according to market and "soft" conditions, that is, the difference between interest payments without and with soft terms. However, problems arise because (i) soft loans are not always made available as soon as they are agreed upon, (ii) such loans usually benefit from a grace period, (iii) the interest rate on the loan and the discount factor can change over time, and, last but not least, (iv) ex-anteevaluations of the benefit are hard to capture by looking at ...
    DOI: 10.1787/482082781166
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  • 82
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    Buybacks of LDC Debt and the Scope for Forgiveness (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.39
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper explains why a debtor country may be eager to spend foreign exchange reserves on the retirement of its cross-border obligations at market prices. A simple two-period framework shows that such spending can be profitable to both the debtor countries and their foreign creditors, and thereby provides an explanation as to why the so-called buybacks of LDC debt actually take place. An extended version of the basic framework shows how buybacks can be induced by having commercial creditors grant debt forgiveness, and why debt forgiveness thereby becomes an optimal strategy for creditors to follow ...
    DOI: 10.1787/526772308631
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  • 83
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    Changing Comparative Advantage in Thai Agriculture (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.35
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Thailand
    Kurzfassung: Two key developments affected Thai agriculture in the last decade: the precipitous decline (until 1988) in world prices for the major agricultural items exported by Thailand, and the decline in the amount of cultivable land available for each agricultural worker. During this same period the Thai economy has experienced a slowdown in the rate of growth of real GDP and an increase in the extent of poverty, the first time this has happened since statistics on poverty became available in 1963. As these economy-wide developments and the adverse changes specific to agriculture coincided, it came to be widely believed that the one is the cause of the other. This paper sets out to examine the validity of this belief, using an applied general equilibrium model (the THAM-2). The simulations indicate that the effect of the agriculture-associated changes on the Thai economy can be quite substantial. Liberalization of rice alone will increase real GDP by 2 to 3 per cent. Had the world ...
    DOI: 10.1787/867640232517
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  • 84
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    Scenarios for the World Trading System and Their Implications for Developing Countries (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.47
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Four scenarios for the global trading system in the 1990s are outlined and their implications for developing countries considered: (i) further development of a GATT-based trading regime; (ii) development of a world of trading blocs -- where the critical issue is not whether they will emerge (they will) but whether they become "building blocks" for a more integrated global system or "stumbling blocks" that cause the system to fragment; (iii) development of a system of managed trade, where political forces would dominate outcomes and which could evolve out of the friction between Japan and the United States or Europe; and (iv) movement beyond GATT and dealing with international problems "at the borders" toward a system of deeper global harmonisation in such areas as competition policy, standards, regulatory practices and technology policies. The answer to the question of which of these scenarios will predominate is of growing importance for developing countries, both because of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/581340376663
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  • 85
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    Biotechnology and Developing Country Agriculture : Maize in Indonesia (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 86 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.34
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Indonesia
    Kurzfassung: After rice, maize is the second most important staple food in Indonesia, and is cultivated under a diversity of agro-ecological conditions. While food accounts for more than half total maize utilisation, demand for maize as livestock feed - particularly for poultry - has been growing rapidly in recent years. The Indonesian Development Plan sets production targets for maize for different regions, according to different technological "packages" in terms of the type of seed used and level of other inputs. Although the recommended technology packages imply wider diffusion of improved seed, only a small share of the total area cultivated is sown to hybrids and the commercial seeds industry is only just emerging. Unlike rice and soybean, maize is not a major focus of policy intervention. Nevertheless, farm revenue in maize production has been increasing despite growing production costs per hectare. Given the high price of hybrids compared to open-pollinated varieties so far obtained ...
    DOI: 10.1787/735247002631
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  • 86
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    Capital Flows and the External Financing of Turkey's Imports (Special Series on Mixed Credits, in Collaboration with ICEPS) (1991)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 93 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.36
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Turkey
    Kurzfassung: Subsidized capital flows have made a major contribution to the recovery of the Turkish economy from the acute balance of payments crisis of the late 1970s. The inflow of foreign capital on a substantial scale has facilitated rapid growth in imports of essential raw materials and investment goods which, in turn, has been instrumental in sustaining a comparatively high rate of economic growth. A balanced account, however, needs to take into consideration the negative side effects associated with subsidized credits. Subsidized capital inflows have resulted in overborrowing and consequently in overexpansion of the public sector, particularly during the post-1984 phase. A structural disequilibrium has developed, in the sense that the majority of medium- and long-term capital inflows has been directed to the public sector, and within the public sector, primarily to infrastructure projects. The private sector has been able to borrow mainly on a short-term basis, to satisfy working ...
    DOI: 10.1787/428522687883
    URL: Volltext
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  • 87
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    Rebalancing the Public and Private Sectors in Developing Countries : The Case of Ghana (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.14
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Ghana
    Kurzfassung: The process of adjusting the balance between the public and private sectors, an essential part of structural reforms launched in Ghana, took place in an improved macroeconomic environment. The policies pursued, Economic Recovery Programme I (1983-86) and II (1987-89), have followed so far a consensual scheme, "stabilization first then structural adjustment". In the following study, the author points out the probability of success for this second step, by analysing the components of one of the most successful experiences on the African continent ...
    DOI: 10.1787/187878633382
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  • 88
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    The Legal Protection of Software : Implications for Latecomer Strategies in Newly Industrialising Economies (NIEs) and Middle-Income Economies (MIEs) (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.26
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: The issue of the nature and extent of legal protection of software arises in the context of a global software industry in which: a) suppliers and users are both heavily concentrated in the OECD countries; b) US firms dominate the global market, especially for packaged software; c) software Research and Development (R&D) is performed mostly in the developed countries. As yet, very few developing country firms have emerged as internationally competitive software suppliers. The leading software producing and exporting country, the United States, has instituted a system of copyright protection for software which it has sought to export to other countries, even though there remains considerable uncertainty within the United States about the appropriateness of this approach. Indeed, the issue of what sort of regime is best suited to software protection remains an unresolved one. Most developing country software firms are involved in custom software development, for which copyright ...
    DOI: 10.1787/658251434128
    URL: Volltext
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  • 89
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    Debt Overhang, Liquidity Constraints and Adjustment Incentives (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.32
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Investment in most heavily indebted countries has been weak since 1982. The widely accepted debt overhang proposition interprets the investment drop as a moral hazard problem: a heavy debt burden raises the incentive to consume, because the marginal benefit of investment would go to the creditor. This paper develops several hypotheses on optimal reactions of a credit-constrained debtor country on an increase in debt, on variations in the credit constraint, on changes in interest rates, and contrasts these with the predictions stemming from the debt overhang proposition. Empirical specifications of conventional investment functions and consumption functions (along the Permanent Income Hypothesis) lead to reject the debt overhang proposition, but find that the switch from positive to negative external transfers to the debtor countries is an important explanation for their investment drop. The major policy conclusion is that the 1989 shift in international debt management (the Brady ...
    DOI: 10.1787/356147450736
    URL: Volltext
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Analyse des variables socio-culturelles et de l'ajustement en Côte d'Ivoire (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.9
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Cote d'Ivoire
    Kurzfassung: This paper responds to the need to examine with empirical data the way in which women and children have been affected by recession and structural adjustment. A careful analysis of the impact on women (as compared to men) in developing countries has not been undertaken before with this kind of data. To facilitate our understanding of the Ivorian household survey data, we also used existing sociological and anthropological studies. These studies formed the basis of our interpretation of socio-cultural structures, economic exchanges between men and women within the household, the sexual division of labour for certain tasks and types of employment (and on different crops: export/food production for the rural areas) and the way in which different sources of income are allocated to given expenditures and by whom. The essential point is that adjustment and other programmes can provide realistic opportunities and incentives for productive activities for men and women which are based on ...
    DOI: 10.1787/488458680613
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  • 91
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    Specialization, Technical Change and Competitiveness in the Brazilian Electronics Industry (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.27
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Brazil
    Kurzfassung: The Brazilian electronics industry operates within a policy regime which has promoted excessive diversification rather than concentrating on developing strong technological capabilities in appropriate areas. The international competitiveness of most segments of the electronics industry declined sharply during the first half of the 1980s. Four major sectors of the electronics industry are examined here: microelectronics, banking automation, colour TVs, and public digital exchanges. In microelectronics, the focus of specialisation should be on the design of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). To support those design efforts with an efficient local IC fabrication capacity, the government needs to forge a cooperative arrangement among producers to enable the establishment of a silicon foundry of efficient scale. In banking automation, which is highly software and engineering intensive, firms could be expected to diversify into point-of-sale automation, without giving ...
    DOI: 10.1787/164255475842
    URL: Volltext
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  • 92
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    Biotechnology and Developing Country Agriculture : Maize in Mexico (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.19
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: Maize has been a staple food in Mexico since pre-Hispanic times and is still an important source of calories and protein in daily consumption, especially for poor families. The pattern of consumption is nevertheless changing; with the share of food consumption declining and feed utilisation expanding. The agro-climatic conditions of production are highly diverse, with wide ranges in yields and rainfed areas accounting for the major share of total maize area and of total production. Mexico has become an important importer of both maize grain and seed. Reduction of these high levels of grain imports and growth in domestic production are priority policy objectives. Improved seeds are sown in only one-fifth of the total area cultivated, but half the irrigated area. Despite the wide genetic variability of maize in Mexico only five improved varieties accounted for almost half the improved seed used during the spring/summer growing season. There is a pressing need in Mexico for a wider ...
    DOI: 10.1787/575384725580
    URL: Volltext
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  • 93
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    Online-Ressource
    International Comparisons of Efficiency in Agricultural Production (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.21
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: This paper deals with the problem of definition and measurement of the efficiency of agricultural production. Using an agronomical simulation model, it makes comparisons of wheat, maize, sunflower and soybean production in different regions of France, Argentina and the United States. The ability of a country to defend its position as an exporter of a specific agricultural product or to maintain local production of a product in deficit, facing the competition of imports, is shown to depend on three factors: 1) the efficiency of agricultural production; 2) the efficiency of an internal transportation, stockage and trading system; and 3) the level of protection for agriculture introduced by different national policies. The first two factors are usually considered as defining the comparative advantage of a country on the considered product. In the international context of today, it is important for many developing countries to know their relative position in terms of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/436855215210
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  • 94
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    Biotechnology and Developing Country Agriculture : Maize in Brazil (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.17
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Brazil
    Kurzfassung: With annual production averaging over 20 million metric tons, Brazil is the second largest developing country producer of maize (after China) and the third largest in the world. This report analyses development and dissemination of maize research and technology in Brazil from a socio-economic and politico-institutional perspective. It concentrates therefore on agents and factors which influence development of research and its productive application. The report is in two parts. First it describes the role of maize in the Brazilian economy - the main characteristics of its production, marketing and consumption, together with relevant sectoral policies and regulation of seed production. Then it analyses the development of maize research and technology in Brazil, identifying the main agents involved and possible future developments in the light of the introduction of biotechnologies. As an Appendix, the authors review development of biotechnologies in Brazil. Many people have ...
    DOI: 10.1787/236802368512
    URL: Volltext
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  • 95
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    Tax Revenue Implications of the Real Exchange Rate : Econometric Evidence from Korea and Mexico (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.12
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Korea, Republic of ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: The variety of channels through which devaluation of the exchange rate impacts on real tax receipts, calls for empirical clarification. This paper should be seen as a first attempt towards empirical evidence. It establishes the causal relationships between the real exchange rate and real tax receipts. A causality test rejects the hypothesis of unidirectional causality running from taxes to the exchange rate. The causal inferences from the Sims test allow to use the real exchange rate as an exogenous determinant in a simple simultaneous equation model. The model endogenises tax yields and tax bases to allow for a test of the significance and relevance of the exchange rate to explain variations in real tax receipts. An important insight results from the distinction of the direct (price) effect and indirect (output) effect of changes in the real exchange rate on tax receipts. A double-logarithmic version of the model with (seasonally adjusted) quarterly data is estimated for Korea and ...
    DOI: 10.1787/171303142365
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  • 96
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    Optimal Currency Composition of Foreign Debt : The Case of Five Developing Countries (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.23
    Schlagwort(e): Development
    Kurzfassung: Many developing countries lack access to future and option markets to hedge the enormous risks arising from the currency exposure of their foreign debt. And even if these markets are accessible, their maturities are often too short compared to the maturities of long-term debt. The important hedging instrument available for any country, however, is the currency mix of foreign debt itself. This paper provides a theory for the optimal currency composition of foreign debt for market constrained developing countries. It also develops the empirical methodology to determine the optimal currency mix which is then applied. Applying the method to Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines and South Korea, the optimal mix is compared to alternative currency compositions, both in terms of foreign exchange gains and losses as well as variability of balance of payments flows ...
    DOI: 10.1787/021451754503
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  • 97
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    Agriculture and the Economic Cycle : An Economic and Econometric Analysis with Special Reference to Brazil (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.15
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Brazil
    Kurzfassung: This study provides an economic and econometric analysis of agriculture in the economic cycle, with special reference to the recent experience of Brazil. Part One of the paper discusses the economic theory and points to the relevance of classical texts for analysis of agriculture's role in the economic crisis facing developing countries. Part Two of the paper tests the hypothesis that agriculture exercises a stabilising role in the economic cycle using statistical and econometric procedures. It offers a novel application of tests of cointegration and stationarity and concludes on this basis that agriculture does indeed exercise a stabilising role in the economic cycle. The study was concluded under the Development Centre's programme "Developing Country Agriculture and International Economic Trends", directed by Ian Goldin ...
    DOI: 10.1787/484254612405
    URL: Volltext
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  • 98
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    The Indian Electronics Industry : Current Status, Perspectives and Policy Options (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.30
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; India
    Kurzfassung: Prior to the 1980s, India's electronics industry was heavily protected. The industry used inefficient production methods to produce obsolete products of low quality at high cost. Since 1983, various attempts were made to "liberalize" the industry. The overall effects have been accelerated growth, the entry of many new firms in the market place and an increased reliance on foreign technology and components. Four case studies, covering personal computers (PCs), colour TVs (CTVs), electronic switching equipment, and integrated circuits (ICs), demonstrate the impact which the government's new electronics policy has had on the industry's technological capabilities and international competitiveness. There is growing concern that liberalization has eroded the industry's technological base and made it far too dependent on imports. A policy shift is likely to occur in the near future to promote greater localisation of component production as well as local research and development ...
    DOI: 10.1787/486635333275
    URL: Volltext
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  • 99
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    Online-Ressource
    The Status and an Evaluation of the Electronics Industry in Taiwan (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.29
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Chinese Taipei
    Kurzfassung: Taiwan’s information technology industry has experienced phenomenal growth in the last decade, and it is currently ranked among the largest in the world. The growth has been overwhelmingly export-oriented, with microcomputers and computer monitors leading in terms of both growth and production shares. The island also has a very large production of electronic parts and components. Taiwan’s exports of these information technology products still consists of items with low average unit value, though in the case of monitors its exports have rapidly converged to the world average. The share of exports concentrated in the 20 leading firms has declined steeply over the last decade, reflecting the dynamism of the small- and medium-scale firm sector. Likewise the share of foreign invested firms in exports has fallen significantly, indicating the relative strength of domestic firms. The degree of concentration of information product exports on the US market has also fallen, reflecting ...
    DOI: 10.1787/141132862141
    URL: Volltext
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  • 100
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    From Globalization to Regionalization : The Mexican Case (1990)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.24
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: From 1983 to 1989 Mexico pursued a strategy of integration into the global economy and reducing dependence on the US economy. That strategy was based on bilateral sectoral negotiations with the United States and multilateral negotiations through GATT to obtain recipiocity for Mexico’s own trade liberalisation, combined with efforts to attract Japanese and European FDI. Economic reforms included rather harsh macroeconomic adjustments (notably fiscal-deficit reduction), which lowered annual inflation from 200 to 20 per cent, and trade liberalisation, which has helped to make Mexico a leading exporter of manufactures. More gradual and pragmatic reforms were undertaken to promote FDI, deregulate industry and privatise state enterprises. The globalisation strategy was perceived as too ambitious, however, and abandoned in mid-1989 for three principal reasons: the US-Canada FTA was seen as a threat, changes in Eastern Europe were thought to undermine possibilities for significantly ...
    DOI: 10.1787/566164701344
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