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  • 1980-1984  (120)
  • 1970-1974  (56)
  • Dordrecht : Springer  (176)
  • Science Philosophy  (125)
  • Social sciences  (52)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400962774
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in the History of Modern Science 14
    DDC: 530.01
    Keywords: Physics ; Science Philosophy ; History
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789400963313
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 84
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 84
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Scientific Realism and Incommensurability: Some Criticisms of Kuhn and Feyerabend -- How To Be a Good Philosopher of Science: A Plea for Empiricism in Matters Methodological [Commentary on Burian] -- Feedback, Selection, and Function: A Reductionistic Account of Goal-Orientation -- Philosophy of Science 2001 -- The Dethroning of the Philosophy of Science: Ideological and Technical Functions of the Metasciences -- Comments on Jost Halfmann’s ‘Dethroning of the Philosophy of Science: Ideological and Technical Functions of the Metasciences’ -- Philosophy of Science and the Origin of Life -- Sociobiology, Anti-Sociobiology, Epistemology, and Human Nature -- Substance and Its Logical Significance -- Tracking Down the Misplaced Concreton in the Neurosciences -- Does Popper’s Conventionalism Contradict his Critical Rationalism? Objections against Popper in German Philosophy and Some Metacritical Remarks -- How to Explore the History of Ancient Mathematics? -- Nature on Trial: The Case of the Rooster that Laid an Egg -- Reflections on ‘Nature on Trial’ -- Toward the Vindication of Friedrich Engels -- Bibliography of the Writings of Benjamin Nelson -- Name Index.
    Abstract: This selection of papers that were presented (or nearly so!) to the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science during the seventies fairly re­ presents some of the most disturbing issues of scientific knowledge in these years. To the distant observer, it may seem that the defense of rational standards, objective reference, methodical self-correction, even the distin­ guishing of the foolish from the sensible and the truth-seeking from the ideological, has nearly collapsed. In fact, the defense may be seen to have shifted; the knowledge business came under scrutiny decades ago and, indeed, from the time of Francis Bacon and even far earlier, the practicality of the discovery of knowledge was either hailed or lamented. So the defense may be founded on the premise that science may yet be liberating. In that case, the analysis of philosophical issues expands to embrace issues of social interest and social function, of instrumentality and arbitrary perspective, of biological constraints (upon knowledge as well as upon the species-wide behavior of human beings in other relationships too), of distortions due to explanatory metaphors and imposed categories, and of radical comparisons among the perspectives of different civilizations. Some of our contributors are frankly programmatic, showing how problems must be formulated afresh, how evasions must be identified and omissions rectified, but they do not reach their own completion.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400962545
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 79
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 79
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: Creativity and Criticism in Science and Politics -- The Social Base of Scientific Theory and Practice -- Transcendental Realism and Rational Heuristics: Critical Rationalism and the Problem of Method -- How to Accept Fallible Test Statements? Popper’s Criticist Solution -- Logical Strength and Demarcation -- Xenophanes: A Forerunner of Critical Rationalism? -- The Social Roots of Modern Egalitarianism -- Explication and Implications of the Placebo Concept -- Analytic and Synthetic Philosophy -- Ethical Problems in Science Communication -- A Philosophical Conception of Finality in Biology -- The Justification of Scientific Progress -- Against Induction: One of Many Arguments -- The Problem of Ideology and Critical Rationalism -- Poincaré versus Le Roy on Incommensurability -- On Early Forms of Critical Rationalism -- Gerard Radnitzky: From Positivism, via Critical Theory, to Critical Rationalism -- Notes on Contributors -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This remarkable collection of essays, diverse but united by the theme of critical reasoning, testifies to the attention and respect paid by the authors to the philosophical career of Gerard Radnitzky. We, too, greet Professor Radnitzky for his decades of intellectual labor devoted to the establishment of rational analysis of human problems. Not least of his concerns has been to understand what it is to be rational, to disentangle the apparently rational and the genuine, to separate dogma from justified belief, to cherish imagination while seeking its test. If Radnitzky has long been known for his careful elaboration of the spectrum of modem approaches to epistemology, those who have gathered to celebrate his work in this volume will also be widely known for their own writings on this matter of critical methodology. Their signposts (or are they warning lights?) will be familiar to thoughtful philosophers and scientists, and they appear as queries as we read these papers: the rational heuristic and the irrational heuristic? accepting the fallible? differing societies but one rational cognitive practice? accepting evidence which is placebogenic? choosing among the incommensurables? what remains of the logic of demarcation? purpose in nature? progress of science? rationality in politics? a humane reasonableness and a critical rationalism? Gunnar Andersson sets the focus well for the reader. We need not choose between dogmatism and relativism, he argues. And then he tells the political lesson: we might avoid both anarchy and despotism.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789400965256
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (408p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 27
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Reflections on Change -- I. Historical Dimensions -- The Mechanical Philosophy and Its Problems: Mechanical Explanations, Impenetrability, and Perpetual Motion -- Ghosts in the World Machine: A Taxonomy of Leibnizian Forces -- The Notion of Experimental Physics in Early Eighteenth-Century France -- Some Pragmatic Aspects of the Methodology of Johann Heinrich Lambert -- Classical Wage Theory and the Causal Complications of Explaining Distribution -- Genetic Epistemology in the Context of Evolutionary Epistemology -- II. Conceptual Considerations -- Truthlikeness, Realism, and Progressive Theory-Change -- In Praise of Cumulative Progress -- Kuhn’s Critique of Methodology -- Scientific Discovery and Theory-Confirmation -- Meaning, Acceptance, and Dialectics -- Extraterrestrial Science.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400963511
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 42
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 42
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: I / Foundations of Utility and Probability -- The Foundations of the Theory of Utility and Risk. Some Central Points of the Discussions at the Oslo Conference -- II / One Utility Function or Two? -- Utility and Risk Preference Functions -- Neo-Cardinalism -- Prediction, Measurement, and Error of Utility: A Reply to Allais -- III / Prescriptive Versus Descriptive Decision Models -- Remarks to Professor Allais’ Contributions to the Theory of Expected Utility and Related Subjects -- Decision-Aid and Expected Utility Theory: A Critical Survey -- IV / Aspects of Process Utility -- The Importance of What Might Have Been -- Relativity in Decision Theory -- The Utility of Gambling and of Outcomes: Inconsistent First Approximations -- Name Index.
    Abstract: 1. PROGRESS IN UTILITY AND RISK THEORY At the First International Congress of Utility and Risk Theory in Oslo 1982 (FUR-82) it appeared to be a widespread feeling among the participants that the conference signalled something like a paradigm shift in the field. This does not necessarily mean that old truths were discarded and replaced by new ones, but rather that new theories and new empirical evidence were brought forth, compelling old theories to be critically analyzed from new angels. Some of the papers presented at FUR-82 have been published by Reidel in 1983 in a volume edited by Stigum and Wenst0p. The present volume contains com­ mentaries on a number of the papers presented at the conference together with broader outlines of current views on the theory. The observation that utility and risk theory now appears to be in a state of rapid change has prompted us to choose the title PROGRESS IN UTILITY AND RISK THEORY for the book, in the belief that science always moves from poorer to more advanced paradigms or from weaker to more forceful theories. In other words, change is usually progress, even though intermediate stages in a para­ digm shift may be bewildering, to say the least.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400963092
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 304 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 39
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 39
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Notes on Vagueness and Mathematics -- Fuzzy Set Theory: Some Aspects of the Early Development -- Plausibility Measures – A General Framework for Possibility and Fuzzy Probability Measures -- Controlled-Error Theories of Proximity and Dominance -- Impartial Truth -- A Geometry of Logic -- Representations of Transitive Fuzzy Relations -- Fuzziness and Fuzzy Equality -- Large Societies and Individual Strategy Selection: A Case Study of Ambiguity -- The Alternative Set Theory and its Approach to Cantor’s Set Theory -- Aspects of Vagueness and Some Epistemological Problems Related to their Formalization -- An Inquiry into Indistinguishability Operators -- A Theory of Commonsense Knowledge -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The Second World Conference on Mathematics at the Service of Man was held at the Universidad Politecnica de Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain, June 28 to July 3, 1982. The first volume of the Proceedings of the Conference, entitled "Functional Equations-Theory and Applications" has appeared in the Reidel series "Mathematics and Its Applications". The papers in this volume consist of the invited lectures delivered at the Conference, Section 7: Non-Classical Logics and Modelling, as well as some selected papers which offer an introduction to the philosophy, methodology and to the lite­ rature of the broad and fascinating field of vagueness, imprecision and uncertainty. The contributed papers appeared in the volume of photo-offset preprints distributed at the Conference. It is our hope that the papers present a good sample with respect to the background, the formalism and practice of this area of research as far as we understand it today. As the subject "Vagueness" touches many aspects of human thinking, the contributions have been made from a broad spectrum ranging from philo~ophy through pure mathematics to probability theory and mathematical economics, therefore the careful reader should find some new insights here. In conclusion, the editors want to thank all authors who have contributed to this volume; the publishers of "Commenta­ tiones Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae" for permission to reprint the paper "Fuzziness and Fuzzy Equality", Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae 23 (1982), 249-267, and D. Reidel for friendly cooperation.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789400956506
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Series in Social Welfare 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Centralization: A Conceptual and Measurement Strategy -- 3 The American Educational System -- 4 The Educational System of England and Wales -- 5 The American Medical System -- 6 The Medical System of England and Wales -- 7 Centralization and Power in Delivery Systems -- 8 Conclusion.
    Abstract: In the United States and other western nations, debates rage over whether welfare, medical care, educational programs, and many other aspects of public policy should be the responsibility of central govern­ ment, local government, or the private sector. In most nations, the issues of regional autonomy and decentralization are constantly in the news, with intensity varying from mild debate to open warfare. Less visibly, battles are continuously fought in the political arena over what groups should have the right to make decisions concerning the allocation of soci­ ety's resources. In response to these concerns, social scientists have focused consider­ able attention on the causes and consequences of centralization and de­ centralization in political, economic, and social organizations. Their analyses of centralization have been varied, ranging from systems that are quite small (e. g. , the family, the firm, and the community) to those sys­ tems that are very large (e . g. , the welfare state). While centralization is a concept of major concern in most of the social science disciplines, each discipline has tended to focus on centralization with a different set of interests. Economists have been very much concerned with the causes and the consequences of the concentration of economic resources. Polit­ ical scientists have long sought to understand the origins and conse­ quences of dictatorship and democracy. Sociologists have focused on inequalities in the distribution of power.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401174176
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Series in Social Welfare 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Foundations for Practice -- 3 Methods of Assessment -- 4 Methods of Treatment -- 5 Problems of Anxiety -- 6 Problems of Demoralization -- 7 Problems of Identity and Meaning -- 8 Conclusions -- References.
    Abstract: The essential purpose of this book is to provide practitioners and students of the human service professions with a practice approach and methodology that has been developed over the past ten years in both research and clinical work with older persons. It is concerned with the kinds of emotional prob­ lems that are salient and pervasive in the second half of life, that is, from about the ages of 50 on into the 60s, 70s, and 80s. These problems are often related to inevitable developmental and situational events and losses, as well as the decrements and concerns that are prevalent in the latter decades of life: physical decline and illness, loss of loved ones, concerns about one's own mortality, loss of major occupational and family roles, and the issues of meaning in and about one's life which are raised by these losses and concerns. The approach to these problems will include a range of assessment and treatment methods for counseling and psychotherapy. It will, however, em­ phasize two particular kinds of methods for dealing with these problems. The first of these, cognitive methods, tend to focus on how older persons think about or construe these problems whereas phenomenological methods focus on how persons experience or feel about them. What is common to both is that they are oriented toward the person's perception of the prob­ lem.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789401715928
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (V, 282 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: A Symmetric Approach to Axiomatizing Quantifiers and Modalities -- The Knowing Mathematician -- “Conservative” Kripke Closures -- Frege, Le?niewski, and Information Semantics on the Resolution of Antinomies -- De Finetti’s Probabilism -- Probability Functions and Their Assumption Sets — The Binary Case -- Logic and Reasoning -- Paradoxes -- Referential and Nonreferential Substitutional Quantifiers -- Foundations for Analysis and Proof Theory -- Chameleonic Languages -- Relational Model Systems: The Craft of Logic -- Realizability and Intuitionistic Logic.
    Abstract: The more traditional approaches to the history and philosophy of science and technology continue as well, and probably will continue as long as there are skillful practitioners such as Carl Hempel, Ernest Nagel, and th~ir students. Finally, there are still other approaches that address some of the technical problems arising when we try to provide an account of belief and of rational choice. - These include efforts to provide logical frameworks within which we can make sense of these notions. This series will attempt to bring together work from all of these approaches to the history and philosophy of science and technology in the belief that each has something to add to our understanding. The volumes of this series have emerged either from lectures given by authors while they served as honorary visiting professors at the City College of New York or from conferences sponsored by that institution. The City College Program in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology oversees and directs these lectures and conferences with the financial aid of the Association for Philosophy of Science, Psychotheraphy, and Ethics. MARTIN TAMNY RAPHAEL STERN PREFACE The papers in this collection stem largely from the conference 'Foun­ dations: Logic, Language, and Mathematics' held at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York on 14-15 November 1980.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400961876
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 196 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Science and Philosophy 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. The Philosophical Situation: A Critical Appraisal -- 1: The ‘standard’ account of meaning -- 2: ‘Meaning variance’ and ‘incommensurability’ -- II. The Scientific Situation: An Historical Analysis -- 3: Faraday’s ‘lines of force’ -- 4: Maxwell’s ‘Newtonian aether-field’ -- 5: Lorentz’ ‘non-Newtonian aether-field’ -- 6: Einstein’s ‘field’ -- III. The Making of Meaning: A Proposal -- 7: Meaning in scientific practice.
    Abstract: Einstein often expressed the sentiment that "the eternal mystery of the world is its comprehensibility," and that science is the means through which we comprehend it. However, nearly every­ one - including scientists - agrees that the concepts of modem physics are quite incomprehensible: They are both unintelligible to the educated lay-person and to the scientific community itself, where there is much dispute over the interpretation of even (and especially) the most basic concepts. There is, of course, almost universal agreement that modem science quite adequately accounts for and predicts events, i. e. , that its calculations work better than those of classical physics; yet the concepts of science are supposed to be descriptive of 'the world' as well - they should enable us to comprehend it. So, it is asked, and needs tobe"asked: Has modem physics failed in an important respect? It failed with me as a physics student. I came to physics, as with most naIve students, out of a desire to know what the world is really like; in particular, to understand Einstein's conception of it. I thought I had grasped the concepts in classical mechanics, but with electrodynamics confusion set in and only increased with relativity and quantum mechanics. At that point I began even to doubt whether I had really understood the basic concepts of classical mechanics.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400962569
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (436p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 81
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 81
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: One / Epistemological Foundations of the Dialectical Theory of Meaning -- I. General Logical Problems of Constructing a Theory of Meaning -- II. Categories of Objective Reality -- III. Symbols -- IV. Objective Experience -- V. Concepts and Other Categories of Thought -- Two / Analysis of Meaning -- VI. Meaning as a Complex of Relationships -- VII. Mental Meaning -- VIII. Objective Meaning -- IX. Linguistic Meaning -- X. Practical Meaning -- Three / Meaning and Communication -- XI. The Genesis of Signs and Meaning -- XII. General Definition of Meaning: The Interrelationships of the Individual Dimensions of Meaning -- XIII. Conditions of Effective Communication -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This prize monograph was a pioneering work among Marxist philosophers, East and West, twenty-five years ago. To our mind, the work would have been received with respect and pleasure by philosophers of many viewpoints if it had been known abroad then. Now, revised for this English-language editiJn by our dear and honored colleague Mihailo Markovic, it is still admirable, still the insightful and stimulating accomplishment of a pioneering philosophical and scientific mind, still resonating to the three themes of technical mastery, humane purpose, political critique. Markovic has always worked with the scientific and the humanist disci­ plines inseparably, a faithful as well as a creative man oflate twentieth century thOUght. Reasoning is to be studied as any other object of investigation would be: empirically, theoretically, psychologically, historically, imaginatively. But the entry is often through the study of meaning, in language and in life. In his splendid guide into the work before us, his Introduction, Markovic shows his remarkable ability as the teacher, motivating, clarifying, sketching the whole, illuminating the detail, Critically situating the problem within a practical understanding of the tool oflanguage.
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9789400964303
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (536p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing, Studies in Comparative Cross-Cultural Research 6
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 6
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology ; Sociology. ; Public health.
    Abstract: Section I: Introductions -- 1. Among the Physicians: Encounter, Exchange and Transformation -- 2. Including the Physician in Healer-Centered Research: Retrospect and Prospect -- Section II: Core Medicine -- 3. A World of Internal Medicine: Portrait of an Internist -- Section III: Medical Specialties -- 4. Models and Practice in Medicine: Menopause as Syndrome or Life Transition? -- 5. Mary; Patient as Emergent Symbol on a Pediatrics Ward: The Objectification of Meaning in Social Process -- 6. How Surgeons Make Decisions -- 7. Gentle Interrogation: Inquiry and Interaction in Brief Initial Psychiatric Evaluations -- 8. Reflexivity, Countertransference and Clinical Ethnography: A Case From a Psychiatric Cultural Consultation Clinic -- 9. The Once- and the Twice-Born: Self and Practice Among Psychiatrists and Christian Psychiatrists -- Section IV: Interrelations of Medical Specialties -- 10. Discourses on Physician Competence -- 11. Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry: Medicine as Patient, Marginality as Practice -- 12. Disease and Pseudo-Disease: A Case History of Pseudo-Angina -- List of Contributors -- Author Index.
    Abstract: After putting down this weighty (in all senses of the word) collection, the reader, be she or he physician or social scientist, will (or at least should) feel uncomfortable about her or his taken-for-granted commonsense (therefore cultural) understanding of medicine. The editors and their collaborators show the medical leviathan, warts and all, for what it is: changing, pluralistic, problematic, powerful, provocative. What medicine proclaims itself to be - unified, scientific, biological and not social, non-judgmental - it is shown not to resemble very much. Those matters about which medicine keeps fairly silent, it turns out, come closer to being central to its clinical practice - managing errors and learning to conduct a shared moral dis­ course about mistakes, handling issues of competence and competition among biomedical practitioners, practicing in value-laden contexts on problems for which social science is a more relevant knowledge base than biological science, integrating folk and scientific models of illness in clinical communication, among a large number of highly pertinent ethnographic insights that illuminate medicine in the chapters that follow.
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789400963344
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (340p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 41
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 41
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- I. Introduction -- II. On Theory -- 1. Aggregation without side conditions -- 2. Aggregation of production functions under optimum conditions -- 3. Aggregation and individual preferences -- 4. Aggregation and the distribution of individual characteristics -- 5. Linear aggregation and estimation -- 6. Aggregation over arguments of a function -- III. Some Applications -- 7. Aggregation and consumer behaviour -- 8. Collective choice and macro-economic policy -- IV. Epilogue: Optimal aggregation -- IV. Epilogue: Optimal aggregation -- References -- Author Index.
    Abstract: Our interest in problems of aggregation originates from about seven years ago when we became involved in research in the field of applied microeconomics. To our astonishment a vast majority of researchers in this area took it for granted that their, mostly thoroughly derived, micro models could meaningfully be confronted with per capita data. Nany of them did not even realize - at least they gave no utterance to it - that applying macro data in micro models raises considerable problems. Those who did mention the difficulty, almost always belittled its importance. Fortunately, there are noteworthy exceptions. Thinking about aggregation raises at least two questions: "Why or why not aggregate?" and "How to aggregate and, in particular, to what degree?" General answers to these questions can only be given in uninformative wording (as many assertions in economics): one aggregates for the sake of tractability, because of the lack of (individual) data, to avoid or to reduce multicollineartiy, to save degrees of freedom; one abstains from aggregation to avoid loss of information, to avoid aggregation biases and one aggregates such and to such degree as to bypass or reduce the drawbacks mentioned above.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9789400962620
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Spontaneity Of Life, Individualization, Beingness -- Harmony in Becoming: The Spontaneity of Life and Self-Individualization -- Toward a More Comprehensive Concept of life -- Confucian Methodology and Understanding the Human Person -- Heidegger’s Quest for the Essence of Man -- A Comparative Study of Lao-tzu and Husserl: A Methodological Approach -- II Human Faculties of Life -- Mind and Consciousness in Chinese Philosophy: A Historical Survey -- Transcendental Consciousness in Edmund Husserl’s Phenomenology -- Life-world and Reason in Husserl’s Philosophy of Life -- Consciousness and Body in the Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty: Some Remarks Concerning Flesh, Vision, and World in the Late Philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty -- Language, Consciousness, and Mind in Neo-Confucian Philosophy: The Crossbow Pellet -- Conscience and Life: The Role of Freedom in Heidegger’s Conception of Conscience -- III Life, Morality and Inwardness -- A Reevaluation of Confucius -- Conscience, Morality and Creativity -- Confucian Moral Metaphysics and Heidegger’s Fundamental Ontology -- The Concept of Tao: A Hermeneutical Perspective -- Phenomenology in T’ien-t’ai and Hua-yen Buddhism -- Chinese Buddhism as an Existential Phenomenology -- A Critical Reflection on the Methods of Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, and the Idea of Contextualization in Religious and Theological Studies -- IV The Locus of Art In Life -- The Tenets of Roman Ingarden’s Aesthetics in a Philosophical Perspective -- The Literary Work and Its Concretization in Roman Ingarden’s Aesthetics -- The Writer as Shaman -- A Glimpse of the Fundamental Nature of Japanese Art -- A Phenomenological Perspective of Theodore Roethke’s Poetry -- Virginia Woolf’s Theory of Reception -- The Aesthetic Interpretation of life in The Tale of Genji -- Index Of Names.
    Abstract: To introduce this collection of research studies, which stem from the pro­ grams conducted by The World Phenomenology Institute, we need say a few words about our aims and work. This will bring to light the significance of the present volume. The phenomenological philosophy is an unprejudiced study of experience in its entire range: experience being understood as yielding objects. Experi­ ence, moreover, is approached in a specific way, such a way that it legitima­ tizes itself naturally in immediate evidence. As such it offers a unique ground for philosophical inquiry. Its basic condition, however, is to legitimize its validity. In this way it allows a dialogue to unfold among various philosophies of different methodologies and persuasions, so that their basic assumptions and conceptions may be investigated in an objective fashion. That is, instead of comparing concepts, we may go below their differences to seek together what they are meant to grasp. We may in this way come to the things them­ selves, which are the common objective of all philosophy, or what the great Chinese philosopher Wang Yang Ming called "the investigation of things". It is in this spirit that the Institute's programs include a "cross-cultural" dialogue meant to bring about a profound communication among philosophers in their deepest concerns. Rising above artificial cultural confinements, such dialogues bring scholars, thinkers and human beings together toward a truly human community of minds. Our Institute unfolds one consistent academic program.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400965225
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 179
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical physics.
    Abstract: I. Physical time and the problem of its structure -- I.1 Introduction -- I.2 The order structure of time -- I.3 The topological structure of time -- I.4 The metrical structure of time -- I.5 Conclusion -- Notes -- II. The geometrical nature of physical time: parameter time and coordinate time -- II.1 Introduction -- II.2 Parameter and coordinate -- II.3 Parameter and coordinate time in Newtonian physics -- II.4 Parameter and coordinate time in Einsteinian physics -- II.5 The geometrical nature of time in quantum mechanics -- II.6 Translation of the space and time into the spacetime formalism and vice versa -- II.7 The geometrical nature of time and dynamics -- II.8 Parameter versus coordinate time in the study of time; some philosophical issues -- Notes -- III. Time asymmetry -- III.1 Arrow of time: time asymmetry and time flow -- III.2 Time asymmetry -- III.3 (Ir)reversibility and the time reversal operator T* -- III.4 Time asymmetry and temporal orientability -- Notes -- IV. Thermodynamical time asymmetry and the second law of phenomenological thermodynamics -- IV. 1 Introduction -- IV. 2 The mechanical program -- IV. 3 The thermodynamical program -- IV. 4 Discussion -- Notes -- Epilogue -- Name index.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9789400963757
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (448p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 172
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Philosophical Analysis in Argentina -- I. Philosophical Analysis in Argentina -- Normative Knowledge and Truth -- Legal Principles and Legal Positivism -- Logic and the Hypothetical-Deductive Method -- The Limits of the Enforcement of Morality Through the Criminal Law -- On the Inconsistency of Meinong’s Ontology -- Meaning, Force and Explicit Performatives -- II. Philosophical Analysis in Mexico -- II. Philosophical Analysis in Mexico -- Existential Quantifiers and Guiding Principles in Physical Theories -- (Simple) Qualities and Resemblance -- Theory of Descriptions, Meaning and Presupposition -- Ethics and the Language of Morality -- The Private Language Argument -- III. Philosophical Analysis in Brazil -- III. Philosophical Analysis in Brazil -- Philosophy, Common Sense, and Science -- Decidability and Cognitive Significance in Carnap -- Natural Conjectures -- IV. Philosophical Analysis in Other Latin American Countries -- IV. Philosophical Analysis in Other Latin American Countries -- Popper’s Solution to the Problem of Induction -- On the Concept of Reason -- Appendix: Latin Americans Residing in the United States and Canada / Jorge J. E. Gracia -- Biographical Notes -- Index of Proper Names.
    Abstract: Historians of Latin American philosophy have paid relatively little attention to the development of philosophical analysis in Latin America. There are two reasons for this neglect: First, they have been primarily concerned with the forma tive period of philosophical development, in particular with the so called "founders" of La ti n American philosophy. And second. philosophical analysis did not become a noticeable philosophical trend in Latin America until recent years. True. a nunber of Latin American philosophers took notice of Moore. Russell. the members of the Vienna Circle and other important figures in the analytic movement qui te early. But these were isolated instances that lacked the sustained effort and broad base indispensible to make a serious impact in the development of Latin American philosophy. That has changed now. There are not only good numbers of philosophers who work within the analytic tradition, but also some journals and institutes dedicated to the analytic mode of philosophizing. It is. therefore. most appropriate to publish a collection of articles which would introduce the reader of philosophy to the most representative analytic material produced so far in Latin America. Indeed. it is not only appropriate. but also necessary. since most of the published analytic literature to date is scattered in various journals, sometimes of difficult access. Moreover, not all that has been published is representative of the best already produced and of the potential that the movement has in Latin America.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789400956445
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Sciences, An International Series 3
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Studies 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences
    Abstract: 1 A Paean to the Follow-up -- I Follow-up Studies -- 2 Risks for Alcoholism by Age and Class among Males -- 3 Children of Alcoholic Fathers—A Longitudinal Prospective Study -- 4 The Longitudinal Course of Alcoholism among Women Criminals: A Six-Year Follow-up -- 5 Natural History of Male Alcoholism -- 6 Causal Models of Personality, Peer Culture Characteristics, Drug Use, and Criminal Behaviors over a Five-year Span -- II High-Risk Studies -- 7 Studies of Familial Alcoholism: A Growth Industry -- 8 A Danish Prospective Study of Young Males at High Risk for Alcoholism -- 9 A Prospective Study of Alcoholism: Electroencephalographic Findings -- 10 Prospective Markers for Alcoholism -- III Typological Studies -- 11 Subtyping Alcoholics by Coexisting Psychiatric Syndromes: Course, Family History, Outcome -- 12 Antisocial Behavior, Psychopathology, and Problem Drinking in the Natural History of Alcoholism.
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789400956483
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Series in Social Welfare 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social groups. ; Sociology.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- Overview of the Book -- Notes and References -- 2 Studies of Decision Making in Child Welfare and Sources of Information for Decision Making -- Decision-Making Studies: A Brief Review -- Information -- Discussion -- Notes and References -- 3 Judgment and Decision Making -- Knowledge Structures and Judgmental Strategies -- Summary -- Discussion -- Notes and References -- 4 A Model for Decision Making -- The Program Environment -- Reception -- The Investigation -- Guidelines for Determining Whether a Child Is in Immediate Danger and, if so, Whether Protective Custody Is Necessary -- Determining Whether There Is Credible Evidence of Abuse or Neglect -- Notes and References -- 5 Description of the Illinois/West Virginia Project -- Project Implementation: The Field Test Sites -- The Research Hypotheses and Research Design -- Case Characteristics -- Training Workers for the Field Test -- Consultation with Project Workers and Supervisors -- Reliability -- Results -- Notes and References -- 6 The Process of Decision Making -- Decisions Made by Workers and Others: An Overview -- Summary of Decisions Mode by Workers -- The Decision Making Process -- Summary of Decision Making Process -- Notes and References -- 7 The Outcomes of Decision Making -- The Outcome of Using Structured Decision-Making Procedures -- Summary -- A Search for Predictor Variables -- A Finding of Credible Evidence -- Discussion -- Limitations of the Study -- Notes and References -- 8 Implications of the Study -- Implications for Child Welfare Practice -- Summary -- Implications for Administration -- Summary -- Implications for the Education of Child Welfare Workers -- Notes and References -- Subject/Author Index.
    Abstract: All countries confront the problem of providing for dependent, neglected, and 1 abused children. While the exact form of institutional response will differ in relation to a country's political and economic structure, its culture and its tradition, the same general kinds of child welfare services have been developed 2 everywhere. Literature from the United States, Canada, and several Western European countries reflects a shared concern about children who reside in unplanned, substitute care arrangements and a growing recognition of the importance of 3 making permanent plans for these children. The American response to this problem took shape in the early 1970s when government at the local, state, and 4 federal levels undertook to fund permanency planning projects. Permanency planning projects were charged with developing and testing procedures that would increase the likelihood that children would move out of substitute care arrangements into permanent family homes either through restoration to their biological families, termination of parental rights and subsequent adoption, court appointment of a legal guardian, or planned emancipation for older children. Long-term foster care, if it was a planned outcome supported by the use of written agreements between foster parents and child care agencies, was recognized as an appropriate option for some children. 2 DECISION MAKING IN CHILD WELFARE Permanency planning projects have had a direct effect on the substantive aspects of social work practice in child welfare.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400962330
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 64
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 64
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introductory Remarks to the Symposium on Hegel and the Sciences -- The Scholar, the Liberal Ideal, and the Philosophy of Science -- I. The Sciences -- Conceptual Analysis and Scientific Theory in Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature (with Special Reference to Hegel’s Optics) -- A Comment on Buchdahl’s Paper -- The Chemical System of Substances, Forces and Processes in Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature and the Science of His Time -- Hegel and the Celestial Mechanics of Newton and Einstein -- The Hegelian Treatment of Biology and Life -- More Comments on the Place of the Organic in Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature -- Hegel and the Organic View of Nature -- Hegel’s Philosophical Understanding of Illness -- On Hegel’s Significance for the Social Sciences -- Hegel’s Conception of Psychology -- II. Philosophy and Methodology of Science -- The Dialectical Structure of Scientific Thinking -- Is the Progress of Science Dialectical? -- Some ‘Moments’ of Hegel’s Relation to the Sciences -- Hegel’s ‘Deduction of the Concept of Science’ -- Theory and Praxis and the Beginning of Science -- The First American Interpretation of Hegel in J. B. Stallo’s Philosophy of Science -- III. Dialectics and Logic -- Hegel’s Logic from a Logical Point of View -- The Dynamics of Hegelian Dialectics, and Non-Linearity in the Sciences -- Mathematical Dialectics, Scientific Logic and the Psychoanalysis of Thinking [Comment on Kosok and Gauthier] -- Comments on Kosok’s Interpretation of Hegel’s Logic -- Bibliographical Note -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: To the scientists and philosophers of our time, Hegel has been either a ne­ glected or a provocative thinker, a source of irrelevant dark metaphysics or of complex but insightful analysis. His influence upon the work of natural scientists has seemed minimal, in the main; and his stimulus to the nascent sciences of society and to psychology has seemed to be as often an obstacle as an encouragement. Nevertheless his philosophical analysis of knowledge and the knowing process, of concepts and their evolutionary formation, of rationality in its forms and histories, of the stages of empirical awareness and human practice, all set within his endless inquiries into cultural formations from the entire sweep of human experience, must, we believe, be confronted by anyone who wants to understand the scientific consciousness. Indeed, we may wish to situate the changing theories of nature, and of humankind in nature, within a philosophical account of men and women as social practi­ tioners and as sensing, thinking, feeling centers of privacy; and then we will see the work of Hegel as a major effort to mediate between the purest of epistemological investigations and the most practical of the political and the religious. This book, long delayed to our deep regret, derives from a Symposium on Hegel and the Sciences which was sponsored jointly by the Hegel Society of America and the Boston University Center for Philosophy and History of Science a decade ago.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401576970
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 203 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 173
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Linguistic Preliminaries -- II Actives and Passives -- III Reference -- IV Coherence -- V Hypostasis -- VI Knowledge -- VII Knowing How -- VIIII Various Uses -- IX Conditions -- X A Position to Know -- XI Analysis -- XII Skepticism -- XIII A Safe Position -- XIV Demons, Angels and Miracles -- XV Risk and Gravity -- Kreb’s Epilogue -- Notes.
    Abstract: THIS ESSAY was begun a long time ago, in 1962, when I spent a year in Rome on a Guggenheim Fellowship. That twenty one years were required to complete it is owing both to the character of the theory presented and to my peculiar habits of mind. The theory presented is a coherence theory of knowledge: the con­ ception of coherence is here dominant and pervasive. But considera­ tions of coherence dictate an attention to details. The fact of the matter is that I get hung up on details: everything must fit, and if it does not, I do not want to proceed. A second difficulty was that all the epistemological issues seemed too clear. That may sound weird, but that's the way it is. I write philosophy to make things clear to myself. If, rightly or wrongly, I think I know the answer to a question, I can't bring myself to write it down. What happened, in this case, is that I finally became persuaded, in the course of lecturing on epistemology to under­ graduates, that not everything was as clear as it should be, that there were gaps in my presentation that were seriously in need of filling.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401719780
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 272 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 177
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. The Nature of Science -- 2. How is Philosophy Possible as a Science? -- 3. Notes on Popper as Follower of Whewell and Peirce -- 4. The Evolution of Knowledge -- 5. Scientific Progress -- 6. The Growth of Theories: Comments on the Structuralist Approach -- 7. Truthlikeness, Realism, and Progressive Theory-Change -- 8. The Growth of Knowledge in Mathematics -- 9. Realism, Worldmaking, and the Social Sciences -- 10. Finalization, Applied Science, and Science Policy -- 11. Paradigms and Problem-Solving in Operations Research -- 12. Remarks on Technological Progress -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This collection brings together several essays which have been written between the years 197 5 and 1983. During that period I have been occupied with the attempt to find a satisfactory explicate for the notion of tnithlike­ ness or verisimilitude. The technical results of this search have partly appeared elsewhere, and I am also working on a systematic presentation of them in a companion volume to this book: Truthlikeness (forthcoming hopefully in 1985). The essays collected in this book are less formal and more philos­ ophical: they all explore various aspects of the idea that progress in science is associated with an increase in the truthlikeness of its results. Even though they do not exhaust the problem area of scientific change, together they constitute a step in the direction which I find most promising in the defence of critical scientific realism. * Chapter 1 appeared originally in Finnish as the opening article of a new journal Tiede 2000 (no. 1 I 1980) - a Finnish counterpart to journals such as Science and Scientific American. This explains its programmatic character. It tries to give a compact answer to the question 'What is science?', and serves therefore as an introduction to the problem area of the later chapters. Chapter 2 is a revised translation of my inaugural lecture for the chair of Theoretical Philosophy in the University of Helsinki on April 8, 1981. It appeared in Finnish inParnasso 31 (1981), pp.
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789400964815
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (688p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 176
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of law ; Science Philosophy ; Ethics ; Law—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1: Theory of Science and Theory of Law -- Synopsis -- Recent Trends in the Philosophy of Science -- Legal Dogmatics as a Scientific Paradigm -- Paradigms in Legal Dogmatics Towards a Theory of Change and Progress in Legal Science -- Pragmatic Metatheory for Legal Science -- On Making Implicit Methodologies Explicit -- 2: Ontology and Epistomology in Legal Science -- Synopsis -- Ought, Reasons, Motivation, and the Unity of the Social Sciences: The Meta-theory of the Ought-Is Problem -- Legal Data. An Essay about the Ontology of Law -- Pluralis Juris -- Changes of Paradigm in the Law -- Legal Norms: a Transformational Approach -- Epistemology and Validity in Law -- Is Law a System of Enactments? -- The Concept of “Fact” in the Physical Sciences and in Law -- 3: Objectivity and Rationality of Legal Justification -- Synopsis -- Objectivity in the Social Sciences -- Objectivity and Rationality in Lawyer’s Reasoning -- Coherence in Legal Justification -- Paradigms of Justifying Legal Decisions -- Monism, Pluralism, Relativism and Right Answers in the Law -- Discovery and Justification in Science and Law -- Reasons and Causes in Connection with Judicial Decisions -- 4: Technical Rationality in the Law -- Synopsis -- Legal Rationality Among Different Types of Rationality -- Paradigms of Legal Research; Empirical Science and Legal Dogmatics -- Goal Reasons in Common Law Cases — Are They Predictive? -- Teleological Construction of Statutes -- Reason, Law and History -- The Rule of Law in Legal Reasoning -- 5: Some Special Topics Concerning Rationality and Legitimacy in the Law -- Synopsis -- An Ubiquitous Paralogism in Legal Thinking -- Power of Tolerance — On the Legitimacy of a Legal System -- Sir Edward Coke’s Legal Conservatism -- Popper’s Criterion of Refutability in the Legal Context -- 6: Criticism and Developments in Particular Areas of the Law: Property, Contracts, and Torts -- Synopsis -- Theory Choice and Contract Law -- Trends in Legal Science Relating to Contracts and Torts -- The Economics of Trade Laws -- 7: Interdisciplinary Bridges between Legal Research and Other Sciences -- Synopsis -- On Bridging the So-Called Gap Between Normative Legal Dogmatics and Empirical-Theoretical Social Science -- Towards an Interdisciplinary Theory of Law -- Legal Science and Hermeneutic Point of View -- Legal Theory and Social Science -- Integration Between Legal Research and Social Science -- 8: Analysis of Legal Norms and Juristic Propositions -- Synopsis -- Karl Olivecrona’s Theory of Legal Rules as Independent Imperatives -- Norms of Competence in Scandinavian Jurisprudence -- A Tentative Analysis of Two Juristic Sentences -- 9: Logical and Preference-Theoretical Structures in the Law -- Synopsis -- Automated Analysis of Legislation -- Rights and Practical Possibilities -- Requirements, Urgency, and Worth -- The Property Right of Sweden Today — Or a Requiem over an Outdated Way of Argueing -- List of Participants -- Index of Names.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789400964549
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (453p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 175
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: May We Identify Reduction and Explanation of Theories ? -- Restriction and Embedding -- Anomalies of Reduction -- Ontological Reduction in the Natural Sciences -- Explanation of Theories and the Problem of Progress in Physics -- Reduction, Interpretation and Invariance -- Reduction and Evolution — Arguments and Examples -- Limiting Case Correspondence between Physical Theories -- Contact Structures, Predifferentiability and Approximation -- Tangent Embedding — A Special Kind of Approximate Reduction -- A Logical Investigation of the Phlogiston Case -- Utilistic Reduction in Sociology: The Case of Collective Goods -- Intertheory Relations in Growth Economics: Sraffa and Wicksell -- Possible Approaches to Reduction in Economic Theory -- Why Language ? -- On the Comparison of Classical and Special Relativistic Space-Time -- Space-Time Geometries for One-Dimensional Space -- Quantum Theory as a Factualization of Classical Theory -- Classical and Non Classical Limiting Cases of Quantum Logic -- Bell’s Inequalities and the Reduction of Statistical Theories -- Name Index.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789400956421
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 186 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Sciences, An International Series 4
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Studies 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology. ; Developmental psychology.
    Abstract: I Pregnancy and the First Year -- 1 Description of the Cohort, Variables, and General Procedures -- 2 Influences on Perinatal Outcomes (Written in collaboration with Dennis Hocevar and Thomas Teasdale) -- 3 Perinatal and Social Influences on One-Year Physical Outcomes (Written in collaboration with Dennis Hocevar and Thomas Teasdale) -- II Follow-up of the Cohort into Adolescence and Young Adulthood -- 4 The Follow-Up: Sample, Variables, and Procedures -- 5 Divorce and Family Instability (Written in collaboration with Charlotte Reznick) -- 6 Maternal Employment and Child Day Care (Written in collaboration with William Brock) -- 7 Family Size and Birth Order (Written in collaboration with Dennis Hocevar) -- 8 Correlates of Adolescent and Young Adult Criminal Behavior (Written in collaboration with Linn Carothers) -- 9 Long-Term Consequences for Adolescents Identified as At-Risk at Birth -- Epilogue: Implications for Intervention and Social Policy Development -- References -- Author Index.
    Abstract: This book is the product of the efforts of a number of people dating back to 1956, when Professor T. Kemp, then head of the University Institute for Human Genetics in Copenhagen, proposed a study on the importance of x-ray irradiation in pregnant women. Under the guidance of Professors Dyhre Trolle and Preben Plum of the Uni­ versity Hospital in Copenhagen, the investigation was expanded to deal with prenatal and perinatal factors of importance for the development of the infant. The corpus of medical data that resulted from these efforts was collected and organized by Drs. Bengt Zachau-Christiansen and Aage Villumsen. The project's birth cohort included all deliveries that took place at the State University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, over a two-year period from 1959 to 1961. As part of the perinatal study, the mothers and children were subjected to regular and thorough medical examinations during pregnancy and through the first year of the child's life. The detailed data from these examinations, as well as information about treatment administered, were systematically collected and coded.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789400963153
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 573 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 18
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Style.
    Abstract: Aesthetic Enjoyment and Poetic Sense. Poetic Sense: The Irreducible in Literature -- Movement in German Poems -- Why be a Poet? -- The Field of Poetic Constitution -- The Poet in the Poem: A Phenomenological Analysis of Anne Sexton’s ‘Briar Rose (Sleeping Beauty)’ -- Nature, Feeling, and Disclosure in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens -- “Fallings from us, Vanishings ...”: Composition and the Structure of Loss -- Poetic Thinking to Be -- From Helikon to Aetna: The Precinct of Poetry in Hesiod, Empedokles, Hölderlin, and Arnold -- What Can the Poem Do Today? The Self-Evaluation of Western Poets after 1945 -- Poetry as Essential Graphs -- The Shield and the Horizon: Homeric Ekphrasis and History -- The Myth of Man in the Hebraic Epic -- On Medieval Interpretation and Mythology -- The Epic Element in Japanese Literature -- A Long Day’s Journey into Night: The Historicity of Human Existence Unfolding in Virginia Woolf’s Fiction -- The Existential Sources of Rhetoric: A Comparison Between Traditional Epic and Modern Narrative -- Metaphor and the Flux of Human Experience -- The Literary Diary as a Witness of Man’s Historicity: Heinrich Böll, Karl Krolow, Günter Grass, and Peter Handke -- The French Nouveau Roman: The Ultimate Expression of Impressionism -- The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music: Claudel, Milhaud and the Oresteia -- Tragedy and the Completion of Freedom -- Hardy’s Jude: The Pursuit of the Ideal as Tragedy -- Values and German Tragedy 1770–1840 -- La Destinée de la tragédie dans la culture Islamique -- Toward a Theory of Contemporary Tragedy -- The Re-emergence of Tragedy in Late Medieval England: Sir Thomas Malory’s Morte Darthur -- Tragical, Comical, Historical -- The Denial of Tragedy: The Self-Reflexive Process of the Creative Activity and the French New Novel -- Tragic Closure and the Cornelian Wager -- Intuition in Britannicus -- Myth and Tragic Action in La Celestina and Romeo and Juliet -- Du désordre à l’ordre: le rôle de la violence dans Horace -- The Act of Writing as an Apprehension of the Enigma of Being-in-the-World -- The Truth of the Body: Merleau-Ponty on Perception, Language, and Literature -- Fiction and the Transposition of Presence -- The Structure of Allegory -- Literary Impressionism and Phenomenology: Affinities and Contrasts -- Phenomenology and Literary Impressionism: The Prismatic Sensibility -- Un modèle d’analyse dy texte dramatique -- The Problem of Reading, Phenomenologically or Otherwise -- Index of Names.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789400969667
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (232p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 157
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Absolute versus Relative Space and Time -- Three Steps Towards Absolutism -- Reply to Mackie -- Absoluteness and Conspiracy -- Time And Causal Connectibility -- Prospects for a Causal Theory of Space-Time -- Verificationism and Theories of Space-Time -- Temporal and Causal Asymmetry -- Temporal and Causal Asymmetry -- Temporal and Causal Asymmetry -- Causality And Quantum Mechanics -- How the Measurement Problem Is an Artifact of the Mathematics -- Measurement, Unitarity, and Laws -- Causality, Relativity, and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox -- Nonlocality and Peaceful Coexistence -- Quantum Logic and Ensembles -- Notes On Contributors -- Index Of Names.
    Abstract: The Royal Institute of Philosophy has been sponsoring conferences in alter­ nate years since 1969. These have from the start been intended to be of interest to persons who are not philosophers by profession. They have mainly focused on interdisciplinary areas such as the philosophies of psychology, education and the social sciences. The volumes arising from these conferences have included discussions between philosophers and distinguished practitioners of other disciplines relevant to the chosen topic. Beginning with the 1979 conference on 'Law, Morality and Rights' and the 1981 conference on 'Space, Time and Causality' these volumes are now constituted as a series. It is hoped that this series will contribute to advancing philosophical understanding at the frontiers of philosophy and areas of interest to non-philosophers. It is hoped that it will do so by writing which reduces technicalities as much as the subject-matter permits. In this way the series is intended to demonstrate that philosophy can be clear and worthwhile in itself and at the same time relevant to the interests of lay people.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789400969605
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (287p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 21
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 21
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Table of Contents: Volume II -- The New Dualism: “Res Philosophica” and “Res Historica” -- I -- Hippocrates and the School of Cos. Between Myth and Skepticism -- The Historical Hippocrates and the Origins of Scientific Medicine. Comments on Joly -- II -- What’s in a Word? Coming to Terms in the Darwinian Revolution -- Comments on Beatty -- Reply to Hull -- III -- The Politics of Truth: A Social Interpretation of Scientific Knowledge, with an Application to the Case of Sociobiology -- IV -- Anatomy of the Self in Psychoanalytic Theory -- The Unity of the Self -- Psychoanalysis, Personal Identity, and Scientific Method -- V -- Themes in British Psychiatry, J. C. Prichard (1785–1848) to Henry Maudsley (1835–1918) -- Comments on Bynum -- Name Index.
    Abstract: These remarks preface two volumes consisting of the proceedings of the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. The conference was held under the auspices of the Union, The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science. The meetings took place in Montreal, Canada, 25-29 August 1980, with Concordia University as host institution. The program of the conference was arranged by a Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science consisting of Robert E. Butts (Canada), John Murdoch (U. S. A. ), Vladimir Kirsanov (U. S. S. R. ), and Paul Weingartner (Austria). The Local Arrangements Committee consisted of Stanley G. French, Chair (Concordia), Michel Paradis, treasurer (McGill), Fran~ois Duchesneau (Universite de Montreal), Robert Nadeau (Universite du Quebec it Montreal), and William Shea (McGill University). Both committees are indebted to Dr. G. R. Paterson, then President of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science, who shared his expertise in many ways. Dr. French and his staff worked diligently and efficiently on behalf of all participants. The city of Montreal was, as always, the subtle mixture of extravagance, charm, warmth and excitement that retains her status as the jewel of Canadian cities. The funding of major international conferences is always a problem.
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400968394
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archives Internationales D’Histoire Des Idees / International Archives of the History of Ideas 102
    Series Statement: International Archives of the History of Ideas Archives internationales d'histoire des idées 102
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Science—History. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Scottish Beginnings -- 2. London Beginnings -- 3. The First Trip Abroad -- 1. Paris and its Scientific Society, 1817 -- 2. Switzerland -- 3. Italy -- 4. The Return -- 4. In the Mainstream of London Science -- 1. Scientific Training in the 1820s -- 2. Mary Somerville’s Apprenticeship -- 3. The First Experimental Paper -- 4. Brougham’s Commission -- 5. The Mechanism of the Heavens -- 1. The Atmosphere of 1830 -- 2. Creation and Publication -- 3. Reception -- 6. The Second Stay Abroad -- 1. Paris, 1832 -- 2. Mary Somerville and French Science, 1832–33 -- 3. Foreign Visitors, English Correspondence -- 7. On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences -- 1. The Physical Sciences, 1830–33 -- 2. The Final Revision -- 3. Publication and Review -- 4. New Honours and a New Edition -- 5. Mary Somerville and a Few Scientific Women -- 8. The Civil List and Mary Somerville -- 9. ‘The Comet’, an Experiment and a Third Edition -- 10. The Last London Years -- 1. A New Pattern of Existence, 1836 -- 2. The Fourth Edition of the Connexion of the Sciences -- 3. A Scientific Intermediary -- 11. Outside the Mainstream of Science -- 1. Italy, 1838–40 -- 2. And After . . . -- A Guide to Notes and Citations -- Notes.
    Abstract: Among the myriad of changes that took place in Great Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century, many of particular significance to the historian of science and to the social historian are discernible in that small segment of British society drawn together by a shared interest in natural phenomena and with sufficient leisure or opportunity to investigate and ponder them. This group, which never numbered more than a mere handful in comparison to the whole population, may rightly be characterized as 'scientific'. They and their successors came to occupy an increasingly important place in the intellectual, educational, and developing economic life of the nation. Well before the arrival of mid-century, natural philosophers and inventors were generally hailed as a source of national pride and of national prestige. Scientific society is a feature of nineteenth-century British life, the best being found in London, in the universities, in Edinburgh and Glasgow, and in a few scattered provincial centres.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400968721
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 203 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Publications of the Netherlands Interuniversity Demographic Institute (N.I.D.I.) and the Population and Family Study Centre (C.B.G.S.) 9
    Series Statement: Publications of the Netherlands Interuniversity Demographic Institute (NIDI) and the Population and Family Study Centre (CBGS) 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 1. Background -- 2. Summary of the study design -- 2. Major Theme of the Study: Degree of Individuation -- 3. Statement of the Problem, Theoretical Framework Hypotheses, and Research Methodology -- 1. Statement of the problem -- 2. Theoretical framework, hypotheses and concepts -- 3. Research design -- 4. Sampling and data-collection procedures -- 5. Questionnaire development and scale-construction -- 4. Cohabitation: A Comparative Descriptive Analysis with Marriage in the Netherlands and in the United States — A Test of Hypotheses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The U.S. and Dutch sampling communities: a comparison -- 3. Some social-economic characteristics of cohabitants in comparison with marrieds -- 4. Some dyadic relationship characteristics of cohabitants in comparison with marrieds -- 5. Dyadic commitment of cohabitants in comparison with marrieds -- 6. The attitudes of cohabitants and marrieds towards marriage -- 7. Balance of power between cohabiting and married partners -- 8. Degree of individuation of cohabitants in comparison with marrieds -- 9. Summary -- 5. An Exploratory Analysis of the Differences in Degree of Individuation between Cohabiting and Matching Married Couples -- 1. Explanation of the analytical method -- 2. Discussion of the variables that influence “Individuation Difference” -- 3. Ranking of the predictors of “Individuation Differences” -- 4. Conclusion -- 6. Reflections -- References -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- Appendix C.
    Abstract: 1. BACKGROUND In the last ten years there has been much popular discus­ sion and also a great scholarly interest in the so-called "alternative lifestyles" (1). ESgecially, since the late 1J60's, a diversity of lifestyles other than the nuclear family began to emerge, according to demographic changes in household compositions during the past decade (US Bureau of Census, 1979; Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 1930). One lifestyle, non-marital cohabitation, has increased most dra­ matically during the ~ast ten years and is the subject of this study. The term cohabitation will be used exclusively throughout the remainder of this study to refer to hetero­ sexual couples who are living together without being married legally. Despite its recent rapid increase, one should not overlook the fact that cohabitation, in comparison with legal marriage, remains an alternative practiced by a minority of the couples at any ?oint in time. For the Netherlands, it is estimated that 7 percent of all couples are living together unmarried, and 93 percent are married (Straver, 1981). This cohabitation rate is about twice as low when compared to rates in countries like Sweden and Denmark where they are 16 percent (the highest rate in Europe) and 13 percent (Trost, 1979), but still about twice as high when compared to the 3 percent estimate for the United States (Macklin, 1980).
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400969803
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 160
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Theory, Data, and Explanation -- 2. The Origins of the Theory -- I. Elementary Object Theory -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- 5. An Auxiliary Hypothesis -- II. Applications of the Elementary Theory -- 1. Modelling Plato’s Forms -- 2. Modelling the Round Square, etc. -- 3. The Problem of Existence 50 Appendix -- III. The Modal Theory of Abstract Objects (With Propositions) -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- IV. The Applications of the Modal Theory -- 1. Truth -- 2. Modelling Possible Worlds -- 3. Modelling Leibniz’s Monads -- 4. Modelling Stories and Native Characters -- 5. Modality and Descriptions -- V. The Typed Theory of Abstract Objects -- 1. The Language -- 2. The Semantics -- 3. The Logic -- 4. The Proper Axioms -- VI. Applications of the Typed Theory -- 1. Modelling Frege’s Senses (I) -- 2. Modelling Frege’s Senses (II) -- 3. Modelling Impossible and Fictional Relations -- 4. Modelling Mathematical Myths and Entities -- Conclusion -- Appendices -- A. Modelling the Theory Itself -- B. Modelling Notions -- Notes.
    Abstract: In this book, I attempt to lay the axiomatic foundations of metaphysics by developing and applying a (formal) theory of abstract objects. The cornerstones include a principle which presents precise conditions under which there are abstract objects and a principle which says when apparently distinct such objects are in fact identical. The principles are constructed out of a basic set of primitive notions, which are identified at the end of the Introduction, just before the theorizing begins. The main reason for producing a theory which defines a logical space of abstract objects is that it may have a great deal of explanatory power. It is hoped that the data explained by means of the theory will be of interest to pure and applied metaphysicians, logicians and linguists, and pure and applied epistemologists. The ideas upon which the theory is based are not essentially new. They can be traced back to Alexius Meinong and his student, Ernst Mally, the two most influential members of a school of philosophers and psychologists working in Graz in the early part of the twentieth century. They investigated psychological, abstract and non-existent objects - a realm of objects which weren't being taken seriously by Anglo-American philoso­ phers in the Russell tradition. I first took the views of Meinong and Mally seriously in a course on metaphysics taught by Terence Parsons at the University of Massachusetts/Amherst in the Fall of 1978. Parsons had developed an axiomatic version of Meinong's naive theory of objects.
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789400970557
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 76
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 76
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind ; Psychiatry ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Geometry and Semantics: An Examination of Putnam’s Philosophy of Geometry -- The Epistemological Status of Recent Developments in Psychoanalytic Theory -- The Theory of Your Dreams -- Valuation and Objectivity in Science -- Simultaneity and Conventionality -- The Demise of the Demarcation Problem -- Grünbaum on Determinism and the Moral Life -- The Unpredictability of Future Science -- Freud’s Early Theories of Hysteria -- Clinical Trials: The Validation of Theory and Therapy -- Reflections on the Philosophy of Bohr, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger -- Zeno’s Paradox of Measure -- Special Relativity from Measuring Rods -- Causality and Spacetime Structure in Relativity -- Calibration: A Frequency Justification for Personal Probability -- Bibliography of Adolf Grünbaum -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: To celebrate Adolf Griinbaum's sixtieth birthday by offering him this bouquet of essays written for this purpose was the happy task of an autonomous Editorial Committee: Wesley C. Salmon, Nicholas Rescher, Larry Laudan, Carl G. Hempel, and Robert S. Cohen. To present the book within the Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science was altogether fitting and natural, for Griinbaum has' been friend and supporter of philosophy of science at Boston University for twenty-five years, and unofficial godfather to the Boston Colloquium. To regret that we could not include contributions from all his well-wishers, critical admirers and admiring critics, is only to regret that we did not have an encyclopedic space at the committee's disposal. But we, and all involved in this book, speak for all the others in the philo­ sophical, scientific, and personal worlds of Adolf Griinbaum in greeting him on May 15, 1983, with our wishes for his health, his scholarship, his happiness. Our gratitude is due to Carolyn Fawcett for her care and accuracy in editing this book, and for the preparation of the Index; and to Elizabeth McMunn for her help again and again, especially in preparation of the Bibliography of the Published Writings of Adolf Griinbaum; and to Thelma Griinbaum for encouraging, planning, and cheering. Boston University R.S.C. Center for the Philosophy and History of Science M.W.W.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400969490
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (408p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 27
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 27
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: I: On the Necessity of Socialism -- A. The Marxian Method -- 1. The Marxian Methodology — An Outline of the Idealizational Interpretation -- 2. To Surpass Marx with the Aid of His Methodology -- B. The Marxian Ambiguity. A Proposal for a Non-Marxian Theory of Socio-Economic Formation -- 3. The Ambiguity of Marxian Historical Materialism -- 4. The Marxian Ambiguity: An Attempt at a Solution. A Non-Marxian Theory of Socio-Economic Formation (Model I) -- 5. The Peculiarity of Slavery: The Development through Luxury (Model II) -- 6. The Peculiarity of Feudalism: The Double Cycle (Models III–IV) -- 7. The Peculiarity of Capitalism: An Attempt to Pose the Problem -- C. The Limitations of Marx’s Discoveries. The Generalization of Historical Materialism -- 8. The Basic Limitation of Marxian Historical Materialism -- 9. An Attempt at a Marxist Theory of Power -- 10. Generalized Historical Materialism: Some Main Notions -- D. The Fundamental Mistake of Marx and the Theory of Socialist Evolution -- 11. Preamble -- 12. The People’s Struggle and the Supra-Class Struggle. The Role of the Political Momentum in the Motion of Socio-Economic Formation (Model IP) -- 13. The Peculiarity of Capitalism: The Necessity for the Disappearance of the Working Class Struggle Leads to Socialism (Model VP) -- 14. Conclusion. The Problem of Part II -- II: On the Necessity of Socialism in Russia. Towards the Materialist Reinterpretation of the Marxist Image of Russia’s History -- 15. Introduction. Socialism in Russia: Modern Dogmas -- 16. The Totalitarian Anomaly: The Breakdown of the Double Cycle in Russian Feudalism (13th–16th Centuries) -- 17. Property and Power in Russian Feudalism -- 18. Tsarist Russia Was the Best Developed Capitalist Country -- 19. The February Revolution Was a Totalitarian Revolution -- 20. Totalitarian Society in Russia: March-October 1917 -- 21. The October Revolution Was Not a Social Revolution at All. It Was instead the Result of Anti-Totalitarian People’s Movements -- 22. Conclusion: The Myth of the Communists -- References -- Index of Authors Cited.
    Abstract: THE VOICE OF THE PEOPLE: THE POLISH ROAD FROM SOCIALISM ON 1. The history of all hitherto existing societies is a history of class struggle - not only that between the exploited and the exploiters, but also that between the ruled and the rulers. And in modern times, there is in some societies a struggle between those who are exploited and oppressed at the same time and those who at the same time exploit and oppress. 2. The struggle between the owners and the direct producers results from the fact that the former exploit the latter, that is, they take from their labour more than they give back. It is possible since only they, the exploiters, have a monopoly of the disposal over the m~ans of production, and the major part of society must provide them with their labour force. Increasing exploitation finally leads to the revolution of the masses -and the owners are forced to make concessions in order to avoid re-occurrences.
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  • 33
    ISBN: 9789401097314
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (500p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 78
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 78
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Critical Papers -- 1: Philosophy and the Analysis of Language -- 2: Mathematical Ideals and Metaphysical Concepts -- 3: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions -- 4: The Paradigm Concept -- 5: Meaning and Scientific Change -- 6: Notes Toward a Post-Positivistic Interpretation of Science, Part I -- II. Analyses of Issues -- 7: Space, Time, and Language -- 8: Interpretations of Science in America -- 9: Unity and Method in Contemporary Science -- 10: What Can the Theory of Knowledge Learn from the History of Knowledge? -- III. Toward a Systematic Philosophy of Science -- 11: The Character of Scientific Change -- 12: The Scope and Limits of Scientific Change -- 13: Scientific Theories and Their Domains -- 14: Remarks on the Concepts of Domain and Field -- 15: Alteration of Goals and Language in the Development of Science -- 16: The Concept of Observation in Science and Philosophy (Summary version) -- 17: Notes Toward a Post-Positivistic Interpretation of Science, Part II -- 18: Reason, Reference, and the Quest for Knowledge -- 19: Modern Science and the Philosophical Tradition -- List Of Publications -- Index Of Names -- Index Of Topics.
    Abstract: An impressive characteristic of Dudley Shapere's studies in the philosophy of the sciences has been his dogged reasonableness. He sorts things out, with logical care and mastery of the materials, and with an epistemological curiosity for the historical happenings which is both critical and respectful. Science changes, and the philosopher had better not link philosophical standards too tightly to either the latest orthodox or the provocative up­ start in scientific fashions; and yet, as critic, the philosopher must not only master the sciences but also explicate their meanings, not those of a cognitive never-never land. Neither dreamer nor pedant, Professor Shapere has been able to practice the modern empiricist's exercises with the sober and stimulat­ ing results shown in this volume: he sees that he can be faithful to philosoph­ ical analysis, engage in the boldest 'rational reconstruction' of theories and experimental measurements, and faithful too, empirically faithful we may say, to both the direct super-highways and the winding pathways of conceptual evolutions and metaphysical revolutions. Not least, Shapere listens! To Einstein and Calileo of course, but to the workings of the engineers and the scientific apprentices too, and to the various philosophers, now and of old, who have also worked to make sense of what has been learned and how that has happened and where we might go wrong.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400966611
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Series in Social Welfare 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Mathematical Preliminaries -- Functions of Variables -- Matrices -- Matrix Algebra -- Some Matrices We Will Encounter -- Singularity of Matrices and Determinants -- Inverse of Matrices -- Problems -- 3 Multiple Regression I -- The Model in Matrix Terms -- Review of Analysis of Variance -- Two-Way Analysis of Variance -- The Analysis of Variance of Regression -- Interpretation of Regression Coefficients -- Residuals -- 4 Multiple Regression II -- Building a Regression Equation -- Coding of Categorical Variables for Regression Analysis -- and Partial Correlation-Statistical Control -- 5 More on Matrices -- Vectors -- Transformation of a Vector by a Matrix -- Projections -- Problems -- 6 Principal Components Analysis -- Two Variables, Three Cases -- Two Variables, n Cases -- Three Variables -- p Variables -- Scaling of Principal Components -- Reducing the Number of Principal Components -- Naming the Principal Components -- Example -- 7 Factor Analysis -- Points as Variables Instead of Individuals -- Subspaces -- The Decomposition of Variables -- The Correlation Matrix and Its Factors -- Extraction Methods -- Rotation -- Factor Scores -- Example -- 8 Multivariate Tests of Means -- Single-Sample Mean Test -- Two-Sample Mean Test -- Three or More Samples -- Example -- 9 Discriminant Analysis -- Geometric Representation -- Algebra of Discriminant Analysis -- The Discriminant Coefficients -- Significance Testing -- Classification -- 10 Other Multivariate Techniques -- Multivariate Multiple Regression -- Canonical Correlation -- Multivariate Analysis of Covariance -- 11 Repeated Measures Analysis -- Single-Group Designs -- N-Sample Case -- Appendixes -- A. The Greek Alphabet -- B. Random Variables, Expected Values, and Variance -- C. A Little Calculus -- D. A Little Trigonometry -- E. Still More on Matrices -- F. Logarithms -- G. Matrix Routines in SAS.
    Abstract: Research and evaluation in the human services usually involves a relatively large number of variables. We are interested in phenomena that have many aspects and many causes. The techniques needed to deal with many variables go beyond those of introductory statistics. Elementary procedures in statistics are limited in usefulness to situations in which we have two or three variables. When we have more than that, application of elementary techniques will often yield mis­ leading results. Why are elementary techniques inadequate when applied to many variables? Why, for example, should we not simply interpret a series of correlations of independent and dependent variables? The answer lies in the fact that these correlations are not independent pieces of information. The correlations of vari­ ables x and z with yare affected by the association of x with z. Hence, talk about the "effect" of x on y will be somewhat ambiguous, since we will be in­ cluding in that effect some of the effects of z. We would like to be able to sort out these effects. This is the problem of "estimation," that is, estimating the relationships or effects between variables, taking into account their relationships with other variables.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789400970243
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 33
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 33
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction to Complex Systems -- 1.1 Finite Complex Systems -- 1.2 Some Concepts of Complexity -- 1.3 Fundamental Issues of Complexity -- 1.4 Multi-level System and Control -- 1.5 Design and Algebraic Systems -- 1.6 Models Using Catastrophe Theory -- 1.7 Aspects of FCS Modelling -- 1.8 Computer Models and Man Machine Interaction -- Note -- References -- 2* Mathematics of Machines, Semigroups and Complexity -- 2.1 Finite State Machines -- 2.2 Definitions and Bounds of Complexity -- 2.3 Machines and Semigroups -- 2.4 The Krohn-Rhodes Prime Decomposition Theorem for Finite Semigroups and Machines -- 2.5 An Application of the Prime Decomposition Theorem — Some Results on Combinatorial Semigroups -- 2.6 Calculating the Complexity of a Transformation Semigroup -- 2.7 The Generalized Model -- References -- 3 Complexity and Dynamics -- 3.1 Introduction and Motivation -- 3.2 Competitive Processes and Dynamical Systems -- 3.3 Description of a Dynamic System -- 3.4 Axioms of Complexity -- 3.5 Evolution Complexity -- 3.6 Dynamic Systems of Resource Depletion -- 3.7 Complexity in Thom’s Program -- 3.8 Policy Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 4 Structural Characteristics in Economic Models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Preliminary Considerations -- 4.3 Decomposable Systems -- 4.4 Systems Modelling and Complexity -- 4.5 Structure of the Model -- 4.6 The Model’s Basic Set of Relationships -- 4.7 Evaluation of Complexity -- 4.8 Discussion -- 4.9 Comparison with some Studies on the Economics of Organization -- Note -- References -- 5 Complexity, Bounded Rationality and Problem-Solving -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Bounded Rationality -- 5.3 Problem Solving -- 5.4 An Overview of Algorithmic Complexity and Problem-Solving -- 5.5 A Case in Heuristics: General Problem-Solving (GPS) -- 5.6 Planning -- 5.7 Conclusions -- Appendix: Problem-Solving for Energy Technology Assessment -- Notes -- References -- 6 Complexity and Decision Rules -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background and Motivation -- 6.3 Choice Processes and Complexity -- 6.4 An Example of a Decision or Search Rule -- 6.5 A Social Choice Machine -- 6.6 Complexity of Decision Rules -- 6.7 A Construction of Compatible Decision Rules -- 6.8 Summary and Extension -- Notes -- References -- 7 Complexity and Organizational Decision-Making -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Organizational Structures and Performance -- 7.3 Organizations and Environments -- 7.4 A Real-time Organization -- 7.5 Information Technology -- 7.6 Costs of Information Processing -- 7.7 A Simple Machine Model of Organizational Design -- 7.8 Organizational Malfunctioning and Design -- 7.9 The Case of Line Organization -- 7.10 The Parallel Processing Line -- 7.11 The Case of Staff Organization -- 7.12 The Staff Acting as an Input Filter -- 7.13 Optimization Problem of the Staff Design -- 7.14 The Alternately Processing Staff -- 7.15 The Parallel Processing Staff -- 7.16 Some Practical Aspects of Organizational Design -- Notes -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In this book I develop a theory of complexity for economics and manage­ ment sciences. This book is addressed to the mathematically or analytically oriented economist, psychologist or management scientist. It could also be of interest to engineers, computer scientists, biologists, physicists and ecologists who have a constant desire to go beyond the bounds of their respective disciplines. The unifying theme is: we live in a complex world, but how can we cope with complexity? If the book has made the reader curious, and if he looks at modelling, problem recognition and problem solving within his field of competence in a more "complex" way, it will have achieved its goal. The starting point is the recognition that complexity is a well-defined concept in mathematics (e.g. in topological dynamics), computer science, information theory and artificial intelligence. But it is a rather diffuse concept in other fields, sometimes it has only descriptive value or even worse, it is only used in a colloquial sense. The systematic investigation of complexity phenomena has reached a mature status within computer science. Indices of computer size, capacity and performance root ultimately in John von Neumann's paradigmatic model of a machine, though other 1 roots point to McCulloch and Pitts, not to forget Alan Turing. Offsprings of this development include: -complexity of formal systems and recursiveness; -cellular automata and the theory of self-reproducing machines; -theory of program or computational complexity; -theory of sequential machines; -problem solving, cognitive science, pattern recognition and decision processes.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400971332
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 22
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 22
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    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introduction: from Rutherford to Hahn -- The Nuclear Electron Hypothesis -- The Evolution of Matter: Nuclear Physics, Cosmic Rays, and Robert Millikan’s Research Program -- The Discovery of Fission and a Nuclear Physics Paradigm -- Internal and External Conditions for the Discovery of Fission by the Berlin Team -- Otto Hahn, Science, and Social Responsibility -- The Politics of British Science in the Munich Era -- Why Hahn’s Radiothorium Surprised Rutherford in Montreal -- The Discovery of Uranium Z by Otto Hahn: The First Example of Nuclear Isomerism -- Nuclear Physics in Candada in the 1930s.
    Abstract: and less as the emanation unden\'ent radioactive decay, and it became motion­ less after about 30 seconds. Since this process was occurring very rapidly, Hahn and Sackur marked the position of the pointer on a scale with pencil marks. As a timing device they used a metronome that beat out intervals of approximately 1. 3 seconds. This simple method enabled them to determine that the half-life of the emanations of actinium and emanium were the same. Although Giesel's measurements had been more precise than Debierne's, the name of actinium was retained since Debierne had made the discovery first. Hahn now returned to his sample of barium chloride. He soon conjectured that the radium-enriched preparations must harbor another radioactive sub­ stance. The liquids resulting from fractional crystallization, which were sup­ posed to contain radium only, produced two kinds of emanation. One was the long-lived emanation of radium, the other had a short life similar to the emanation produced by thorium. Hahn tried to separate this substance by adding some iron to the solutions that should have been free of radium, but to no avail. Later the reason for his failure became apparent. The element that emitted the thorium emanation was constantly replenished by the ele­ ment believed to be radium. Hahn succeeded in enriching a preparation until it was more than 100,000 times as intensive in its radiation as the same quantity of thorium.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401576727
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 182 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 3
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Why Philosophy of Science? -- Knowledge and Power in the Sciences -- Facts and Values in Science Studies -- No History Without Health -- Science Policy Studies: Retrospect and Prospect -- Social Science: Education as Social Persuasion -- History and Philosophy of Science in the Pedagogical Process -- Science Teaching or Science Preaching? Critical Reflections on School Science -- Notes on Contributors.
    Abstract: Only in fairly recent years has History and Philosophy of Science been recognized - though not always under that name - as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour. Previously, in the Australasian region as elsewhere, those few individuals working within this broad area of inquiry found their base, both intellectually and socially, where they could. In fact, the institutionali­ zation of History and Philosophy of Science began comparatively early in Australia. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne immediately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appointments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and '60s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia, and in New Zealand.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401568647
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 167 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Holocaust Studies Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; History. ; Civil procedure.
    Abstract: 1 The Philosophical Implications of the Holocaust -- 2 A Psychological Perspective of the Holocaust -- 3 The Post-Holocaust Generations -- 4 Christian Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust -- 5 German Protestant Responses to Nazi Persecution of the Jews -- 6 The Irgun and the Destruction of European Jewry -- 7 Halakhah and the Holocaust: Historical Perspectives -- 8 The Surviving Voice: Literature of the Holocaust -- 9 Poetry in the Holocaust Dominion -- 10 Holocaust Imagery in Contemporary French Literature -- 11 The Genocide Bomb: The Holocaust Through the Eyes of a Survivor -- Contributing Authors.
    Abstract: The number of books and articles dealing with various aspects of World War II has increased at a phenomenal rate since the end of the hostilities. Perhaps no other chapter in this bloodiest of all wars has received as much attention as the Holo­ caust. The Nazis' program for the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" - this ideologically conceived, diabolical plan for the physicalliquidation of European Jewry - has emerged as a subject of agonizing and intense interest to laypersons and scholars alike. The centrality of the Holocaust in the study of the Third Reich and the Nazi phenomenon is almost universally recognized. The source materials for many of the books published during the immediate postwar period were the notes and diaries kept by many camp and ghetto dwellers, who were sustained during their unbelievable ordeal by the unusual drive to bear witness. These were supplemented after the liberation by a large number of personal narratives collected from survivors alI over Europe. Understandably, the books published shortly after the war ended were mainly martyrological and lachrymological, reflecting the trauma of the Holocaust at the personal, individual level. These were soon followed by a considerable number of books dealing with the moral and religious questions revolving around the role ofthe lay and spiritual leaders of the doomed Jewish communities, especially those involved in the Jewish Councils, as well as God' s responsibility toward the "chosen people.
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9789400969575
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (344p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Feilds 20
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 20
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Do Historians and Philosophers of Science Share the Same Heritage? -- I -- Conceptual and Technical Aspects of the Galilean Geometrization of the Motion of Heavy Bodies -- The Galilean Geometrization of Motion: Some Historical Considerations -- Measure, Proportion and Mathematical Structure of Galileo’s Mechanics -- II -- Space, Geometrical Objects and Infinity: Newton and Descartes on Extension -- Finite and Otherwise. Aristotle and Some Seven- teenth Century Views -- III -- The Ideal of the Mathematization of All Sciences and of ‘More Geometrico’ in Descartes and Leibniz -- The “More Geometrico” Pattern in Hypotheses from Descartes to Leibniz -- The Leibnizean Picture of Descartes -- IV -- Force and Inertia: Euler and Kant’s Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science -- Kant on the Foundations of Science -- Non-mechanistic Ideas in Physics and Philosophy: From Newton to Kant -- V -- V. V. Petrov’s Hypothetical Experiment and Electrical Experiments of the 18th Century -- The Ideal of Mathematization in B. Bolzano -- “Die schönste Leistung der allgemeinen Relativitäts- theorie”: The Genesis of the Tensor-Geometrical Conception of Gravitation.
    Abstract: These remarks preface two volumes consisting of the proceedings of the Third International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science. The conference was held under the auspices of the Union, The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science. The meetings took place in Montreal, Canada, 25--29 August 1980, with Concordia University as host institution. The program of the conference was arranged by a Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science consisting of Robert E. Butts (Canada), John Murdoch (U. S. A. ), Vladimir Kirsanov (U. S. S. R. ), and Paul Weingartner (Austria). The Local Arrangements Committee consisted of Stanley G. French, Chair (Concordia), Michel Paradis, treasurer (McGill), Franyois Duchesneau (Universite de Montreal), Robert Nadeau (Universite du Quebec a Montreal), and William Shea (McGill University). Both committees are indebted to Dr. G. R. Paterson, then President of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Science, who shared his expertise in many ways. Dr. French and his staff worked diligently and efficiently on behalf of all participants. The city of Montreal was, as always, the subtle mixture of extravagance, charm, warmth and excitement that retains her status as the jewel of Canadian cities. The funding of major international conferences is always a problem.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400971783
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 82
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 82
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Particles or Events? -- Commentary on ‘Particles or Events?’ -- Time Symmetry and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics -- Is Physical Space Unique or Optional? -- Theory Reduction: A Question of Fact or or a Question of Value? -- Cosmology and Verifiability -- Galileo and the Phenomena: On Making the Evidence Visible -- Quantum Theory of Measurement: A Non-Quantum Mechanical Approach -- Protophysics of Time and the Principle of Relativity -- Commentary on ‘Protophysics of Time and the Principle of Relativity’ -- Temporality and the Structure of Physics as Human Endeavor -- Commentary on ‘Temporality and the Structure of Physics as Human Endeavor’ -- The Unity of Nature -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: These essays on the conceptual understanding of modern physics strike directly at some of the principal difficulties faced by contemporary philos­ ophers of physical science. Moreover, they reverberate to earlier and classical struggles with those difficulties. Each of these essays may be seen as both a commentary on our predecessors and an original analytic interpretation. They come from work of the past decade, most from meetings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science, and they demonstrate again how problematic the fundamentals of our understanding of nature still are. The themes will seem to be familiar but the variations are not only ingenious but also stimulating, in some ways counterpoint. And so once again we are confronted with issues of space and time, irreversibility and measurement, matter and process, hypothetical reality and verifiability, explanation and reduction, phenomenal base and sophisticated theory, unified science and the unity of nature, and the limits of conventionalism. We are grateful for the cooperation of our contributors, and in particular for the agreement of George Ellis and C. F. von Weizsiicker to allow us to use previously published papers.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789400970809
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 77
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 77
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Authors’ Introduction -- I. Case Studies -- Summary of Contributions -- Agricultural Chemistry. The Origin and Structure of a Finalized Science -- Autonomization and Finalization: A Comparison of Fermentation Research and Fluid Mechanics -- Cancer Research. A Study of Praxis-Related Theoretical Developments in Chemistry, the Biosciences and Medicine -- II. Theoretical Considerations -- Summary of Contributions -- Finalization Revisited -- The Scientification of Technology -- Normative Finalization -- III. Prospects -- Summary of Contributions -- Science in a Crisis of Legitimation -- Towards a Social Science of Nature -- Introductory Note -- The Finalization Debate: A Reply to our Critics. With a Bibliography of the Finalization Discussion and Debate -- Bibliography of the Finalization Discussion and Debate -- I. The anti-finalization campaign and debate in the media -- III. Contributions to the academic finalization discussion and debate -- Notes on Authors -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: These essays on Finalization in Science - The Social Orientation of Scientific Progress comprise a remarkable, problematic and controversial book. The authors propose a thesis about the social direction of scientific research which was the occasion of a lively and often bitter debate in Germany from 1976 to 1982. Their provocative thesis, briefly, is this: that modern science converges, historically, to the development of a number of 'closed theories', i. e. stable and relatively completed sciences, no longer to be improved by small changes but only by major changes in an entire theoretical structure. Further: that at such a stage of 'mature theory', the formerly viable norm of intra-scientific autonomy may appropriately be replaced by the social direction' of further scientific research (within such a 'mature' field) for socially relevant or, we may bluntly say, 'task-oriented' purposes. This is nothing less than a theory for the planning and social directing of science, under certain specific conditions. Understandably, it raised the sharp objections that such an approach would subordinate scientific inquiry as a free and untrammeled search for truth to the dictates of social relevance and dominant interests, even possibly to dictation and control for particularistic social and political interests.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970373
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 75
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 75
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I. The Problem of Forms and the Philosophy of the Sciences -- The Possibility of Science and the Fact of Science -- Perception and Science -- Linguistic Expression and Scientific Forms -- Coordination and Subordination of Forms -- A ‘Ptolemaic’ Revolution -- II. Language as a Vehicle of Information -- Rhetoric and Contents -- Epistemology, Genetic Psychology and Axiomatization -- Critique of the Notion of ‘Grouping’ as a Form of Logical Thought -- Ordinary Language and Formalized Language -- Pure Informational Language -- Semantics and Syntax -- III. Scientific Languages and Formalisms -- The ‘Mixed’ Language of Science -- The Formation of the Language of Chemistry -- Reversal of the Relations between Oral Language and Writing -- Multi-Dimensionality and Spatiality of Signs -- Semantic Polyvalence -- IV. The Découpage of Phenomena -- The Myth and the Concept -- Experienced Meanings and Scientific Objects -- Organized Practice, the Cultural Environment of the Concept -- An Example of Structural Objectivation: the ‘Wager’ -- Two Apparently Opposed Movements: ‘Formalist’ Découpage and ‘Operational’ Découpage -- The Saussurian Reduction -- The Phonological Découpage -- Hierarchy of Phonological Structures -- Dynamics of Linguistic Structures -- ‘Language Engineering’ -- The Theory of Queues -- Theories of Learning [apprentissage] as Dynamic Games -- V. Quality and Quantity -- Quality of the Object and Quality of the lived Experience [vécu] -- Difference and Similarity -- Qualitative Responses and Information -- Probability of Response, and Division into Latent Classes -- Scaling Structure -- Search for a Metric -- The Interpretation of ‘Principal Components.’ Return to Structural Organization -- The General Theme of Linear Structures -- Disorder and Order -- Qassifications -- Linear Structures, Vectorial Spaces -- The Random Schemata -- Conclusion: Dialectic of Quality and Axiomatization -- VI. Structuring and Axiomatizing -- ‘Energetic’ Models and ‘Cybernetic’ Models -- Causality in the Models -- Meanings and Functions of Axiomatization in Mathematics -- Axiomatization in the Natural Sciences -- Axiomatization in the Sciences of Man -- The Evaluative Structure of Random Situations -- The Definition of a Norm of Decision -- Conclusions: Consciousness and Concept -- VII. The Understanding of the Individual -- The Clinical Situation and Structures in Psychoanalysis -- Diachronic and Synchronic: Personalities as Informational Systems -- Practice as Art and the Individual -- Individual and Alienation -- History as a Clinical Undertaking without Practice -- History and the Present -- Individual and Field -- Conclusions -- Postface to the English Edition (1982) -- Notes -- Bibliography of Works Cited -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: system reflected in Saussure's linguistic theory, and so influential in the great progress linguistic theory has made in this century. Indeed, Granger sees linguistic theory as expressing a paradigm for scientific theorizing, which research in other social sciences should adopt. But 'structuralism' as a method in science does not, in Granger's view, begin with Saussure and the linguists. It is nothing less than the strategy of all the sciences, both natural and social, since their beginnings. Now, 'structuralism' is a 'trendy' term no less in Anglophone methodology than in Francophone philosophy. But Granger's employment of the term is not to be assimilated to this trend, nor to the fashionable excesses for which this expression has been a watch­ word (he explicitly separates himself from this movement in the preface to the second edition). The exact nature of what Granger calls 'structuralist' methods is the subject of a large part of this work, and I will not dwell on it much further in this introduction. Suffice it to say that Granger's demand for structuralist description is nothing less than the recognition that the successful pursuit of science requires that its terms and predicates pick out what we may call 'natural kinds'; that is, describe classes of items that bear uniform nomolog­ ical relations to one another. A science whose descriptive terms do not meet this condition will never produce any laws that reflect such nomological connections.
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  • 43
    ISBN: 9789400969759
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (604p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Ethics ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Essay -- The Moral Sense: A Discourse on the Phenomenological Foundation of the Social World and of Ethics -- I Phenomenology in an Interdisciplinary Communication with the Human Sciences: Questions of the Method -- A. The Phenomenological Challenge in Sociology -- Phenomenological Methods in Sociological Research -- On the Meaning of ‘Adequacy’ in the Sociology of Alfred Schutz -- Contribution to the Debate: On the Phenomenological Challenge in Sociology -- Twentieth-century Realism and the Autonomy of the Human Sciences: The Case of George Santayana -- Method in Integrative Transformism -- Methodological Neutrality in Pragmatism and Phenomenology -- Contribution to the Debate: Heidegger on Rhetoric -- B. Human Being, World, Cognition -- The Problem of Reality as Seen from the Viewpoint of Existential Phenomenology -- Heidegger’s Transcendental-Phenomenological “Justification” of Science -- Contribution to the Debate: Heidegger’s Theory of Authentic Discourse -- A Descriptive Science of the Pretheoretical World: A Husserlian Theme in Its Historical Context -- Darwin’s Phenomenological Embarrassment and Freud’s Solution -- Contribution to the Debate: Phenomenology and Empiricism -- The Relationship of Theory and Emancipation in Husserl and Habermas -- Contribution to the Debate: Professor Wallulis on Theory and Emancipation -- C. Some Issues for Phenomenology in Epistemology and Philosophy of Religion -- The Reductions and Existence: Bases for Epistemology -- Intersubjectivity and Accessibility -- Once More into the Lion’s Mouth: Another Look at van der Leeuw’s Phenomenology of Religion -- II The Foundations of Morality and the Human Sciences -- A. Foundations of Morality and Nature -- Aground on the Ground of Values: Friedrich Nietzsche -- Man as the Focal Point of Human Science -- On Biologicized Ethics: A Critique of the Biological Approach to the Human Sciences -- B. Foundations of Morality and the Life-World -- The Foundations of Morality and the Human Sciences -- Value and Ideology -- Schutz’s Thesis and the Moral Basis for Humanistic Sociology -- The Moral Crisis of Explanation in the Social Sciences -- C. Science and Morality -- Medicine and the Moral Basis of the Human Sciences -- Heidegger’s Existential Conception of Science -- Philosophy and Psychology Confronted with the Need for a Moral Significance of Life -- Contribution to the Debate: Scientific Psychology and Moral Philosophy in the Knowledge of Human Nature: Two Lines of Research -- Contribution to the Debate: Some Remarks on the Role of Psychology in Man’s Ethical World View -- Emotion and the Good in Moral Development -- The Genesis of Moral Judgment -- D. Morality: From Life-Experience to Moral Concepts -- Surrender to Morality as the Morality of Surrender -- The Socio-philosophical Conception of Kurt H. Wolff -- On Purpose, Obligation, and Transcendental Semantics -- III Phenomenology and the Human Sciences in a Common Approach to “Human Rights” -- Le Primat du théorique à l’égard du normatif chez Husserl -- La Intersubjetividad absoluta en Husserl y el ideal de una sociedad racional -- On Some Contributions of Existential Phenomenology to Sociology of Law: Formalism and Historicism -- Rights, Responsibilities, and Existentialist Ethics -- Elementos para una teoria de la transubjetividad – A la fenomenología de los derechos humanos -- The Person, Basis for Human Rights -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The essays in this volume constitute a portion of the research program being carried out by the International Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences. Established as an affiliate society of the World Institute for Ad­ vanced Phenomenological Research and Learning in 1976, in Arezzo, Italy, by the president of the Institute, Dr Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, this particular society is devoted to an exploration of the relevance of phenomenological methods and insights for an understanding of the origins and goals of the specialised human sciences. The essays printed in the first part of the book were originally presented at the Second Congress of this society held at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 12-14 July 1979. The second part of the volume consists of selected essays from the third convention (the Eleventh International Congress of Phenomenology of the World Phenomen­ ology Institute) held in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1981. With the third part of this book we pass into the "Human Rights" issue as treated by the World Phenomenology Institute at the Interamerican Philosophy Congress held in Tallahassee, Florida, also in 1981. The volume opens with a mono­ graph by Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka on the foundations of ethics in the moral practice within the life-world and the social world shown as clearly distinct. The main ideas of this work had been presented by Tymieniecka as lead lectures to the three conferences giving them a tight research-project con­ sistency.
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9789400969957
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 16
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: 1. The Lost Wanderers of Descartes and the Auxiliary Motive (On The Psychology of Decision) (1913) -- 2. On The Classification of Systems of Hypotheses (With Special Reference to Optics) (1916) -- 3. Ways of the Scientific World-Conception (1930) -- 4. Physicalism: The Philosophy of the Viennese Circle (1931) -- 5. Physicalism (1931) -- 6. Sociology in the Framework of Physicalism (1931) -- 7. Protocol Statements (1932) -- 8. Radical Physicalism and the ‘Real World’ (1934) -- 9. The Unity of Science as a Task (1935) -- 10. Pseudorationalism of Falsification (1935) -- 11. Individual Sciences, Unified Science, Pseudorationalism (1936) -- 12. An International Encyclopedia of Unified Science (1936) -- 13. Encyclopedia as ‘Model’ (1936) -- 14. Physicalism and the Investigation of Knowledge (1936) -- 15. Unified Science and Its Encyclopedia (1937) -- 16. The Concept of ‘Type’ in the Light of Modern Logic (1937) -- 17. The New Encyclopedia of Scientific Empiricism (1937) -- 18. The Departmentalization of Unified Science (1937) -- 19. Comments on the Papers by Black, Kokoszy?ska, Williams (1937) -- 20. The Social Sciences and Unified Science (1939) -- 21. Universal Jargon and Terminology (1941) -- 22. The Orchestration of the Sciences by the Encyclopedism of Logical Empiricism (1946) -- 23. Prediction and Induction (1946) -- 24. Bibliographies -- A. Bibliography of Works Cited -- B. Supplementary List of Works by Otto Neurath [See ‘List’, Which Is Chapter 12 of Empiricism and Sociology, 1973] -- C. Neurath in English -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The philosophical writings of Otto Neurath, and their central themes, have been described many times, by Carnap in his authobiographical essay, by Ayer and Morris and Kraft decades ago, by Haller and Hegselmann and Nemeth and others in recent years. How extraordinary Neurath's insights were, even when they perhaps were more to be seen as conjectures, aperfus, philosophical hypotheses, tools to be taken up and used in the practical workshop of life; and how prescient he was. A few examples may be helpful: (1) Neurath's 1912 lecture on the conceptual critique of the idea of a pleasure maximum [ON 50] substantially anticipates the development of aspects of analytical ethics in mid-century. (2) Neurath's 1915 paper on alternative hypotheses, and systems of hypotheses, within the science of physical optics [ON 81] gives a lucid account of the historically-developed clashing theories of light, their un­ realized further possibilities, and the implied contingencies of theory survival in science, all within his framework that antedates not only the quite similar work of Kuhn so many years later but also of the Vienna Circle too. (3) Neurath's subsequent paper of 1916 investigates the inadequacies of various attempts to classify systems of hypotheses [ON 82, and this volume], and sets forth a pioneering conception of the metatheoretical task of scientific philosophy.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400969865
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 2
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Influence of Darwinism on English Literature and Literary Ideas -- Evolution and Educational Theory in the Nineteenth Century -- Darwin and the Descent of Women -- Darwinism and Feminism: The ‘Woman Question’ in the Life and Work of Olive Schreiner and Charlotte Perkins Gilman -- Darwin and Philosophy Today -- Darwinism and Language -- Evolutionism and Arch(a)eology -- Heinrich Schenker’s Epistemology and Philosophy of Music: An Essay on the Relations Between Evolutionary Theory and Music Theory -- Evolution: The Whitworth Gun in Huxley’s War for the Liberation of Science from Theology -- Evolutionism Transformed: Positivists and Materialists in the Sociätä d’ Anthropologic de Paris from Second Empire to Third Republic -- Notes on Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Only in fairly recent years has History and Philosophy of Science been recognized - though not always under that name - as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour. Previously, in the Australasian region as elsewhere, those few individuals working within this broad area of inquiry found their base, both intellectually and socially, where they could. In fact, the institutionalization of History and Philosophy of Science began compara­ tively early in Australia. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne immediately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appointments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and '60s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia, and in New Zealand. "Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science" aims to provide a distinctive publication outlet for Australian and New Zealand scholars working in the general area of history, philosophy and social studies of science. Each volume will comprise a group of essays on a connected theme, edited by an Australian or a New Zealander with special expertise in that particular area. The series should, however, prove of more than merely local interest. Papers will address general issues; parochial topics will be avoided.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789400969698
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (508p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Anthropology ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I The Phenomenology of Man in Interdisciplinary Communication -- Inaugural Essay -- Can Fictional Narratives Be True? -- The Phenomenology of Man and of the Human Condition in Communication with the Human Sciences -- On the Impact of the Human Sciences on Our Conception of Man and Society -- The Question of the Unity of the Human Sciences Revisited -- ‘Cognition and Work’ -- Scheler’s Shadow on Us -- II Nature Retrieved -- Inaugural Essay -- Natural Spontaneity in the Translating Continuity of Beingness -- 1. Nature and the Expanding Self -- Transcendence and Evil -- Nature and Man in Edmund Husserl’s ‘Inner Historiography’ -- Man and Nature: Bearings, Resources -- The Relation between Man and World: A Transcendental-Anthropological Problem -- Les antitheses de la communication et leur influence sur l’etiologie des maladies -- 2. Nature, Life, World, Culture -- Life and Culture in the Analysis of the Relationship between Man and Nature -- La realisation du projet Husserlien de “monde naturel” selon Jan PatoSka -- Man-in-Nature as a Phenomenological Datum -- Nature and Man -- Humanity, Nature, and Respect for Law -- The Immersion in Transcendence of Man from Nature -- 3. Nature and Mimesis -- Le retrait de la metaphore -- Nature and Human Nature in Literary Contexts -- Creative Consciousness and the Natural World in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves -- Nature and Feeling: The Constitutive and the Subjective -- III Man, Nature and The Possible Worlds -- The Phenomenological Conception of the Possible Worlds and the Creative Function of Man -- Creativity and the Method of the Sciences: A Problematic Issue in Husserl’s Phenomenology -- Husserl and the Logic of Questions -- The Challenge of Philosophical Anthropology -- Back to Nature Itself! -- La connaissance du monde de l’art -- Annex Documents Illustrating the History of The World Phenomenology Institute and of Its Three International Societies: The International Husserl and Phenomenological Research Society, The International Society for Phenomenology and Literature, The International Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences, and of The Boston Forum for the Interdisciplinary Phenomenology of Man, during the first decade of their research work (1968–1978) -- Index of Names.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400966819
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Holocaust Studies Series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Civil procedure. ; Cultural property. ; History.
    Abstract: I Ethics and the Holocaust -- 1 The Value of Life: Jewish Ethics and the Holocaust -- II The Allies and the Holocaust -- 2 The Horthy Offer. A Missed Opportunity for Rescuing Jews in 1944 -- 3 The Struggle for an Allied Jewish Fighting Force During World War -- III The Holocaust: Selected Areas -- 4 The Japanese Ideology of Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust -- 5 The Holocaust in Norway -- IV Reactions to the Holocaust -- 6 In History’s “Memory Hole”: The Soviet Treatment of the Holocaust -- 7 Confronting Genocide: The Depiction of the Persecution of the Jews and the Holocaust in West German History Textbooks -- V Crime and Punishment -- 8 Ernst Kaltenbrunner and the Final Solution -- 9 Attitudes Toward the Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals in the United States -- Contributing Authors.
    Abstract: This book is the second in a series of studies published under the auspices of the Institute for Holocaust Studies of the Graduate School and U niver­ sity Center of The City University of New York. Like the first book, it is an outgrowth of the lectures and special studies sponsored by the institute during the 1981-82 and 1982-83 academic years. This volume is divided into five parts. Part I, Ethics and the Holocaust, contains a pioneering investigation of one of the most neglected areas in Holocaust studies. Francine Klagsbrun, a well-known writer and popular lecturer, provides an erudite overview of the value of life in Jewish thought and tradition. With full understanding of the talmudic scholars' position on Jewish ethics and using concrete examples of the life-and­ death dilemmas that confronted many Jews in their concentration camp experiences, Klagsbrun provides dramatic evidence of the triumph of moral and ethical principles over the forces of evil during the Holocaust, this darkest period in Jewish history. The next two chapters, grouped under the heading The Allies and the Holocaust, deal with the failure of the Western Allies to respond to the desperate needs of the persecuted Jews of Europe during the Second World War. The first is by Professor Bela Vago, an authority on the Holocaust and East Central European history at the University of Haifa.
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  • 48
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401715904
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 494 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 37
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 37
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: Opening Address -- Paradoxes and Their Solutions -- Behavior Under Uncertainty and Its Implications for Policy -- Frequency, Probability and Chance -- Utility Analysis from the Point of View of Model Building -- On Second Order Probabilities and the Notion of Epistemic Risk -- Expected Utility Theory Does Not Apply to All Rational Men -- Sure-Thing Doubts -- The Pre-Outcome Period and the Utility of Gambling -- Empirical Demonst:ation that Expected Utility Decision Analysis is Not Operational -- Risk Attitude Hypotheses of Utility Theory -- Probabilistic Forecasts: Some Results and Speculations -- The Supra-Additivity of Subjective Probability -- A Decision Analysis Model When the Substitution Principle is Not Acceptable -- Generalized Expected Utility Analysis and the Nature of Observed Violations of the Independence Axiom -- Use of Subjective Probabilities in Game Theory -- Bargaining and Rationality: A Discussion of Zeuthen’as Principle and Some Other Decision Rules -- Hotelling Utility Functions -- Cardinal Utility and Decision Making Under Uncertainty -- Decision Making with an Uncertain Utility Function -- Welfare Losses Arising from Increased Public Information, and/or the Opening of New Securities Markets: Examples of the General Theory of the Second Best -- Decision Making in Dynamic Environments -- The Economics of Organizational Design -- Indifference Spanning Analysis -- Evaluation of Oil Spill Combat Plans by Means of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis -- Name Index.
    Abstract: In this volume we present some o~ the papers that were delivered at FUR-82 - the First International Con~erence on Foundations o~ Utility and Risk Theory in Oslo, June 1982. The purpose o~ the con~erence was to provide a ~orum within which scientists could report on interesting applications o~ modern decision theory and exchange ideas about controversial issues in the ~oundations o~ the theory o~ choice under un­ certainty. With that purpose in mind we have selected a mixture of applied and theoretical papers that we hope will appeal to a wide spectrum o~ readers ~rom graduate students in social science departments and business schools to people involved in making hardheaded decisions in business and government. In an introductory article Ole Hagen gives an overview o~ various paradoxes in utility and risk theory and discusses these in the light o~ scientific methodology. He concludes the article by calling ~or joint efforts to provide decision makers with warkable theories. Kenneth Arrow takes up the same issue on a broad basis in his paper where he discusses the implications o~ behavior under uncertainty for policy. In the theoretical papers the reader will ~ind attempts at de~initive Statements of the meaning o~ old concepts and suggestions for the adoption o~ new concepts. For instance, Maurice Allais discusses four di~ferent interpretations o~ the axioms o~ probability and explains the need ~or an empirical characterization o~ the concept of chance.
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789401576789
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 284 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences Monographs 3
    Series Statement: Sociology of the Sciences - Monographs, Continued As Sociology of the Sciences Library 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: The Identification of Positivism -- 1. Introduction -- II: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Natural Sciences -- 2. The Antipositivism of Critical Rationalism -- 3. The Antipositivism of Critical Theory -- 4. The Antipositivism of Scientific Realism -- 5. Discussion: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Natural Sciences -- III: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences -- 6. The Antipositivism of Critical Rationalism -- 7. The Antipositivism of Critical Theory -- 8. The Antipositivism of Scientific Realism -- 9. Discussion: Antipositivism in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences -- IV: Positivism, Antipositivism and Ideology -- 10. Positivism, Antipositivism and Ideology -- 11. The Concept of Ideology in Critical Rationalism -- 12. The Concept of Ideology in Critical Theory -- 13. The Concept of Ideology in Scientific Realism -- 14. Discussion: Positivism, Antipositivism and Ideology -- Notes.
    Abstract: The sciences are too important to be left exclusively to scientists, and indeed they have not been. The structure of scientific knowledge, the role of the sciences in society, the appropriate social contexts for the pursuit of scientific inquiry, have long been matters for reflection and debate about the sciences carried on both within academe and outside it. Even within the universities this reflection has not been the property of any single discipline. Philosophy might have been first in the field, but history and the social sciences have also entered the fray. For the latter, new problems came to the fore, since reflection on the sciences is, in the case of the social sciences, necessarily also reflection on themselves as sciences. Reflection on the natural sciences and self-reflection by the social sciences came to be dominated in the 1960s by the term 'positivism'. At the time when this word had been invented, the sciences were flourishing; their social and material environment had become increasingly favourable to scientific progress, and the sciences were pointing the way to an optimistic future. In the later twentieth century, however, 'positivism' came to be a word used more frequently by those less sure of nineteenth century certainties. In both sociology and philosophy, 'positivism' was now something to be rejected, and, symbolizing the collapse of an earlier consensus, it became itself the shibboleth of a new dissensus, as different groups of reflective thinkers, in rejecting 'positivism', rejected something different, and often rejected each other.
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  • 50
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401714587
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 270 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 71
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 71
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Ideology and Objectivity -- Toward a Logic of Historical Constitution -- Beyond Causality in the Social Sciences: Reciprocity as a Model of Non-exploitative Social Relations -- Empiricism and the Philosophy of Science, or, n Dogmas of Empiricism -- Realism and the Supposed Poverty of Sociological Theories -- The Role and Status of the Rationality Principle in the Social Sciences -- Marxian Paradigms versus Microeconomic Structures -- Paradise not Surrendered: Jewish Reactions to Copernicus and the Growth of Modern Science -- The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man -- Technologies as Forms of Life -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The last decades have seen major reformations in the philosophy and history of science. What has been called 'post-positivist' philosophy of science has introduced radically new concerns with historical, social, and valuative components of scientific thought in the natural sciences, and has raised up the demons of relativism, subjectivism and sociologism to haunt the once­ calm precincts of objectivity and realism. Though these disturbances intruded upon what had seemed to be the logically well-ordered domain of the philoso­ phy of the natural sciences, they were no news to the social sciences. There, the messy business of human action, volition, decision, the considerations of practical purposes and social values, the role of ideology and the problem of rationality, had long conspired to defeat logical-reconstructionist programs. The attempt to tarne the social sciences to the harness of a strict hypothetico­ deductive model of explanation failed. Within the social sciences, phenome­ nological, Marxist, hermeneuticist, action-theoretical approaches vied in attempting to capture the distinctiveness of human phenomena. In fact, the philosophy of the natural sciences, even in its 'hard' forms, has itself become infected with the increasing reflection upon the role of such social-scientific categories, in the attempt to understand the nature of the scientific enterprise.
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  • 51
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400971240
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 80
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 80
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Analytical Table of Contents -- Introduction: Some Questions for Philosophy of Technology -- Introduction: Some Questions for Philosophy of Technology -- I / Can Technological Development Be Regulated? -- Can Government Regulate Technology? -- Social Implications of Recent Technological Innovations -- Technology and Human Rights -- Technology Assessment, Facts and Values -- A Critique of Technological Determinism -- Techne and Politeia: The Technical Constitution of Society -- II / Technology Assessment -- Technoaxiology: Appropriate Norms for Technology Assessment -- Comment: What Is Alternative Technology? A Reply to Professor Stanley Carpenter -- The Prospects for Technology Assessment -- Technology Assessment and the Problem of Quantification -- Forecast, Value, and the Recent Phenomenon of Non-Acceptance: The Limits of a Philosophy of Technology Assessment -- III / Responsibilities Toward Nature -- The Viability of Environmental Ethics -- Notes on Extended Responsibility and Increased Technological Power -- What Sort of Technology Permits the Language of Nature? Conditions for Controlling Nature-Domination Constitutionally -- IV / Metaphysical and Historical Issues -- The Historical-Ontological Priority of Technology over Science -- The Origins of Modern Technology in Millenarianism -- The Religious and Political Origins of Modern Technology -- From the Phenomenon to the Event of Technology (A Dialectical Approach to Heidegger’s Phenomenology) -- Pragmatism, Transcendental Arguments, and the Technological -- V / Directions for Philosophy of Technology -- The Cultural Character of Technology -- The Import of Social, Political, and Anthropological Considerations in an Adequate Philosophy of Technology -- Philosophy of Technology: Problems of a Philosophical Discipline -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Only recently has the phenomenon of technology become an object of in­ terest for philosophers. The first attempts at a philosophy of technology date back scarcely a hundred years - a span of time extremely short when com­ pared with the antiquity of philosophical reflections on nature, science, and society. Over that hundred-year span, speculative, critical, and empiricist approaches of various sorts have been put forward. Nevertheless, even now there remains a broad gap between the importance of technology in the real world and the sparse number of philosophical works dedicated to the under­ standing of modern technology. As a result of the complex structure of modern technology, it can be dealt with in very different ways. These range from metaphysical exposition to efforts aimed at political consensus. Quite naturally, within such a broad range, certain national accents can be discovered-; they are shaped by a com­ mon language, accepted philosophical traditions, and concrete problems requiring consideration. Even so, the worldwide impact of technology, its penetration into all spheres of individual, social, and cultural life, together with the urgency of the problems raised in this context - all these demand a joint philosophical discussion that transcends the barriers of language and cultural differences. The papers printed here are intended to exemplify such an effort at culture-transcending philosophical discussion.
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  • 52
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400966727
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Sciences, An International Series 2
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Studies 2
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Engineering. ; Life sciences. ; Criminology. ; Humanities. ; Science. ; Mathematics.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- I Criminal Behavior -- 2 Delinquency in Two Birth Cohorts -- 3 Offending from 10 to 25 Years of Age -- 4 Genetic Influence in Criminal Behavior: Evidence from an Adoption Cohort -- 5 Social Class and Crime: Genetics and Environment -- 6 School and Family Origins of Delinquency: Comparisons by Sex -- 7 A Psychosocial Approach to Recidivism -- 8 Testing a General Theory of Deviant Behavior in Longitudinal Perspective -- 9 Delinquency among Metropolitan Boys: A Progress Report -- 10 Hyperactive Boys and Their Brothers at 21: Predictors of Aggressive and Antisocial Outcome -- II Violence and Psychopathy -- 11 Criminal Violence in a Birth Cohort -- 12 Criminal History of the Male Psychopath: Some Preliminary Data -- 13 Testosterone in the Development of Aggressive Antisocial Behavior in Adolescents -- 14 Violent Crime in a Birth Cohort: Copenhagen 1953–1977 -- 15 A Longitudinal Study of Aggression and Antisocial Behavior -- 16 Aggression and Criminality in a Longitudinal Perspective -- 17 Linear Causal Modeling of Adaptation and Criminal History in Sexual Offenses -- III Noncriminal Aggressive Behavior -- 18 Early Life Experiences that Relate to Later Aggression by Women -- 19 Familial Characteristics of Adolescents Vulnerable to Subsequent Antisocial Disorders -- Author Index -- Contributing Authors.
    Abstract: Katherine Teilmann Van Dusen and Sarnoff A. Mednick This introduction delineates what we consider to be three of the most important impediments to the advance of knowledge in the field of criminology. The most fundamental need is for more studies of the nature and progress of criminal and delinquent careers. The second need is for more prospective, longitudinal studies of the etiology of crime and delinquency. The third need concerns the lack of interdisciplinary research toward a more integrated understanding of delinquent and criminal behavior. Criminal and Delinquent Careers The birth cohort study by Wolfgang, Figlio and Sellin (1972) was heralded by many (Farrington, 1973; Erickson, 1973; Weis, 1974) as a landmark which allowed researchers to study the course of delinquency without the usual sampling biases that plagued other, cross-sectional research. For the first time, we could get a reasonable picture of when delinquency usually starts, what proportion of the population engages in delinquency, what types of delinquencies they engage in, what proportion continue, and so on. Cross sectional studies do not permit the investigation of careers because cross 1 PROSPECTIVE STUDIES OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 2 sectional sampling includes only portions of careers for many of the individuals sampled. This is just one of the many problems that restricted researchers' ability to study the nature of criminal careers.
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  • 53
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970328
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (388p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 16
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Phenomenology ; Psychiatry ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Inaugural Essay -- From Husserl’s Formulation of the Soul—Body Issue to a New Differentiation of Human Faculties -- I The Problem of Embodiment at the Heart of Phenomenology -- The Singularity and Plurality of the Viewpoint in Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology -- Das Problem der Leiblichkeit in der phänomenologischen Bewegung -- Seele und Leib in der kategorialen und in der originären Perspektive -- L’oeil de la chair -- II The Recurrent Question of Dualism -- Husserl and the Problem of Dualism -- “Seeing” and “Touching”, or, Overcoming the Soul—Body Dualism -- The Relativity of the Soul and the Absolute State of the Pure Ego -- The Significance of the Transcendental Ego for the Problem of Body and Soul in Husserlian Phenomenology -- Body—Soul—Consciousness Integration -- III The Soul—Body Territory -- Natural Man and His Soul -- Finitude as Clue to Embodiment -- Topoï of the Body and the Soul in Husserlian Phenomenology -- Husserls Sicht des Leib-Seele Problems -- The Ego-Body Subject and the Stream of Experience in Husserl -- Lived Experience of One’s Body within One’s Own Experience -- IV Soul and Body in Phenomenological Psychiatry -- Living Body, Flesh, and Everyday Body: A Clinical-Noematic Report -- The Experience of Sexual Leib in the Toxico-maniac: Phenomenological Premises -- Kinesthesias and Horizons In Psychosis -- Self-acceptance: The Way of Living with One’s Body in Obesity and Mental Anorexia -- V The Place of the Spirit within the Soul—Body Issue -- Body, Spirit and Ego in Husserl’s Ideas II -- Die Bedeutung des Gewissens für eine leibhafte Verwirklichung von Sittlichkeit -- Value Ethics and Experience -- The Significance of Death for the Experience of Body and World in Human Existence -- La transfiguration du corps dans la phénoménologie de la religion -- VI The Horizon of Nature and Being -- Merleau-Ponty’s Conception of Nature -- Merleau-Ponty’s Ontology Of the Wild Being -- Imagination and the Soul—Body Problem in Arabic Philosophy -- VII Husserl and the History of Philosophy -- Monism in Spinoza’s and Husserl’s Thought -- Husserl’s Berkeley -- Annex -- The Opening Address of the Salzburg Conference -- Index of Names.
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  • 54
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400970274
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Treatise on Basic Philosophy 5
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: of Epistemology I -- I. Cognition and Communication -- 1. Cognition -- 2. Knowledge -- 3. Communication -- II. Perceiving and Thinking -- 4. Perceiving -- 5. Conceiving -- 6. Inferring -- III. Exploring and Theorizing -- 7. Exploring -- 8. Conjecturing -- 9. Systematizing -- Appendices -- 1. The Power of Mathematics in Theory Construction: A Simple Model of Evolution -- 2. The Prose Identifying the Variables -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In this Introduction we shall state the business of both descriptive and normative epistemology, and shall locate them in the map oflearning. This must be done because epistemology has been pronounced dead, and methodology nonexisting; and because, when acknowledged at all, they are often misplaced. 1. DESCRIPTIVE EPISTEMOLOGY The following problems are typical of classical epistemology: (i) What can we know? (ii) How do we know? (iii) What, if anything, does the subject contribute to his knowledge? (iv) What is truth? (v) How can we recognize truth? (vi) What is probable knowledge as opposed to certain knowledge? (vii) Is there a priori knowledge, and if so of what? (viii) How are knowledge and action related? (ix) How are knowledge and language related? (x) What is the status of concepts and propositions? In some guise or other all of these problems are still with us. To be sure, if construed as a demand for an inventory of knowledge the first problem is not a philosophical one any more than the question 'What is there?'. But it is a genuine philosophical problem if construed thus: 'What kinds of object are knowable-and which ones are not?' However, it is doubtful that philosophy can offer a correct answer to this problem without the help of science and technology. For example, only these disciplines can tell us whether man can know not only phenomena (appearances) but also noumena (things in themselves or self-existing objects).
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789400966871
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (271p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Holocaust Studies Series
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Civil procedure. ; Political science. ; History.
    Abstract: I Introductory Essay -- The Jews of Transylvania: A Historical Overview -- The Post-World War I Era -- Northern Transylvania under Hungarian Rule -- The German Occupation and the Final Solution -- The Ghettoization in Northern Transylvania: An Overview -- Notes -- II Judgment of the People’s Tribunal of Cluj (Kolozsvár); 31 May 1946, Judgment Number 8 -- The Nagyvárad Ghetto -- The Ghetto of Szatmárnémeti -- The Ghetto of Kolozsvár -- The Ghettos in the Székely Land -- The Ghetto of Marosvâsârhely -- The Ghetto of Szászrégen -- The Ghetto of Sepsiszentgyörgy -- The Ghetto of Máramarossziget -- The Ghetto of Szilágysomlyó -- The Ghetto of Dés -- The Beszterce Ghetto -- The Sentences -- Notes -- III Appendixes -- 1. Reference List of Selected Geographic Name Changes -- 2. Number of Jews Deported from the Major Entrainment Centers in Northern Transylvania by Transport and Date of Entrainment; -- 3. Law No. 312 of the Romanian Ministry of Justice, dated 21 April 1945 -- 4. Statement of Laszlo Endre of 17 December, 1945 -- 5. Statement of Laszlo Baky of 18 December, 1945 -- Selected Bibliography.
    Abstract: During the dark years of the Holocaust, many of the millions of labor and concentration camp victims were sustained in their struggle for survival by the hope that their tormentors would not escape retribution. This expectation was reinforced by the warnings issued by the statesmen of the anti-Axis coalition and the declarations of the United States, Great Britain, and the USSR. Shortly after the cessation of hostilities, war crimes trials were indeed initiated in all parts of liberated Europe. Many of the accused were indicted, among other things, for crimes committed against Jews. People's tribunals for the prosecution of war crimes and crimes against humanity were also estab­ lished in Romania, a country that extricated itself from the Axis Alliance on 23 August 1944. The Romanian people's tribunals were set up and operated under the provi­ sions of Law No. 312, issued by the Ministry ofJustice on 21 April 1945. One ofthese tribunals was established in Cluj (Kolozsvar) and entrusted primarily with the prosecution of those involved in the violation of the rights of people living in Northern Transylvania, the part of the province that was transferred to Hungary under the terms of the Second Vienna Award (August 1940) and which remained under Hungarian rule from early September 1940 until its liberation by Soviet-Romanian forces in the fall of 1944. The crimes committed against the citizens of Northern Transylvania both within and outside the province were the subject of two major trials.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789401576802
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 231 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 73
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 73
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 / Introduction: Methodology, Ideology, and Scientific Revolutions -- 2 / Epistemic Structuralism: The Limit to Radical Alternatives to Traditional Epistemology -- 3 / Problems of Structure and Growth: Towards an Interactive Model of The Growth of Scientific Knowledge -- 4 / Consequences and Alternative Methodologies -- 5 / The Nature of Methodological Variance: From Commensurable Canons to Incommensurable Strategies -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Professor Pandit, working among the admirable group of philosophers at the University of Delhi, has written a fundamental criticism and a constructive re-interpretation of all that has been preserved as serious epistemological and methodological reflections on the sciences in modern Western philosoph- from the times of Galileo, Newton, Descartes and Leibniz to those of Russell and Wittgenstein, Carnap and Popper, and, we need hardly add, onward to the troubling relativisms and reconstructions of historical epistemologies in the works of Hanson, Kuhn, Lakatos and Feyerabend. His themes are intrigu­ ing, set forth as they are with masterly case studies of physics and the life sciences, and within an original conceptual framework for philosophical analysis of the processes, functions, and structures of scientific knowing. Pandit's contributions deserve thoughtful examination. For our part, we wish to point to some among them: (1) an interactive articulation of subjective and objective factors of both problems and theories in the course of scientific development; (2) a striking contrast between the explanatory power of a scientific theory and its 'resolving power', i. e.
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  • 57
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400965812
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (458p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 158
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    Keywords: Mathematics ; Science Philosophy ; Distribution (Probability theory) ; Probabilities. ; System theory. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical physics.
    Abstract: 1. Introductory Remarks -- 2. Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics, I (1957) -- 3. Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics, II (1957) -- 4. Brandeis Lectures (1963) -- 5. Gibbs vs Boltzmann Entropies (1965) -- 6. Delaware Lecture (1967) -- 7. Prior Probabilities (1968) -- 8. The Well-Posed Problem (1973) -- 9. Confidence Intervals vs Bayesian Intervals (1976) -- 10. Where Do We Stand on Maximum Entropy? (1978) -- 11. Concentration of Distributions at Entropy Maxima (1979) -- 12. Marginalization and Prior Probabilities (1980) -- 13. What is the Question? (1981) -- 14. The Minimum Entropy Production Principle (1980) -- Supplementary Bibliography.
    Abstract: The first six chapters of this volume present the author's 'predictive' or information theoretic' approach to statistical mechanics, in which the basic probability distributions over microstates are obtained as distributions of maximum entropy (Le. , as distributions that are most non-committal with regard to missing information among all those satisfying the macroscopically given constraints). There is then no need to make additional assumptions of ergodicity or metric transitivity; the theory proceeds entirely by inference from macroscopic measurements and the underlying dynamical assumptions. Moreover, the method of maximizing the entropy is completely general and applies, in particular, to irreversible processes as well as to reversible ones. The next three chapters provide a broader framework - at once Bayesian and objective - for maximum entropy inference. The basic principles of inference, including the usual axioms of probability, are seen to rest on nothing more than requirements of consistency, above all, the requirement that in two problems where we have the same information we must assign the same probabilities. Thus, statistical mechanics is viewed as a branch of a general theory of inference, and the latter as an extension of the ordinary logic of consistency. Those who are familiar with the literature of statistics and statistical mechanics will recognize in both of these steps a genuine 'scientific revolution' - a complete reversal of earlier conceptions - and one of no small significance.
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789400977310
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (336p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 1
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Rational Expectation and Simplicity -- Why Should Probability be the Guide of Life? -- Chance and Degrees of Belief -- Invention and Appraisal -- Einstein, light Signals and the ?-Decision -- Simultaneity and Convention in Special Relativity -- Comets, Pollen and Dreams: Some Reflections on Scientific Explanation -- Causal Inference and Causal Explanation -- Rational Belief and the Common Cause Principle -- Physical Explanation: With Reference to the Theories of Scientific Explanation of Hempel and Salmon -- Further Reflections -- Autobiographical Note -- Notes On Contributors -- Salmon Bibliography -- References -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Only in fairly recent years has History and Philosophy of Science been recog­ nised - though not always under that name - as a distinct field of scholarly endeavour. Previously, in the Australasian region as elsewhere, those few individuals working within this broad area of inquiry found their base, both intellectually and socially, where they could. In fact, the institutionalisation of History and Philosophy of Science began comparatively early in Australia. An initial lecturing appointment was made at the University of Melbourne immediately after the Second World War, in 1946, and other appointments followed as the subject underwent an expansion during the 1950s and '60s similar to that which took place in other parts of the world. Today there are major Departments at the University of Melbourne, the University of New South Wales and the University of Wollongong, and smaller groups active in many other parts of Australia, and in New Zealand.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789400978881
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (353p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Collection des Travaux de L’Académie Internationale D’Histoire des Sciences No 30 24
    Series Statement: Synthese Historical Library 24
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, modern ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I/Of the Principles of Human Knowledge -- II/Of the Principles of Material Objects -- III/Of the Visible Universe -- IV/Of the Earth -- Plates -- Index of Persons and Works -- Index of Subjects and Terms.
    Abstract: Descartes's Principles 0. / Philosophy is his longest and most ambitious work; it is the only work in which he attempted to actually deduce scientific knowledge from Cartesian metaphysics, as he repeatedly claimed was possible. Whatever the success of this attempt, there can be no doubt that it was enormously influential. Cartesian celestial mechanics held sway for well over a century, and some of the best minds of that period, including Leibniz, Malebranche, Euler, and the Bernoullis, attempted to modify and quantify the Cartesian theory of vortices into an acceptable alternative to Newton's theory of universal gravitation. Thus, the Principles is not only of inherent and historical interest philosophically but is also a seminal document in the history of science and of 17th Century thought. Principles of Philosophy was first published in Latin, in 1644. In 1647, a French translation, done by the Abbe Claude Picot and containing a great deal of additional material and a number of alterations in the original text, was published with Descartes's enthusiastic approval. Unlike some English translations of portions of the Principles, this translation uses the Latin text as its primary source; however, a good deal of additional material from Picot's translation has been included. There are several reasons for this. First, there is good evidence that Descartes himself was responsible for some of the additional material, including, of course, the Preface to the French translation.
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  • 60
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400977020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (484p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 31
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Scales of Measurement -- Some Logical Problems Suggested by Empirical Theories -- Comments on ‘Some Logical Problems Suggested by Empirical Theories’ by Professor Dalla Chaiara -- A Methodology without Methodological Rules -- Truth, Fallibility and the Growth of Knowledge -- Fallible Is as Fallible Does: Comments on Professor Levi’s Paper -- Knowledge in Pursuit of Knowledge — A Few Worries: Comments on Professor Levi’s Paper -- Response to Scheffler -- Response to Margalit -- Rejoinder to Levi’s Reply -- A Category-Theoric Approach to Systems in a Fuzzy World -- Natural Languages and Formal Languages and Formal Languages: A Tenable Dualism -- The Problem of Vague Predicates -- Peirce and Pearson: Pragmatism vs. Instrumentalism -- Theory of Propensity: A New Foundation of Logic -- Gödel’s Theorems and Church’s Thesis: A Prologue to mechanism -- The Non-traditional Theory of Quantifiers -- Dialogue: How Do We Know What Others Mean and Why? -- Towards a Richer Theory of Dialogue: Comments of Professor Rivetti Barbòs Paper -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Fundamental problems of the uses of formal techniques and of natural and instrumental practices have been raised again and again these past two decades, in many quarters and from varying viewpoints. We have brought a number of quite basic studies of these issues together in this volume, not linked con­ ceptually nor by any rigorously defined problematic, but rather simply some of the most interesting and even provocative of recent research accomplish­ ments. Most of these papers are derived from the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science during 1973-80, the two exceptions being those of Karel Berka (on scales of measurement) and A. A. Zinov'ev (on a non-tradi­ tional theory of quantifiers). Just how intriguing these results (or conjectures?) seem to us may be seen from some brief quotations: (1) Judson Webb: " . . . . the abstract machine concept has many of the appropriate kinds of properties for modelling living, reproducing, rule­ following, self-reflecting, accident-prone, and lucky creatures . . . the a priori logical results relevant to the abstract machine concept, above all Godel's, could not conceivably have turned out any better for the mechanist. " (2) M. L. Dalla Chiara: " . . . modal interpretation (of quantum logic) shows clearly that it possesses a logical meaning which is quite independent of quantum mechanics. " (3) Isaac Levi: (as against Peirce and Popper) " . . . infallibilism is con­ sistent with corrigibilism, and a view which respects avoidance of error is an important desideratum for science.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400979475
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 163
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Geometry ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Is the Geometry of Physical Space a Form of Pure Sensible Intuition? A Technical Reconstruction? Or a Structure of Reality? -- Relations between the Galilei-Invariant and the Lorentzinvariant Theories of Collisions -- Geometrie und Physik -- Kinematics as a Theory or Coincidences -- A Constructive-Axiomatic Approach to Physical Space and Spacetime Geometries of Constant Curvature by the Principle of Reproducibility -- Invariance and Covariance -- The Origin and Role of Invariance in Classical Kinematics -- The Significance of Physical Invariance Principles for the Measurement of Space-Time Quantities -- Outline of a Theory of System-Times -- Newton ab omni naevo vindicatus.
    Abstract: In connection with the "Philosophy of Science" research program conducted by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft a colloquium was held in Munich from 18th to 20th May 1919. This covered basic structures of physical theories, the main emphasis being on the interrelation of space, time and mechanics. The present volume contains contributions and the results of the discussions. The papers are given here in the same order of presentation as at the meeting. The development of these "basic structures of physical theories" involved diverging trends arising from different starting points in philosophy and physics. In order to obtain a clear comparison between these schools of thought, it was appropriate to concentrate discussion on geometry and chronology as the common foundation of classical and quantum mechanics. As a rather simple and "Tell prepared field of study, geochronometry seemed suited to analysing these mutually exclusive positions. vii D. Mayr and G. Sussmann (eds.), Space, Time, and Mechanics, vii. Copyright © 1983 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The editors gratefully appreciate the sponsorship of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the cooperation of the authors and publisher. It is also a pleasure to thank Frau M.-L. Grohmann and Frau I. Thies for their organisational and especially Frau B. Grund for typing and clerical work. D. MAYR G. SUSSMANN 1982 University of Munich viii INTRODUCTION The distinct positions present at the symposium may be roughly divided into three schools that differ in their philosophical interpretation of physics and their meta- .. . ~ .
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  • 62
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400979017
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (536p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 32
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 32
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1: Mathematical Programming and Optimal Control Theory -- An Optimality Condition and its Application to Parametric Semi-Infinite Optimization -- The Choice of a Parameter in a Penalty Method -- Recent Results on ?-Conjugation and Nonconvex Optimization -- On Quantitative Stability of Point-to-Set-Mappings and the Rate of Convergence of Corresponding Algorithms -- On the Penalization Method in Convex Stochastic Programming -- A New Algorithm of Solving the Flow — Shop Problem -- On Dynamic Traffic Assignment -- On an Approximation Problem of Mechanical Structural Optimization -- Optimal Daily Scheduling of the Electricity Production in Hungary -- Power Distribution Planning and the Application of Linear Mixed-Integer Programming -- Optimal Flood Control by Reservoir Systems Using the Reduced Gradient Method -- Instant Optimization of Hydro Energy Storage Plants -- Dynamic Programming in Power System Extension Planning -- Some New Multicriteria Approaches -- Equilibrium Selection in a Wage Bargaining Situation with Incomplete Information -- Planning and Forecast Horizons in a Simple Wheat Trading Model -- Intertemporal Reversales of Environmental and Macroeconomic Policies -- Optimal Control of Concave Economic Models with two Control Instruments -- Optimal Control with Switching Dynamics -- Dynamic Systems with Several Decision-Makers -- Optimal Bimodal Harvest Policies in Age-Specific Bioeconomic Models -- Growth Rates, Optimal Harvesting and Related Topics in the Mass Rearing of Tsetse Flies -- The Release of Partly Fertile Males or Females in the Application of the Sterile-Insect Technique: Mathematical Analysis of the Hard-Release Strategy -- 2: Stochastic Models -- New Developments in Optimal Control of Queueing Systems -- Estimation and Control in a GI|M|1-System -- On Discriminating among Stochastic Models — A Survey -- Increasing the Work-Safety in Nuclear Power Plants through the Use of Preventive Maintenance Policies -- Recent Developments in Econometrics -- Slight Misspecifications of Linear Systems -- Local Sensitivity Analysis and Matrix Derivatives -- Analysis and Forecasting of Demand for Electricity Using Time Series Analysis -- Short Term Load Predication in Electric Power Systems -- Interactive Short-Term Load Forecasting -- Predicting the Demand for Electricity — An Application of Transfer Function Analysis -- Problems Associated with the Design of a Reliability Model in Electricity Industry.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789401091800
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (764p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness, and Healing, Studies in Comparative Cross-Cultural Research 5
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology
    Abstract: Anthropology in Health Science Settings -- Section I. Clinically Applied Anthropology Teaching -- Medical Anthropology in a Preclinical Curriculum -- The Ethnographic Mode of Teaching Clinical Behavioral Science -- Clinically Applied Anthropology on a Psychiatric Consultation-Liaison Service -- Anthropology in Nursing: An Exploration of Adaptation -- New Approaches to Old Problems: Interactions of Culture and Nutrition -- Witch Doctor’s Legacy: Some Anthropological Implications for the Practice of Clinical Medicine -- Section II: Clinically Applied Anthropology Research -- Research Strategies, Structural Alterations, and Clinically Relevant Anthropology -- Knowledge and Practice: Anthropological Ideas and Psychiatric Practice -- Patient Requests in Primary Care Clinics -- The Meaning of Hypertension -- An Approach to the Resolution of Mexican-American Resistance to Diagnostic and Remedial Pediatric Heart Care -- Illness Maintenance and the New American Sick Role -- Long Term Psychiatric Clients in an American Community: Some Sociocultural Factors in Chronic Mental Illness -- Social Institutions and Disease Transmission -- Author Index.
    Abstract: like other collections of papers related to a single topic, this volume arose out of problem-sharing and problem-solving discussions among some of the authors. The two principal recurring issues were (1) the difficulties in translating anthropo­ logical knowledge so that our students could use it and (2) the difficulties of bringing existing medical anthropology literature to bear on this task. As we talked to other anthropologists teaching in other parts of the country and in various health-related schools, we recognized that our problems were similar. Similarities in our solutions led the Editors to believe that publication of our teaching experi­ ences and research relevant to teaching would help others and might begin the process of generating principles leading to a more coherent approach. Our colleagues supported this idea and agreed to contribute. What we agreed to write about was 'Clinically Applied Anthropology'. Much of what we were doing and certainly much of the relevant literature was applied anthropology. And our target group was composed-mostly of clinicians. The utility of the term became apparent after 1979 when another set of anthropologists began to discuss 'ainical Anthropology'. They too recognized the range of novel be­ haviors available to anthropologists in the health science arena and chose to focus on the clinical use of anthropology. We see this as an important endeavor, but very different from what we are proposing.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789400977402
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness, and Healing, Studies in Comparative Cross-Cultural Research 3
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Humanities ; Logic ; Anthropology
    Abstract: 1: Introduction -- 1.1. The Study -- 1.2. The Setting -- 1.3. Methodology -- 1.4. Theoretical Perspectives on Health Care Decisions -- 2: The Cultural Context of Therapeutic Choice -- 2.1. Bariba Conceptions of the Order of the Universe -- 2.2. Diagnosis and Treatment -- 2.3. Divination -- 2.4. The Use of Substances -- 2.5. Medicines -- 3: Beliefs and Practices Surrounding Reproductive Processes -- 3.1. Menstruation and Clitoridectomy -- 3.2. Conception -- 3.3. Development of Fetus -- 3.4. Contraception -- 3.5. Abortion -- 3.6. Sterility -- 4: Status Among the Bariba: The Roles and Responsibilities of Women -- 4.1. Status in Bariba Society -- 4.2. Position of Women -- 4.3. Economic Subsistence -- 4.4. Political Arena -- 4.5. Domestic Relations -- 4.6. Household Responsibilities -- 5: Sociological and Career Attributes of Midwives -- 5.1. Healers: Midwives and Medicine People -- 5.2. Implications of Role Expectations for Birth Assistance -- 5.3. Recruitment of Matrones and Method of Skill Acquisition -- 5.4. Sources of Medical Knowledge -- 5.5. Matrones Own Reproductive Histories -- 5.6. Age at Unsupervised Delivery -- 5.7. Assistance at Own Child’s Delivery -- 5.8. Remuneration -- 5.9. Comprehensive Care by Matrones -- 5.10. Pregnancy Counseling -- 5.11. Matrone’s Role Variability -- 5.12. Spirit Possession -- 5.13. Inheritance of Spirits -- 5.14. Healing and Sambani -- 5.15. The Matrone Prototype -- 6: The Meaning of Efficacy in Relation to Obstetrical Care Preferences -- 7: Birth Assistance in the Rural Area: Patterns of Delivery Assistance -- 7.1. Delivery Assistance: Patterns of Selection in the Rural Area -- 7.2. Midwifery as a Therapeutic System -- 7.3. Structured Interviews with Matrones -- 8: Client-Practitioner Encounters -- 8.1.1. The Case of Adama -- 8.1.2. The Case of Sako -- 8.1.3. The Case of the Prolapsed Cord -- 8.1.4. The Case of the Terrifying Breech 120 -- 8.1.5 The Case of Bona -- 8.2. Pain as a Cultural Phenomenon -- 8.3. Pregnancy (by Nicole) -- 8.4. Conclusion -- 9: Utilization of National Health Services for Maternity Care in the District of Kouande -- 9.1. Clinic vs. Home Delivery: A Pehunko Sample -- 9.2. Utilization of the Pehunko Dispensary -- 9.3. Pehunko Women at the Kouande Maternity Clinic -- 9.4. The Kouande Maternity Clinic: General Utilization -- 10: Conclusion -- 10.1. Implications of the Bariba Study for the Cross-Cultural Study of Midwifery -- 10.2. The Involvement of Indigenous Midwives in National Health Systems -- 10.3. Training Programs -- Appendices -- Appendix A: Demographic Data -- Appendix B: Female Circumcision Songs -- Notes.
    Abstract: This book examines the factors influencing women's choices of obstetrical care in a Bariba community in the People's Republic of Benin, West Africa. When selecting a research topic, I decided to investigate health care among the Bariba for several reasons. First, I had served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in northern Benin (then Dahomey) and had established a network of contacts in the region. In addition, I had worked for a year as assistant manager of a pharmacy in a northern town and had become interested in the pattern of utilization of health care services by urban residents. This three-year residence proved an invaluable asset in preparing and conducting research in the northern region. In particular, I was able to establish relationships with several indigenous midwives whose families I already knew both from prior research experience and mutual friend­ ships. These relationships enabled me to obtain detailed information regarding obstetrical practice and thus form the foundation of this book. The fieldwork upon which the book is directly based was conducted between June 1976 and December 1977 and sponsored by the F ord-Rockefeller Popula­ tion Policy Program, the Social Science Research Council, the National Science Foundation, and the FUlbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Program. The Ford-Rockefeller Population Policy Program funded the project as a collab­ oration between myself and Professor Eusebe Alihonou, Professor Agrege (Gynecologie-Obstetrique) at the National University of Benin.
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  • 65
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400973800
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Public Choice 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science.
    Abstract: I Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: The Conceptual Controversy Framed -- 1 Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions -- 2 Political Disequilibrium and Scientific Inquiry: A Comment on William H. Riker’s “Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions” -- 3 An Altimeter for Mr. Escher’s Stairway: A Comment on William H. Riker’s “Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions” -- 4 A Reply to Ordeshook and Rae -- II Alternative Views of Political Equilibrium -- 5 Equilibrium, Disequilibrium, and the General Possibility of a Science of Politics -- 6 The Limitations of Equilibrium Analysis in Political Science -- 7 Instability and Development in the Political Economy -- 8 On the Properties of Stable Decision Procedures -- 9 An Experimental Test of Solution Theories for Cooperative Games in Normal Form -- III Equilibrium Analysis in Practice -- 10 Political Inequality: An Economic Approach -- 11 Sophisticated Voting under the Plurality Procedure -- 12 The Role of Imperfections of Health Insurance in Voter Support for Safety Regulation -- 13 The Entry Problem in a Political Race -- References -- List of Contributors.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789401095594
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (247p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: North American Social Report 5
    Series Statement: Social Indicators Research Programmes 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology.
    Abstract: 12: Economics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Goals -- 3. National accounts -- 4. Gross national product -- 5. Manufacturing productivity -- 6. Income and saving -- 7. Equity, equality, and efficiency -- 8. Male, female living standards -- 9. Earnings gaps -- 10. Gini coefficients and wealth -- 11. Corporate concentration -- 12. Inflation -- 13. Taxes -- 14. Work and unemployment -- 15. Poverty -- 16. Bankruptcy -- 17. Balance of payments -- 18. Net public debt -- 19. Foreign direct investment -- 20. Summary and results -- Notes -- Tables, Figures, and Charts -- 13: Religion -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Religion in life -- 3. Reason and compassion -- 4. Indicator limitations -- 5. Affiliation and attendance -- 6. Beliefs -- 7. Influence, confidence, and significance -- 8. Summary and results -- Notes -- Tables, Figures and Charts -- 14: Morality and Social Customs -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Marriage -- 3. Families -- 4. Divorce -- 5. Personal problems and future -- 6. National problems -- 7. Tastes -- 8. Prejudice -- 9. Happiness -- 10. Summary and results -- Notes -- Tables, Figures, and Charts -- 15: Conclusion -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: For readers who intend to read this volume without reading the first, some in­ troductory remarks are in order about the scope of the work and the strategy used in all five volumes to measure the qUality of life. In the frrst chapter of Volume I, I reviewed the relevant recent literature on social indicators and so­ cial reporting, and explained all the general difficulties involved in such work. It would be redundant to repeat that discussion here, but there are some fundamental points that are worth mentioning. Readers who fmd this account too brief should consult the longer discussion. The basic question that will be answered in this work is this: Is there a difference in the quality of life in Canada and the United States of America, and if so, in which country is it better? Alternatively, one could put the question thus: If one individual were randomly selected out of Canada and another out of the United States, would there be important qualitative differences, and if so, which one would probably be better off? To simplify matters, I often use the terms 'Canadian' and 'American' as abbreviations for 'a randomly selected resident' of Canada or the United States, respec­ tively.
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789400978133
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series In the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 30
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 30
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1/Comparison of Approaches to Social Choice -- 2/Intensity of Preferences and Cardinal Utility -- 3/Unsatisfactoriness of Ordinal Methods in Dealing with Problems of Social Choice -- 4/A System of Axioms for Cardinal Utility -- 5/A More General System of Axioms for Cardinal Utility -- 6/An Abstract Model of Society -- 7/Social Decision Functions -- 8/A Theorem Proving the Unsatisfactoriness of the Ordinal Approach to Social Choice -- 9/Strengthening the Theorem Proved in Chapter 8: Informal Discussion -- 10/Unsatisfactoriness of the Ordinal Approach to Social Choice: Further Results -- 11/ Justifying the Use of Ordinal Methods -- 12/Conclusion -- Appendix 1 /The Utility Differences Approach to Cardinal Utility -- Appendix 2/The Expected Utility Approach to Cardinal Utility -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: A model is an idealization. It is an abstract representation of a given perceived reality. To construct a model one abstracts from the unimportant features of that reality and replaces it by a formal structure, whose properties, explicitly assumed or logically de­ ducible from the stated assumptions, correspond to the interesting relationships of the reality being studied. The purpose of constructing a model is twofold: first, to help better understand a complex reality; second, to help make pre­ dictions with regard to still unobserved phenomena. The first purpose will be satisfied if the constructor of the model is able to identify and disregard the unimportant features of the reality being studied and replaces this reality by an easier to understand formal structure. By applying then the techniques of mathematics and logic to this formal structure we might be able to reach conclusions with regard to still unobserved phenomena, which will be of help in making predictions.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401733298
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 178 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 31
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 31
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction -- 2 Linear Utility on Mixture Sets -- 3 Expected Utility for Probability Measures -- 4 Lexicographic Quasilinear Utility -- 5 Linear Utility for Partially Ordered Preferences -- 6 Linear Utilities on Product Sets -- 7 Multilinear Utility on Products of Mixture Sets -- 8 Multilinear Utility for Probability Measures -- 9 Subjective Linear Utility on Products Of Mixture Sets -- 10 Subjective Expected Utility for Arbitrary State Sets -- 11 Subjective Linear Utility for Partially Ordered Preferences -- 12 Subjective Linear Utility with Conditional Preference Comparisons -- References.
    Abstract: This book offers a unified treatment of my research in the foundations of expected utility theory from around 1965 to 1980. While parts are new, the presentation draws heavily on published articles and a few chapters in my 1970 monograph on utility theory. The diverse notations and styles of the sources have of course been reconciled here, and their topics arranged in a logical sequence. The two parts of the book take their respective cues from the von Neumann-Morgenstern axiomatization of preferences between risky options and from Savage's foundational treatment of decision making under uncertainty. Both parts are studies in the axiomatics of preferences for decision situations and in numerical representations for preferences. Proofs of the representation and uniqueness theorems appear at the ends of the chapters so as not to impede the flow of the discussion. A few warnings on notation are in order. The numbers for theorems cited within a chapter have no prefix if they appear in that chapter, but otherwise carry a chapter prefix (Theorem 3.2 is Theorem 2 in Chapter 3). All lower case Greek letters refer to numbers in the closed interval from o to 1. The same symbol in different chapters has essentially the same meaning with one major exception: x, y, ... mean quite different things in different chapters. I am indebted to many people for their help and encouragement.
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  • 69
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400978287
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 72
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 72
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Measurement -- 2.1. The Explication of the Concept of Measurement -- 2.2. The Definition of the Concept of Measurement -- 2.3. The Subject Matter, Function and Scope of Measurement -- 3. Magnitudes -- 3.1. Quantities, Magnitudes, Numbers: A Historical Excursion -- 3.2. Quantities and Magnitudes -- 3.3. The Object of Measurement -- 3.4. Measurement Units, Naming and Dimension -- 3.5. The Classification of Magnitudes -- 4. Scales -- 4.1. The Concept of a Scale -- 4.2. The Origin of a Scale -- 4.3. Distance -- 5. Quantification -- 5.1. Scaling -- 5.2. Counting -- 6. Theory of Measurement -- 6.1. Representation Theories of Measurement -- 6.2. Kinds of Measurement -- 6.3. Metrization -- 6.4. The Representation Theorem -- 7. Theory of Scales -- 7.1. The Classification of Scale Types -- 7.2. Scale Transformations and the Uniqueness Theorem -- 8. Methodological Problems of Measurement -- 8.1. Axiomatization of the Systems of Measurement -- 8.2. Empirical Relations and Operations -- 8.3. The Precision of Measurement -- 8.4. Meaningfulness, Validity and Reliability -- 9. Philosophical Problems of Measurement -- 9.1. Materialist Foundations of Measurement -- 9.2. The Possibilities and Limits of Measurement -- Notes -- Index of Personal Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: For many years, Karel Berka has worked at some of the central problems of the theory of the sciences. At once a logician, a mathematician, a careful student of the physical sciences and the social sciences, and a sharp but sympathetic critic of the major philosophies of science in this century, Berka brings to this treatise on measurement both his technical mastery and his historical sensitivity. We appreciate his careful analysis of his predecessors, notably Helmholtz, Campbell, Holder, Bridgman, Camap, Hempel, and Stevens, and of his contemporaries such as Brian Ellis and also Patrick Suppes and J. L. Zinnes. The issues to be clarified are familiar but still troubling: how to justify the conceptual transition from classification to a metric; how to explore ways to provide a quantitative understanding of a qualitative concept; indeed how to understand, and thereby control, the Galilean enthusiasm "to measure what is measurable and to try to render measurable what is not so as yet".
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789401099400
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (500p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: International Institute of Philosophy / Institut International de Philosophie 2
    Series Statement: Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Contents/Table des matières -- The Erklären-Verstehen controversy in the philosophy of the natural and human sciences -- Causation and teleology in contemporary philosophy of science -- Paradigms -- Rationality -- The revival of causality -- Statistical explanation -- Simulation and self-organization of mind -- Philosophy of quantum mechanics -- Some central problems in the philosophy of space and time -- Philosophy and biology -- Issues relating to the meaning of psychology as a science -- The right not to be hungry -- Philosophy of technology -- Le structuralisme français -- Hermeneutics -- Abbreviations used by some contributors -- Index of names -- Index of subjects.
    Abstract: The present publication is a continuation of two earlier series of chronicles, Philosophy in the Mid-Century (Firenze 1958/59) and Contemporary Philosophy (Firenze 1968), edited by Raymond Klibansky. As with the earlier series the present chronicles purport to give a survey of significant trends in contemporary philosophi­ cal discussion. The time space covered by the present series is (approximately) 1966-1978. The need for such surveys has, I believe, increased rather than decreased over the last years. The philosophical scene appears, for various reasons, more complex than ever before. The continuing process of specialization in most branches, the emergence of new schools of thought, particularly in philosophical logic and the philosophy of language, the convergence of interest (though not necessarily of opinion) of different traditions upon certain prob­ lems, and the increasing attention being paid to the history of philosophy in discussions of contemporary problems are the most important contributory factors. Surveys of the present kind are a valuable source of knowledge of this complexity and may as such be of assistance in renewing the understanding of one's own philosophical problems. The surveys, it is to be hoped, may also help to strengthen the Socratic element of modern philosophy, the dialogue or Kommunikationsgemeinschaft. So far, four volumes have been prepared for the new series. The present chronicles in Philosophy of Science (Vol. 2) follow the chronicles in the Philosophy of Language and Philosophical Logic (Vol.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400977150
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in the History of Modern Science 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introduction: Some Issues of Newtonian Historiography -- The Principia, Universal Gravitation, and the “Newtonian Style”, in relation to the Newtonian Revolution in Science: Notes on the Occasion of the 250th Anniversary of Newton’s Death -- Newton the Mathematician -- Newton’s Theological Manuscripts -- Space, Infinity, and Indivisibility: Newton on the Creation of Matter -- Newton on Electricity and the Aether -- The System of Locke and Newton.
    Abstract: them in his cheat-preface to Copernicus De Revolutionibus, but the main change in their import has been that whereas Osiander defended Copernicus, Mach and Duhem defended science. The modem conception of hypothetico­ deductive science is, again, geared to defend the respectability of science in much the same way: the physical interpretation, it says, is merely and always hypothetical, and so the scientist is never really committed to it. Hence, when science sheds the physical interpretation off its mathematical skeleton as time and refutation catch up with it, the scientist is not really caught in error, for he never was committed to this interpretation in the first place. This is the apologetic essence of present day, Popper-like, versions of the idea of science as a mathematical-core-cum-interpretational shell. This is also Cohen's view, for it aims to free Newton of any existential commitment to which his theory might allegedly commit him. It will be readily seen that Cohen regards this methodological distinction between mathematics and physics to be the backbone of the Newtonian revolution in science (which is, in its tum, the climax of the whole Scientific Revolution) for a very clear reason: it enables us to argue that Newton could use freely the new concept of centripetal force, even though he did not be­ lieve in physical action at a distance and could not conceive how such a force could act to produce its effects". ([3] pp.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789400977587
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (660p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 70
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 70
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Neurosciences ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. How Does a Brain Build a Cognitive Code? -- 2. Some Physiological and Biochemical Consequences of Psychological Postulates -- 3. Classical and Instrumental Learning by Neural Networks -- 4. Pattern Learning by Functional-Differential Neural Networks with Arbitrary Path Weights -- 5. A Neural Theory of Punishment and Avoidance. II: Quantitative Theory -- 6. A Neural Model of Attention, Reinforcement and Discrimination Learning -- 7. Neural Expectation: Cerebellar and Retinal Analogs of Cells Fired by Learnable or Unlearned Pattern Classes -- 8. Contour Enhancement, Short Term Memory, and Constancies in Reverberating Neural Networks -- 9. Biological Competition: Decision Rules, Pattern Formation, and Oscillations -- 10. Competition, Decision, and Consensus -- 11. Behavioral Contrast in Short Term Memory: Serial Binary Memory Models or Parallel Continuous Memory Models? -- 12. Adaptive Pattern Classification and Universal Recoding. I: Parallel Development and Coding of Neural Feature Detectors -- 13. A Theory of Human Memory: Self-Organization and Performance of Sensory-Motor Codes, Maps, and Plans -- List of Publications.
    Abstract: the mass of experimental data from current research in psychology and physiology, Grossberg proposes and develops a non-linear mathematics as a model for specific functions of mind and brain. He finds the classic approach to the mathematical modelling of mind and brain systematically inadequate. This inadequacy, he holds, arises from the attempt to describe adaptive systems in the mathematical language of 9 physics developed to describe "stationary", i. e. non-adaptive and non-evolving systems. In place of this linear mathematics, Grossberg develops his non-linear approach. His method is at once imaginative, rigorous, and philosophically significant: it is the thought experiment. It is here that the richness of his interdisciplinary mastery, and the power of his methods, constructions and proofs, reveal themselves. The method is what C. S. Peirce characterized as the method of abduction, or of hypothetical inference in theory construction: given the output of the system as a psychological phenomenon (e. g.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789400977204
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (498p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 12
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Phenomenology ; Language and languages—Style. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Introductory Essay: Poeticanova -- Introductory Essay: Poeticanova -- I Pessimism and Optimism in the Human Condition: The Limit Situations of Existence -- The Present Tide of Pessimism in Philosophy and Letters: Agonistic literature and Cervantes’ Message -- Is the Battle with Alienation the Raison d’Être of Twentieth-Century Protagonists? -- Nihilism, Reason, and Death: Reflections on John Barth’s Floating Opera -- Beckett, Philosophy, and the Self -- Protagonist, Reader, and the Author’s Commitment -- II The Human Spirit On The Rebound -- Nature and Personal Destiny: A Turning Point in the Enterprise of Human Self-Responsibility -- Amor Fati and the Will to Power in Nietzsche -- Jorge Luis Borges—Lover of Labyrinths: A Heideggerian Critique -- Laughter in the Cathedral: Religious Affirmation and Ridicule in the Writings of D. H. Lawrence -- The Enigmatic Child in Literature -- III The Gift of Nature: Man and the Literary Work of Art -- Homecoming in Heidegger and Hebel -- Pastoral Paradoxes -- Reality and Truth in La Comédie Humaine -- Man and Nature: Does the Husserlian Analysis of Pre-Predicative Experience Shed light on the Emergence of Nature in the Work of Art? -- The Language of The Gay Science -- Santayana on Beauty -- IV Genesis of the Aesthetic Reality: Ways and Means -- Heroism and Creativity in Literature: Some Ethical and Aesthetic Aspects -- Permutation and Meaning: A Heideggerian Troisième Voie -- Criticism of Robert Magliola’s Paper -- Mythos and Logos in Plato’s Phaedo -- Sartre’s Conception of the Reader-Writer Relationship -- “Souvenir” and “Imagination” in the Works of Rousseau and Nerval -- Intuitions -- Eidetic Conception and the Analysis of Meaning in Literature -- Annex: Programs of the Conferences from Which the Papers Were Selected -- Index of Names.
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  • 74
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400977051
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 68
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 68
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I. General Methodological Problems -- Reflections on Science and Rationality -- The Epistemological and Methodological Sense of the Concept of Rationality -- On Two Kinds of Conventionalism with Respect to Empirical Sciences -- Realism and Instrumentalism: On A Priori Conditions of Science -- Once More about Empirical Support -- The Context of Discovery and the Context of Justification: A Reappraisal -- Continuity and Anticumulative Changes in the Growth of Science -- Some Remarks in Defense of the Incommensurability Thesis -- Marxism and the Controversy over the Development of Science -- Are there Definitively Falsifying Procedures in Science? -- The Pluralistic Approach to Empirical Testing and the Special Forms of Experiment -- Dialectical Correspondence and Essential Truth -- Testing Idealizational Laws -- Practical Idealization -- II. Formal Analysis -- An Interpretation of a Concept in Science by a Set of Operational Procedures -- A Formal Definition of the Concept of Simplicity -- Characteristics of Additive Quantities -- III. Ontological Problems -- On the Concept of Matter -- Time Separation -- Four Conceptions of Causation -- IV. Philosophy of Mathematics and Information Theory -- On the Philosophy of Mathematics -- Information, Regulation, Negentropy -- Information and Signal -- V. Philosophy of Physics -- Principles of Physics as Meta-laws -- Structural Laws in Physics -- Controversial Problems of the Probabilistic Interpretation of Quantum Phenomena -- Quantum Mechanics and the Structure of Physical Theories -- Difficulties with the Reduction of Classical to Relativistic Mechanics -- VI. Philosophy of Biology and Linguistics -- Genetic and Historical Explanation in Biology -- The Idealizational Status of Theoretical Biology -- Chomsky’s Inconsistencies in his Critique of Evolutionary Conceptions of Language -- VII. Other Papers -- The Problem of the Chemical Organization of Matter in the Light of a Closed Development Model -- An Outline of a Simulation Model of Science as a Part of the Model of Action -- The Notion of Technological Research and its Place among other Informational Activities -- Difficulties with Absolutism: The Case of Von Weizsäcker’s Philosophy -- Bibliographies -- Abbreviations used in the Bibliographies -- Bibliography of Polish Philosophy of Natural Science -- Bibliography of Non-Polish Authors Cited -- List of Contributors -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400979048
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 159
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Retrocausation and the Necessity of the Past -- II Retrocausation and Tachyons -- III Indeterminism -- IV Indeterminism and the Special Theory of Relativity -- V The Objectivity of the Distinction between Past, Present and Future -- VI Temporal Order and the Causal Theory of Time -- VII Temporal Asymmetry -- VIII Reference and Identity over Time -- IX A Modal Logic with Temporal Variables -- X General Questions -- Author Index -- Word Index.
    Abstract: This book is intended as an exposition of a particular theory of time in the sense of an interrelated set of attempted solutions to philosophical problems about it. Generally speaking there are two views about time held by philosophers and some scientists interested in philosophical issues. The first called the A-theory (after McTaggart's expression A-determinations for the properties of being past, present or future) is often thought to be closer to our commonsense view of time or to the concept of time presupposed by ordinary language. It includes at least the following theses, (a) Logic ought really to include tensed quantifiers for existence on one of its important usages means, present existence. More generally, we can't reduce all tensed locutions to tenseless ones. (b) The distinction between past, present and future is an objective one. It is not, for example, dependent on our consciousness of change; some A-theorists hold also, that the distinction, in effect, is an absolute one.
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  • 76
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401092203
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness, and Healing, Studies in Comparative Cross-Cultural Research 4
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 4
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Anthropology ; Public health.
    Abstract: Section I: Cultural Conceptions of the Person and Health -- 1. Introduction: Cultural Conceptions in Mental Health Research and Practice -- 2. Culture and Psychiatric Illness: Biomedical and Ethnomedical Aspects -- 3. The Ethnographic Study of Cultural Knowledge of “Mental Disorder” -- 4. Does the Concept of the Person Vary Cross-Culturally? -- Section II: Cultural Conceptions of Mental Disorder -- 5. Toward a Meaning-Centered Analysis of Popular Illness Categories: “Fright- Illness” and “Heart Distress” in Iran -- 6. Cultural Definitions, Behavior and the Person in American Psychiatry -- 7. Samoan Folk Knowledge of Mental Disorders -- 8. Popular Conceptions of Mental Health in Japan -- 9. Science and Psychological Medicine in the Ayurvedic Tradition -- Section III: Cultural Conceptions of Therapy -- 10. The Unbounded Self: Balinese Therapy in Theory and Practice -- 11. Self-Reconstruction in Japanese Religious Psychotherapy -- 12. Psychotherapy and Emotion in Traditional Chinese Medicine -- 13. Shaman-Client Interchange in Okinawa: Performative Stages in Shamanic Therapy -- 14. Sunao: A Central Value in Japanese Psychotherapy -- Section IV: Issues and Directions -- 15. The Intercultural Context of Counseling and Therapy -- 16. Culture and Mental Health: An Overview -- List of Contributors -- Author Index.
    Abstract: Within the past two decades, there has been an increased interest in the study of culture and mental health relationships. This interest has extended across many academic and professional disciplines, including anthropology, psychology, sociology, psychiatry, public health and social work, and has resulted in many books and scientific papers emphasizing the role of sociocultural factors in the etiology, epidemiology, manifestation and treatment of mental disorders. It is now evident that sociocultural variables are inextricably linked to all aspects of both normal and abnormal human behavior. But, in spite of the massive accumulation of data regarding culture and mental health relationships, sociocultural factors have still not been incorporated into existing biological and psychological perspectives on mental disorder and therapy. Psychiatry, the Western medical specialty concerned with mental disorders, has for the most part continued to ignore socio-cultural factors in its theoretical and applied approaches to the problem. The major reason for this is psychiatry's continued commitment to a disease conception of mental disorder which assumes that mental disorders are largely biologically-caused illnesses which are universally represented in etiology and manifestation. Within this perspective, mental disorders are regarded as caused by universal processes which lead to discrete and recognizable symptoms regardless of the culture in which they occur. However, this perspective is now the subject of growing criticism and debate.
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789400983649
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (417p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 66
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 66
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. The Semantic Problem—Sources and Themes -- II. The Concept of Semantics and Prerequisites for the Investigation of Semantic Problems -- 1. The Concepts of Object Language and Metalanguage -- 2. The Semantic Level of Analysis and its Relations to the Syntactic and Pragmatic Levels -- III. Semantic Concepts -- 1. Semantic Concepts and their Relations in Common Parlance -- 2. Semantic Concepts in Formalised Languages -- IV. The Semantics of Logical Concepts -- 1. Problems of L-Semantics -- 2. The Semantics of Logical Concepts on the Basis of the Concept of Interpretation -- V. Sense and Denotation -- 1. Frege’s Conception of Sense and Denotation -- 2. The Theory of Descriptions -- 3. The Method of Extension and Intension -- 4. The Problem of Naming -- 5. Synonymity -- VI. The Criterion of Sense -- 1. The Formulation of the Problem -- 2. The Operationist Criterion of Sense -- 3. The Verifiability Criterion of Sense -- 4. The Translatability Criterion of Sense -- 5. Sense and the Empirical -- 6. ‘Theoretical Concepts’ and the Relativity of the Empirical Starting Point -- 7. Problems of Sense and Reduction Procedures -- VII. Vagueness -- 1. Vagueness and the Un-Sharpness of Boundaries -- 2. Sources of Vagueness and Ways of Analysing Vagueness -- 3. Vagueness, Ambiguity and Denotational Opacity -- VIII. Semantics and Some Problems of Ontology -- 1. Semantics and Ontic Decision -- 2. Nominalism, Platonism and Semantics -- 3. Analytical and Synthetic Aspects in the Language of Science -- IX. An Outline of the Evaluation of the Results of Scientific Activity in Terms of Semantic Information -- 1. The Scope for Evaluating Scientific Results -- 2. Brillouin’s Attempt at an Informational Evaluation of Scientific Laws -- 3. Linguistic Devices in Tasks of the Systematising Type -- 4. The Concept of ‘Decision Base’ and the Evaluation of a Decision Base -- 5. The Relevance of A Posteriori Data -- 6. Evaluation of the Goal Complex and the Concept of ‘Epistemic Gain’ -- X. The Semantics of Preference Attitudes -- 1. The Role of Preference and Preference Ordering -- 2. The Comparability Principle as a Presupposition for the Construction of a Preference System -- 3. Preferences of Things and Preferences of States of Affairs -- 4. Preference ‘Ceteris Paribus’ -- 5. The Concept of ‘Preferable States of Affairs’ as a Qualitative Concept -- 6. Preference as a Propositional Attitude -- Conclusions -- XI. The Problem of Informational Synonymity -- 1. The Traditional (Leibnizian) Criterion of Identity and the Problem of Semantic Identification -- 2. The ‘Salva Veritate’ Criterion -- 3. The Criterion of ‘Salva Relatione’ and the Concept of ‘Informational Synonymity’ -- 4. Informational Relevance and the Concept of ‘Strict Informational Synonymity’ -- XII. An Outline of the Semantic Evaluation of Graphic Communication -- 1. Introductory Remarks -- 2. Graphic Communication -- 3. The Semantics of a Picture Shape -- 4. Informational Synonymity and the Informational Evaluation of a Picture Shape -- 5. Informational Synonymity and the Time Factor -- Notes -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: Ladislav Tondl's insightful investigations into the language of the sciences bear directly upon some decisive points of confrontation in modern philos­ ophy of science and of language itself. In the decade since his Scientific Procedures was published in English (Boston Studies 11), Dr Tondl has enlarged his original monograph of 1966 on the promise, problems and achievements of modern semantics: the main topic of his later work has been semantic information theory. A Russian translation, considerably expanded as a second edition, was published in 1975 (Moscow, Progress Publishers) with an appreciative critical commentary, in the form of a conclusion, by Professor Avenir I. Uemov of Odessa. Indeed many Soviet studies in the problems of the semantics of science show the same sort of philosophical curiosity about the relationship of meanings in scientific language to pro­ cedures in scientific epistemology that characterizes Tondl's work, as in the work of Mirislav Popovich (Kiev) and Vadirn Sadovsky (Moscow) and their colleagues. But we know that interest in these matters is world-wide, ranging from such classical topics as sense and denotation, empiricist reduction, vagueness and denotational opacity, to the new and equally exciting topics of the semantics of non-unique preference choices, the nuances of informational synonymity, and the semantics of a picture shape (so briefly but beautifully sketched in Tondl's dense and promising last chapter). We are pleased to have had Tondl's kind cooperation in producing this English edition, actually a third edition, of his research about semantics.
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  • 78
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400983977
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 15
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Introduction -- 1. The Present State of Value Theory -- 2. Absolutism and Empiricism with Respect to Value -- 3. Determination of Concepts -- II. Value Concepts -- 1. Logical Analysis: Material Content and Value Characteristic -- 2. The System of Values -- 3. The Hierarchy of Values -- III. Value as a Characteristic: A Psychological Analysis -- 1. Psychology of Value up to the Present -- 2. Evaluating and Adopting an Attitude -- 3. Development of the Characteristic of Value -- 4. Value as a Specific Characterization with Respect to Adopting an Attitude -- 5. Value Concepts, Value Judgements, and Valuation -- 6. The Sources of Distinction -- IV. Value Judgements -- 1. The Meaning of Impersonal Value Judgements -- 2. The Validity of Impersonal Value Judgements: Super-Individual Value -- V. The Science of Value -- Postscript (1973) -- Bibliography of the Writings of Victor Kraft -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: In English-speaking countries Victor Kraft is known principally for his account of the Vienna Circle. ! That group of thinkers has exercised in recent decades a significant influence not only on the philosophy of the western world, but also, at least indirectly, on that of the East, where there is now taking place a slow but clearly irresistible erosion of dogmatic Marxism by ways of think­ ing derived from a modem scientific conception of the world. Kraft's work as historian of the Vienna Circle has led to his being classed, without further qua1ification, as a neo-positivist philosopher. It is, however, only partially correct to count him as such. To be sure, he belonged to the group named, he took part in its meetings, and he drew from it suggestions central to his own work; but he did not belong to the hard core of the Circle and was a con­ scious opponent of certain radical tendencies espoused, at least from time to time, by some of its members. Evidence of this is provided by the theory of value now presented in English translation, since no less a thinker than Rudolf Carnap had, originally at any rate, obeyed a very narrowly conceived criterion of sense and declared value judgements to be senseless.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789400984820
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (175p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 151
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I/Pictures and Teleology -- 1. Science, Philosophy, and Change -- 2. Images -- 3. Pictures and Coherent Images -- 4. Truth and Explanation -- 5. Explanationism -- II/Rules of Inference, Induction, and Ampliative Frameworks -- 1. Ampliative Inference -- 2. Sellarsian Rules of Inference -- 3. Goodman on Induction and the Scientific Framework -- 4. Quine, Induction, and Natural Kinds -- 5. Conclusion -- III/Induction and Justification -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Rules, Theories, and Conceptual Frameworks -- 3. Justification, Probability, and Acceptance -- 4. The Meaning of ‘Probable’ -- 5. ‘Probable’ Versus the Ground-Consequence Relation -- 6. The Purpose of Probability Arguments -- 7. Practical Reasoning -- 8. Modes of Probability -- IV/Theories -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Sellarsian View of a Theory; an Introduction -- 3. Sellars and Nagel on the Formal Structure of Theories -- 4. The Observation Framework -- 5. Correspondence Rules (C-Rules) -- 6. Explanation -- 7. Ontological Preliminaries -- 8. Explanation and Existence -- 9. Explanation and Two Senses of ‘About’ -- 10. Explanation Versus Derivation -- 11. The Theoretician’s Dilemma and the Levels Theory of Theories -- 12. Sellarsian Systematization -- 13. Explanation and Existence: The Role of C-Rules -- V/Conceptual Change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Scientific Image: a Reconsideration -- 3. Ontological Necessity -- 4. Reasonableness and Rationality -- 5. Conceptual Change -- 6. Rationality Versus Reasonableness -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: In this essay I am concerned with the problem of conceptual change. There are, needless to say, many ways to approach the issue. But, as I see it, the problem reduces to showing how present and future systems of thought are the rational extensions of prior ones. This goal may not be attainable. Kuhn, for example, suggests that change is mainly a function of socio-economic pressures (taken broadly). But there are some who believe that a case can be made for the rationality of change, especially in science. Wilfrid Sellars is one of those. While Sellars has developed a full account of the issues involved in solving the problem of conceptual change, he is also a very difficult philosopher to discuss. The difficulty stems from the fact that he is a philosopher in the very best sense of the word. First, he performs the tasks of analyzing alternative views with both finesse and insight, dialectically laying bare the essentials of problems and the inadequacies of previous proposals. Secondly, he is a systematic philosopher. That is, he is concerned to elaborate a system of philosophical thought in the grand tradition stretching from Plato to White­ head. Now with all of this to his credit, it would appear that there is no difficulty at all, one should simply treat him like all the others, if he indeed follows in the footsteps of past builders of philosophic systems.
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  • 80
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400984127
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 63
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 63
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Stages of the Philosophy of Technology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Engineering Perspective -- 3. Philosophy of Culture -- 4. Social Criticism -- 5. The Earth as a System -- 6. The Problem of Diversity of Approaches -- II. Differing Versions of the Concept of ‘Technology’ -- 1. Problems of Definition -- 2. Historical and Systematic Analysis -- 3. Periods in the History of Technology -- 4. Semantic Variations of the Concept of ‘Technology’ -- 5. Attempts at Definition -- III. Methodological Analysis -- 1. The Determinants of Technological Development -- 2. The Range of Action -- 3. The Transformation of the Material World -- 4. The Neutrality of Technological Means -- 5. Hypothetical Imperatives -- 6. Technological Progress -- IV. The Road to Modern Technology -- 1. The Socio-cultural Approach -- 2. Historical Determination -- 3. Magical and Technological Thinking -- 4. Socio-economic Conditions -- 5. Technological Foundations -- 6. The Industrial Revolution -- 7. Engineering Sciences and Natural Sciences -- 8. Intellectual Prerequisites -- 9. Complex Interconnections -- 10. Natural Instinct and Volitional Creativity -- V. The Technological World -- 1. Nature and Artifacts -- 2. The Cosmic Dimension -- 3. Accumulation and ‘Self-Reinforcement’ -- 4. The Acting Individuals -- 5. Individual Freedom and Collective Tasks -- 6. The Universality of Modern Technology -- 7. The Benefits of Technology and Their Cost -- 8. Changed Criteria -- 9. New Values -- 10. The Crisis in the Assessment of Technology -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Friedrich Rapp, in this magisterial and critical essay on technology, the complex human phenomenon that demands philosophy of science, philosophy of culture, moral insight, and historical sensi­ tivity for its understanding, writes modestly of the grave and ten­ tative situation in the philosophy of technology. Despite the pro­ found thinkers who have devoted time and imagination and ratio­ nal penetration, despite the massive literature now available, the varied and comparative viewpoints of political, analytic, despite metaphysical, cultural, even esthetic commitments, indeed despite the honest joining of historical and systematic methods of inves­ tigation, we are far from a satisfactory understanding of the joys and sorrows, the achievements and disappointments, of the tech­ nological saga of human societies. Professor Rapp has prepared this report on the philosophical understanding of technology for a troubled world; if ever philosophy were needed, it is in the prac­ tical attempt to find alternatives among technologies, to foresee dangers and opportunities, to choose with a sense of the possibil­ ity of fulfilling humane values. Emerson spoke of the scholar not as a specialist apart, but as 'Man thinking' and Rapp's essay so speaks to all of us, industrial world or third world, engineers or humanists, tired or energetic, fearful or optimistic.
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  • 81
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400984455
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 128 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Welten, W. P., 1924 - [Rezension von: Rescher, Nicholas, Leibniz's Metaphysics of Nature. A Group of Essays] 1983
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 18
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 18
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Metaphysics ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I. Leibniz on Creation and the Evaluation of Possible Worlds -- 1. Stagesetting -- 2. Mathematico-Physical Inspiration -- 3. Epistemological Implications -- 4. Leibniz as a Pioneer of the Coherence Theory of Truth -- II. The Epistemology of Inductive Reasoning in Leibniz -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Extraction of General Truths from Experience -- 3. Concluding Observations -- III. Leibniz and the Concept of a System -- 1. The Concept of a System -- 2. Leibniz as System Builder -- 3. Why System? -- 4. Cognitive vs. Ontological Systematicity -- 5. System and Infinite Complexity -- IV. Leibniz on the Infinite Analysis of Contingent Truths -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Analysis -- 3. Calculus as the Inspiration of Infinite Analysis -- 4. A Metaphysical Calculus of Perfection-Optimization -- 5. Conclusion -- V. Leibniz on Intermonadic Relations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Crucial Role of Relations in Incompossibility -- 3. The Reducibility of Relations -- 4. Relational Reducibility and Incompossibility -- 5. Reducibility Not a Logical But a Metaphysical Thesis -- 6. The Reality of Intermonadic Relations -- 7. Abstract Relations -- VI. Leibniz and the Plurality of Space-Time Frameworks -- 1. The Question of Distinct Frameworks -- 2. Spatiality: The Conception of Space as Everywhere the Same -- 3. One World, One Space -- 4. Distinct Worlds Must Have Distinct Spaces -- 5. How are Distinct Spaces Distinct? -- 6. Why Distinct Spaces? -- 7. A Superspace After All? -- 8. Cross-World Spatial Comparisons -- 9. Must the Spatial Structure of Other Worlds Be Like that of Ours? -- 10. The Important Fact That, for Leibniz, Time is Coordinate With Space -- 11. Can a Possible World Lack Spatiotemporal Structure? -- VII. The Contributions of the Paris Period (1672–76) to Leibniz’s Metaphysics -- 1. Overview of Cardinal Theses of Leibniz’s Metaphysics -- 2. A Missing Piece -- 3. Conclusion -- Appendix: Rescher on Leibniz, with Bibliography -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The essays included in this volume are a mixture of old and new. Three of them make their first appearance in print on this occa­ sion (Nos III, IV, and V). The remaining four are based upon materials previously published in learned journals or anthologies. (However, these previously published papers have been revised and, generally, expanded for inclusion here.) Detailed acknowl­ edgement of prior publications is made in the notes to the relevant articles. I am grateful to the editors of these several publications for their kind permission to use this material. I am grateful to an anonymous reader for the Western Ontario Series for some useful corrigenda. And I should like to thank John Horty and Lily Knezevich for their help in seeing this material through the press. NICHOLAS RESCHER Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania May, 1980 xi INTRODUCTION The unifying theme of these essays is their concern with Leibniz's metaphysics of nature. In particular, they revolve about his cos­ mology of creation and his conception of the real world as one among infinitely many equipossible alternatives.
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  • 82
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400984981
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: North American Social Report, A Comparative Study of the Quality of Life in Canada and the USA from 1964 to 1974 4
    Series Statement: Social Indicators Research Programmes 4
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology.
    Abstract: 9: Natural Environment and Resources -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ecology -- 3. Resources -- 4. Energy -- 5. Energy control -- 6. Electricity -- 7. Risk assessment -- 8. Nuclear fission -- 9. Oil -- 10. Natural gas -- 11. Coal -- 12. Alternative energy sources -- 13. Materials -- 14. Selected metals -- 15. Chemicals -- 16. Forestry -- 17. Land -- 18. Environmental degradation -- 19. Air pollution -- 20. Water -- 21. Wildlife -- 22. Conservation -- 23. Summary and results -- Notes -- Tables, Figures, and Charts -- 10: Transportation and Communication -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Being and moving -- 3. Motor vehicles -- 4. Passenger cars -- 5. Deaths and injuries -- 6. Railroads -- 7. Carrier comparisons -- 8. Travel -- 9. Telephones -- 10. Mail -- 11. Newspapers -- 12. Expenditures -- 13. Summary and results -- Notes -- Tables, Figures, and Charts -- 11: Housing -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The housing bundle -- 3. Welfare, rights and crises -- 4. Households and conditions -- 5. Expenditures and satisfaction -- 6. New housing units -- 7. Fires and losses -- 8. Summary and results -- Notes -- Tables, Figures, and Charts -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: For readers who intend to read this volume without reading the first, some in­ troductory remarks are in orde{about the scope of the work and the strategy used in all five volumes to measure the quality of life. In the first chapter of Volume I, I reviewed the relevant recent literature on social indicators and so­ cial reporting, and explained all the general difficulties involved in such work. It would be redundant to repeat that discussion here, but there are some fundamental points that are worth mentioning. Readers who fmd this account too brief should consult the longer discussion. The basic question that will be answered in this work is this: Is there a difference in the quality of life in Canada and the United States of America, and if so, in which country is it better? Alternatively, one could put the question thus: If one individual were randomly selected out of Canada and another out of the United States, would there be important qualitative differences, and if so, which one would probably be better off! To simplify matters, I often use the terms 'Canadian' and 'American' as abbreviations for 'a randomly selected resident' of Canada or the United States, respec­ tively.
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  • 83
    ISBN: 9789401576550
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 153
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. The Deductive Model -- 2. The Basis of the Logical Empiricist Conception of Science -- 3. The Basis of the Popperian Conception of Science -- 4. The Logical Empiricist Conception of Scientific Progress -- 5. The Popperian Conception of Scientific Progress -- 6. Popper, Lakatos, and the Transcendence of the Deductive Model -- 7. Kuhn, Feyerabend, and Incommensurability -- 8. The Gestalt Model -- 9. The Perspectivist Conception of Science -- 10. Development of the Perspectivist Conception in the Context of the Kinetic Theory of Gases -- 11. The Set-Theoretic Conception of Science -- 12. Application of the Perspectivist Conception to the Views of Newton, Kepler, and Galileo -- References.
    Abstract: For the philosopher interested in the idea of objective knowledge of the real world, the nature of science is of special importance, for science, and more particularly physics, is today considered to be paradigmatic in its affording of such knowledge. And no understand­ ing of science is complete until it includes an appreciation of the nature of the relation between successive scientific theories-that is, until it includes a conception of scientific progress. Now it might be suggested by some that there are a variety of ways in which science progresses, or that there are a number of different notions of scientific progress, not all of which concern the relation between successive scientific theories. For example, it may be thought that science progresses through the application of scientific method to areas where it has not previously been applied, or, through the development of individual theories. However, it is here suggested that the application of the methods of science to new areas does not concern forward progress so much as lateral expansion, and that the provision of a conception of how individual theories develop would lack the generality expected of an account concerning the progress of science itself.
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789400985223
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 13
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Linguistics ; Phenomenology ; Language and languages—Style. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I Introduction The Babel of Criticism -- I -- II In The Beginning, The Word -- III Apprenticeship in Sorcery -- IV The Gift of Tongues -- V Through Streets Wide and Narrow -- VI “I was my Father and I was my Son” -- VII Voices in the Mud -- II -- VIII Creating a Scene -- IX Voices, in English, on the Air -- X English Voices for the Stage -- XI The Limits of Theater -- XII Soul made Light, and Sound -- XIII Sound, Sense and Sound -- XIV Closure -- References.
    Abstract: In the wake of so many other keys to the treasure, whoever undertakes still another book of criticism on the novels and drama of Samuel Beckett must assume the grave burden of justifying the attempt, especially for him who like one of John Barth's recent fictional characterizations of himself, believes that the key to the treasure is the treasure itself. No one will ever have the privilege of the last word on these texts, since any words other than the author's own found therein must be referred back to the text themselves for cautious verification. Indeed, the words the author has used to create the oeuvre stand by virtue of their own creativeness, or fail in their pretense, and need no critical comment to be appreciated for what they have achieved or have failed to achieve. In criticism there is no privileged point of view - not even the author's own. He has consulted his knowledge and experience to make the work, and whoever would criticize his efforts would seem to owe him the indulgence of doing the same. If communication is mediated through the works, the author and his readers respond in recipro­ cal fashion to the expressiveness of their contexts. For the philosopher of art, the challenge is extremely tempting - on a manifold count.
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789400983946
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 16
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 16
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Economics Methodology ; Philosophy and science. ; Economic history.
    Abstract: On the Role of Fundamental Theory in Positive Economics -- Are General Equilibrium Theories Explanatory? -- New Consumer Theory and the Relations Between Goods -- A Skeptical History of Microeconomic Theory -- Neo-Utilitarian Ethics and the Ordinal Representation Assumption -- Constitutional Choice: Rawls versus Harsanyi -- Some Implications of ‘Theory Absorption’ for Economic Theory and the Economics of Information -- On the Use of Laboratory Experiments in Economics -- Some Logic and History of Hypothesis Testing -- Testing Statistical Testing.
    Abstract: The essays in this volume are the result of a workshop held at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in April, 1979. The assembled group was diverse, comprised of philosophers, economists, and statisticians. But it was not the complete group on which we had initially planned. Richard Rudner was in France on sabbatical and was unable to fly back for the occa­ sion. His untimely death the following summer saddened us all, for we lost not just a colleague but a friend. This book is dedicated to him out of the spirit of friendship and in appreciation for the ground breaking work he did in the philosophy of the social sciences. In addition to the participants, a number of people worked very hard to make our gathering possible. We are especially indebted to Dean Henry Bauer, Dean Ernie Stout and Dean John Ballweg of the College of Arts and Sciences at Virginia Tech for their good will and support, both moral and substantive. We would also like to thank Professor Guy Hammond, Head, Department of Philosophy and Religion, for his council and assistance. Our special thanks to Jeanne Keister and Betty Davis for their patience with unending typing and reservations, and finally to Barbara Kersey, always at hand, ever helpful. Without them nothing would have transpired.
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9789400984691
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (198p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, An International Series in the Philosophy and Methodolgy of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 25
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library 25
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social sciences Methodology ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: 1 Dialectic as Organization: A Dialectal Approach to Strategic Planning -- 2 Dialectic As Information Theory: A Communication Model of Dialectical Inquiring Systems -- 3 Dialectic As Environment: A Brunswik Lens Model of Dialectical Inquiring Systems -- 4 Dialectic As Experiment -- 5 Dialectic As Process: A Methodology for Strategic Problem Solving -- 6 Dialectic As Argument: On the Structure of Dialectical Reasoning in the Social and Policy Sciences -- 7 Dialectic As Peer Review: The Case of The United States of America National Science Foundation -- 8 Dialectic as Normative Structure: Norms and Counter-Norms in a Select Group of the Apollo Moon Scientists -- 9 Dialectic As A General Method of Social Science: Varieties of Social Science Experience.
    Abstract: The depth, intensity, and long-standing nature of the disagreements between differing schools of social thought renders more critical than ever the treatment of dialectical reasoning and its relationship to the social sciences. The nature of these disagreements are deeply rooted in fundamentally differing beliefs regarding, among many things: (1) the nature of man, (2) the role of theory versus data in constructing social theories, (3) the place and function of values versus facts in inquiry, etc. It has become more and more apparent that such fundamental differences cannot be resolved by surface appeals to rationality or to consensus. Such for it is precisely the definitions of appeals are doomed to failure 'rationality' and 'consensus' that are at odds. That is, different schools not only have different definitions of rationality and consensus but different notions regarding their place and function within a total system of inquiry. A dialectical treatment of conflicts is called for because such conflicts demand a method which is capable of recognizing first of all how deep they lie. Secondly, a method is demanded which is capable of appreciating that the various sides of the conflict fundamentally depend on one another for their very existence; they depend, in other words, on one another not 'in spite of' their opposition but precisely 'because of' it.
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  • 87
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400984431
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (318p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 17
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Ethics ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory -- 1.1. Three features of physico-chemical theories -- 1.2. Evolutionary theory and the observational/theoretical dichotomy -- 1.3. Is evolutionary theory hypothetico-deductive? -- 1.4. But is genetics really part of evolutionary theory? -- 1.5. The consilient nature of evolutionary theory -- 1.6. Conclusion -- Notes -- 2. The Evidence for Evolutionary Theory -- 2.1. Evidence for the synthetic theory’s core -- 2.2. Evidence for the whole theory -- 2.3. Rivals: The first chapter of Genesis -- 2.4. Rivals: Lamarckism -- 2.5. Rivals: Saltationism -- 2.6. Rivals: Orthogenesis -- 2.7. Evolutionary logic -- Notes -- 3. Karl Popper and Evolutionary Biology -- 3.1. Evolutionary theory as a metaphysical research programme -- 3.2. The problem of speciation -- 3.3. Is natural selection a tautology? -- 3.4. The problem of gradual change -- 3.5. Popperian saltationism -- 3.6. Evolutionary biology and evolutionary epistemology -- 4. The Last Word on Teleology, or Optimality Models Vindicated -- 4.1. The teleology of biology -- 4.2. Artifacts and adaption -- 4.3. Consequences and amplifications -- Notes -- 5. The Molecular Revolution in Genetics -- 5.1. Scientific advance: reduction or replacement? -- 5.2. What kind of revolution occurred in genetics? -- 5.3. But did ‘strong’ reduction really occur? -- 5.4. David Hull objects -- Notes -- 6. Does Genetic Counselling Really Raise The Quality of Life? -- 6.1. Genetic counseling -- 6.2. The John F. Kennedy Institute Tay-Sachs programme -- 6.3. The limitations to genetic counseling -- 6.4. The problem of abortion -- 6.5. The problem of the poor -- 6.6. The problem of minorities -- 6.7. What is genetic disease? -- 6.8. Conclusion -- Notes -- 7. The Recombinant Dna Debate: A Tempest in A Test Tube? -- 7.1. The recombinant DNA debate -- 7.2. The nature of recombinant DNA research -- 7.3. The positive case for recombinant DNA research -- 7.4. The negative case against recombinant DNA research -- 7.5. Do the benefits outweight the risks? -- 7.6. The dangers of recombinant DNA research -- 7.7. The argument from epidemiology -- 7.8. Recombinant DNA research considered as science -- 7.9. Can one really separate science and technology? -- 7.10. Epilogue -- Notes -- 8. Sociobiology: Sound Science or Muddled Metaphysics? -- 8.1. What is sociobiology -- 8.2. Humans as seen through the lens of sociobiology -- 8.3. Other sociobiological claims -- 8.4. Is human sociobiology facist? -- 8.5. Is sociobiology prejudiced against homosexuals? -- 8.6. The testability of sociobiology -- 8.7. The falsity of sociobiology -- 8.8. Sociobiology and philosophy -- Notes -- 9. Is Science Sexist? The Case of Sociobiology -- 9.1. How science can show bias -- 9.2. Freudian psychoanalytic theory -- 9.3. The sociobiology of human sexuality: Wilson -- 9.4. The sociobiology of human sexuality: Symons -- 9.5. Is sociobiology sexist? The lesser charges -- 9.6. Is sociobiology sexist? The major charge -- 9.7. Concluding reflections for the feminist -- Notes -- 10. Are Homosexuals Sick? -- 10.1.Two models of health and sickness -- 10.2. The empirical facts about homosexuality -- 10.3. Psychoanalytic causal explanations -- 10.4. Endocrinal causal explanations of homosexuality -- 10.5. Sociobiological causal explanations -- 10.6. Conclusion -- Appendix 1. Matrix comparing sickness models against putative facts about homosexuality -- Appendix 2. Freud’s letter to an American Mother -- Notes -- Name Index.
    Abstract: Philosophy of biology has a long and honourable history. Indeed, like most of the great intellectual achievements of the Western World, it goes back to the Greeks. However, until recently in this century, it was sadly neglected. With a few noteworthy exceptions, someone wishing to delve into the subject had to choose between extremes of insipid vitalism on the one hand, and sterile formalizations of the most elementary biological principles on the other. Whilst philosophy of physics pushed confidently ahead, the philosophy of biology languished. In the past decade, however, things have changed dramatically. A number of energetic and thoughtful young philosophers have made real efforts to master the outlines and details of contemporary biology. They have shown that many stimulating problems emerge when analytic skills are turned towards the life-sciences, particularly if one does not feeI con­ strained to stay only with theoretical parts of biology, but can range over to more medical parts of the spectrum. At the same time, biology itself has had one of the most fruitful yet turbulent periods in its whole history, and more and more biologists have grown to see that many of the problems they face take them beyond the narrow confines of empiric al science: a broader perspective is needed.
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  • 88
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400984622
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (523p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 67
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 67
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Some Remarks on Ontology -- A Kind of Collapse in a Simple Spacetime Model -- Poetic Imagination and Economy: Ernst Mach as Theorist of Science -- Some Thoughts on the Ideal of Exactness in Science and Philosophy -- On Hypotheses and Hypotheticism -- The Influence of Heraclitus on Modern Mathematics -- Free Intuitionistic Logic: A Formal Sketch -- Some Lessons in the Sun -- Interpretative Action Constructs -- Is Realistic History of Science Possible? A Hidden Inadequacy in the New History of Science -- Physics and the Doctrine of Reductionism -- Symbolism and Chance -- A Study in Protophysics -- Materialist Foundations of Critical Rationalism -- Analytic Philosophy as the Confrontation Between Wittgensteinians and Popper -- Distrust of Reason -- Teleology Redux -- Invariance and Covariance -- Molecular Phylogenetics: Biological Parsimony and Methodological Extravagance -- Letter to Mario: The Self and Its Mind -- The Young Hegel’s Quest for a Philosophy of Science, or Pitting Kepler against Newton -- Three Kinds of Mathematical Fictionalism -- The Disastrous Effects of Experiment upon the Early Development of Thermodynamics -- Individualism and Concept Formation in the Social Sciences -- A New Theory of Intension -- The Place of Mario Bunge -- Concerning Mario Bunge -- I. Curriculum Vitae -- II. List of Publications of Mario Bunge -- III. Selected Reviews of Books by Mario Bunge -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: This volume is dedicated to Mario Bunge in honor of his sixtieth birthday. Mario Bunge is a philosopher of great repute, whose enormous output includes dozens of books in several languages, which will culminate with his Treatise on Basic Philosophy projected in seven volumes, four of which have already appeared [Reidel, I 974ff. ]. He is known for his works on research methods, the foundations of physics, biology, the social sciences, the diverse applications of mathematical methods and of systems analysis, and more. Bunge stands for exact philosophy, classical liberal social philosophy, rationalism and enlightenment. He is brave, even relentless, in his attacks on subjectivism, mentalism, and spiritualism, as well as on positivism, mechanism, and dialectics. He believes in logic and clarity, in science and open-mindedness - not as the philosopher's equivalent to the poli­ tician's rhetoric of motherhood and apple pie, but as a matter of everyday practice, as qualities to cultivate daily in our pursuit of the life worth living. Bunge's philosophy often has the quality of Columbus's egg, and he is prone to come to swift and decisive conclusions on the basis of argu­ ments which seem to him valid; he will not be perturbed by the fact that most of the advanced thinkers in the field hold different views.
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789401727662
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 332 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 146
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Why Do We Find the Origin of a Calculus of Probabilities in the Seventeenth Century? -- Some Remarks on the Calculus of Probability in the Eighteenth Century -- Probability and the Problem of Induction -- Probabilities and Causes: On Life Tables, Causes of Death, and Etiological Diagnoses -- From the Emergence of Probability to the Erosion of Determinism -- John Venn’s Logic of Chance -- Robert Leslie Ellis and the Frequency Theory -- Reduction as a Problem: Some Remarks on the History of Statistical Mechanics from a Philosophical Point of View -- Boltzmann’s Conception of Theory Construction: The Promotion of Pluralism, Provisionalism, and Pragmatic Realism -- The Mach-Boltzmann Controversy and Maxwell’s Views on Physical Reality -- Boltzmann, Mach and Russian Physicists of the Late Nineteenth Century -- An Example of a Theory-Frame: Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- What Have the History and Philosophy of Science to Do for One Another? -- A Comment on E. Agazzi, ‘What Have the History and Philosophy of Science to Do for One Another?’ -- Methodology and the Functional Identity of Science and Philosophy -- On Making History -- A Comment on J.D. North, ‘On Making History’ -- Reply to J.D. North, ‘On Making History’ -- Influences of Some Concepts of Biology on Progress in Philosophy -- Philosophy of Science, History of Science, and Science of Science -- Interrelations between History of Science and Philosophy of Science in Research in the Development of Technical Sciences -- From History of Science to Theory of Science: An Essay on V.I. Vernadsky’s Work (1863–1945) -- Utility versus Truth: At Least One Reflection on the Importance of the Philosophy of Science for the History of Science -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The two volumes to which this is apreface consist of the Proceedings of the Second International Conference on History and Philosophy of Science. The Conference was organized by the Joint Commission of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS) under the auspices of the IUHPS, the Italian Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science, and the Domus Galilaeana of Pisa, headed by Professor Vincenzo Cappelletti. Domus Galilaeana also served as the host institution, with some help from the University of Pisa. The Conference took place in Pisa, Italy, on September 4-8, 1978. The editors of these two volumes of the Proceedings of the Pisa Conference acknowledge with gratitude the help by the different sponsoring organizations, and in the first place that by both Divisions of the IUHPS, which made the Conference possible. A special recognition is due to Professor Evandro Agazzi, President of the Italian Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science, who was co­ opted as an additional member of the Organizing Committee. This committee was otherwise identical with the Joint Commission, whose members were initially John Murdoch, John North, Arpad Szab6, Robert Butts, Jaakko Hintikka, and Vadim Sadovsky. Later, Erwin Hiebert and Lubos Novy were appointed as additional members.
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789400984042
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (392p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 62
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 62
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and social sciences.
    Abstract: I: Medieval Prologue -- 1. The Philosophical Setting of Medieval Science -- 2. The Medieval Accomplishment in Mechanics and Optics -- II: The Sixteenth-Century Achievement -- 3. The Development of Mechanics to the Sixteenth Century -- 4. The Concept of Motion in the Sixteenth Century -- 5. The Calculatores in the Sixteenth Century -- 6. The Enigma of Domingo de Soto -- 7. Causes and Forces at the Collegio Romano -- III: Galileo in the Sixteenth-Century Context -- 8. Galileo and Reasoning Ex suppositione -- 9. Galileo and the Thomists -- 10. Galileo and the Doctores Parisienses -- 11. Galileo and the Scotists -- 12. Galileo and Albertus Magnus -- 13. Galileo and the Causality of Nature -- IV: From Medieval to Early Modern Science -- 14. Pierre Duhem: Galileo and the Science of Motion -- 15. Anneliese Maier: Galileo and Theories of Impetus -- 16. Ernest Moody: Galileo and Nominalism -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: Can it be true that Galilean studies will be without end, without conclusion, that each interpreter will find his own Galileo? William A. Wallace seems to have a historical grasp which will have to be matched by any further workers: he sees directly into Galileo's primary epoch of intellectual formation, the sixteenth century. In this volume, Wallace provides the companion to his splendid annotated translation of Galileo 's Early Notebooks: The Physical Questions (University of Notre Dame Press, 1977), pointing to the 'realist' sources, mainly unearthed by the author himself during the past two decades. Explicit controversy arises, for the issues are serious: nominalism and realism, two early rivals for the foundation of knowledge, contend at the birth of modem science, OI better yet, contend in our modem efforts to understand that birth. Related to this, continuity and discontinuity, so opposed to each other, are interwoven in the interpretive writings ever since those striking works of Duhem in the first years of this century, and the later studies of Annaliese Maier, Alexandre Koyre and E. A. Moody. Historio­ grapher as well as philosopher, WaUace has critically supported the continuity of scientific development without abandoning the revolutionary transforma­ tive achievement of Galileo's labors. That continuity had its contemporary as well as developmental quality; and we note that William Wallace's Prelude studies are complementary to Maurice A.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789400984011
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 150
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Science—Philosophy. ; Mathematical logic.
    Abstract: I: Theory -- I/Introduction -- II/Semantic Theory of the Notation F -- III/The Physical Relevance of Indistinguishables -- IV/Sort Theory — Axioms and Definitions -- V/Sort Theory — Mappings -- VI/Representations of Initial Sorts -- VII/Representation of Superstruct Sorts -- II: Application -- VIII/Hypothesis and Principles -- IX/Events in the Void -- X/The Texture of Space-Time -- XI/The Constitution of Matter -- XII/States of Particles -- XIII/General Assessment -- References -- Index of Terms Defined -- Index of Symbols.
    Abstract: It is widely assumed that there exist certain objects which can in no way be distinguished from each other, unless by their location in space or other reference-system. Some of these are, in a broad sense, 'empirical objects', such as electrons. Their case would seem to be similar to that of certain mathematical 'objects', such as the minimum set of manifolds defining the dimensionality of an R -space. It is therefore at first sight surprising that there exists no branch of mathematics, in which a third parity-relation, besides equality and inequality, is admitted; for this would seem to furnish an appropriate model for application to such instances as these. I hope, in this work, to show that such a mathematics in feasible, and could have useful applications if only in a limited field. The concept of what I here call 'indistinguishability' is not unknown in logic, albeit much neglected. It is mentioned, for example, by F. P. Ramsey [1] who criticizes Whitehead and Russell [2] for defining 'identity' in such a way as to make indistinguishables identical. But, so far as I can discover, no one has made any systematic attempt to open up the territory which lies behind these ideas. What we find, on doing so, is a body of mathematics, offering only a limited prospect of practical usefulness, but which on the theoretical side presents a strong challenge to conventional ideas.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400985179
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Episteme, A Series in the Foundational, Methodological, Philosophical, Psychological, Sociological and Political Aspects of the Sciences, Pure and Applied 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Being -- 1. Matter Today -- 2. Materialism Today -- II: Becoming -- 3. Modes of Becoming -- 4. A Critique of Dialectics -- III: Mind -- 5. A Materialist Theory of Mind -- 6. Mind Evolving -- IV: Culture -- 7. A Materialist Concept of Culture -- 8. Popper’s Unworldly World 3 -- V: Concept -- 9. The Status of Concepts -- 10. Logic, Semantics, and Ontology -- New Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous -- Sources -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: The word 'materialism' is ambiguous: it designates a moral doc­ trine as well as a philosophy and, indeed, an entire world view. Moral materialism is identical with hedonism, or the doctrine that humans should pursue only their own pleasure. Philosophical ma­ terialismis the view that the real worId is composed exclusively of material things. The two doctrines are logically independent: hedonism is consistent with immaterialism, and materialism is compatible with high minded morals. We shall be concerned ex­ c1usively with philosophical materialism. And we shall not confuse it with realism, or the epistemological doctrine that knowIedge, or at any rate scientific knowledge, attempts to represent reality. Philosophical materialism is not a recent fad and it is not a solid block: it is as old as philosophy and it has gone through six quite different stages. The first was ancient materialism, centered around Greek and Indian atomism. The second was the revival of the first during the 17th century. The third was 18th century ma­ terialism, partly derived from one side of Descartes' ambiguous legacy. The fourth was the mid-19th century "scientific" material­ ism, which flourished mainly in Germany and England, and was tied to the upsurge of chemistry and biology. The fifth was dialec­ tical and historical materialism, which accompanied the consolida­ tion of the socialist ideology. And the sixth or current stage, evolved mainly by Australian and American philosophers, is aca­ demic and nonpartisan but otherwise very heterogeneous. Ancient materialism was thoroughly mechanistic.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400985582
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (339p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 69
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 69
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: I: Causation -- 1. The Knowledge Context Kzt -- 2. The Language Framework:L or L?? -- 3. Syntax. Semantics, and Ontology -- II: Explanation -- 4. Statistical Explanation and Statistical Relevance -- 5. A Single Case Theory of Causal Explanation -- 6. The Dispositional Construction of Theories -- III: Corroboration -- 7. The Justification of Induction -- 8. Confirmation and Corroboration -- 9. Acceptance and Rejection Rules -- 10. Rationality and Fallibility -- References -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: With this defense of intensional realism as a philosophical foundation for understanding scientific procedures and grounding scientific knowledge, James Fetzer provides a systematic alternative to much of recent work on scientific theory. To Fetzer, the current state of understanding the 'laws' of nature, or the 'law-like' statements of scientific theories, appears to be one of philosophical defeat; and he is determined to overcome that defeat. Based upon his incisive advocacy of the single-case propensity interpretation of probability, Fetzer develops a coherent structure within which the central problems of the philosophy of science find their solutions. Whether the reader accepts the author's contentions may, in the end, depend upon ancient choices in the interpretation of experience and explanation, but there can be little doubt of Fetzer's spirited competence in arguing for setting ontology before epistemology, and within the analysis of language. To us, Fetzer's ambition is appealing, fusing, as he says, the substantive commitment of the Popperian with the conscientious sensitivity of the Hempelian to the technical precision required for justified explication. To Fetzer, science is the objective pursuit of fallible general knowledge. This innocent character­ ization, which we suppose most scientists would welcome, receives a most careful elaboration in this book; it will demand equally careful critical con­ sideration. Center for the Philosophy and ROBERT S. COHEN History of Science, MARX W. WARTOFSKY Boston University October 1981 v TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL PREFACE v FOREWORD xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xv PART I: CAUSATION 1.
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789400981478
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (340p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social, and Medical Studies, An International Series 1
    Series Statement: Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Studies 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences
    Abstract: I Introduction: Longitudinal Research and Intervention -- 1 Problems with Traditional Strategies in Mental Health Research -- II Methodological Bases of Longitudinal Research: Design and Planning -- 2 Some Problems of Longitudinal Research in the Social Sciences -- 3 Epidemiological Considerations -- 4 Issues in Psychological Development -- III Methodological Bases of Longitudinal Research: Tools -- 5 Disease Registers -- 6 Genetics and Classification -- 7 Statistical Models for Longitudinal Studies -- 8 Biological Measurements in Longitudinal Research -- IV Examples of Longitudinal Research: Birth, School, and Clinical Cohorts -- 9 A Prospective Longitudinal Study of the Relationship between Obstetrical Factors and CNS Damage -- 10 Twelve-Year Follow-Up Status of Low Birthweight Infants -- 11 The Value of Birth Cohort Studies -- 12 Sequential Research with Special References to the Scandinavian Project Metropolitan -- 13 Some Methodology and Strategy Problems in Longitudinal Research -- 14 Psychiatric Epidemiological Studies in Iceland -- V Examples of Longitudinal Research: Populations at Risk -- 15 Children of Schizophrenic Mothers: The Danish High-Risk Study -- 16 The Mauritius Project -- VI Longitudinal Research: Implications and Recommendations -- 17 Longitudinal Research in the WHO European Region Program -- 18 The Contribution of Long-Term Research to Social Medicine -- 19 Some Recommendations for the Design and Conduct of Longitudinal Investigations -- References -- List of Contributors.
    Abstract: This volume is the product of a course on longitudinal prospective re­ search arranged by the three editors in Arhus, Denmark, in 1978. The course was supported by the Nordisk Kulturfond for young researchers from the Nordic countries, who had planned or had simply involved themselves in longitudinal prospective research projects of various kinds. The twenty-six participants represented a wide range of professions: statisticians, psychologists, psychiatrists, nutritionists, and public health researchers. The teachers came from many countries and represented many disciplines. The course was very successful, especially from the point of view of the quality and investment of the teachers. We felt also that the course met a strong need in this relatively new field of research. Therefore, we asked the teachers to prepare written versions of their lectures so that they could have wider dissemination; they agreed to do so. The present book is composed of these contributions. The first chap­ ter, after outlining some of the problems with traditional strategies in mental health research, goes on to suggest some of the possible preven­ tive applications of longitudinal research methods. Included in Parts II and III are papers on design problems and on the tools of long-term research, such as genetics and classification, biological measurements, epidemiological guidelines, statistical models, disease registers, and de­ velopmental psychology.
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  • 95
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401094269
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (466p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Collection 14
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. No Pot of Message [1974a] -- 2. The Origin and Spirit of Logical Positivism [1969a] -- 3. The Power of Positivistic Thinking [1963b] -- 4. The Wiener Kreis in America [1969d] -- 5. Scientific Method without Metaphysical Presuppositions [1954] -- 6. Probability and Experience [1930] -- 7. Meaning and Validity of Physical Theories [1929] -- 8. Confirmability and Confirmation [1951a] -- 9. The Logical Character of the Principle of Induction [1934a] -- 10. What Hume Might Have Said to Kant [1964a] -- 11. Operationism and Scientific Method (and Rejoinder) [1945a] and [1945b] -- 12. Existential Hypotheses [1950b] -- 13. Logical Reconstruction, Realism and Pure Semiotic [1950c] -- 14. De Principiis Non Disputandum… ? [1950a] -- 15. Empiricism at Bay? [1971e] -- 16. The Mind-Body Problem in the Development of Logical Empiricism [1950d] -- 17. Physicalism, Unity of Science and the Foundations of Psychology [1963d] -- 18. Mind-Body, Not a Pseudoproblem [1960] -- 19. Some Crucial Issues of Mind-Body Monism [1971a] -- 20. Naturalism and Humanism [1949a] -- 21. Validation and Vindication: An Analysis of the Nature and the Limits of Ethical Arguments [1952] -- 22. Everybody Talks about the Temperature [1964c] -- 23. Is Science Relevant to Theology? [1966a] -- 24. Ethics, Religion, and Scientific Humanism [1969e] -- Bibliography of Works Cited -- Bibliography of Herbert Feigl -- Name Index.
    Abstract: The title is his own. Herbert Feigl, the provocateur and the soul (if we may put it so) of modesty, wrote to me some years ago, "I'm more of a catalyst than producer of new and original ideas all my life . . . ", but then he com­ pleted the self-appraisal: " . . . with just a few exceptions perhaps". We need not argue for the creative nature of catalysis, but will simply remark that there are 'new and original ideas' in the twenty-four papers selected for this volume, in the extraordinary aperrus of the 25-year-old Feigl in his Vienna dissertation of 1927 on Zufall und Gesetz, in the creative critique and articulation in his classical monograph of 1958 on The 'Mental' and the 'Physical'; and the reader will want to turn to some of the seventy other titles in our Feigl bibliography appended. Professor Feigl has been a model philosophical worker: above all else, honest, self-aware, open-minded and open-hearted; keenly, devotedly, and even arduously the student of the sciences, he has been a logician and an empiricist. Early on, he brought the Vienna Circle to America, and much later he helped to bring it back to Central Europe. The story of the logical empiricist movement, and of Herbert Feigl's part in it, has often been told, importantly by Feigl himself in four papers we have included here.
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789401569163
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 219 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Social Indicators Research Programmes 3
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology.
    Abstract: 6: Science and Technology -- 7: Education -- 8: Recreation -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: For readers who intend to read this volume without reading the ftrst, some introductory remarks are in order about the scope of the work and the strategy used in all ftve volumes to measure the quality of life. In the ftrst chapter of Volume I, I reviewed the relevant recent literature on social indicators and social reporting, and explained all the general difficulties involved in such work. It would be redundant to repeat that discussion here, but there are some fundamental points that are worth mentioning. Readers who fmd this account too brief should consult the longer discussion. The basic question that will be answered in this work in this: Is there a difference in the quality of life in Canada and the United States of America, and if so, in which country is it better? Alternatively, one could put the question thus: If one individual were randomly selected out of Canada and another out of the United States, would there be important qualitative differences, and if so, which one would probably be better off? To simplify matters, I often use the terms 'Canadian' and 'American' as abbreviations for 'a randomly selected resident' of Canada or the United States, respectively.
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  • 97
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401749862
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (464 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness, and Healing, Studies in Comparative Cross-Cultural Research 2
    Series Statement: Culture, Illness and Healing 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Psychiatry ; Anthropology
    Abstract: Section I: Historical and Cultural Background of Beliefs and Norms Governing Behavior -- 1. Selfhood and Authority in Neo-Confucian Political Culture -- 2. Suicide and the Family in Pre-modern Chinese Society -- 3. Normal and Deviant Drinking in Rural Taiwan -- 4. In the Presence of Authority: Hierarchical Roles in Chinese Spirit Medium Cults -- 5. Insanity in Imperial China: A Legal Case Study -- 6. Traditional Chinese Medical Beliefs and Their Relevance for Mental Illness and Psychiatry -- Section II: Child Development and Childhood Psychopathology -- 7. Conformity and Deviance Regarding Moral Rules in Chinese Society: A Socialization Perspective -- 8. Childhood Psychopathology: A Dialogue with Special Reference to Chinese and American Cultures -- 9. Sex Difference in School Adjustment in Taiwan -- Section III: Family Studies -- 10. Deviant Marriage Patterns in Chinese Society -- 11. Family and Community in the People’s Republic -- 12. The Effect of Family Pathology on Taipei’s Juvenile Delinquents -- Section IV: Psychiatric Studies: Epidemiological and Clinical -- 13. Overview of Mental Disorders in Chinese Cultures: Review of Epidemiological and Clinical Studies -- 14. Sex Roles, Social Status, and Psychiatric Symptoms in Urban Hong Kong -- 15. Mental Health Status of Chinese in the United States -- 16. The American Experience of the Chinese Student: On Being Normal in an Abnormal World -- 17. Mental Illness and Psychosocial Aspects of Medical Problems in China -- 18. Shen-K’uei Syndrome: A Culture-Specific Sexual Neurosis in Taiwan -- 19. Culture-Bound Syndromes among Overseas Chinese -- 20. Love, Denial and Rejection: Responses of Chinese Families to Mental Illness -- Epilogue -- List of Contributors -- Citation Index.
    Abstract: Our purpose in assembling the papers in this collection is to introduce readers to studies of normal and abnormal behavior in Chinese culture. We want to offer a sense o/what psychiatrists and social scientists are doing to advance our under­ standing of this subject, including what fmdings are being made, what questions researched, what conundrums worried over. Since our fund of knowledge is obviously incomplete, we want our readers to be aware of the limits to what we know and to our acquisition of new knowledge. Although the subject is too vast and uncharted to support a comprehensive synthesis, in a few areas - e. g. , psychiatric epidemiology - enough is known for us to be able to present major reviews. The chapters themselves cover a variety of themes that we regard as both intrinsically interesting and deserving of more systematic evaluation. Many of the issues they address we believe to be valid concerns for comparative cross­ cultural studies. No attempt is made to artificially integrate these chapters, since the editors wish to highlight their distinctive interpretive frameworks as evidence of the rich variety of approaches that scholars take to this subject. 'We see this volume as a modest and self-consciously limited exploration. Here are some accounts and interpretations (but by no means all) of normal and ab­ normal behavior in the context of Chinese culture that we believe fashion a more discriminating understanding of at least a few important aspects of that subject.
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  • 98
    ISBN: 9789400990456
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 145
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Section I: The Structure of Theory Change -- The Growth of Theories: Comments on the Structuralist Approach -- Logic and the Theory of Scientific Change -- What Have They Done to Kuhn? An Ideological Introduction in Chiaroscuro -- Comment on Zev Bechler’s Paper ‘What Have They Done to Kuhn?’ -- Comments on Bechler, Niiniluoto and Sadovsky -- The Sociological and the Methodological in the Study of Changes in Science -- Section II: The Early History of the Axiomatic Method -- Concerning the Ancient Greek Ideal of Theoretical Thought -- Was There an Eleatic Background to Pre-Euclidean Mathematics? -- Aristotelian Axiomatics and Geometrical Axiomatics -- On the Early History of Axiomatics: The Interaction of Mathematics and Philosophy in Greek Antiquity -- Some Remarks on the Controversy between Prof. Knorr and Prof. Szabó -- On the Early History of Axiomatics: A Reply to Some Criticisms -- Limitations of the Axiomatic Method in Ancient Greek Mathematical Sciences -- On Axiomatic and Genetic Construction of Mathematical Theories -- On the Role of Axiomatic Method in the Development of Ancient Mathematics -- Section III: The Philosophical Presuppositions and Shifting Interpretations of Galileo -- Galilée et la Mécanisation du Système du Monde -- Galileo and the Post-Renaissance -- Galileo and the Methods of Science -- Philosophical Presuppositions and Shifting Interpretations of Galileo -- Creative Work as an Object of Theoretical Understanding -- Galileo and the Emergence of a New Scientific Style -- Philosophy of Science and the Art of Historical Interpretation -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
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  • 99
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400989849
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in the History of Modern Science 4
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1. Childhood -- 2. Student Years -- 3. University Assistant -- 4. Making a Career -- 5. Extraordinary Professor -- 6. The Formulario Project -- 7. Ordinary Professor -- 8. The Controversy With Volterra -- 9. The First International Congress of Mathematicians -- 10. Contact With Frege -- 11. Peano Acquires a Printing Press -- 12. The School of Peano -- 13. Paris, 1900 -- 14. The Decline Begins -- 15. Latino Sine Flexione -- 16. The Cotton Workers’ Strike -- 17. Completion of the Formulario -- 18. Academia pro Interlingua -- 19. Apostle of Interlingua -- 20. The War Years -- 21. The Postwar Years -- 22. The Toronto Congress -- 23. The Final Years -- 24. Afterwards -- 25. Summing Up -- Appendix 1. Peano’s Professors -- Appendix 2. Members of the School of Peano -- Appendix 3. List of Papers by Other Authors Presented by Peano to the Academy of Sciences of Turin -- Chronological List of the Publications of Giuseppe Peano -- Index of the Publications of Giuseppe Peano -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.
    Abstract: All students of mathematics know of Peano's postulates for the natural numbers and his famous space-filling curve, yet their knowledge often stops there. Part of the reason is that there has not until now been a full-scale study of his life and works. This must surely be surprising, when one realizes the length of his academic career (over 50 years) and the extent of his publica­ tions (over 200) in a wide variety of fields, many of which had immediate and long-term effects on the development of modern mathematics. A study of his life seems long overdue. It appeared to me that the most likely person to write a biography of Peano would be his devoted disciple Ugo Cassina, with whom I studied at the University of Milan in 1957-58. I wrote to Professor Cassina on 29 October, 1963, inquiring if he planned to write the biography, and I offered him my assistance, since I hoped to return to Italy for a year. He replied on 28 November, 1963, suggesting that we collaborate, meaning by this that I would write the biography, in English, using his material and advice. I gladly agreed to this suggestion, but work on the project had hardly begun when Professor Cassina died unexpectedly on 5 October, 1964. I then decided to continue the project on my own. I spent the academic year 1966-67 in Turin; completion of the book took ten years.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789400989771
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (464p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 46
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 46
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: One -- 1. The Production of and Experiments in Strong Magnetic Fields -- 2. A New Method for the Liquefaction of Helium -- 3. Problems of Liquid Helium -- 4. Oxygen -- 5. On the Nature of Ball Lightning -- 6. High-power Electronics -- 7. On Some Stages of Research in the Field of Magnetism -- 8. Energy and Physics -- 9. Plasma and the Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction -- Two -- 10. The Construction and Early Work of the Institute for Physical Problems -- 11. The Organization of Research at the Institute for Physical Problems -- Three -- 12. The Unity of Science and Technology -- 13. Planning in Science -- 14. On Leadership in Science -- 15. Complex Scientific Problems -- 16. Experiment, Theory, Practice -- 17. Effectiveness of Scientific Work -- 18. Applying the Achievements of Science and Engineering -- 19. The Centenary of the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, and the Role of Journals in the Development of Science -- 20. Basic Factors in the Organization of Science, and How They are Handled in the U.S.S.R. -- Four -- 21. Physical Experimentation at School -- 22. Problems in Physics -- 23. Some Principles of the Creative Upbringing and Education of Today’s Youth -- 24. Professor and Student -- 25. Remarks on the Anniversary of the Physico-Technical Institute -- 26. For the Good of the People -- Five -- 27. In Memory of Ernest Rutherford -- 28. The Scientific Work of Ernest Rutherford -- 29. History of a Rutherford Portrait, 1933–1934 -- 30. Recollections of Lord Rutherford -- 31. The Role of an Oustanding Scientist in the Development of Science -- Six -- 32. Lomonosov and World Science -- 33. The Scientific Activity of Benjamin Franklin -- 34. The Physicist and Public Figure, Paul Langevin -- 35. In Memory of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov -- 36. Alexandr Alexandrovich Friedmann -- 37. Lev Davydovich Landau -- Seven -- 38. How is Atomic War to be Prevented? -- 39. Philosophy and Ideological Struggle -- 40. The Future of Science -- 41. Global Scientific Problems of the Immediate Future -- 42. Global Problems and Energy -- 43. Scientific and Social Approaches for the Solution of Global Problems -- 44. The Impact of Modern Scientific Ideas on Society -- P. L. Kapitza – Bibliography -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: In tbis splendid collection of the articles and addresses of P. L. Kapitza, the author remarks on the insight of the 18th century Ukrainian philosopher Skovoroda who wrote: "We must be grateful to God that He created the world in such a way that everytbing simple is true, and everything compli­ cated is untrue. " At another place, Kapitza meditates on the roles played by instinct, imagination, audacity, experiment, and hard work in the develop­ ment of science, and for a moment seems to despair at understanding the dogged arguments of great scientists: "Einstein loved to refer to God when there was no more sensible argument!" With Academician Kapitza, there are reasoned arguments, plausible alter­ natives, humor and humane discipline, energy and patience, a skill for the practical, and transcendent clarity about what is at issue in theoretical practice as in engineering necessities. Kapitza has been physicist, engineer, research manager, teacher, humanist, and tbis book demonstrates that he is a wise interpreter of historical, philosophical, and social realities. He is also, in C. P. Snow's words, strong, brave, and good (Variety of Men, N. Y. 1966, p. 19). In this preface, we shall point to themes from Kapitza's interpretations of science and life. On scientific work. Good work is never done with someone else's hands. The separation of theory from experience, from experimental work, and from practice, above all harms theory itself.
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