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  • 2000-2004  (22)
  • Nicoletti, Giuseppe  (22)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (22)
  • London [u.a.] : Routledge
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 7-93
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 89 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Influence of Policies on Trade and Foreign Direct Investment
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 7-93
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce document évalue l’importance des politiques frontalières et non frontalières pour l’intégration économique mondiale. L’étude est axée sur quatre orientations largement préconisées : supprimer les restrictions explicites du commerce et de l’IDE ; promouvoir la concurrence intérieure ; améliorer la réactivité du marché du travail ; mettre en place des équipements infrastructurels de niveau approprié. L’analyse, qui couvre l’IDE et les échanges de biens et services, s’efforce de rendre compte des principaux mécanismes de mondialisation et de traiter la plupart des modes de fourniture de services transfrontières. En dépit d’une libéralisation généralisée ces deux dernières décennies, il apparaît possible de réduire encore les obstacles de politique économique à l’intégration des marchés de l’OCDE. Les barrières qui subsistent ont un impact notable sur les flux bilatéraux d’échanges et d’IDE, et les estimations donnent à penser que les réglementations intérieures anticoncurrentielles et les dispositions restrictives du marché du travail entravent l’intégration tout autant que les restrictions explicites du commerce et de l’IDE. A en juger par des scénarios de suppression de ces obstacles, une libéralisation plus poussée des échanges, de l’IDE et des marchés intérieurs des produits et du travail pourrait avoir des effets quantitatifs considérables sur l’intégration internationale ...
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 255-279
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 41 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulatory reform in road freight
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 255-279
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent article analyse l’évolution du cadre réglementaire dans les pays membres de l’OCDE pour le secteur du transport routier de marchandises, et plus particulièrement ’influence qu’elle a eue sur la concurrence et donc la performance. Au cours de ces vingt dernières années, un nombre croissant de pays de l’OCDE ont reconnu que les réglementations restreignant indûment l’évolution de la concurrence devaient être assouplies. Cela étant, le rythme et l’ampleur de la libéralisation ont été très différents d’un pays à l’autre. Le lacis restrictif d’accords bilatéraux, internationaux et/ou multilatéraux qui continuent à exercer une discrimination à l’encontre des transporteurs étrangers reste le principal obstacle à la concurrence. Les éléments empiriques disponibles indiquent que la libéralisation a été bénéfique pour l’efficience et le bien-être du consommateur dans les pays qui ont procédé à des réformes.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.347
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper, we relate the scope and depth of regulatory reforms to growth outcomes in OECD countries. By means of a new set of quantitative indicators of regulation, we show that the cross-country variation of regulatory settings has increased in recent years, despite extensive liberalisation and privatisation in the OECD area. We then look at the regulation-growth linkage using data that cover a large set of manufacturing and service industries over the past two decades. We focus on multifactor productivity (MFP), which plays a crucial role in GDP growth and accounts for a significant share of its cross-country variance. We find evidence that reforms promoting private governance and competition (where these are viable) tend to boost productivity. Both privatisation and entry liberalisation are estimated to have a positive impact on productivity. In manufacturing the gains are greater the further a given country is from the technology leader, suggesting that regulation limiting ...
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 203-254
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 68 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulation, market structure and performance in air passenger transportation
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 203-254
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette étude utilise une base de données concernant la régulation, la structure des marchés et la performance dans le transport aérien de passagers, au niveau national ainsi qu’au niveau des lignes, pour analyser les liens entre d’une part la libéralisation, la privatisation et la concurrence et, d’autre part, l’efficacité de l’industrie et les tarifs des voyages aériens. Pour la saison 1996-97, il a été possible de développer 21 indicateurs agrégés pour 27 pays de l’OCDE et 23 indicateurs détaillés pour 102 lignes aériennes reliant 14 grands aéroports internationaux. Ces données sont synthétisées à l’aide de l’analyse factorielle. En contrôlant, pour la dimension des marchés et des réseaux, ainsi que pour d’autres différences de nature technologique et économique, et en tenant compte des interactions entre les caractéristiques des lignes et de l’industrie nationale, les résultats des régressions transversales aux pays et aux routes suggèrent que i) l’efficacité augmente et les tarifs diminuent quand la régulation et la structure de marché deviennent plus favorables à la concurrence ; ii) l’efficacité dans l’utilisation des avions est affectée de façon positive par les pressions concurrentielles, mesurées par un indice de concentration ; iii) les tarifs aériens réagissent à la libéralisation indépendamment de la structure du marché mais, quand l’environnement réglementaire est libéral, leur diminution est renforcée par l’existence de concurrents sur la ligne ; iv) les tarifs affichés des classes affaires et économique ont tendance à baisser quand les prix sont libéralisés et la concentration du marché diminue, mais ont tendance à augmenter quand les marchés sont dominés par des alliances entre compagnies aériennes ; v) les tarifs soldés sont affectés par le degré de concurrence globalement présent dans les pays reliés par la ligne ainsi que par les régulations concernant les charters et la présence effective de compagnies challengers sur la ligne ; vi) la congestion et la domination des aéroports par une compagnie aérienne tendent à augmenter les tarifs dans les segments du marché qui sont plus sensibles aux temps de départ et d’arrivée.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 229-251
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme de la réglementation dans le secteur du transport routier de marchandises
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 229-251
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study analyses regulatory developments across OECD Member countries in the road freight industry, with a focus on how these developments have affected competition and performance. Over the past two decades, a growing number of OECD countries have recognised that regulations unduly restricting competitive developments in this industry needed to be relaxed. Still, the pace and scale of liberalisation has varied widely from one country to another. The main remaining impediment to competition is the restrictive web of bilateral international and/or multilateral agreements that continue to impose discrimination on foreign hauliers. The empirical evidence available suggests that liberalisation has promoted efficiency and consumer welfare in the countries that have implemented reforms.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 253-274
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme de la réglementation dans le secteur de la distribution de détail
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 253-274
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to analyse cross-country differences in the regulation of the retail distribution industry in the OECD area, focusing on the situation in 1998. Regulatory differences are cast against changes in the industry environment to highlight the potential interactions between regulation and market forces. A number of countries have extensively liberalised market access and price and service regulations. In some countries there is currently a tendency to introduce access restrictions for large outlets. In other countries market access has been traditionally hindered by restrictive regulations and administrative burdens. The available empirical evidence suggests that regulations that restrict shop opening hours and hinder access by imposing special requirements for outlet registration, siting and/or size thresholds curb the dynamism of the industry (e.g. lowering entry and exit rates, and preventing restructuring and modernisation) and competitive pressures, leading to lower employment growth and higher consumer prices.
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-98
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 103 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mise en oeuvre et effets de la réforme de la réglementation : Leçons à tirer et problématique actuelle
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-98
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article reviews trends, outcomes and issues in regulatory reform in OECD countries. First, it summarises the evidence on the evolution of regulatory environments and the economy-wide and sectoral effects of reforms (including privatisation) in both competitive and non-competitive industries in the past two decades. Turning to network industries, it then discusses the main policy issues raised by the need to adapt the regulation of the non-competitive segments of these industries to increasing competition in liberalised markets. It focuses on four topics that dominate the debate over regulatory reform: i) the move from command-and-control to incentivebased regulatory approaches relying on the removal of entry barriers in competitive markets, the adoption of price-cap mechanisms and the design of efficient and competitively-neutral charges for accessing the fixed networks of incumbents; ii) the pros and cons of structural measures such as privatisation, and vertical and horizontal separation of formerly integrated monopolies; iii) the ways to ensure that important non-economic objectives, such as universality of service, continue to be achieved in a more competitive environment at a minimum cost for society; and iv) the design of regulatory mechanisms and institutions that encourage best practice regulation.
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.352
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: One commonly held view about the difference between continental European countries and other OECD countries, especially the United States, is that the heavy regulation of Europe reduces its growth. Using newly assembled data on regulation in several sectors of many OECD countries, we provide substantial and robust evidence that various measures of regulation in the product market, concerning in particular entry barriers, are negatively related to investment. The implications of our analysis are clear: regulatory reforms, especially those that liberalise entry, are very likely to spur investment ...
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 99-142
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le secteur des télécommunications : Réglementation, structure du marché et performance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 99-142
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses an international database on regulation, market structure and performance in the telecommunications industry to investigate the effects of entry liberalisation and privatisation on productivity, prices and quality of service in long-distance (domestic and international) and mobile cellular telephony services in 23 OECD countries over the 1991-1997 period. The data on regulation and market structure is analysed by means of factor analysis techniques in order to group countries according to their policy and market environments. Controlling for technology developments and differences in economic structure, panel data estimates show that prospective competition (as proxied by the number of years remaining to liberalisation) and effective competition (as proxied by the share of new entrants or by the number of competitors) both bring about productivity and quality improvements and reduce the prices of all the telecommunications services considered in the analysis. No clear evidence could be found concerning the effects on performance of the ownership structure of the industry (as proxied by both the public share in the public telecommunications operators and years remaining to privatisation).
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 111-158
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 64 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulation, market structure and performance in telecommunications
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 111-158
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: A partir d’une base de données sur la réglementation, la structure de marché et les performances dans l’industrie des télécommunications, ce document étudie les effets de la libéralisation, de l’ouverture des marchés et de la privatisation sur la productivité, les prix et la qualité du service pour les services de téléphonie fixe (interurbains et internationaux) et mobiles (cellulaires) pour 23 pays de l’OCDE au cours de la période 1991-1997. Les données sur la structure de marché et la réglementation sont analysées au moyen de techniques d’analyse factorielle afin de grouper les pays en fonction des politiques suivies et les caractéristiques de leurs marchés. En utilisant comme variables de contrôle les différences dans la technologie et la structure économique, les estimations réalisées sur les données de panel montrent que les anticipations de la concurrence (en utilisant comme proxy le nombre d’années restant avant la libéralisation) et la concurrence effective (en utilisant comme proxy la part de marché des nouveaux entrants ou le nombre de concurrents) entraînent des améliorations au niveau de la productivité et de la qualité et réduisent les prix pour tous les services de télécommunications considérés. Aucun résultat clair ne peut être trouvé au sujet des effets de la privatisation (en utilisant comme proxy la part publique dans l’opérateur de télécommunications publiques et le nombre d’années restant avant la privatisation).
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 183-227
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le transport aérien de passagers : Réglementation, structure du marché et performance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 183-227
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses a data base on regulation, market structure and performance in the air passenger transportation industry, to analyse the links among liberalisation, private ownership, competition, efficiency and airfares at national and route levels. Covering the 1996-97 travel season, 21 aggregate indicators have been developed for 27 OECD countries, and 23 micro indicators for 102 air routes connecting 14 major international airports. These data are summarised by means of factor analysis. Controlling for market size, network length and other technological and economic differences, and combining national and route-level characteristics, cross-country and cross-route regressions show that i) productive efficiency increases and fares decline when regulations and market structures become more friendly to competition; ii) productive efficiency is sensitive to actual competitive pressures, as proxied by market concentration; iii) fares react to liberalisation independently from market structure, but in liberal environments their decline is amplified by actual competition between carriers; iv) business and economy fares tend to decline when they are liberalised and market concentration is reduced, but tend to increase when markets are dominated by airline alliances on the route; v) discount fares are affected by the overall market environment at route ends, charter regulations and the actual presence of challenger airlines on the route; and vi) airport congestion and dominance tend to increase fares in time-sensitive market segments.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-109
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 115 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Implementation and the Effects of Regulatory Reform: Past Experience and Current Issues
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-109
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cet article décrit les tendances et les résultats de la réforme de la réglementation dans les pays de l’OCDE. En premier lieu il résume l’évolution de l’environnement réglementaire et les effets globaux et sectoriels des réformes (privatisation y compris) dans des industries concurrentielles et non compétitives au cours des deux dernières décennies. Se concentrant sur les industries de réseau, il aborde alors les principales questions de politique économique soulevées par la nécessité d’adapter la réglementation des segments non compétitifs de ces industries à la concurrence croissante sur les marchés libéralisés. Il se focalise sur les quatre éléments qui dominent le débat de la réforme de la réglementation : i) le passage d’un régime axé sur les interventions et le contrôle à une approche fondée sur les incitations basées sur la suppression des barrières à l’entrée sur les marchés concurrentiels, l’adoption de mécanismes de prix plafond et l’introduction de tarifications efficientes et neutres du point de vue de la concurrence pour l’accès aux réseaux fixes ; ii) les avantages et les inconvénients de mesures structurelles telles que la privatisation, et la séparation verticale et horizontale de monopoles précédemment intégrés ; iii) les manières de s’assurer que des objectifs non économiques importants, tels que l’universalité du service, continuent d’être assurés dans un environnement concurrentiel et au moindre coût pour la société ; et iv) la conception de mécanismes réglementaires et d’institutions le mieux à même de promouvoir les meilleures pratiques en termes de réglementation.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 7-83
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'influence des politiques sur les échanges et l'investissement direct étranger
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 7-83
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses the importance of border and non-border policies for global economic integration. The focus is on four widely-advocated policies: removing explicit restrictions to trade and FDI; promoting domestic competition; improving the adaptability of labour markets; and ensuring adequate levels of infrastructure capital. The analysis covers FDI and trade in both goods and services, thus aiming to account for the most important channels of globalisation and dealing with most modes of cross-border services supply. The results highlight that, despite extensive liberalisation over the past two decades, there is scope for further reducing policy barriers to integration of OECD markets. Remaining barriers have a significant impact on bilateral trade and FDI, with anticompetitive domestic regulations and restrictive labour market arrangements estimated to curb integration as much as explicit trade and FDI restrictions. Simulating the removal of such barriers suggests that the quantitative effects of further liberalisation of trade, FDI and domestic product and labour markets on global integration could be substantial...
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 281-305
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 41 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulatory reform in retail distribution
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 281-305
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent article a pour principal objectif d’analyser les différences qui caractérisent la réglementation du secteur de la distribution de détail dans la zone OCDE, en s’intéressant plus particulièrement à l’année 1998. Ces différences sont formulées en tenant compte des changements survenus dans ce secteur afin de mettre en lumière les interactions potentielles entre la réglementation et les forces du marché. Plusieurs pays ont complètement libéralisé les réglementations concernant l’accès au marché, les prix et les services. Dans certains pays, il existe actuellement une tendance à introduire des restrictions à l’accès pour les grandes surfaces. Dans d’autres pays, l’accès au marché a été jusqu’à présent freiné par des réglementations restrictives et des contraintes administratives. Les données empiriques disponibles indiquent que les réglementations qui restreignent les heures d’ouvertures des magasins et limitent/gênent l’accès au marché en imposant des obligations spéciales liées à l’enregistrement, à l’emplacement et/ou au seuil de surface de vente brident le dynamisme du secteur (par exemple, en réduisant les taux d’entrée et de sortie et en empêchant la restructuration et la modernisation) ainsi que la pression de la concurrence, et se traduisent par une croissance moins forte de l’emploi et des prix à la consommation plus élevés.
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 127 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.359
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses the importance of border and non-border policies for global economic integration. The focus is on four widely-advocated policies: removing explicit restrictions to trade and FDI; promoting domestic competition; improving the adaptability of labour markets; and ensuring adequate levels of infrastructure capital. The analysis covers FDI and trade in both goods and services, thus aiming to account for the most important channels of globalisation and dealing with most modes of cross-border services supply. It first describes trends in trade, FDI and the four sets of policies using a large set of structural policy indicators recently constructed by the OECD, including the new summary indicators for FDI-specific regulations described in Golub (2003). It then estimates the impact of policies on bilateral trade and bilateral and multilateral FDI. The results highlight that, despite extensive liberalisation over the past two decades, there is scope for further reducing ...
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.318
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Using new cross-country data on industry-specific product market regulations, this paper investigates the relationship between wage premia and some of the policy determinants of product market rents. Hourly wage premia in 2-digit manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries are estimated from detailed data on wage earnings in (or around) 1996 by category of worker (age, sex, education and type of contract) in 12 European and North-American countries. The effects of regulation on these wage premia are estimated by panel data regression techniques. We find that product market regulation restricting competition has a significant positive impact on wage premia in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries. However, in the latter industries, this effect is offset by a negative effect of legal public monopolies on wage premia. Since public ownership per se shows no relation to premia, we interpret this result as evidence of either a low-productivity trap due to x-inefficiency ...
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  • 17
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.287
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper looks at patterns of regulation in service industries and explores their implications for service performance. Focusing on restrictions to market mechanisms, a map of the state of service regulation in OECD countries is provided, based on data recently collected and summarised by the OECD. The paper also surveys the available cross-country empirical evidence on the effects of regulatory reform on service productivity, prices and innovation. Finally, it discusses ways in which regulation can encourage competition, efficiency and investment in those segments of the service industries where non-competitive elements persist. The main conclusions reached are: i) in the past two decades OECD governments extensively reformed regulatory environments in both competitive and network service industries, generally making them closer to market mechanisms; ii) however due to differences in initial conditions and in the pace of reform, within each service industry the dispersion of ...
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 111 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.312
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses several of the cross-market effects of policies aimed at influencing outcomes in product and labour markets. Focusing on subsets of OECD countries, we look at the implications of product market competition for industry wages and overall employment, and the implications of labour market arrangements for industrial structure and innovation potential. We also look at the potential implications of regulatory reform for employment security and income inequality. We provide empirical evidence on long-run policy interactions by exploiting the cross-country and intersectoral dimensions of the data, though the analysis of employment uses also the time-series dimension. To this end, we rely on a large set of indicators of (economy-wide) labour market policies and institutions and (economy-wide, industry-specific and time-varying) product market regulations. We find that: (a) anticompetitive product market regulations have significant negative effects on non-agricultural ...
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.254
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses a data base on regulation, market structure and performance in the air passenger transportation industry, to analyse the links among liberalisation, private ownership, competition, efficiency and airfares at national and route levels. Covering the 1996-97 travel season, 21 aggregate indicators have been developed for 27 OECD countries, and 23 micro indicators for 102 air routes connecting 14 major international airports. These data, summarised by means of factor analysis show that i) regulations affecting the air industry vary heavily across countries and routes; ii) in most markets, air services are still provided by a few carriers, generally dominated by an incumbent flag-carrier or by an airline alliance between incumbents; iii) only in a few cases new entrant airlines play a significant role; iv) in a large number of airports, a single airline controls more than half of the available slots; v) as a result, few international routes are truly open to ...
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.237
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses an original international database on regulation, market structure and performance in the telecommunications industry to investigate the effects of entry liberalisation and privatisation on productivity, prices and quality of service in long-distance (domestic and international) and mobile cellular telephony services in 23 OECD countries over the 1991-1997 period. The data on regulation and market structure is analysed by means of factor analysis techniques in order to group countries according to their policy and market environments. Controlling for technology developments and differences in economic structure, panel data estimates show that prospective competition (as proxied by the number of years remaining to liberalisation) and effective competition (as proxied by the share of new entrants or by the number of competitors) both bring about productivity and quality improvements and reduce the prices of all the telecommunications services considered in the analysis ...
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 102 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.251
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews trends, outcomes and issues in regulatory reform in OECD countries. First, it summarises the evidence on the evolution of regulatory environments and the economy-wide and sectoral effects of reforms (including privatisation) in both competitive and non-competitive industries in the past two decades. Turning to network industries, it then discusses the main policy issues raised by the need to adapt the regulation of the noncompetitive segments of these industries to increasing competition in liberalised markets. It focuses on four topics that dominate the debate over regulatory reform: i) the move from command-and-control to incentive-based regulatory approaches based on the removal of entry barriers in competitive markets, the adoption of price-cap mechanisms and the design of efficient and competitively-neutral charges for accessing the fixed networks of incumbents; ii) the pros and cons of structural measures such as privatisation, and vertical and horizontal ...
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.226
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents a database on indicators of product market regulations and employment protection legislation for most of the OECD countries and illustrates a methodology for aggregating these detailed indicators into summary indicators of the strictness of regulations. The summary indicators are obtained by means of factor analysis, in which each component of the regulatory framework is weighted according to its contribution to the overall variance in the data. These indicators are used to assess the regulatory approaches across countries as well as the interrelations between various sets of regulatory provisions. While regulatory provisions can be classified and assessed from a variety of standpoints, this paper focuses exclusively on the relative friendliness of regulations to market mechanisms: there is no attempt to assess the overall quality of regulations or their aptness in achieving their stated public policy goals. The guiding principle inspiring the conception of the ...
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