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  • 1975-1979  (37)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (37)
  • Social sciences  (18)
  • Language and languages—Philosophy.  (11)
  • Metaphysics
  • Philosophy
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Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The New Rhetoric and the Humanities : Essays on Rhetoric and its Applications (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400994829
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (197p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 140
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Social sciences
    Abstract: 1. The New Rhetoric: a Theory of Practical Reasoning -- 2. Rhetoric and Philosophy -- 3. Philosophy, Rhetoric, Commonplaces -- 4. The Philosophy of Pluralism and the New Rhetoric -- 5. Dialectic and Dialogue -- 6. Rhetorical Perspectives on Semantic Problems -- 7. Analogy and Metaphor in Science, Poetry and Philosophy -- 8. Scientific Methodology and Open Philosophy -- 9. Behaviorism’s Enlightened Despotism -- 10. Disagreement and Rationality -- 11. The Rational and the Reasonable -- 12. Reflections on Practical Reason -- 13. The Role of the Model in Education -- 14. Authority, Ideology and Violence -- 15. Meaning and Categories in History -- 16. Classicism and Romanticism in Argumentation.
    Abstract: Modern logic has Wldergone some remarkable developments in the last hun­ dred years. These have contributed to the extraordinary use of formal logic which has become essentially the concern of mathematicians. This has led to attempts to identify logic with formal logic. The claim has even been made that all non-formal reasoning, to the extent that it cannot be formalized, no longer belongs to logic. This conception leads to a genuine impoverishment of logic as well as to a narrow conception of reason. It means that as soon as demonstrative proofs are no longer available reason will no longer dominate. Even the idea of the 'reasonable' becomes foreign to logic and such expres­ sions as 'reasonable decisions', 'reasonable choice' or 'reasonable hypotheses' would be put aside as meaningless. The domain of action, including method­ ology and everything that is given over to deliberation or controversy - i.e., foreign to formal logic - would become a battleground where necessarily the reason of the strongest would always prevail.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9482-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The State as a Firm : Economic Forces in Political Development (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401176279
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Public Choice 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: I A Multidimensional Economic Theory of Governments -- 1 The State as a Service Firm, the Production of Order -- 2 Theories of the Emergence of States -- 3 The Sizes of States -- 4 The Qualities of State Activity -- II The Problem of Government -- 5 The Monopoly State -- 6 Democracy, the Corporate State -- 7 Democracy as a Consumer Good -- 8 Experimental Remedies: Some Preposterous Proposals -- Appendixes -- I Entrepreneurship, Profit, and Limits on Firm Size -- II Political Revolution and Repression: An Economic Approach -- III The GPITPC and Institutional Entropy -- List of References -- Notes -- Indexes.
    Abstract: We seem to be witnessing the rebirth of the concept of an integrated social science, a complete theory of human action and interaction in all its ramifica­ tions and complications. What we call society is simply the totality of human exchange. Economics is a theory of human exchange of certain types. Although the qualities of what is being exchanged as well as the conditions of exchange may vary, economic theory has recently broadened its scope sufficiently to begin to be general enough to handle these problems as well. In the present work we attempt to see what insights are revealed by the application of economic categories to political history. We feel there are many. At this point Silver stops. ! Auster continues. A quick spin around the "policy" block in the new model so to speak, hence Chapter 8. For the rest, however, this is truly a joint work. The authors' names appear in alphabetical order. After 12 years of professional asso­ ciation, claims to precedence in origination could too clearly be self-deception. ! Silver is even more pessimistic than Auster, in particular about which types of reforms will be accepted. With the rise to affluence of most members of our society the mass itself has become concerned with political reform as almost a new form of entertainment. Unfor­ tunately, they have no idea how to improve matters.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-7627-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Word Meaning and Montague Grammar : The Semantics of Verbs and Times in Generative Semantics and in Montague’s PTQ (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400994737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 7
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Montague’s General Theory of Languages and Linguistic Theories of Syntax and Semantics -- 1.1 The meaning of “Universal” in “Universal Grammar” -- 1.2 Syntax in the UG Theory and in Linguistic Theories -- 1.3 Semantics in UG -- 1.4 Interpretation by Means of Translation -- 1.5 Preliminaries to the Analysis of Word Meaning -- Notes -- 2. The Semantics of Aspectual Classes of Verbs in English -- 2.1 The Development of Decomposition Analysis in Generative Semantics -- 2.2The Aristotle-Ryle-Kenny-Vendler Verb Classification -- 2.3 An Aspect Calculus -- 2.4The Aspect Calculus as Restricting Possible Word Meanings -- Notes -- 3. Interval Semantics and the Progressive Tense -- 3.1 The Imperfective Paradox -- 3.2 Truth Conditions Relative to Intervals, not Moments -- 3.3 Revised Truth Conditions for BECOME -- 3.4 Truth Conditions for the Progressive -- 3.5 Motivating the Progressive Analysis Independently of Accomplishment Sentences -- 3.6 On the Notion of ‘Likeness’ Among Possible Worlds -- 3.7 Extending the Analysis to the “Futurate Progressive” -- 3.8 Another Look at the Vendler Classification in an Interval-Based Semantics -- Notes -- 4. Lexical Decomposition in Montague Grammar -- 4.1 Existing “Lexical Decomposition” in the PTQ Grammar -- 4.2 The General Form of Decomposition Translations: Lambda Abstraction vs. Predicate Raising -- 4.3 Morphologically Derived Causatives and Inchoatives -- 4.4 Prepositional Phrase Accomplishments -- 4.5 Accomplishments with Two Prepositional Phrases -- 4.6 Prepositional Phrase Adjuncts vs. Prepositional Phrase Complements -- 4.7 Factitive Constructions -- 4.8 Periphrastic Causatives -- 4.9 By-Phrases in Accomplishment Sentences -- 4.10 Causative Constructions in Other Languages -- Notes -- 5. Linguistic Evidence for the Two Strategies of Lexical Decomposition -- 5.1 Arguments that Constraints on Syntactic Rules Rule Out “Impossible” Lexical Items -- 5.2 Arguments that Familiar Transformations Also Apply Pre-Lexically -- 5.3 Pronominalization of Parts of Lexical Items -- 5.4 Scope Ambiguities with Almost -- 5.5 Scope Ambiguities with Adverbs: Have-Deletion Cases -- 5.6 Scope Ambiguities with Adverbs: Accomplishment Cases -- 5.7 Arguments from Re- and Reversative Un- -- 5.8 Accommodating the Adverb Scope Data in a PTQ Grammar -- 5.9 Overpredictions of the Generative Semantics Hypothesis -- 5.10 Concluding Evaluation -- Notes -- 6. The Syntax and Semantics of Word Formation: Lexical Rules -- 6.1 Montague’s Program and Lexical Rules -- 6.2 A Lexical Component For a Montague Grammar -- 6.3 Lexical Rules and Morphology -- 6.4 Lexical Rules and Syntax -- 6.5 Examples of Lexical Rules -- 6.6 Problems for Research in the Pragmatics and in the Semantics of Word Formation -- Notes -- 7. The Syntax and Semantics of Tenses and Time Adverbials in English: An English Fragment -- 7.1 The Syncategorematic Nature of Tense-Time Adverbial Interaction -- 7.2 Rules for “Main Tense” Adverbials -- 7.3 Aspectual Adverbials: For an Hour and In an Hour -- 7.4 The Syntactic Structure of the Auxiliary -- 7.5 The Present Perfect -- 7.6 Negation -- 7.7 An English Fragment -- Notes -- 8. Intensions and Psychological Reality -- Notes -- References.
    Abstract: The most general goal of this book is to propose and illustrate a program of research in word semantics that combines some of the methodology and results in linguistic semantics, primarily that of the generative semantics school, with the rigorously formalized syntactic and semantic framework for the analysis of natural languages developed by Richard Montague and his associates, a framework in which truth and denotation with respect to a model are taken as the fundamental semantic notions. I hope to show, both from the linguist's and the philosopher's point of view, not only why this synthesis can be undertaken but also why it will be useful to pursue it. On the one hand, the linguists' decompositions of word meanings into more primitive parts are by themselves inherently incomplete, in that they deal only in distinctions in meaning without providing an account of what mean­ ings really are. Not only can these analyses be made complete by a model­ theoretic semantics, but also such an account of these analyses renders them more exact and more readily testable than they could ever be otherwise.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9473-7
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  • 4
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    Franz Rosenzweig’s Philosophy of Existence : An Analysis of The Star of Redemption (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401716031
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 189 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A. Schelling’s Positive Philosophy -- B. The Work of Franz Rosenzweig before and after The Star of Redemption -- C. The Star of Redemption.
    Abstract: The Star of Redemption, * which presents Franz Rosenzweig's system of philosophy, begins with the sentence "from death, (vom Tode) , from the fear of death, originates all cognition of the All" and concludes with the words "into life. " This beginning and this conclusion of the book signify more than the first and last words of philosophical books usually do. Taken together - "from death into life" - they comprise the entire meaning of Rosenzweig's philosophy. The leitmotif of this philosophy is the life and death of the human being and not the I of philosophical idealism, where man ultimately signifies "for ethics" no more than" . . . a point to which it (ethics) relates its problems, as for science also he (man) is only a particular case of its general laws. "l Rosenzweig deals with the individual's actual existence, that which is termi­ nated by death; he speaks of the individual's hic et nunc, of his actions and decisions in the realm of concrete reality. This philosophy is not an exposition of theoretical principles. It is not concerned with man in general in abstract time, but rather with the individual human being, designated by a proper name, living in his particular time. ** Human existence in its finiteness and temporalness forms the focus in which Rosenzweig's motif can be gathered together.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1603-1
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  • 5
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    Expected Utility Hypotheses and the Allais Paradox : Contemporary Discussions of the Decisions under Uncertainty with Allais’ Rejoinder (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401576291
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 715 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 21
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Introductory Survey -- The Foundations of a Positive Theory of Choice involving Risk and a Criticism of the Postulates and Axioms of the American School -- CriticaI Examination of the New Foundation of Utility -- A Short Confirmation of My Standpoint -- Utilities, Psychological Values, and Decision Makers -- Some Reflections on Utility -- A Reply to Allais -- Utility and Stochastic Dominance -- Maximizing Expected Utility and the Rule of Long Run Success -- Adaptive Utility -- On the Nature of Expected Utility -- The St. Petersburg Puzzle -- Towards a Positive Theory of Preferences Under Risk -- The Naturalistic Versus the Intuitionistic School of Values -- Utility Theory: Axioms versus ‘Paradoxes’ -- Comparison of Decision Models and some Suggestions -- The So-called Allais Paradox and Rational Decisions Under Uncertainty -- Subject Indexes -- - Parts I (Foreword), II and V -- - Allais’ notation -- - Parts I (Introductory Survey), III and IV -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Utility theory or, value theory in general, is certainly the cornerstone of decision theory, game theory, microecon~mics, and all social and political theories which deal with public decisions. Recently the American School of utility, founded by von N eumann­ Morgenstern, encountered a far-going criticism by the French School of utility represented by its founder Allais. The whole basis of the theory of decisions involving risk has been shaken and put into question. Consequently, basic research in the fundamentals of utility and value theory evolved into a crisis. Like any crisis in basic research, and this one was not an exception, it was very fruitful. One may simply say: Allais versus von Neumann-Morgenstern, or the French School of utility versus the American School, became one of the battlefields of scientific development which proved to be a most creative source of new advances and new developments in all those sciences which are based on evaluation of utilities.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-7629-1
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  • 6
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    Questions (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400995093
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (383p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 1
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Interrogative in a Syntactic Framework -- Generative-Transformational Studies in English Interrogatives -- Yes—No Questions Are Not Alternative Questions -- Asking More Than One Thing at a Time -- Q-Morpheme Hypothesis -- Syntax and Semantics of Questions -- Difficult Questions -- Questions and Categories -- Answers to Questions -- Questions as Epistemic Requests -- A Prolegomenon to an Interrogative Theory of Scientific Inquiry.
    Abstract: To the philosopher, the logician, and the linguist, questions have a special fascination. The two main views of language, that it describes the world, and that it expresses thought, are not directly applicable to questions. Ques­ tions are not assertions. A question may be apt, sharp, to the point, impor­ tant, or it may be inappropriate, ambiguous, awkward, irrelevant or irreverent. But it cannot be true or false. It does not have a truth value not just because an utterance like Was the letter long? does not indicate which letter is being talked about. The indicative The letter was not long has the same indeter­ minacy. In actual context the anaphoric definite article will be resolved both for a question and for an indicative sentence. Contextual resolutions are easily found for most cross-references. A question cannot be either true or it does not describe a state of affairs. Neither does it express false, because thought, because it is an expression of suspended thought, of lack of judge­ ment. To dress it in other philosophical styles, a question is not a judgment, it is not a proposition, it is not an assertion. A philosopher may try to paraphrase a question as an indicative sentence, for instance as a statement of ignorance, or as a statement of the desire to know. Hintikka, Wachowicz and Lang explore this territory. Or he may interpret it as a meta statement intimating the direction in which the flow of the discourse is going.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9509-3
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  • 7
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    Transcendence and Hermeneutics : An Interpretation of the Philosophy of Karl Jaspers (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400992702
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 198 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Emmet, Dorothy REVIEWS 1981
    Series Statement: Studies in Philosophy and Religion 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Transcending-Thinking and Its Modalities -- I Introduction -- 1. Transcending in World-Orientation -- 2. Transcending and Existenz -- 3. Transcending in Speculative Metaphysics -- II. Transcending-Thinking and Philosophical Idealism -- II Introduction -- 4. Transcending in Historical Consciousness -- 5. Jaspers and Platonic Idealism -- 6. Jaspers and Kant -- 7. Unfolding the Enfolding: Jaspers and Mysticism -- III. Transcendence and Hermeneutics -- III Introduction -- 8. Transcending-Thinking as Hermeneutic Philosophizing -- 9. The Successors and the Critics of Karl Jaspers -- Afterword.
    Abstract: ''The problem of Transcendence is the problem of our time. " I Needless to say, Transcendence was a particularly lively i~sue when Karl Heim wrote these words in the mid-1930's. Within the province of philosophi­ cal theology and philosophy of religion, however, it is always the prob­ lem, as Gordon Kaufman has recently reminded us. 2Por the question concerning the nature and the reality of Transcendence has not only to do with self-transcendence, but with the being of Transcendence-Itself, that is to say, with the nature and the reality of God as experienced and understood at any given time or place. Now there are those today who would claim that any further discus­ sion of the latter half of this proposition, namely,Transcendence-Itse1f or God, is worthless and quite beside the point. Such persons would claim that the particular logia represented by the theological sciences has collapsed by virtue of its object having disappeared. Indeed, when one surveys the contemporary scene in philosophy and theology, there is a good deal of evidence that this is the case':"" theology of late having be­ come something of a "spectacle," to use Pritz Buri's term. One of the reasons for this, we here contend, is that the richness and the diversity of the meaning of Transcendence has been lost. And even though we do not here intend to resolve the issue, neither do we assume that such an enqui­ ry is either impossible or irrelevant.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9270-2
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  • 8
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    Transcendental Arguments and Science : Essays in Epistemology (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400994102
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (322p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 133
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics
    Abstract: I. The Structure and Function of Transcendental Arguments -- Transcendental Proofs in the Critique of Pure Reason -- Transcendental Arguments, Synthetic and Analytic. Comment on Baum -- A Note on Transcendental Propositions in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. Comment on Baum -- Analytic Transcendental Arguments -- On Bennett’s ‘Analytic Transcendental Arguments’ -- Comment on Bennett -- Transcendental Arguments, Self-Reference, and Pragmatism -- Comment on Rorty -- Challenger or Competitor? On Rorty’s Account of Transcendental Strategies -- II. The Conceptual Foundations of Science -- The Preconditions of Experience and the Unity of Physics -- Comment on von Weiszäcker -- Comment on von Weizsäcker -- The Concept of Science. Some Remarks on the Methodological Issue ‘Construction’ versus ‘Description’ in the Philosophy of Science -- Transcendentalism and Protoscience. Comment on Lorenz -- Sellarsian Realism and Conceptual Change in Science -- Some Remarks on Realism and Scientific Revolutions. Comment on Burian -- Realism and Underdetermination. Comment on Burian -- III. The Transcendental Approach and Alternative Positions -- Transcendental Arguments and Pragmatic Epistemology -- Conceptual Schemes, Justification and Consistency. Comment on Rosenberg -- Comment on Rosenberg -- The Significance of Scepticism -- Scepticism and How to Take It. Comment on Stroud -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The goal of the present volume is to discuss the notion of a 'conceptual framework' or 'conceptual scheme', which has been dominating much work in the analysis and justification of knowledge in recent years. More specifi­ cally, this volume is designed to clarify the contrast between two competing approaches in the area of problems indicated by this notion: On the one hand, we have the conviction, underlying much present-day work in the philosophy of science, that the best we can hope for in the justifi­ cation of empirical knowledge is to reconstruct the conceptual means actually employed by science, and to develop suitable models for analyzing conceptual change involved in the progress of science. This view involves the assumption that we should stop taking foundational questions of epistemology seriously and discard once and for all the quest for uncontrovertible truth. The result­ ing program of justifying epistemic claims by subsequently describing patterns of inferentially connected concepts as they are at work in actual science is closely connected with the idea of naturalizing epistemology, with concep­ tual relativism, and with a pragmatic interpretation of knowledge. On the other hand, recent epistemology tends to claim that no subsequent reconstruction of actually employed conceptual frameworks is sufficient for providing epistemic justification for our beliefs about the world. This second claim tries to resist the naturalistic and pragmatic approach to epistemology and insists on taking the epistemological sceptic seriously.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9410-2
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  • 9
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    Pragmatics, Truth, and Language (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400994577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (325p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 38
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 38
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Truth and Its Illicit Surrogates -- II. Some Reminders concerning Truth, Satisfaction, and Reference -- III. On Disquotation and Intensionality -- IV. On Truth, Belief, and Modes of Description -- V. The Pragmatics of Self-Reference -- VI. On Suppositio and Denotation -- VII. Of Time and the Null Individual -- VIII. Existence and Logical Form -- IX. Tense, Aspect, and Modality -- X. Of ‘Of’ -- XI. Events and Actions: Brand and Kim -- XII. Why I Am Not a Montague Grammarian -- XIII. The Truth about Kripke’s “Truth” -- XIV. On Possibilia and Essentiality: Ruth Marcus -- XV. On the Language of Causal Talk: Scriven and Suppes -- XVI. A Reading of Frege on Sense and Designation -- XVII. ‘And’ -- XVIII. Some Protolinguistic Transformations -- XIX. Some Hi?ian Heresies -- XX. Mathematical Nominalism -- XXI. Of Logic, Learning, and Language -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Richard Martin's thoroughly philosophical as well as thoroughly tech­ nical investigations deserve continued and appreciative study. His sympathy and good cheer do not obscure his rigorous standard, nor do his contemporary sophistication and intellectual independence obscure his critical congeniality toward classical and medieval philosophers. So he deals with old and new; his papers, in his neat self-descriptions, consist of reminders, criticisms, and constructions. They might also be seen as studies in the understanding of truth, ramifying as widely in mathematics, logic, and epistemology as well as metaphysics, as such understanding has required. For us it is a pleasant occasion to welcome Richard Martin's new Boston Studies, and to note his continuously con­ collection to the structive and critical interventions at the Boston Colloquium for the of Science. Philosophy Boston University Center for the R. S. COHEN Philosophy and History of Science M. W. WARTOFSKY July 1979 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL PREFACE vii PREFACE xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv I. Truth and Its Illicit Surrogates II. Some Reminders concerning Truth, Satisfaction, and Reference 17 III. On Disquotation and Intensionality 30 IV. On Truth, Belief, and Modes of Description 42 V. The Pragmatics of Self-Reference 55 VI. On Suppositio and Denotation 72 VII. Of Time and the Null Individual 82 VIII. Existence and Logical Form 95 IX. Tense, Aspect, and Modality 110 X. Of 'Of' 130 XI. Events and Actions: Brand and Kim 144 XII. Why I Am Not a Montague Grammarian 160 XIII.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9457-7
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  • 10
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    Philosophy in Geography (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400993945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (491p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 20
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Some Principles of Ethnogeography -- Erewhon or Nowhere Land -- A Framework for Examination of Theoretic Viewpoints in Geography -- Thirteen Axioms of a Geography of the Public Sector -- On the Set Theoretic Foundations of the Regionalization Problem -- Reality, Process, and the Dialectical Relation Between Man and Environment -- Signals in the Noise -- Population, Resources, and the Ideology of Science -- Alternatives to a Positive Economic Geography -- Social Geography and the Taken-For-Granted World -- Dialectics and Geography -- Beyond the Census: Data Needs and Urban Policy Analysis -- Social Science and Human Action or on Hitting Your Head Against the Ceiling of Language -- Problems in the Psychological Modelling of Revealed Destination Choice -- An Open Letter on the Dematerialization of the Geographic Object -- Land Use and Commodity Production -- Spatial Interaction and Geographic Theory -- Cellular Geography -- Space and Place: Humanistic Perspective -- A Periodic Table of Spatial Hierarchies -- Unconventional Name Index -- Reference List -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In any edited volume most credit is due to the individual authors. The present case is no exception and we as editors have done little apart from serving as coordinators for a group of friends and colleagues. For once, the responsi­ bilities are shared. We feel that the collection gives a fair representation of the activities at the frontier of human geography in North America. Whether these premonitions will be further substantiated is of course to be seen. In the meantime, we take refuge in Vico's saying that "doctrines must take their beginning from that of the matter of which they treat". And yet we also know that new treatments never lead to fmal ends, but rather to new doctrines and to new beginnings. It is also a pleasure to acknowledge those publishers and authors who have given permission to reprint copyrighted materials: Association of American Geographers for Leslie J. King's 'Alternatives to a Positive Economic Geography', Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 66,1976; Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. for Yi-Fu Tuan's 'Space and Place: Human­ istic Perspective', in Christopher Board et al. (eds. ), Progress in Geography, Vol. 6, 1974; Economic Geography for David Harvey's 'Population, Resources, and the Ideology of Science' ,Economic Geography, Vol. SO, 1974; Institute of British Geographers for David Ley's 'Social Geography and the Taken-for-Granted World', Transactions of the Institute of British Geogra­ phers, Vol. 2, 1977; and North-Holland Publishing Company for Allen J.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9394-5
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  • 11
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    The political economy of the educational process (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400992429
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Public choice 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: 1. An introduction to economics and the economics of education -- 1.1. Theory: a matter of necessity -- 1.2. The basics of economic theory -- 1.3. A final preliminary note -- 2. The basics of the economic model -- 2.1. An introductory statement -- 2.2. A more complex statement: the student’s opportunity set -- 2.3. The student’s preference structure -- 2.4. The logic of student choice -- 2.5. Concluding comments -- 3. Student preferences, abilities, and performance -- 3.1. Student preferences 3 -- 3.2. Student abilities -- 3.2.1. Different levels of initial achievement -- 3.2.2. Different aptitudes -- 3.3. Efficiency gains and the evaluation of the professor -- 4. Professor preferences, public goods, and student performance -- 4.1. Faculty choice and student achievement -- 4.2. Student quality and faculty effort -- 4.2.1. Different initial achievement levels -- 4.2.2. Different aptitudes -- 4.2.3. Different initial endowments and aptitudes -- 4.3. Classroom technology, teacher ability, and faculty effort -- 4.4. Teaching as a public good -- 4.5. Concluding comments -- 5. Is teaching the best way to learn? -- 5.1. The effects of student proctoring -- 5.2. The illusion of cost-benefit analysis -- 5.3. Optimum learning -- 5.4. Student aptitude once again -- 5.5. The institutional setting and educational change -- 6. The effects of grade inflation on student evaluation and performance -- 6.1. The model -- 6.2. Grade influation -- 6.3. Real grade influation -- 6.4. Empirical tests -- 6.5. Concluding comments -- 7. The evaluation and pay of faculty -- 7.1. Research findings: the effects of research and teaching on faculty pay -- 7.1.1. The Katz study -- 7.1.2. The Koch-Chizmar study -- 7.1.3. The Tuckman-Chapinski-Hagemann study -- 7.1.4. The Siegfried-White study -- 7.1.5. Interim summary of conclusion -- 7.2. Research findings: the influence of research on teaching effectiveness -- 7.3. The evaluation of faculty: the interactive effects of student and faculty efforts and academic freedoms -- 7.4. The pay system -- 7.4.1. The lump-sum pay method -- 7.4.2. Accountability -- 7.5. Concluding comments -- 8. Committees, “Comment Pollutions,” and the internal governance of universities -- 8.1 Comments as public goods -- 8.2. The judgement of committeemen -- 8.3. Concluding comments -- 9. The citizenship argument for education -- 9.1. Citizenship, public goods, and economics -- 9.2. Public choice view -- 9.3. Counterarguments -- 9.4. Course content for rational students -- 9.5. Concluding comments -- 10. The academic market, intercollegiate sports, and academic standards -- 10.1. A supply and demand model of the education market -- 10.2. The impact of intercollegiate sports -- 10.3. Concluding comments -- 11. Cheating and chiseling -- 11.1. The prevalence of cheating -- 11.2. The effects of cheating -- 11.3. The rationality of cheating -- 11.4. Chiseling -- 12. Postscript.
    Abstract: The purpose of The Political Economy of the Educational Process is to demonstrate in an elemental way what economics can contribute to our understanding of how education occurs. Although in ways similar, the book is significantly different from other studies in the economics of education. Other works are primarily concerned with the effects which education (or, to use the economist's jargon, human capital) has on production, market efficiency, and the distri­ bution of income. The central concern of this book is how and why the student goes about acquiring whatever human capital he wishes and how the institutional setting of the university influences the amount of human capital that the student acquires. This book deals with the learning process and, therefore, draws upon an earlier book written by Robert Staaf and myself. 1 However, the "economic theory of learning," which Staaf and I developed earlier in very pre­ cise mathematical terms, is extended here through a fuller treat­ ment of the political environment in which education occurs. A major concern of this work is to make the economic analysis easily understood by professional educators and social scientists generally. To accomplish this objective, Chapter 2 develops for the non­ economicists the tools of analysis which are used throughout the book. Hopefully, by shying away from esoteric theory and by try­ ing to make the discussion provocative and informative, the book 1. See Richard B. McKenzie and Robert J.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9242-9
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  • 12
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    Response Models for Detection of Change (1979)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400993860
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 201 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 18
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 18
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Behavioral Decision Theory -- 1.2. Introduction to Detection of Change -- 1.3. Plan of the Book -- 2. The Optimal Policy -- 2.1. Problems TDC and DC -- 2.2. Sufficient Statistics -- 2.3. The Probability of Change -- 2.4. The Optimal Policy -- 2.5. The Nature of the Optimal Policy -- 2.6. Examples -- 3. A Response Model with a Fixed Probability Boundary -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Problem TDC -- 3.3. Problem DC -- 3.4. Relationships between Problems DC and TDC -- 3.5. Recursive Equations for Mean Values -- 3.6. Relation of Model FPB to the Optimal Policy -- 4. A Response Model with a Fixed Number of Observations -- 4.1. Model FNOB -- 4.2. The Case of No Information -- 4.3. Problem TDC -- 4.4. Problem DC -- 4.5. Parameter Estimation -- 5. A Response Model with a Fixed Number of Successive Observations -- 5.1. Model FNSOB -- 5.2. Problem TDC -- 5.3. Problem DC -- 6. Sensitivity Analysis -- 6.1. Validation by Cupidity -- 6.2. The Curse of Insensitivity -- 6.3. Within Model Insensitivity -- 6.4. Between Model Insensitivity -- 6.5. The System Operating Characteristic (SOC) -- 6.6. Conclusions -- 7. Multi-State Detection of Change -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Problem Formulation -- 7.3. The Optimal Policies -- 7.4. Discussion -- 8. Experimental Research -- 8.1. An Experimental Comparison of the Models -- 8.2. A Psychophysical Experiment -- 8.3. Applications to Performance Evaluation -- 9. Extensions -- 9.1. Arbitrary Distribution of Trial of Change -- 9.2. Further Research -- Appendix. Solution Program for Optimal Policy -- Glossary of Symbols -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book reports our research on detection of change processes that underlie psychophysical, learning, medical diagnosis, military, and pro­ duction control situations, and share three major features. First, the states of the process are not directly observable but become gradually known with the sequential acquisition of fallible information over time. Second, the mechanism that generates the fallible information is not stationary; rather, it is subjected to a sudden and irrevocable change. Thirdly, in­ complete, probabilistic information about the time of change is available when the process commences. The purpose of the book is to characterize this class of detection of change processes, to derive the optimal policy that minimizes total expected loss, and, most importantly, to develop testable response models, based on simple decision rules, for describing detection of change behavior. The book is theoretical in the sense that it offers mathematical models of multi-stage decision behavior and solutions to optimization problems. However, it is not anti-empirical, as it aims to stimulate new experimental research and to generate applications. Throughout the book, questions of experimental verification are briefly considered, and existing data from two studies are brought to bear on the validity of the models. The work is not complete; it only provides a starting point for investigating how people detect a change in an uncertain environment, balancing between the cost of delay in detecting the change and the cost of making an incor­ rect terminal decision.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9386-0
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  • 13
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    Decision Theory and Social Ethics : Issues in Social Choice (1978)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400998384
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (351p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 17
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 / Philosophy and Ethical Principles -- Rule Utilitarianism and Decision Theory -- Marx and the Utility Approach to the Ethical Foundation of Microeconomics -- Endogenous Changes in Tastes: A Philosophical Discussion -- 2 / Social and Collective Choice Theory -- Nice Decision Schemes -- The Distribution of Rights in Society -- Acceptable Social Choice Lotteries -- Social Decision, Strategic Behavior, and Best Outcomes -- Cyclically Mixed Preferences—A Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Transitivity of the Social Preference Relation -- Comparative Distributive Ethics: An Extension of Sen’s Examination of the Pure Distribution Problem -- Rawls’s Theory of Justice: An Impossibility Result -- Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem: Some New Aspects -- Two Proofs of the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Theorem on the Possibility of a Strategy-Proof Social Choice Function -- 3 / Special Topics in Social Choice -- Ethics, Institutions and Optimality -- Complexity and Social Decision Rules -- Discrete Optimization and Social Decision Methods -- The Equity Principle in Economic Behavior -- The Distributive Justice of Income Inequality -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Ethics, as one of the most respectable disciplines of philosophy, has undergone a drastic and revolutionary change in recent time. There are three main trends of this development. The first trend can be described as a tendency towards a rigorous formal and analytical language. This means simply that ethics has created beside its own formalized set­ theoretical language a variety of new formalized, logical and mathemati­ cal methods and concepts. Thus ethics has become a formalized meta­ or epidiscipline which is going to replace the traditional concepts, principles and ethical methods in the realm of social sciences. It is clear that a formalized form of ethics can be used more easily in social, economic and political theories if there are ethical conflicts to be solved. This first trend can be regarded as a conditio sine qua non for application in, and imposing ethical solutions on, social scientific theories. The second trend may be characterized as an association- or unification-tendency of a formalized and analytical ethics with decision theory. Decision theory as a new interdiscipline of social sciences is actually an assemblage of a variety of subtheories such as value-utility theory, game theory, collective decision theory, etc. Harsanyi has called this complex of subtheories a general theory of human behavior. Analytical or formal ethics is actually using this general theory of human behavior as a vehicle simply because this theory deals from the beginning with conflict solution, i. e.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9838-4
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  • 14
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    Atheism and Theism (1978)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401197854
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (157p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Metaphysics. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: I. Faith and Counterfaith -- II. The Positive Function of Atheism -- III. Transcendence of the Finite -- IV. The Rational Basis of Theism -- V. The Idea of God -- VI. Evil and Transfiguration -- VII. Incarnation.
    Abstract: Professor Errol E. Harris presented the first three chapters of Atheism and Theism as public lectures at Tulane University on January 20-22, 1975. The lecture series was made possible by a grant from the Franklin J. Matchette Foundation of New York City. Those of us who had the pleasure of hearing the lectures formed the judgment that they deserved publication to reach a wider audience and to assure a more permanent reeord. We invited Professor Harris to allow us to publish his lectures in Tulane Studies in Philosophy. On his part, he de­ veloped the themes of the lectures into a more comprehensive and lasting work. With Professor Harris's approval, we are taking the unprecedented step of devoting Volume XXVI of Tulane Studies in Philosophy to the publication of Atheism and Theism. We are certain that it will advance the fundamentally philosophical argument surrounding theism and Christianity. We are also convinced that it will add substantialIy to the prestige of our series of annua1 volumes of philosophy, now in its twenty-sixth year. 'Ve wish to express our thanks to the Franklin J. Matchette Foundation for the original grant sup­ porting the lectures and to Professor Harris for presenting first the lectures and then the book. R. C. W. A. J. R.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-9785-4
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  • 15
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    Semiotics in Poland 1984-1969 (1978)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400997776
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (526p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 119
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: On Clear and Obscure Styles of Philosophical Writing -- Symbolomania and Pragmatophobia -- On the Content and Object of Representations -- Actions and Products. Comments on the Border Area of Psychology, Grammar, and Logic -- Issues in the Logic of Adjectives -- A Survey of Logical and Semantic Problems -- The Reistic or Concretistic Approach -- Comments on the Meaning of Words -- The Controversy Over Designata -- Token-reflexive Words Versus Proper Names -- Connotation and Denotation -- Proposition as the Connotation of Sentence -- Intensional Expressions -- Concerning the So-called Empty Names -- Issues in the Philosophy of Proper Names -- Truth and the Concept of Language -- Ambiguity and the Language of Science -- Significano ‘per se’ and ‘per aliud’ in Anselm -- An Analysis of the Concept of Sign -- The Controversy over the Limits of the Applicability of Logical Methods -- Puzzles of Existence -- Vague Words -- Names and Predicates translated by P. T. Geach -- On the Antinomy of the Liar and the Semantics of Natural Language -- Normal and Non-normal Classes in Current Language -- Normal and Non-Normal Classes Versus the Set-Theoretical and the Mereological Concept of Class -- The Semantics of Open Concepts -- Languages and Theories Adequate to the Ontology of the Language of Science -- A Functional Approach to the Logical Semiotics of Natural Language -- The Principle of Transparency and Semantic Antinomies -- The Semantic Functions of Oblique Speech -- The Semantic Conception of Truth in the Methodology of Empirical Sciences translated by Z. Wójcicka -- The Attribute and the Class translated by B. Stanosz -- Analyticity and Apriority -- Sources of the Texts -- Biographical and Bibliographical Notes.
    Abstract: In the Introduction to the Polish-language version of the present book I expressed the hope that Polish studies in semiotics would before long be numerous enough to make possible another anthology on semiotics in Poland containing material published since 1970. That hope has in fact come true. The fact that semiotic research has been gaining momentum in this country is reflected in the growing interest in the discipline, in expanding international contacts, and in the steady increase in the number of publications. Thus, 1972 saw the setting up of the Department of Logical Semiotics, headed by the present writer, at Warsaw University Institute of Phi­ losophy. The seminar on semiotics, which I started in 1961, had met more than two hundred times by the end of 1976; since 1968, meetings have been held jointly with the Polish Semiotic Society. Another semi­ nar, confined to university staff and concerned with logical semiotics, which was inithted in 1970, had met more than fifty times by the end of 1976. The former seminar often plays host to foreign visiting pro­ fessors; so far scholars from Australia, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, the German Democratic Republic, Italy, the Netherlands, the Soviet Union, and the United States have attended.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9777-6
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  • 16
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    Instrumental Reasoning and Systems Methodology : An Epistemology of the Applied and Social Sciences (1978)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401094313
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 15
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Do Scientists Need Epistemology? -- 1.2 Towards a Philosophy of Applied Science -- 1.3 Management Science and the Philosophy of Applied Science -- 1.4 Conclusion -- 2 Systems Analysis as a Tool of Philosophical Investigation -- 2.1 In Need of an Expanded Analytical Superstructure -- 2.2 The Essence of the Systems Approach -- 2.3 Incorporating and Externalizing Value Judgements -- 2.4 The Method of Neutralizing Systems -- 2.5 Management Science as a System: Normative or Positive? -- 2.6 Reduction of Value Judgements -- 2.7 Institutionalized Facts as Values -- 2.8 Institutions as Systems -- 3 Philosophy and Evolution of Logic from a Systems Point of View -- 3.1 Some Ontological Considerations -- 3.2 On the Nature of Logic -- 3.3 Historical Development of Modern Logic -- 3.4 Some Highlights in the Evolution of Semantics -- 4 Modern Deductive Logic -- 4.1 Sentence Logic or the Theory of Truth Functions -- 4.2 Predicate Logic -- 4.3 Multivalued and Modal Logic -- 4.4 Imperative Arguments and Deontic Modalities -- 5 The Controversy Around Inductive Logic -- 5.1 Essence and Early Evolution of Induction -- 5.2 Modern Views on Induction -- 5.3 Probability and Its Interpretation -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 6 Decision Theory and the Economists’ Methodological Endeavors -- 6.1 An Appraisal of Carnap’s Inductive Logic -- 6.2 Formal Decision Theory and Its Evolution -- 6.3 Information Economics as an Extension of Decision Theory -- 6.4 Episterno-Economics -- 6.5 Other Methodological Explorations by Economists -- 7 Philosophy of Science and the Systems Approach -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Epistemology: The Received View -- 7.3 Reaction and Alternatives -- 7.4 The Systems Approach, Its Criticism, and Its Potential -- 7.5 Systems Approach as a Methodology -- Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Indices -- Some Journals of Philosophy, Applied and Social Sciences -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book has been written primarily for the applied and social scientist and student who longs for an integrated picture of the foundations on which his research must ultimately rest; but hopefully the book may also serve philosophers interested in applied disciplines and in systems methodology. If integration was the major motto, the need for a method­ ology, appropriate to the teleological peculiarities of all applied sciences, was the main impetus behind the conception of the present work. This need I felt a long time ago in my own area of analytical and empirical research in accounting theory and management science; later I had the opportunity to teach, for almost a decade, graduate seminars in Methodology which offered particular insight into the methodological needs of students of such applied disciplines as business administration, education, engineering, infor­ matics, etc. Out of this effort grew the present book which among other things tries, on one side, to illuminate the difference and relationship between methods of cognition and methods of decision and on the other, to sketch a framework suitable for depicting means-end relationships in a holistic setting. I believe that a systems methodology which incorporates recent endeavours of deontic logic, decision theory, information economics and related areas would be eminently suited to break the ground for such a future framework. Yet systems theory has two major shortcomings which might prevent it from evolving into the desired methodology of applied science.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9431-3
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  • 17
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    Formal Semantics and Pragmatics for Natural Languages (1978)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400997752
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (392p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 4
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Conditionals, Generic Quantifiers, and Other Applications of Subgames -- Ambiguous Coreference With Quantifiers -- Negative Coreference: Generalizing Quantification for Natural Language -- Syntactic Domains for Semantic Rules -- Variable Binding and Relative Clauses -- Adverbs of Space and Time -- Time Schemes, Tense Logic and the Analysis of English Tenses -- A System of Chronological Tense Logic -- Semantics versus Pragmatics -- Implication Reversal in a Natural Language -- Structure and Function of the Grammatical Component of the Text-Structure World-Structure Theory -- Questions and Answers in a Context-dependent Montague Grammar -- The Introduction of Truth Predicates into First-Order Languages -- List of Participants.
    Abstract: The essays in this collection are the outgrowth of a workshop, held in June 1976, on formal approaches to the semantics and pragmatics of natural languages. They document in an astoundingly uniform way the develop­ ments in the formal analysis of natural languages since the late sixties. The avowed aim of the' workshop was in fact to assess the progress made in the application of formal methods to semantics, to confront different approaches to essentially the same problems on the one hand, and, on the other, to show the way in relating semantic and pragmatic explanations of linguistic phenomena. Several of these papers can in fact be regarded as attempts to close the 'semiotic circle' by bringing together the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties of certain constructions in an explanatory framework thereby making it more than obvious that these three components of an integrated linguistic theory cannot be as neatly separated as one would have liked to believe. In other words, not only can we not elaborate a syntactic description of (a fragment of) a language and then proceed to the semantics (as Montague pointed out already forcefully in 1968), we cannot hope to achieve an adequate integrated syntax and semantics without paying heed to the pragmatic aspects of the constructions involved. The behavior of polarity items, 'quantifiers' like any, conditionals or even logical particles like and and or in non-indicative sentences is clear-cut evidence for the need to let each component of the grammar inform the other.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9775-2
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  • 18
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    Foundations of Logico-Linguistics : A Unified Theory of Information, Language, and Logic (1978)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400998209
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Language Library, Texts and Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 2
    Series Statement: Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Linguistics ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Semantics ; Semiotics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Aims -- 1.2 Beyond Syntax -- 1.3 Bloomfield’s Dilemma -- 1.4 The Research Strategy of the Isolable Subsystem -- 1.5 Theories of Language vs. Language Analysis -- 1.6 Theories of Logic -- 1.7 Logico-Linguistics -- 2. Information and Language -- 2.1 Information States -- 2.2 Input and Output -- 2.3 Information Automata -- 2.4 Language Automata -- 2.5 Black-Box Methodology -- 2.6 The What-Do-You-Know? Game -- 2.7 The Behavior-Analytic Interpretation of Language Automata -- 2.8 The Linguistic Priority of the Language Automaton -- 2.9 Languages -- 2.10 Summary -- 3. On Describing Languages -- 3.1 Descriptive Strategies -- 3.2 Descriptive Equivalence -- 3.3 Language Descriptions as Scientific Theories -- 3.4 Basic Evidence Propeties -- 3.5 The Evidence-Gathering Process -- 4. Language and Deductive Logic -- 4.1 Idealizations -- 4.2 Logical Relationships -- 4.3 Properties of the Logical Relationships -- 4.4 Logics -- 4.5 Informative Languages have Incomplete Logics -- 4.6 Quasi-logical Relationships -- 4.7 Quasi-logical Relationships are often Logical -- 4.8 Logic in the Evidence-Gathering Process -- 5. Semantics, Axiomatics -- 5.1 Semantically Structuralizable Languages -- 5.2 Examples of Artifical Semantically Structuralizable Languages -- 5.3 A Fragment of English -- 5.4 Semantics and Deductive Logic -- 5.5 Axiomatic Language Descriptions -- 5.6 Other Language Families -- 5.7 Logic as a Branch of Linguistics -- 5.8 Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics -- 6. Meaning -- 6.1 Purports and Imports -- 6.2 Purport-Import Glossaries -- 6.3 Specialized Glossaries -- 6.4 Synonymy -- 7. Language and Inductive Logic -- 7.1 Credibility Weights -- 7.2 Probability Weights -- 7.3 Deductive Logic in Probability-Weighted Languages -- 7.4 The Semantics of Probability-Weighted Languages -- 7.5 Plausible Inference -- 7.6 Statistical Inference -- 7.7 Inductive Reasoning -- 7.8 Extended Semantics -- 8. ‘If-Then’: A Case Study in Logico-Linguistic Analysis -- 8.1 Preliminary Statement of Hypotheses to be Tested -- 82 History of Hypothesis A -- 8.3 History of Hypothesis B -- 8.4 History of Other Hypotheses -- 8.5 Delineation of Constructions of Interest -- 8.6 The Working Hypothesis of Extended Semantic Structuralizability -- 8.7 Exact Statement of Hypothesis A -- 8.8 Exact Statement of Hypothesis B -- 8.9 Remarks on Hypothesis B -- 8.10 Contraposition -- 8.11 Methodological Review -- 8.12 The Hypothetical Syllogism -- 8.13 Further Inference Patterns -- 8.14 The Paradoxes of Material Implication -- 8.15 The Second Paradox Re-examined Dynamically -- 8.16 Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens -- 8.17 Order of Premises -- 8.18 Incompatible Conditionals -- 8.19 Self-Contradictory Conditionals -- 8.20 Aristole’s Slip -- 8.21 Incompleteness of the Rules Governing Conditionals -- 8.22 Logically Disjunct Conditionals -- 8.23 Negations of Conditionals -- 8.24 Conjunctions of Conditionals -- 8.25 Conditionals Containing Other Conditionals -- 8.26 Lewis Carroll’s Barbershop Paradox -- 8.27 Disjunctions of Conditionals -- 8.28 Conclusions about If—then -- 8.29 Further Case Studies -- 8.30 Concluding Remark -- 9. Problem Areas and Computer Applications -- 9.1 Choice of Linguistic Unit -- 9.2 Ambiguity -- 9.3 Context-Dependence -- 9.4 Linguistic Incompleteness -- 9.5 Non-declarative Sentences -- 9.6 Physical Realizability -- 9.7 Automatic Question-Answering -- 9.8 Enthymemes, Analyticity -- 9.9 Further Computer Applications -- 9.10 Artificial Intelligence -- 9.11 The Future -- References.
    Abstract: In 1962 a mimeographed sheet of paper fell into my possession. It had been prepared by Ernest Adams of the Philosophy Department at Berkeley as a handout for a colloquim. Headed 'SOME FALLACIES OF FORMAL LOGIC' it simply listed eleven little pieces of reasoning, all in ordinary English, and all absurd. I still have the sheet, and quote a couple of the arguments here to give the idea. • If you throw switch S and switch T, the motor will start. There­ fore, either if you throw switch S the motor will start, or, if you throw switch T the motor will start . • It is not the case that if John passes history he will graduate. Therefore, John will pass history. The disconcerting thing about these inferences is, of course, that under the customary truth-functional interpretation of and, or, not, and if-then, they are supposed to be valid. What, if anything, is wrong? At first I was not disturbed by the examples. Having at that time consider­ able personal commitment to rationality in general and formal logic in par­ ticular, I felt it my duty and found myself easily able (or so I thought) to explain away most of them. But on reflection I had to admit that my expla­ nations had an ad hoc character, varying suspiciously from example to example.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9820-9
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  • 19
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    Revolutions, Systems and Theories : Essays in Political Philosophy (1978)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789400998940
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philisophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 19
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: The Evaluation of Revolutions -- The Evaluation of Revolutions: a Comment on Michael Scriven’s Paper -- Systems Analysis in Politics and Its Critics -- A Note on Mr. Easton’s Revolutions -- The Economics of Revolution -- Self-Interest in Times of Revolution and Repression: Comment on Professor Tullock’s Analysis -- Ethics and Politics -- Reply to Professor Taylor -- Ethics and Politics: a Rejoinder to Professor Rapoport -- The Logic and Metaphysics of Evaluation in Political Theory: a Response to Professor Rapoport -- Attending to Interdependencies -- Politics, Political Philosophy and the Politics of Philosophy -- On the Choice between Reform and Revolution -- Commentary on Professor Nielsen’s Paper.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9894-0
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  • 20
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    Government and Rural Development in East Africa : Essays on Political Penetration (1977)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401010306
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Institute of Social Studies, Series on the Development of Societies 2
    Series Statement: Institute of Social Studies Series on Development of Societies 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: I. Introduction ‘Penetration’ and the East African Context -- The Concept of Political Penetration -- ‘Penetration’ and Rural Development in the East African Context -- II. The Colonial Legacy and the Dynamics of Political Control -- Teso in Transformation: colonial penetration in Teso District, Eastern Uganda, and its contemporary significance -- Local Participation in National Politics: Ugugo, Tanzania -- The Legitimacy of the Uganda Government in Buganda -- III. Institutions and Strategies for Rural Development -- Creating and Expanding Organizations for Rural Development -- Economics, Incentives and Development Penetration -- Leadership and Institutions for Rural Development: a case study of Nzega District -- IV. District Politics and Rural Transformation -- Promoting Agrarian Change: penetration and response in Murang’a, Kenya -- Political Engineering and Social Change: a case study of Bukoba District, Tanzania -- Improving Nutrition in Bukedi District, Uganda -- V. The Dynamics of Rural Societies -- Staff Kulaks and Peasants: a study of a political field -- The Social Structure of the Agricultural Extension Services in the Western Province of Kenya -- Legitimacy and Coercion in Bena Politics and Development -- A Low Status Group in Centre-Periphery Relations: Mbai Sya Eitu -- VI. Conclusion -- Recurring Penetration Strategies in East Africa.
    Abstract: The gestation period of this collection has been lengthy even by academic stan­ dards. Some of our long-suffering contributors prepared their original drafts for a workshop held in Nairobi in 1967, and although they have all up-dated their contributions they are still essentially reporting on research conducted in the late 1960s. However, we feel that their various findings and analyses of the issues they respectively treat have a continuing validity in our comprehension of the problem of rural development. Other contributions reporting on more recent work have been incorporated at different times since, most of them not commissioned especially for this symposium but all adding something to our understanding of the problem. The slow accumulation of material which makes up this fmal collection parallels an evolution in our own collective thinking, if indeed not that of most students of 'development' over the past decade. The progression has not been towards fmal clarification of the complex and changing East African realities, nor towards formulation of an accepted model for their analysis; rather, it has been marked by the questioning of the initial, somewhat simplistic assumptions with which some of us started out and a continuing debate and widening polar­ ization of views about the significance of that process of government 'pene­ tration' of the rural areas which is our focus, about the positive or negative value of 'development' policies in East Africa and, indeed, about the appropri­ ate theoretical approaches to the study of 'development' in general.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1030-6
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  • 21
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    Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in Economic Theory : Proceedings of a Conference Organized by the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria July 3-5, 1974 (1977)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401011556
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (792p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 13
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 13
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 Equilibrium -- Equilibrium with Respect to a Simple Market -- On the Role of Complete, Transitive Preferences in Equilibrium Theory -- Equilibrium in a Market with Incomplete Preferences where the Number of Consumers May Be Finite -- Continuity in General Nonconvex Economies (with Applications to the Convex Case) -- Are Core Allocations Obtainable as Exchange Equilibria? -- Equivalence of Competitive and Relative-Core Allocations on a Measure Space of Economic Agents -- Non-Stable Cores of Exchange Economies -- Does Perfect Competition in Spatial Markets Maximize Welfare? -- Walras’ Theory of Capital Formation and the Existence of a Temporary Equilibrium -- 2 Critique of Equilibrium Theory -- Theories of General Economic Equilibrium and Maximum Efficiency -- Towards a Neo-Austrian Theory of Exchange -- Competitive and Controlled Price Economies: the Arrow-Debreu Model Revisited -- 3 Extensions of Equilibrium Theory-Imperfect Competition, Uncertainty, and Money -- Equilibrium and Linear Complementarity — an Economy with Institutional Constraints on Prices -- Marketing Costs and Imperfect Competition in General Equilibrium -- Oligopoly and Its Macroeconomic Implications -- Risk and Uncertainty. Their Importance for the Homogeneity of Demand and Supply Functions and the Dichotomy between Real and Monetary Economies -- Notes on the Economic Consequences of Uncertain Product Quality -- Corporate Policy, Uncertainty, and the Stock Market -- Efficiency, Inessentiality and the ‘Debreu Property’ of Prices -- 4 Problems in Dynamics -- An Approach to the Analysis of Dynamic Processes in Economic Systems -- On Adjustment Dynamics-An Exercise in Traverse -- On the Long-Run Behaviour of a Competitive Firm -- Dynamic Models and Economic Growth -- 5 Disequilibrium and Macroeconomic Theory -- The Qualitative Effects of False Trading -- Non-Tâtonnement and Disequilibrium Adjustments in Macroeconomic Models -- Existence of an Under-Employment Equilibrium -- A Neokeynesian Model of Price and Quantity Determination in Disequilibrium -- The Specification of Disequilibrium in Flow of Funds Models -- Consumption, Income, and Liquidity -- A Model of Dynamic Keynesian Equilibrium -- Many-Good Multiplier Analysis under Traditional, Classical and Neo-Keynesian Conditions -- Stochastic Disequilibrium in a Labor Contracts Economy -- Expectations, the Real Rate of Interest, and Labor Market Behavior in a Macromodel -- Optimal International Adjustment for a Country in a State of Fundamental Dynamic Disequilibrium -- International Trade and Payments when Markets Fail to Clear -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This volume is the result of a conference held at the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna. There is still a gap reflected both in fundamental meth­ odological differences and in the style of analysis between the Walrasian (and Edgeworthian) tradition of general equilibrium theory and the theo­ retical and policy problems raised in the framework of Keynesian and post-Keynesian macroeconomics. The conference succeeded in bringing together economic theorists working in fields ranging from abstract prob­ lems of mathematical equilibrium analysis to applied macroeconomic theory, and it is hoped that the present volume will contribute to bridging the above-mentioned hiatus. As organizer of the meeting and editor of its proceedings I want to thank the Institute for Advanced Studies for providing facilities and funds. I am also sincerely grateful to all my colleagues from the Institute for their generous help, in particular to Mrs Monika Herkner without whose assistance and organizational talent the conference would certainly not have been the success it in fact - in the opinion of all participants - turned out to have been. Furthermore, I wish to express my gratitude towards all participants in the meeting and contributors to the volume whose patient support of the whole enterprise proved indispensable. To Mrs Elfriede Auracher I am deeply indebted for her skillful and effective general management of the editorial work and her invaluable assistance in compiling the indexes.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1155-6
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  • 22
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    Philosophical Papers (1977)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401011440
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 8
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. The Nature of the Axiom of Reducibility (1928) -- II. A Logical Analysis of the Concept of Probability (1930) -- III. The Concept of Identity (1936) -- IV. Moritz Schlick’s Significance for Philosophy (1936) -- V. Hypotheses (before 1936?) -- VI. Is Logic a Deductive Theory? (1938) -- VII. The Relevance of Psychology to Logic (1938) -- VIII. What is Logical Analysis? (1939) -- IX. Fiction (1950) -- X. A Note on Existence (1952) -- XI. A Remark on Experience (I950’s) -- XII. The Linguistic Technique (after 1953) -- XIII. Belief and Knowledge (1950’s) -- XIV. Two Accounts of Knowing (1950’s) -- Bibliography of Works by Friedrich Waismann -- Index of Names.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1144-0
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  • 23
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    Decision Making and Change in Human Affairs : Proceedings of the Fifth Research Conference on Subjective Probability, Utility, and Decision Making, Darmstadt, 1-4 September, 1975 (1977)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401012768
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (548p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 16
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 16
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: I: Approaches to Real-Life Situations: Problems of Improvement -- Editors’ Introduction -- Cognitive Processes and Societal Risk Taking -- Cognitive Processes and Societal Risk Taking/Comments -- The Use of Credible Intervals in Temperature Forecasting: Some Experimental Results -- Decisions Concerning Job Choice -- The Application of Multi-Attribute Utility Models to some Uncertain Decision Situations in Areas of Business and Public Policy -- Influence of Attribute Formulation on the Evaluation of Apartments by Multi-Attribute Utility Procedures -- Modelling Preferences among Distributions Using Fuzzy Relations -- Subjective Probability Elicitation: A Comparison of Performance Variables -- Rewarding Expertise in Probability Assessment -- The Psychology of the Ouija Board -- II: Analysis and Improvement of Models and Methods -- Editors’ Introduction -- Application of Multi-Attribute Utility Theory 165 -- Applications of Multi-Attribute Utility Theory/Comments -- “Motivational” Components of Utility -- Methods for Aggregating Opinions -- Methods for Aggregating Opinions/Comments -- The Continuous Ranked Probability Score in Practice -- Calibration of Probabilities: The State of the Art -- Calibration of Probabilities: The State of the Art/Comments -- Consistency of Future Event Assessments -- A Study of Intransitive Preferences Using a Think Aloud Procedure -- III: Perspectives for Further Inquiry in Decision Theory -- Editors’ Introduction -- Measurement and Interpretation of Beliefs -- Measurement and Interpretation of Beliefs/Comments -- Decision Making and Cognition -- Decision Making and Cognition/Comments -- Cognitive Functions in Decision Making -- Optimal Policies, Degradation, and Cognition -- Optimal Policies, Degradation, and Cognition/Comments -- Decision Making and Numerical Structuring -- Bayesian Statistics and Efficient Information Processing Constrained by Probability Models -- Praxiology and Decision Theory -- Cultural Differences in Viewing Uncertainty and Assessing Probabilities -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: It is only just recently that people have the tools to judge how well they are doing when making decisions. These tools were conceptualized in the seventeenth century. Since then many people have worked to sharpen the concepts, and to explore how these can be applied further. The problems of decision-making and the theory developed correspondingly have drawn the interest of mathematicians, psychologists, statisticians, economists, philosophers, organizational experts, sociologists, not only for their general relevance, but also for a more intrinsic fascination. There are quite a few institutionalized activities to disseminate results and stimulate research in decision-making. For about a decade now a European organizational structure, centered mainly around the psy­ chological interest in decision-making. There have been conferences in Hamburg, Amsterdam, Uxbridge, Rome and Darmstadt. Conference papers have been partly published+. The organization has thus stabilized, and its re­ latively long history makes it interesting to see what kind of developments occurred, within the area of interest.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1276-8
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  • 24
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    “Force of Order and Methods ..” An American view into the Dutch Directed Society (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401506380
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 174 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Social Life 19
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology.
    Abstract: I. The Dutch “Miracle” -- II. The Instruments of Decision -- Government and Ideology -- Stewards of Order -- III. Management of an Economy -- Forging a Commonwealth -- Instituting Profesionalism -- Omens of the Future -- IV. The Patroon System — Modern Style -- The Compassionate Society -- Social Health -- V. Housing and Urban Planning -- Public Housing -- City Planning in the Randstad -- VI. Physical Planning -- Nationwide Planning -- The Grand Design — IJsselmeer and the Delta -- VII. Environmental Protection -- Land -- Water -- VIII. The Engines of Change -- Social Development -- The Schools -- Universities and Social Research -- IX. “... Of Order and Methods”.
    Abstract: The Netherlands is an unusual nation in many ways. It is not only that nearly half her land is below sea level. Nor is it that she is one of the world's most crowded lands; her more than 13 million people create a population density of about 1000 per square mHe. Nor is it that half her national income is dependent upon world trade. Nor is it that so small anation could achieve peace and prosperity with so little natural resources. What is most unusual is that the Netherlands has made such a rapid and total adjustment to the demands of modern technological society. In no small measure this was achieved by a deliberate policy of planning, direction, control and development. Its postwar history teIls how a determined people under intelligent govern­ ment leadership rose from a broken economy to a level of economic and social development that places their society among the most modern in the world. The Netherlands is a success story that in some measure has been overlooked by a wider world. This will be an attempt to record her story, touching upon some of the causes and results of this success. The Netherlands is undoubtedly one of the most planning conscious of modern nations. This is not to say that the Dutch government or its people have any concept comparable to the totality of Soviet Five Year Plans.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-0638-0
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  • 25
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    Studies in Process Philosophy II (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013857
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Tulane Studies in Philosophy 24
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Process and the Escape from Nihilism -- Relation and Substance in Whitehead’s Metaphysics -- Process as a Categorical Concept -- William James on the Nature of Time -- Space in Leibniz and Whitehead -- Process Philosophy, a Categorial analysis -- A Crossroads for Process Philosophy -- On Whitehead, Marx, and the Nature of Political Philosophy -- The Process Philosophy of Sir Muhammad Iqbal.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1385-7
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  • 26
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    The Management of Change in Government (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401013833
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 361 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Institute of Social Studies, Series on the Development of Societies 1
    Series Statement: Institute of Social Studies Series on Development of Societies 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: Overview -- I Theoretical Studies -- A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Reform of Central Government -- Administrative Reform and Political Development -- Bureaucratic Models and Administrative Reform -- Strategies for Administrative Reform -- Implementation — the Achilles Heel of Administrative Reform -- The Human Dimensions of Administrative Reform -- II Case Studies -- Administrative Reform in Mexico -- Administrative Reform Experience in Venezuela 1969–1975: strategies, tactics and criteria -- Administrative Reforms in India -- The Optimum Strategy Matrix and Indonesian Administrative Reforms -- Recent Administrative Reform in Britain -- Planning and Reform of the Governmental Structure in the Federal Republic of Germany -- The Power of the Field Staff: the case of the Ministry of Public Works, Urban Affairs and Housing in France -- Programme Budgeting: the Swedish Experiment.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1383-3
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  • 27
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    Essays on Ethics, Social Behavior, and Scientific Explanation (1976)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401093279
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (278p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 12
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 12
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: A / Ethics and Welfare Economics -- I. Cardinal Utility in Welfare Economics and in the Theory of Risk-Taking -- II. Cardinal Welfare, Individualistic Ethics, and Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility -- III. Ethics in Terms of Hypothetical Imperatives -- IV. Can the Maximin Principle Serve as a Basis for Morality? A Critique of John Rawls’s Theory -- V. Nonlinear Social Welfare Functions: Do Welfare Economists Have a Special Exemption from Bayesian Rationality? -- B / Rational-Choice and Game Theoretical Models of Social Behavior -- VI. Advances in Understanding Rational Behavior -- VII. Rational-Choice Models of Political Behavior vs. Functionalist and Conformist Theories -- VIII. Game Theory and the Analysis of International Conflicts -- IX. Measurement of Social Power, Opportunity Costs, and the Theory of Two-Person Bargaining Games -- X. Measurement of Social Power in n-Person Reciprocal Power Situations -- XI. A Bargaining Model for Social Status in Informal Groups and Formal Organizations -- C / Scientific Explanation -- XII. Explanation and Comparative Dynamics in Social Science -- XIII. Popper’s Improbability Criterion for the Choice of Scientific Hypotheses.
    Abstract: When John Harsanyi came to Stanford University as a candidate for the Ph.D., I asked him why he was bothering, since it was most un­ likely that he had anything to learn from us. He was already a known scho­ lar; in addition to some papers in economics, the first two papers in this vol­ ume had already been published and had dazzled me by their originality and their combination of philosophical insight and technical competence. However, I am very glad I did not discourage him; whether he learned any­ thing worthwhile I don't know, but we all learned much from him on the foundations of the theory of games and specifically on the outcome of bar­ gaining. The central focus of Harsanyi's work has continued to be in the theory of games, but especially on the foundations and conceptual problems. The theory of games, properly understood, is a very broad approach to social interaction based on individually rational behavior, and it connects closely with fundamental methodological and substantive issues in social science and in ethics. An indication of the range of Harsanyi's interest in game the­ ory can be found in the first paper of Part B -though in fact his owncontri­ butions are much broader-and in the second paper the applications to the methodology of social science. The remaining papers in that section show more specifically the richness of game theory in specific applications.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9327-9
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  • 28
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    Language in Focus: Foundations, Methods and Systems : Essays in Memory of Yehoshua Bar-Hillel (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018760
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 43
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 43
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Reference and Predication -- Identity and Reference -- Back-Reference -- On Predication and Logical Syntax -- Substance Logic -- Prime Matter, Predication, and the Semantics of Feature-Placing -- II / Truth and Meaning -- A counterexample to Tarski-Type Truth-Definitions as Applied to Natural Languages -- On Representing ‘True-in-L’ in L -- Necessity, Quotation, and Truth: An Indexical Theory -- Presuppositional Policies -- The Dilemma between Orthodoxy and Identity -- III / Pragmatics -- Indicative Conditionals -- Conversational Maxims and Rationality -- On Relating Pragmatics, Linguistics, and Non-Semiotic Disciplines -- Towards an Integrated Theory of Grammatical and Pragmatical Meaning -- IV / Methodological Studies -- Problems and Mysteries in the Study of Human Language -- How Empirical is Contemporary Logical Empiricism? -- Basic Aspects of the Theory of Grammatical Form -- V / Language Varieties -- Social Differentiation of Language Structure -- Talking with Children, Piaget Style -- Can Adults Become Genuinely Bilingual? -- VI / Formalizations -- Epistemic Interpretation of Conditionals -- The Role of Categorial Syntax in Grammatical Theory -- On Harris’s Systems of Report and Paraphrase -- Two-Dimensional Propositional Tense Logics -- VII / Points of View -- Levels of Meaning and Moral Discourse -- A Problem in Plato’s Laws -- Discourse as a Means to Enlightenment -- Points of View -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Yehoshua Bar-Hillel (1915-1975) was one of the leading intellectuals of Israel and of the world. His work ranged over mathematics, applied logic, communication theory, analytic philosophy, philosophy of science, and linguistics. Creative, patient, attentive, and critical, Bar-Hillel was a superb philosopher. In addition, how humane he was may be learned from the memorial tributes to him which initiate this volume. Bar-Hillel was born in Vienna, and came to Israel, then Palestine, in 1933. He took his M. A. (1938) and Ph. D. (1949) at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where his subsequent career continued, as Research Fellow (1949-53), Senior Lecturer in Philosophy (1953-58), Associate Professor of Philosophy (1958-61), and Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Sci­ ence (1961-75). He was often abroad as visiting professor (Berkeley, 1960- 61; Michigan, 1965; La Jolla, 1966-67; Konstanz, 1971; Berlin, 1972), or as a research scholar, notably at the M. lT. Research Laboratory for Elec­ tronics during the early 1950's. Bar-Hillel was the Secretary and guiding spirit of the Organizing Committee for the 3rd International Congress for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, held in Jerusalem in 1964. During 1966-68, he was President of the Division of Logic, Method ology and Philosophy of SCience of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, and in 1967 President of the International Union. From 1963 he was a Member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1876-0
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  • 29
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    Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making : Selected Proceedings of an Interdisciplinary Research Conference, Rome, 3-6 September, 1973 (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018340
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (432p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 11
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Section I. Multi-Attribute Utility -- Editors’ Introduction -- Experimental Applications of Multi-Attribute Utility Models -- Multi-Attribute Utility Theory: Models and Assessment Procedures -- How We Can Use the Notion of Semi-Orders to Build Outranking Relations in Multi-Criteria Decision Making -- Multi-Criteria Decision Making: Comments on Jacquet-Lagrèze’s Paper -- An Investigation of Subjective Preference Orderings for Multi-Attributed Alternatives -- Section II. Subjective Probability -- Editors’ Introduction -- Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases -- A Structural Theory of Uncertain Knowledge -- Subjective Probability Forecasting: Some Real World Experiments -- A Three-Step Procedure for Assigning Probabilities to Rare Events -- Section III. Probability in Courtroom Decision Making -- Editors’ Introduction -- Probabilities and the Law -- Probabilistic Analysis of Identification Evidence -- Juror Decisions and the Determination of Guilt in Capital Punishment Cases: A Bayesian Perspective -- Section IV. Some Alternative Views on Decision Behavior -- Editors’ Introduction -- Utility, Welfare, and Probability: An Unorthodox Economist’s View -- Search Behavior in Non-Simultaneous Choice Situations: Satisficing or Maximizing? -- Decision Time as a Function of Task Complexity -- Decision Time and Task Complexity: Comments on Hogarth’s Paper -- Section V. Dynamic Decision Making -- Editors’ Introduction -- Research Paradigms for Studying Dynamic Decision Behavior -- Dynamic Decision Behavior: Comments on Rapoport’s Paper -- Section VI. Problems of Collective Decision Making -- Editors’ Introduction -- Some Observations on Theories of Collective Decisions -- The Use of Decision Analysis in the Public Sector -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Human decision making involves problems which are being studied with increasing interest and sophistication. They range from controversial political decisions via individual consumer decisions to such simple tasks as signal discriminations. Although it would seem that decisions have to do with choices among available actions of any kind, there is general agreement that decision making research should pertain to choice prob­ lems which cannot be solved without a predecisional stage of finding choice alternatives, weighing evidence, and judging values. The ultimate objective of scientific research on decision making is two-fold: (a) to develop a theoretically sound technology for the optimal solution of decision problems, and (b) to formulate a descriptive theory of human decision making. The latter may, in tum, protect decision makers from being caught in the traps of their own limitations and biases. Recently, in decision making research the strong emphasis on well­ defined laboratory tasks is decreasing in favour of more realistic studies in various practical settings. This may well have been caused by a growing awareness of the fact that decision-behaviour is strongly determined by situational factors, which makes it necessary to look into processes of interaction between the decision maker and the relevant task environ­ ment. Almost inevitably there is a parallel shift of interest towards problems of utility measurement and the evaluation of consequences.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0
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  • 30
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    Philosophy of Language (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018203
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and of the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 71
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 71
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I / Preliminary Distinctions -- 1. Language and Linguistic Utterances -- 2. Descriptive Statements -- 3. The Use and Mention of Signs -- II / Theories of Meaning -- 1. Realistic Semantic Theories -- 2. Behavioristic Theories of Meaning -- 3. Quine’s Philosophy of Language -- 4. Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Language in the Philosophical Investigations -- III / Theories of Grammar -- 1. Traditional Grammar -- 2. Logical Grammar -- 3. Generative Grammar -- IV / Language and Reality -- 1. The Thesis of the Role Language Plays in Experience -- 2. The Role of Vocabulary -- 3. The Role of Grammar -- 4. The Epistemological Problematic of the Relativity Thesis -- Index of Subjects -- Index of Logical Symbols.
    Abstract: This book has arisen out of lectures I gave in recent years at the Uni­ versities of Munich and Regensburg, and it is intended to serve as a textbook for courses in the Philosophy of Language. In my lectures I was able to presuppose that the students had taken an introductory course in logic. Some knowledge of logic will also be helpful in studying this book - as it is almost everywhere else in philosophy -, especially in Section 3. 2, but it is no prerequisite. I would like to give my sincere thanks to Prof. Terrell for his excellent translation of the book, which is based on the second, revised and en­ larged German edition. Regensburg, May 1975 FRANZ VON KUTSCHERA INTRODUCTION Language has become one of philosophy's most important and pressing themes during this century. This preoccupation with language has its ori­ gins in the most diverse areas of philosophical inquiry.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1820-3
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  • 31
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    Words and Objections : Essays on the Work of W. V. Quine (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017091
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Monographs on Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, Philosophy of Science, Sociology of Science and of Knowledge, and on the Mathematical Methods of Social and Behavioral Sciences 21
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Editorial Introduction -- Quine’s Philosophy of Science -- An Introduction to ‘Translation and Meaning’, Chapter Two of Word and Object -- Beginning with Ordinary Things -- Quine’s Empirical Assumptions -- Behavioral Criteria of Radical Translation -- Conventionalism and the Indeterminacy of Translation -- Singular Terms and Predication -- Vacuous Names -- Quine’s Syntactical Insights -- On Saying That -- Quine on Modality -- Some Problems about Belief -- Quantifying In -- Logic with Platonism -- On the Consistency of a Slight (?) Modification of Quine’s New Foundations -- Replies -- Publications of W. V. Quine.
    Abstract: It is gratifying to see that philosophers' continued interest in Words and Objections has been so strong as to motivate a paperback edition. This is gratifying because it vindicates the editors' belief in the permanent im­ portance of Quine's philosophy and in the value of the papers com­ menting on it which were collected in our volume. Apart from a couple of small corrections, only one change has been made. The list of Professor Quine's writings has been brought up to date. The editors cannot claim any credit for this improvement, however. We have not tried to imitate the Library of Living Philosophers volumes and to include Professor Quine's autobiography in this volume, but we are fortunate to publish here his brand-new auto bibliography. 1975 THE EDITORS TABLE OF CONTENTS V PREFACE 1 EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION 1. 1. C. SMAR T / Quine's Philosophy of Science 3 GILBERT HARMAN / An Introduction to 'Translation and Meaning', Chapter Two of Word and Object 14 ERIK STENIUS / Beginning with Ordinary Things 27 NOAM CHOMSKY / Quine's Empirical Assumptions 53 1AAKKO HINTIKKA / Behavioral Criteria of Radical Translation 69 BARRY STROUD / Conventionalism and the Indeterminacy of Translation 82 P. F. STRA WSON / Singular Terms and Predication 97 118 H. P. GRICE / Vacuous Names P. T.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1709-1
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  • 32
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    Contemporary Research in Philosophical Logic and Linguistic Semantics : Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017565
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (348p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books on Philosophy of Science, Methodology, and Epistemology Published in Connection with the University of Western Ontario Philosophy of Science Programme 4
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Logic ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Counterfactuals and Comparative Possibility -- Presuppositions -- Incomplete Assertion and Belnap Connectives -- Dimensions of Truth -- Speaking of Nothing -- The Structure of Efficacy -- Harris and Chomsky at the Syntax-Semantics Boundary -- Some Transformational Extensions of Montague Grammar -- Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts -- Comments: Lakoff’s Fuzzy Propositional Logic -- On the Semantics of Negation -- Verbs of Bitching.
    Abstract: In 1973 a workshop was held at The University of Western Ontario on topics of common interest to philosophers and linguists. This volume con­ tains most of the papers presented at the workshop. Also included are previously unpublished essays by R. Dougherty and H. Lasnik as well as a comment on G. Lakoff's paper by B. van Fraassen. K. Donnellan's paper was presented at the workshop and subsequently appeared in The Philosophical Review. We thank the editors of this journal for permission to publish the paper here. The papers by D. Lewis, R. Stalnaker, G. Lakoff, B. Partee and H. Herzberger appeared earlier in Journal of Philosophical Logic by arrangement of the editors with B. van Fraassen and D. Reidel Publishing Company. The editors thank the officers of The University of Western Ontario for making the workshop possible and Pauline Campbell for making the workshop work. THE EDITORS DAVID LEWIS COUNTERFACTUALS AND COMPARATIVE POSSIBILITY* In the last dozen years or so, our understanding of modality has been much improved by means of possible-world semantics: the project of analyzing modal language by systematically specifying the conditions under which a modal sentence is true at a possible world. I hope to do the same for counterfactual conditionals. I write A 0-C for the counter­ factual conditional with antecedent A and consequent C. It may be read as 'H it were the case that A, then it would be the case that C' or some more idiomatic paraphrase thereof.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1756-5
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  • 33
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    Analysis and Metaphysics : Essays in Honor of R. M. Chisholm (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401090988
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (327p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy 4
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Metaphysics ; Philosophy, modern
    Abstract: A Tribute -- I. Epistemology -- Chisholm on Sensing and Perceiving -- Testimonial Evidence -- Reason and Consistency -- Epistemic Values and Epistemic Viewpoints -- Confirmation, Explanation and Acceptance -- ‘I Know that I Am in Pain’ is Senseless -- Knowledge and the Self-Presenting -- II. Metaphysics -- Scattered Objects -- Hume on Causation -- Brentanist Relations -- Events as Recurrables -- III. Ethics -- On Doxastic Responsibility -- World Utilitarianism -- Some Definitions for the Theory of Rules -- Suicide: Some Epistemological Considerations -- Bibliography of R. M. Chisholm -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH This collection of essays in honor of Roderick M. Chisholm is the work of his former students. The book was conceived and the original con­ tributors invited by Richard Taylor. We restricted the contributors to former students of Chisholm as a special tribute to his acknowledged as a teacher of philosophy. The profundity of his contributions to genius epistemology and metaphysics are acknowledged throughout the phil­ osophical world. Those who have been present at his lectures and semi­ nars, who have been incited to philosophical cerebration by the clarity and precision of his exposition, know that his impact on contemporary philosophy far exceeds the influence of the written word. It is, we think, appropriate that his students should reserve for themselves the privilege of honoring Chisholm in this way as his 60th birthday draws near. The tribute paid to Chisholm in Taylor's essay conveys a personal impression. I shall, consequently, refrain from personal reminiscence here, and instead, mention some of the highlights of an illustrious life. Chisholm was born on November 27, 1916 in North Attleboro, Massachu­ setts. He married Eleanor F. Parker in 1943 and raised three children with her. He received an A. B. from Brown in 1938, a Ph. D. from Harvard in 1942, and served in the U. S. Army from 1942 to 1946.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-9098-8
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  • 34
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    Between Experience and Metaphysics : Philosophical Problems of the Evolution of Science (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017978
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 35
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 35
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Radical Empiricism and the Anomalies in the Knowledge of Science -- II. Troubles with the Problem of Demarcation -- III. The Context of Discovery and the Context of Justification -- IV. Facts and Theories: Radical Empiricism -- V. Facts and Theories: Conventionalism -- VI. Reformation and Counter-reformation: Paradigms and Research Programs -- VII. Revolutions in Science: The Accumulation of Knowledge and the Correspondence of Theories -- VIII. Revolutions in Science: Science and Philosophy -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1797-8
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  • 35
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    The Common-Sense Philosophy of Religion of Bishop Edward Stillingfleet 1635-1699 (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401015981
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (182p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Straka, Gerald M. [Rezension von: Carroll, Robert Todd, The Common-Sense Philosophy of Religion of Bishop Edward Stillingfleet 1635-1699] 1978
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des IdÉes / International Archives of the History of Ideas 77
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 77
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy ; History ; Religion—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One Introduction -- I. Reason and Religion -- II. Chillingworth’s Common-Sense Anglicanism -- III. Chillingworth’s Legacy -- IV. Chillingworth’s Influence -- Two Society, Politics, and Religion The Career of an Anglican Conservative -- I. Education and Ecclesiastical Career -- II. Irenicum -- III. Toleration -- IV. Glorious Revolution -- V. Stillingfleet’s Conservatism -- Three the Reasonableness of Christianity Part One -- I. The Common-Sense Defense of Religion -- II. The Problem of Certainty -- III. Anti-Catholic Writings -- IV. Protestant Infallibility -- V. Stillingfleet’s Theory of Certainty -- VI. Reasonable Faith -- VII. Miracles -- VIII. Miracles (continued) -- IX. Conclusion -- Four the Reasonableness of Christianity Part Two -- I. Divine Faith -- II. Divine Mysteries -- III. John Toland and John Locke -- IV. Summary -- Five the Defense of Natural Religion -- I. Introduction -- II. Reason and the Principles of Natural Religion -- III. The Existence of God -- IV. The Immortality of the Soul -- V. Summary -- Six Conclusion -- Appendix A: An Essay on Biography -- Appendix B: Stillingfleet’s Influence -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: I. Reason and Religion "Si on soumet tout a la raison, notre religion n'aura rien de mysterieux et de surnaturel; si on choque les principes de la raison, notre religion sera absurde et ridicule",l In this passage from his Pensees Pascal summarizes what is perhaps the most basic problem for the defender of the reasonableness of Christianity: the necessity of upholding beliefs which Reason is incapable of judging, while at the same time claiming that those beliefs are reasonable. Pascal does not state the problem in precisely these terms regarding the limits of Reason, yet it seems clear that the dilemma he is indicating involves the question of the relation of religious beliefs to the compass of Reason. He does not, however-at least in the passage cited-indicate that the problem is a question of either/or: either Reason and no Religion, or Religion and Irrationality. Rather, he seems to be simply stating what he perceives to be a simple matter of fact. If Reason is allowed to be the judge of all Religion, then all Religion must abandon any elements that are either contrary to reason or cannot be shown to be in accord with Reason. On the other hand, if Reason is not allowed to judge Religion at all, then Religion will be absurd and ridiculous.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1598-1
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  • 36
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    Non-Archimedean Utility Theory (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401017244
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 9
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: I. Preference Orderings and Utility Theory -- 1. Relational Systems -- 2. Preference Relations -- 3. Some Remarks on Utility Theory -- 4. Linear Inequalities -- II. Ordinal Utility -- 1. Some Classical Representation Theorems -- 2. Lexicographic Utility -- 3. Utility Theories with Respect to n?-Sets -- 4. Ultraproducts and Ultrapowers -- 5. Approximating an r*-Valued Utility Function by a Real Valued Function -- 6. Non-Standard Utility Functions Always Exist -- 7. Utility Functions for Partial Orderings -- III. On Numerical Relational Systems -- 1. First-Order Languages -- 2. Some Preliminary Considerations -- 3. Universal and Homogeneous Relational Systems -- 4. Saturated Relational Systems -- IV. Utility Theories for More Structured Empirical Data -- 1. Some Remarks -- 2. The Empirical Status of Axioms -- 3. Utility Theories which are Axiomatizable in an Ordinary First Order Language -- 4. Extensive Utility -- 5. Conjoint Measurement of Utilities -- 6. On Certain Mean Systems -- V. On Utility Spaces, The Theory of Games and the Realization of Comparative Probability Relations -- 1. A Generalization of the Von Neumann/Morgenstern Utility Theory -- 2. Non-Standard Utilities in Game Theory -- 3. Some Aspects of the Realization of Comparative Probability Relations -- Appendix I. Ordinal and Cardinal Numbers -- Appendix II. Some Basic Facts about Filters and Ultrafilters -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: My interest in non-Archimedean utility theory and the problems related to it was aroused by discussions which I have had with Professors Werner Leinfellner and Günter Menges. On the occasion of the Second Inter­ national Game Theory Workshop, Berkeley, 1970, which was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, I had the opportunity to report about a result on non-standard utilities. Work on this subject continued when I was a research assistant of Professor Günter Menges at the Uni­ versity of Heidelberg. The present mono graph is essentially a translation of my habilitation thesis which was accepted on February 15, 1973 by the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences at the Universtity of Heidelberg. On translating my thesis I took up some suggestions made by ProfessorWerner Böge from the Faculty of Mathematics at the Uni­ versity of Heidelberg. Through lack of time many of his ideas have not been taken into consideration but I hope to do so in a future paper. The first chapter should be considered as a short introduction to pref­ erence orderings and to the notion of a utility theory proposed by Dana Scott and Patrick Suppes. In the second chapter I discuss in some detail various problems of ordinal utility theory. Except when introducing non-standard models of the reals no use is made of concepts of model theory. This is done in deference to those readers who do not wish to be troubled by formal languages and model theory.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1724-4
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  • 37
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    Determinants and Controls of Scientific Development (1975)
    Dordrecht : Springer
    Details
    ISBN: 9789401018319
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (480p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 10
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Section A / After the Kuhnian Revolution: New Trends in Metascience -- Prescriptive Theory and the Social Sciences -- Components of Scientific Activities, Their Characteristics and Institutionalisation in Specialties and Research Areas: A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Scientific Developments -- On the Possibility of Objectivity and Moral Determinants in Scientific Change -- The Moral Limits of Scientific Research: An Evolutionary Approach -- Preserving Science: Virtuosity as Virtue -- Section B / Cognition and Communication in Science Development -- A Sociological Theory of Scientific Revolution -- The Social Function of Cognitive Structures: A Concept of the Scientific Community Within a Theory of Action -- The Nature of Scientific Consensus and the Case of the Social Sciences -- Images of the World and Societal Icons -- Section C / Societal Components in Scientific Development -- Measurable Aspects of the Concept of Scientific Career -- Scientists from Rich and Poor Countries -- The Autonomy of Science in Totalitarian Societies: The Case of Nazi Germany -- Philanthropic Foundations and the Production of Knowledge — A Case Study -- Comment on David E. Morrison’s Paper on Philanthropic Foundations and the Production of Knowledge – A Case Study -- The Social Determinants of Reproduction Science and Technology -- Social Technologists and Social Emancipists: Factors in the Development of Sociology -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: This book constitutes the outcome of an international conference held at the Otto-Mobes-Volkswirtschaftsschule, Graz-Stifting( Austria), from June 16 to 22, 1974. The conference was initiated by a project group working on determinants and controls of social science development at the In­ stitute for Advanced Studies and Scientific Research in Vienna and or­ ganized by the editors of this volume. It was held under the auspices of the Austrian Ministry of Science and Research. The main topics of the conference were those at the forefront of the 'state of argumentation' (to borrow from one of our contributors) in philosophy and sociology of science ever since the controversy between Thomas S. Kuhn and Sir Karl R. Popper has sharpened our awareness for the methodological and substantial presuppositions involved with questions of growth and development in science. Let us give two examples of those topics. The borderline between sociology of science and philo­ sophy of science has become more and more unclear; while the work of at least some philosophers of science comes to have an empirical flavour, sociologists of science are increasingly apt to include logical and methodo­ logical components of the research process as their objects of examina­ tion. Papers included in this volume testify to both tendencies.
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1831-9
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