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  • 2000-2004  (17)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (17)
  • Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press
  • Income  (17)
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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Trade and Financial Development (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Do, Quy-Toan Trade and Financial Development
    Schlagwort(e): Comparative Advantage ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; Goods ; Income ; Increasing Returns ; Increasing Returns To Scale ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Comparative Advantage ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; Goods ; Income ; Increasing Returns ; Increasing Returns To Scale ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Comparative Advantage ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; Goods ; Income ; Increasing Returns ; Increasing Returns To Scale ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: The differences in financial systems between industrial and developing countries are pronounced. It has been observed, both theoretically and empirically, that the differences in countries' financial systems are a source of comparative advantage in trade. Do and Levchenko point out that to the extent a country's financial development is endogenous, it will in turn be influenced by trade. They build a model in which a country's financial development is an equilibrium outcome of the economy's productive structure: in countries with large financially intensive sectors, financial systems are more developed. When a wealthy and a poor country open to trade, the financially dependent sectors grow in the wealthy country, and so does the financial system. By contrast, as the financially intensive sectors shrink in the poor country, demand for external finance decreases and the domestic financial system deteriorates. The authors test their model using data on financial development for a sample of 77 countries. They find that the main predictions of the model are borne out in the data: trade openness is associated with faster financial development in wealthier countries, and with slower financial development in poorer ones. This paper—a product of the Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to investigate the relation between finance and trade
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s? (2004)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Chen, Shaohua How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?
    Schlagwort(e): Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Chen and Ravallion present new estimates of the extent of the developing world's progress against poverty. By the frugal
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ravallion, Martin Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Schlagwort(e): Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Kurzfassung: Chen and Ravallion use China's national household surveys for rural and urban areas to measure and explain the welfare impacts of the changes in goods and factor prices attributed to WTO accession. Price changes are estimated separately using a general equilibrium model to capture both direct and indirect effects of the initial tariff changes. The welfare impacts are first-order approximations based on a household model incorporating own-production activities and are calibrated to the household-level data imposing minimum aggregation. The authors find negligible impacts on inequality and poverty in the aggregate. However, diverse impacts emerge across household types and regions associated with heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with possible implications for compensatory policy responses. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the household welfare impacts of economywide policy changes
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty (2003)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ianchovichina, Elena Long-Run Impacts of China's WTO Accession on Farm-Nonfarm Income Inequality and Rural Poverty
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization ; Agricultural Policy ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm Households ; Farm Incomes ; Farm Products ; Farm Sector ; Farm Work ; Farmers ; Food Insecurity ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; World Trade Organization
    Kurzfassung: Many fear China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) will impoverish its rural people by way of greater import competition in its agricultural markets. Anderson, Huang, and Ianchovichina explore that possibility bearing in mind that, even if producer prices of some (land-intensive) farm products fall, prices of other (labor-intensive) farm products could rise. Also, the removal of restrictions on exports of textiles and clothing could boost town and village enterprises, so demand for unskilled labor for nonfarm work in rural areas may grow even if demand for farm labor in aggregate falls. New estimates, from the global economywide numerical simulation model known as GTAP, of the likely changes in agricultural and other product prices as a result of WTO accession are drawn on to examine empirically the factor reward implications of China's WTO accession. The results suggest farm-nonfarm and Western-Eastern income inequality may well rise in China but rural-urban income inequality need not. The authors conclude with some policy suggestions for alleviating any pockets of farm household poverty that may emerge as a result of WTO accession. This paper—a product of the Economic Policy Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network—is part of a larger effort in the network to assess the impact of China's WTO accession
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Universal(ly Bad) Service : Providing Infrastructure Services to Rural and Poor Urban Consumers (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Wallsten, Scott Universal(ly Bad) Service
    Schlagwort(e): Benefits ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Competition ; Competition Policy ; Consumers ; Costs ; Development ; Development Strategies ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Goods ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Levels ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Benefits ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Competition ; Competition Policy ; Consumers ; Costs ; Development ; Development Strategies ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Goods ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Levels ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Benefits ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Competition ; Competition Policy ; Consumers ; Costs ; Development ; Development Strategies ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Goods ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Levels ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Kurzfassung: Until recently, utility services (telecommunications, power, water, and gas) throughout the world were provided by large, usually state-owned, monopolies. However, encouraged by technological change, regulatory innovation, and pressure from international organizations, many developing countries are privatizing state-owned companies and introducing competition. Some observers worry that even if reforms improve efficiency, they might compromise an important public policy goal—ensuring "universal access" for low-income and rural households. Clarke and Wallsten review the motivation for universal service, methods used to try to achieve it under monopoly service provision, how reforms might affect these approaches, and the theoretical and empirical evidence of the impact of reform on these consumers. Next, using household data from around the world, they investigate empirically the historical performance of public monopolies in meeting universal service obligations and the impact of reform. The results show the massive failure of state monopolies to provide service to poor and rural households everywhere except Eastern Europe. Moreover, while the data are limited, the evidence suggests that reforms have not harmed poor and rural consumers, and in many cases have improved their access to utility services. Nevertheless, because competition undermines traditional methods of funding universal service objectives (cross-subsidies), the authors also review mechanisms that could finance these objectives without compromising the benefits of reforms. This paper—a product of Regulation and Competition Policy, Development Research Group—is a background paper for the Policy Research Report on The Regulation of Infrastructure. The authors may be contacted at gclarkeworldbank.org or swallsten@worldbank.org
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind? (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ravallion, Martin Is India's Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind?
    Schlagwort(e): 1958-2000 ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Armut ; Teilstaat ; Armutsbekämpfung ; Indien ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Human Capital ; Impact On Poverty ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: There has been much debate about how much India's poor have shared in the economic growth unleashed by economic reforms in the 1990s. Datt and Ravallion argue that India has probably maintained its 1980s rate of poverty reduction in the 1990s. However, there is considerable diversity in performance across states. This holds some important clues for understanding why economic growth has not done more for India's poor. India's economic growth in the 1990s has not been occurring in the states where it would have the most impact on poverty nationally. If not for the sectoral and geographic imbalance of growth, the national rate of growth would have generated a rate of poverty reduction that was double India's historical trend rate. States with relatively low levels of initial rural development and human capital development were not well-suited to reduce poverty in response to economic growth. The study's results are consistent with the view that achieving higher aggregate economic growth is only one element of an effective strategy for poverty reduction in India. The sectoral and geographic composition of growth is also important, as is the need to redress existing inequalities in human resource development and between rural and urban areas. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the department to better understand the relationship between economic growth and poverty. The authors may be contacted at gdattworldbank.org or mravallion@worldbank.org
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Beyond Oaxaca-Blinder : Accounting for Differences in Household Income Distributions across Countries (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ferreira, Francisco Beyond Oaxaca-Blinder
    Schlagwort(e): Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Absolute Poverty ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Per Capital Income ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Bourguignon, Ferreira, and Leite develop a microeconometric method to account for differences across distributions of household income. Going beyond the determination of earnings in labor markets, they also estimate statistical models for occupational choice and for conditional distributions of education, fertility, and nonlabor incomes. The authors import combinations of estimated parameters from these models to simulate counterfactual income distributions. This allows them to decompose differences between functionals of two income distributions (such as inequality or poverty measures) into shares because of differences in the structure of labor market returns (price effects), differences in the occupational structure, and differences in the underlying distribution of assets (endowment effects). The authors apply the method to the differences between the Brazilian income distribution and those of Mexico and the United States, and find that most of Brazil's excess income inequality is due to underlying inequalities in the distribution of two key endowments: access to education and to sources of nonlabor income, mainly pensions. This paper is a product of the Research Advisory Staff. The authors may be contacted at fbourguignonworldbank.org, fferreira@econ.puc-rio.br or phil@econ.puc-rio.br
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Rich and Powerful? : Subjective Power and Welfare (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ravallion, Martin Rich and Powerful?
    Schlagwort(e): Anthropology ; Bank ; Contingency ; Culture & Development ; Demand ; Disposable Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Income Increases ; Inequality ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Inter ; Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Windpower ; Anthropology ; Bank ; Contingency ; Culture & Development ; Demand ; Disposable Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Income Increases ; Inequality ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Inter ; Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Windpower ; Anthropology ; Bank ; Contingency ; Culture & Development ; Demand ; Disposable Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Income Increases ; Inequality ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Inter ; Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Windpower
    Kurzfassung: Does "empowerment" come hand-in-hand with higher economic welfare? In theory, higher income is likely to raise both power and welfare, but heterogeneity in other characteristics and household formation can either strengthen or weaken the relationship. Survey data on Russian adults indicate that higher individual and household incomes raise both self-rated power and welfare. The individual income effect is primarily direct, rather than through higher household income. There are diminishing returns to income, though income inequality emerges as only a minor factor reducing either aggregate power or welfare. At given income, the identified covariates have strikingly similar effects on power and welfare. There are some notable differences between men and women in perceived power. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to explore broader measures of well-being. The authors may be contacted at mlokshinworldbank.org or mravallion@worldbank.org
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Trade Policy and Labor Services : Final Status Options for the West Bank and Gaza (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Schiff, Maurice Trade Policy and Labor Services
    Schlagwort(e): Ban ; Benefits ; Choice ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Implications ; Economic Relations ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Taxes ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Ban ; Benefits ; Choice ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Implications ; Economic Relations ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Taxes ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Ban ; Benefits ; Choice ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Implications ; Economic Relations ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Taxes ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Kurzfassung: Schiff considers the policy options of the West Bank and Gaza with respect to trade and the export of labor services. He concludes that: • Nondiscriminatory trade policy is unambiguously superior to a free trade agreement with Israel. • The West Bank and Gaza should pursue a nondiscriminatory trade policy with all its neighbors, but only on the condition that the trade policy be open, transparent, and enforced by a credible lock-in mechanism. Otherwise, a customs union with Israel may be preferable. • The Palestinian Authority should establish a system of fee-based permits for Palestinians working in Israel. • The Palestinian Authority should consider allowing Jordanians access to the West Bank and Gaza labor market. This paper—a product of Trade, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze trade and regional integration policies in the Middle East. The author may be contacted at mschiffworldbank.org
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  • 10
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    Online-Ressource
    Private Interhousehold Transfers in Vietnam in the Early and Late 1990s (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Cox, Donald Private Interhousehold Transfers in Vietnam in the Early and Late 1990s
    Schlagwort(e): Communities & Human Settlements ; Crowding Out ; Economic Growth ; Farm Productivity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Labor ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Welfare ; Human Capital ; Human Capital Investment ; Income ; Income Redistribution ; Labor Policies ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crowding Out ; Economic Growth ; Farm Productivity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Labor ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Welfare ; Human Capital ; Human Capital Investment ; Income ; Income Redistribution ; Labor Policies ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crowding Out ; Economic Growth ; Farm Productivity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Labor ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Welfare ; Human Capital ; Human Capital Investment ; Income ; Income Redistribution ; Labor Policies ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Cox uses date from the 1992-93 and 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standards Survey (VLSS) to describe patterns of money transfers between households. Rapid economic growth during the 1990s did little to diminish the importance of private transfers in Vietnam. Private transfers are large and widespread in both surveys, and are much larger than public transfers. Private transfers appear to function like means-tested public transfers, flowing from better-off to worse-off households and providing old age support in retirement. Panel evidence suggests some hysteresis in private transfer patterns, but many households also changed from recipients to givers and vice versa between surveys. Changes in private transfers appear responsive to changes in household pre-transfer income, demographic changes, and life-course events. Transfer inflows rise upon retirement and widowhood, for example, and are positively associated with increases in health expenditures. It also appears that private transfer inflows increased for households affected by Typhoon Linda, which devastated Vietnam's southernmost provinces in late 1997. This paper is a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Economic Growth and Household Welfare: Policy Lessons from Vietnam. The author may be contacted at donald.coxbc.edu
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  • 11
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    Online-Ressource
    The Static and Dynamic Incidence of Vietnam's Public Safety Net (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Walle, de van Dominique The Static and Dynamic Incidence of Vietnam's Public Safety Net
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Horizontal Equity ; Household Transfers ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Living Standards ; Natural Disasters ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Vietnam's social welfare programs do not adequately protect and promote the poor. Increased spending, with better coverage and targeting, could help poor and vulnerable households. How does Vietnam's public safety net affect outcomes for the poor? Although social welfare programs in Vietnam are centrally mandated, they are locally implemented according to local norms and local poverty standards and often rely heavily on local financing. Van de Walle examines the coverage, incidence, and horizontal equity of the programs that can be identified in the data from the Vietnam Living Standards Survey. She looks at the role of location in determining whether the poor are assisted nationally. And she explores dynamic incidence between 1993 and 1998 and the degree to which programs performed a safety net function. The author's analysis shows that coverage and payments to households are low and have had a negligible impact on poverty. In principle, better targeting could improve the impact of current outlays. The analysis also shows that the system was ineffective in protecting households that were vulnerable to shocks. Finally, the results suggest that although there is a greater concentration of poverty-related programs and greater household participation in poorer communes, the system spends more (absolutely and relatively) on the poor in richer communes. This paper—a product of Public Services, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to improve the delivery and effectiveness of social protection programs. The author may be contacted at dvandewalleworldbank.org
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  • 12
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    Economic Development and the World Trade Organization After Doha (2002)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Hoekman, Bernard Economic Development and the World Trade Organization After Doha
    Schlagwort(e): Benchmarks ; Benefits ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Agencies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Generalized System of Preferences ; Goods ; Income ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regulatory Policy ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Benchmarks ; Benefits ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Agencies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Generalized System of Preferences ; Goods ; Income ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regulatory Policy ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Benchmarks ; Benefits ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Agencies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Generalized System of Preferences ; Goods ; Income ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Regulatory Policy ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services
    Kurzfassung: Hoekman analyzes what actions could be taken in the context of the World Trade Organization's Doha negotiations to assist countries in reaping benefits from deeper trade integration. He discusses the policy agenda that confronts many developing countries and identifies a number of focal points that could be used both as targets and as benchmarks to increase the likelihood that WTO negotiations will support development. To achieve these targets, Hoekman proposes a number of negotiating modalities for both goods and services-related market access issues, as well as rule-making in regulatory areas. Throughout the analysis, the author refers to the work of J. Michael Finger, whose numerous writings in this area have not only greatly influenced the thinking of policymakers and researchers on the interaction between trade policy, economic development, and the GATT/WTO trading system, but also provides a model for how to pursue effective policy research. This paper--a product of Trade, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to analyze the development aspects of WTO rules. The author may be contacted at bhoekmanworldbank.org
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  • 13
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    Implicit Pension Debt, Transition Cost, Options, and Impact of China's Pension Reform : A Computable General Equilibrium A (2001)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Wang, Zhi Implicit Pension Debt, Transition Cost, Options, and Impact of China's Pension Reform
    Schlagwort(e): Average Wage ; Bank ; Contribution ; Current Pension ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Situation ; Income ; Income Tax ; Individual Account ; Labor Force ; Ownership ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Average Wage ; Bank ; Contribution ; Current Pension ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Situation ; Income ; Income Tax ; Individual Account ; Labor Force ; Ownership ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Average Wage ; Bank ; Contribution ; Current Pension ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Situation ; Income ; Income Tax ; Individual Account ; Labor Force ; Ownership ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: China's population is aging rapidly: the old-age dependency ratio will rise from 11 percent in 1999 to 25 percent in 2030 and 36 percent in 2050. Currently, three workers support one retiree; without reform, the system dependency ratio will climb to 69 percent in 2030 and 79 percent in 2050. The pension system has been in deficit, with an implicit pension debt in 2000 as high as 71 percent of GDP. The lack of an effective, sustainable pension system is a serious obstacle to Chinese economic reform. The main problems with China's pension system—the heavy pension burdens of state enterprises and the aging of the population—have deepened in recent years. Using a new computable general equilibrium model that differentiates between three types of enterprise ownership and 22 groups in the labor force, Wang, Xu, Wang, and Zhai estimate the effects of pension reform in China, comparing various options for financing the transition cost. They examine the impact that various reform options would have on the system's sustainability, on overall economic growth, and on income distribution. The results are promising. The current pay-as-you-go system, with a notional individual account, remains unchanged in the first scenario examined. Simulations show this system to be unsustainable. Expanding coverage under this system would improve financial viability in the short run but weaken it in the long run. Other scenarios assume that the transition cost will be financed by various taxes and that a new, fully funded individual account will be established in 2001. The authors compare the impact of a corporate tax, a value-added tax, a personal income tax, and a consumption tax. They estimate the annual transition cost to be about 0.6 percent of GDP between 2000 and 2010, declining to 0.3 percent by 2050. Using a personal income tax to finance the transition cost would best promote economic growth and reduce income inequality. Levying a social security tax and injecting fiscal resources to finance the transition costs would help make the reformed public pillar sustainable. To finance a benefit of 20 percent of the average wage, a contribution rate of only 10 percent–12.5 percent would be enough to balance the basic pension pillar. Gradually increasing the retirement age would further reduce the contribution rate. This paper—a product of the Economic Policy and Poverty Reduction Division, World Bank Institute—was presented at the conference Developing through Globalization: China's Opportunities and Challenges in the New Century (Shanghai, China, July 5–7, 2000). The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project "Efficiency and Distribution Effects of China's Social Security Reform" (RPO 683-52). The authors may be contacted at ywang2worldbank.org or zwang@ers.usda.gov
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  • 14
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    Public Policy toward Nongovernmental Organizations in Developing Countries (2001)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Jack Public Policy toward Nongovernmental Organizations in Developing Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Bank ; Civil Society ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Government ; Income ; Intervention ; Labor Policies ; Learning ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; NGO ; Organizations ; Outcomes ; Participation ; Policies ; Policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Programs ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Civil Society ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Government ; Income ; Intervention ; Labor Policies ; Learning ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; NGO ; Organizations ; Outcomes ; Participation ; Policies ; Policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Programs ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Civil Society ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Government ; Income ; Intervention ; Labor Policies ; Learning ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; NGO ; Organizations ; Outcomes ; Participation ; Policies ; Policy ; Poverty ; Poverty Alleviation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Programs ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: July 2001 - If a developing country government is not good at providing public services such as health care, education, and social protection, would NGOs be better at doing so? What advantages do NGOs have over for-profit providers of publicly funded services? And considering the importance of donor funding, which is better for delivering such services, an international NGO or a grassroots NGO? Jack presents two descriptive models of nongovernmental organizations and poses normative questions about public policy toward NGOs. In situations in which optimal government intervention in a distorted or inequitable economy employs an NGO-like body, he considers which kinds of NGO might be used. First, in many developing countries NGOs participate in the delivery of what are essentially private goods—in particular, health care and education. In an economy without NGOs, there may be good redistributive and efficiency reasons for the government to provide these goods in kind. But if direct government provision of such services is ineffective or inefficient, when is contracting out to an NGO-like institution preferable to using a traditional for-profit firm? (Another way to frame this is to ask: What is the optimal taxation and regulation of private providers of publicly financed services?) NGOs also provide useful real and financial links with external donors. They are used to provide services the government favors and donors are willing to fund. In this model, the service provider is chosen to yield the best outcome for both government and donor. In this context, Jack compares an international NGO and a grassroots organization. It may be more efficient to transfer donor funds through an international NGO than through a local NGO, but when donor-government cooperation fails, a project implemented by an international NGO is effectively killed. If a project implemented by a local organization can limp along, this otherwise less efficient organization might be preferred. This paper—a product of Public Service Delivery, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the role of NGOs in delivering basic public services. The author may be contacted at wgjgeorgetown.edu
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  • 15
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    Household Savings in Transition Economies (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Denizer, Cevdet Household Savings in Transition Economies
    Schlagwort(e): Bank ; Consumer ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Future Income ; Household Expenditure ; Household Savings ; Income ; Incomes ; Lifetime ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Precautionary Savings ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Purchases ; Rapid Growth ; Retail Cred Savings Behavior ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings Rates ; Social Welfare ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Bank ; Consumer ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Future Income ; Household Expenditure ; Household Savings ; Income ; Incomes ; Lifetime ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Precautionary Savings ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Purchases ; Rapid Growth ; Retail Cred Savings Behavior ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings Rates ; Social Welfare ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Bank ; Consumer ; Debt Markets ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Future Income ; Household Expenditure ; Household Savings ; Income ; Incomes ; Lifetime ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Precautionary Savings ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Purchases ; Rapid Growth ; Retail Cred Savings Behavior ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings Rates ; Social Welfare ; Unemployment ; Wages
    Kurzfassung: In Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland, the higher the relative household income is, the higher the savings rate is. But, surprisingly, savings rates appear to be unaffected by either sector of employment (public or private) or form of employment. Savings rates are significantly higher for households that do not own their own homes or that own few of the standard consumer durables - possibly because, with no retail credit or mortgage markets, households must save to purchase houses and durables. - During the transition from central planning to market economies now under way in Eastern Europe, output levels first collapsed by 40 to 50 percent in most countries, then staged a modest recovery in the last two years. Longer-term revival of growth requires a resumption of investment and thus, realistically, of domestic savings. To explore the determinants of household savings rates in transition economies, Denizer, Wolf, and Ying studied matching household surveys for three Central European economies: Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland. They find that savings rates strongly increase with relative income, suggesting that increasing income inequality may play a role in determining savings rates. Savings rates are significantly higher for households that do not own their homes or that own few of the standard consumer durables - possibly because, with no retail credit or mortgage markets, households must save to purchase houses and durables. The influence of demographic factors broadly matches earlier findings for developing countries. Perhaps surprisingly, variables associated with the household's position in the transition process - including either sector of employment (public or private) or form of employment - do not play a significant role in determining savings rates. This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to understand determinants of savings, at both the household and the aggregate level
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  • 16
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    Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s? : An Analysis of Poverty and Inequality Trends (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (64 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Glewwe, Paul Who Gained from Vietnam's Boom in the 1990s?
    Schlagwort(e): Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators ; Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators ; Collective Farms ; Consumption Expenditures ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Farm Self-Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Consumption ; Household Income ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Inequality ; Insurance ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Areas ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Technical Assistance ; Welfare Indicators
    Kurzfassung: January 2000 - Vietnam's gains in poverty reduction between 1992 and 1998 were striking, and the country's impressive growth has been fairly broad-based. Households that have benefited most are well-educated, urban, white-collar households, while agricultural workers, ethnic minorities, and those residing in poorer regions have progressed least. Glewwe, Gragnolati, and Zaman assess the extent to which Vietnam's rapid economic growth in the 1990s was accompanied by reductions in poverty. They also investigate factors that contribute to certain households benefiting more than others. Using information from two household surveys, the Vietnam Living Standards Surveys (VNLSS) for 1992-93 and 1997-98, they show that Vietnam's gains in poverty reduction were striking during this period and that the country's impressive growth has been fairly broad-based. After discussing descriptive statistics for both years, the authors examine factors contributing to poverty reduction using both simple decomposition analysis and a multinomial logit model. The results show that: · Returns to education increased significantly during this period, particularly for higher levels of education. · Location significantly affected a household's probability of escaping poverty during this period. Urban households enjoyed a greater reduction in poverty than did rural households, and households residing in the Red River Delta and the southeast were also better able to take advantage of new opportunities. · White-collar households benefited most, and agricultural laborers the least. However, Vietnam cannot afford to be complacent, as nearly half its rural population lives below the poverty line, poverty rates among ethnic minorities remain very high, and natural calamities are a serious impediment to poverty reduction. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the dynamics of poverty. The authors may be contacted at pglewwedept.agecon.umn.edu, mgragnolati@worldbank.org, or hzaman@worldbank.org
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  • 17
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    Rent-Sharing, Hold-Up, and Manufacturing Wages in Côte d'Ivoire (2000)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Azam, Jean-Paul Rent-Sharing, Hold-Up, and Manufacturing Wages in Côte d'Ivoire
    Schlagwort(e): Bargaining ; Bargaining Power ; Competitive Model ; Contracts ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; High Wages ; Human Capital ; Income ; Labor ; Labor Costs ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bargaining ; Bargaining Power ; Competitive Model ; Contracts ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; High Wages ; Human Capital ; Income ; Labor ; Labor Costs ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bargaining ; Bargaining Power ; Competitive Model ; Contracts ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effects ; Efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; High Wages ; Human Capital ; Income ; Labor ; Labor Costs ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Prices ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: May 2001 - Labor costs in Francophone Africa are considered high by the standards of low-income countries, at least in the formal sector. Workers appear to have some bargaining power and, in Côte d'Ivoire, can force renegotiation of labor contracts in response to new investments. Labor costs in Francophone Africa are considered high by the standards of low-income countries, at least in the formal sector. Are they a brake on industrialization or the result of successful enterprise development? Are they imposed on firms by powerful unions or government regulations, or a by-product of good firm performance? Azam and Ris empirically analyze what determines manufacturing wages in Côte d'Ivoire, using an unbalanced panel of individual wages that allows them to control for observable firm-specific effects. They test the rent-sharing and hold-up theories of wage determination, as well as some aspects of efficiency-wage theories. Their results lean in favor of both rent-sharing and hold-up, suggesting that workers have some bargaining power and that in Côte d'Ivoire workers can force renegotiation of labor contracts in response to new investments. This paper—a product of Public Services for Human Development, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the impact of labor market policies and institutions on economic performance. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project "The Impact of Labor Market Policies and Institutions on Economic Performance" (RPO 680-96). Jean-Paul Azam may be contacted at azamuniv-tlsel.fr
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