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  • 1990-1994  (146)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (146)
  • Paris
  • Development  (110)
  • Transport  (36)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789282105504
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.96
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Short-distance Passenger Travel; Report of the Ninety-Sixth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 10-11 June 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Dans les études de mobilité et d'organisation des transports, il n'est pas suffisamment tenu compte des transports à courte distance, en particulier de la marche, de la bicyclette et du transport dit hectométrique. Lors de la conception de zones urbaines, les planificateurs ont tendance à sous-estimer la part des déplacements à pied et la possibilité du transport non motorisé. A l'heure actuelle, cette tendance fait l'objet de vives critiques de la part des citoyens et aussi de certains décideurs. Il s'agit essentiellement d'un changement à provoquer par une prise de conscience pour laquelle de grands bouleversements avec des moyens financiers considérables ne sont pas nécessaires. Quant au transport mécanisé à courte distance, il s'agit d'un besoin exceptionnel issu de l'inadéquation des modes classiques de transport public et par une impossibilité d'usage de la voiture particulière ou du recours à la marche ou à la bicyclette.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789282105498
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.96
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les déplacements de personnes à courte distance ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-seizième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 10-11 juin 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Studies on mobility and the organisation of transport do not usually take sufficient account of short-distance travel: journeys made on foot, by bicycle or by "people movers". When designing urban areas, planners underestimate the number of trips made by foot and the scope for non-motorised transport, an error that is now widely criticised by both the general public and certain policymakers. What is essentially called for is not drastic action involving substantial investment but simply a change in outlook. "People movers" -- or short-distance mechanised transport systems -- serve exceptional travel needs which cannot be met by conventional modes and which are impracticable by car, bicycle, or on foot.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789282105481
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (138 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.95
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport Infrastructure and Systems for a New Europe; Report of the Ninety-Fifth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 18-19 March 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Avec les profonds bouleversements économiques des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale, la question des transports paneuropéens revêt une acuité considérable qui ne peut se saisir en simples termes quantitatifs : quels flux ? quelles origines ? quelles destinations ? L'ensemble du système des transports est à concevoir, tant en termes conceptuels qu'en termes de réalisations concrètes. Quelles infrastuctures et quel mode d'organisation des "marchés" des transports sont à faire prévaloir ? Comment assurer la cohérence entre une logique de l'urgence -- pour répondre à la croissance des échanges malgré l'inadéquation des réseaux de transport existants -- et les impératifs du long terme, tels que la sauvegarde de l'environnement ou l'intégration de l'Europe centrale et orientale à une vaste zone d'échanges culturels et économiques. Les experts participant à la Table Ronde 95 se sont attachés à aborder l'ensemble de ces questions tout en cernant les limites des réponses que l'on peut apporter à ce jour.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.94
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: At the 1994 APEC summit in Bogor, Indonesia, it was recommended that trade and investment barriers among the member countries be removed by 2020. Despite general consensus that trade liberalization would accelerate development in this most dynamic trading area, there is very little empirical evidence about the adjustment process which would ensue. In this chapter, a ten-country CGE model is used to estimate the impact of trade liberalization among economies of Pacific Asia and the United States, giving particular attention to the adjustment which would occur in domestic labor markets. Our results elucidate the employment linkages between trading partners and show that the potential for new import demand by developed countries would accelerate employment growth in developing countries. In particular, Pacific trade liberalization could facilitate the emergence of a new reciprocal basis for multilateral gains from trade. Under an expanding system of liberal trade, capital-intensive ...
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.102
    Keywords: Development ; Egypt
    Abstract: In recent years, considerable analytical work has been done on issues of economic reform in countries undertaking adjustment. Less attention has been devoted to the social costs of adjustment and the transitional problems during the period from reform to growth. The Egyptian economic adjustment since 1991 is a good case in point, as Egypt is facing difficult transitional problems, of both social and financial nature. The first part of this paper discusses Egypt's newly established social fund (1991), notably the adequacy of its core programmes and targeting mechanism for providing an appropriate "social safety net" in the medium term. The second part of the paper deals with Egypt's financial intermediation system, which is unable to convert large amounts of liquid savings into long-term real capital, hence increasing the time-lag between reform and growth. It is concluded that an efficient system of financial intermediation and a comprehensive social safety net are needed to ...
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les dividendes du désarmement : Défis pour la politique de développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . In 1990-1991, worldwide military expenditure amounted to $950 billion. This bill could be reduced by the year 2000 by over $300 billion.. . Excessive military expenditure jeopardizes development prospects. . Policies to achieve transparency and to strengthen military security arrangements should be a priority. . Excessive military expenditure is stimulated by supply-side pressure on the part of producer countries, including a number of OECD Member countries. . Donors should consider concerted incentive policies such as defence conditionality in economic aid.
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.101
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The practice of environmental regulation and assessment in developing countries faces many special challenges. Apart from popular misconceptions about negative links between environmentalism and economic growth, there are numerous practical limitations to appraising environmental conditions and implementing policies that conserve or improve them. These include weak institutional capacity or discipline, high monitoring and administrative costs for individual programs, and limited local engineering information. Institutional constraints mean that first-best policies like direct pollution monitoring and regulation may not be feasible. Even market-based systems like tradable pollution permits usually require initial assessment and monitoring which is too costly or complex to be supported locally. Detailed data on pollution do exist for OECD countries, however, and this paper attempts to render this information more usable to environmental analysts in countries where direct sampling has not ...
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.92
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In recent years, there has been a rapid spread of economic instruments (EIs) in environmental policies of OECD Member countries. The application of EIs has gained wider political acceptability and, in a growing number of cases, they have come to have incentive rather than merely revenue-raising effects. In Sweden, eco-taxes have been introduced as part of a broad fiscal reform, while in other countries the approach is more piecemeal. Virtually without exception, EIs are employed in combination with regulations and other policy instruments. Developing countries stand to learn from the OECD experience with EIs, but they often face unique challenges as well as opportunities in applying such instruments. Resource and other prices have historically been distorted in such economies, so correcting such distortions is a prerequisite to the effective use of EIs. Also, underdeveloped markets, public enterprises with soft budget constraints, and high rates of inflation can all undermine the ...
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.93
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Many OECD Member countries and a large number of the developing countries are suffering from extensive unemployment, both in short and long-term forms. Based on a five-part schema of labour market problems, this paper summarises and evaluates the effectiveness of labour market policies and programmes in the OECD countries and assesses the relevance of the experience to economies in transition, dynamic non-Member economies and developing countries in general. The overall conclusion is that such policies have not proven very effective in dealing with the most pressing problems in most types of economy (the dynamic non- Member economies being the main exception), that is, high and persistent unemployment, both short term and long term. Nevertheless, there are a variety of active labour market policies which are of help with some other types of problem. In general, the developing countries would be well advised not to invest too heavily in socalled passive measures; thus, a social ...
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  • 10
    Language: French
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.96
    Keywords: Development ; Madagascar
    Abstract: By the late 1980s, a technically successful and well-regarded project of reforestation that had been carried out in certain communities in Madagascar with the assistance of bilateral aid from Switzerland, was facing new challenges: How to replicate and continue the activities without ubiquitous project interventions? The project has transmitted know-how to the farmers but their capacity to organise and manage independently was still weak and they were lacking initiative. How to stimulate a process of genuinely local development under such circumstances? Government services in rural areas were poor and fragmented, a legacy of some 20 years of policies favouring an overly centralised approach largely neglectful of the rural areas. The entire approach had to be reconsidered: the farmers were to become the main actors of the project rather than simple executors. A process of selfevaluation triggered dynamics of change. A new strategy was designed and a new programme was adopted, with ...
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.98
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The paper discusses the pros and cons of liberalising foreign investment of pension assets in developing countries, with particular reference to Chile. The positive part of the paper examines the impact on macroeconomic policy of a small country's opening its equity market for investment; the investment strategies of, and the restrictions imposed upon, privately-managed pension funds; and the specific British experience with portfolio diversification after the dismantling of capital controls in 1979. The normative part, while finding only a weak case for regulating foreign pension investment (loss of savings, domestic capital markets), discusses various techniques of such regulation ...
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.95
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper begins with an explanation of the need for a gender perspective in the participatory development field. Subsequently it examines some of the obstacles to achieving the goals, such as cultural beliefs and practices, including the social organisation of production. Ways of surmounting these obstacles include: a gender focus of efforts, advocacy, flexible funding and evidence that participation works. Various positions in the debate in regard to: the project paradigm, social actors versus communities as entities and women's organisations and participatory development issues are also presented. An effort is made to spell out the implications of gender differentiation with numerous examples from the literature and interviews ...
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.99
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Linkages between international trade and the domestic environment are receiving intensified scrutiny by researchers and policy makers alike. This is especially the case in developing countries, where trade can be a significant agent of change and growth. While trade policies are increasingly oriented toward lower levels of intervention, interventionist policies are increasingly being implemented to correct for negative environmental externalities. In such a situation, the interactions between the two can be complex and challenging for policy makers. This paper explores second-best policy issues affecting trade and environmental linkages. We derive optimum policy interventions and sufficient conditions for welfareimproving piecemeal trade and environmental policy reforms in a small economy. Pollution originates in both domestic consumption and production and is a domestic public bad. Production pollution can be abated by decreasing output and/or decreasing effluent rates per unit of ...
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.97
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper presents a brief introduction to the OECD GREEN Model. The GREEN model has been developed by the OECD Secretariat in order to assess the economic impact of abating CO2 emissions using several different economic instruments. The paper is divided into two parts. The first provides a brief introduction to the structure of the GREEN model. The second describes several different simulations using the GREEN model, including what is generally referred to as the Business-as-Usual scenario and several alternative carbon-abatement scenarios. For specific details on the model and its implementation, readers are referred to the GREEN Reference Manual, and the GREEN User Manual ...
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.103
    Keywords: Development ; India
    Abstract: India's self-sufficiency in food production has been achieved by the adoption of chemicals-intensive farming methods which have contributed to serious deterioration of the environment. New evironmentally-friendly technologies, which maintain (or increase) current levels of productivity, are needed if the use of chemical inputs is to be reduced. This study examines the development and diffusion of biotechnologies in India, with respect to both products derived from conventional biological methods and those using the more advanced techniques of molecular biology. Thus far, the contribution of available biofertilisers and biopesticides to reduced use of agro-chemicals is marginal, due to the vicious circle created by problems of supply as well as demand. By and large, biofertilisers and biopesticides are being produced on a small scale, using inefficient technologies. Inconsistent quality and poor performance thus combine to limit demand and their acceptance by farmers which, in ...
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  • 16
    Language: French
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Disarmament Dividend: Challenges for Development Policy
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Les dépenses militaires mondiales représentaient 950 milliards de dollars en 1990-1991. Cette facture pourrait être réduite de plus de 300 milliards d'ici l'an 2000. . Des dépenses militaires excessives compromettent l'avenir des pays en développement. . Améliorer la transparence des informations et renforcer les structures multilatérales de sécurité doivent constituer des objectifs prioritaires. . Des dépenses militaires excessives sont souvent encouragées par une offre pressante de matériels militaires par les pays producteurs, y compris des pays Membres de l'OCDE. . Les pays donateurs doivent envisager de manière concertée des mesures d'incitation telles que la subordination de l'aide économique aux efforts de démilitarisation.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789282105870
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.97
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Charging for the Use of Urban Roads; Report of the Ninety-Seventh Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 4-5 November 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: La question des péages routiers urbains est plus que d'actualité, non seulement en termes de recherches, mais aussi de projets concrets. L'objectif est double : endiguer la congestion urbaine et limiter les atteintes environnementales correspondantes. Pourtant, en prenant connaissance du contenu de La Table Ronde 97, on s'aperçoit que malgré des fondements théoriques solides, les péages urbains soulèvent de nombreuses objections, notamment pour des questions d'équité et, qu'en fait, ils obligent à revoir le système des transports urbains dans son ensemble. Par ce panorama complet de questions débattues dans de nombreux pays, le lecteur découvrira des aspects généralement peu explorés ailleurs.
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789282105511
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (174 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.97
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les péages routiers urbains ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-dix-septième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 4 et 5 novembre 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The scope for road pricing in urban areas is now a matter of the most urgent concern. It involves research and the implementation of projects both aimed at reducing urban congestion and curbing the resulting environmental damage. While the arguments in favour of urban tolls are sound, Round Table 97 highlights the many objections raised particularly on grounds of equity. This publication demonstrates the need for reappraising the entire urban transport system. With its comprehensive overview of the issues now on most countries' agendas, this Round Table raises questions that have yet to be adequately explored.
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  • 19
    ISBN: 9789282105467
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.94
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regional Policy, Transport Networks and Communications; Report of the Ninety-Fourth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 5-6 November 1992
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les réseaux de transport du futur -- que l'on projette dès à présent -- seront à grande vitesse et il n'est de région qui ne souhaite être reliée. Pourtant, l'ampleur des investissements requis et les contraintes d'exploitation ne permettent précisément pas une desserte homogène des territoires. Les politiques régionales, qu'elles soient d'accompagnement ou de substitution, doivent être adaptées en conséquence. Qu'en est-il, si l'on prolonge cette problématique aux régions d'Europe centrale et orientale, où les besoins d'investissements sont considérables ? La Table Ronde 94 a abordé ces questions, tant sous un angle pratique qu'analytique, par le rassemblement d'informations et par la confrontation d'avis d'experts et de responsables des politiques régionales.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789282105474
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (129 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.95
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Infrastructures et systèmes de transport pour une nouvelle Europe ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-quinzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 18-19 mars 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: As the countries of Central and Eastern Europe undergo radical economic upheavals, the question of pan-European transport is brought very sharply into focus. The transport system cannot be viewed simply in terms of the volume of traffic moving from one particular place to another but must be seen as a whole both theoretically and pragmatically in terms of specific projects. What infrastructure is to be selected? Which method of organising transport "markets" is to be preferred? How can needs logically dictated by urgency -- catering to expanding traffic flows despite inadequate transport networks -- be reconciled with such longer-term imperatives as environmental protection or integrating Central and Eastern Europe into a vast area of cultural and economic relations? Specialists attending Round Table 95 addressed all of these issues and tried to discern realistic boundaries for what can be accomplished today.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789282105443
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.93
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Benefits of Different Transport Modes; Report of the Ninety-Third Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 30 June-1 July 1992
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Beaucoup de recherches ont porté sur les aspects négatifs du transport (émissions nocives, nuisances sonores, surcharge du réseau, problèmes de sécurité), particulièrement en ce qui concerne le trafic routier. La Conférence européenne des ministres des transports (CEMT) a décidé d’organiser une Table ronde qui envisagerait le secteur des transports différemment, en considérant les avantages des différents modes de transport pour la collectivité en général. La quatre-vingt-treizième Table ronde a étudié les différents modes de transport ainsi que leurs contributions respectives à la croissance économique, au développement régional, aux relations sociales et aux besoins de mobilité. Avec son nouveau cadre analytique, cette Table ronde se démarque des autres approches trop conventionnelles.
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9789282105436
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (101 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.93
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les avantages des modes de transport ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-treizième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 30 juin-1 juillet 1992
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Much research has focussed on the negative aspects of transport (emissions, noise, congestion and safety problems), particularly with respect to road traffic. The ECMT decided to organise a Round Table which would consider the transport sector differently, by looking at the benefits of different modes of transport for the general community. Round Table 93 considered different modes of transport and their respective contributions to economic growth, regional development, social relations and needs for mobility. Given its new analyticalframework, this Round Table stands out from other overly conventional approaches.
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9789282105450
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.94
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques régionales, réseaux de transport et communications ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-quatorzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 5-6 novembre 1992
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The high-speed transport networks of the future are already in the planning stage, and all regions will want to be included. However, the magnitude of the investment required and the operating constraints will make it impossible to provide homogeneous service to all areas. Regional policies, whether accommodating or alternative in scope, will have to be adjusted accordingly. What problems will arise if the regions of Central and Eastern Europe, where investment requirements are considerable, are included? Round Table 94 addressed these issues from both a practical and analytical standpoint, gathering information and comparing the views of specialists and regional policy makers.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.100
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: A growing number of international initiatives are being undertaken to stimulate the development of agricultural biotechnology applications in developing countries. These initiatives, which include a wide range of biotechnology research, information and advisory activities, are supported by bilateral and multilateral agencies, private foundations and, to some extent, by commercial firms. This study, based on the results of a survey conducted by the Intermediary Biotechnology Service (IBS) at The Hague, attempts to analyse the nature and scope of these initiatives and their potential impact. The study concludes by outlining a number of planning, execution and policy conditions which need to be met, both by donor agencies and by developing countries, if the potential impact of these international initiatives is to be fully realised ...
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Sustainable Development in Rural Africa
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • La nécessité de limiter le rôle de l'État, de promouvoir l'économie de marché et de s'appuyer sur le secteur privé pour entraîner la croissance, offre de nouvelles perspectives de développement à l'Afrique rurale. • La polpulation des campagnes doit jouer un rôle plus déterminant, à la fois en construisant elle-même son avenir économique et en prenant la responsabilté de gérer au mieux les ressources naturelles. • Pour favoriser une telle prise en charge des habitants par eux-mêmes, États et donateurs internationaux doivent réviser de fond en comble les règles établies et les pratiques de gouvernement.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.91
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The environmental implications of international trade have come under intensified scrutiny in recent years, particularly with expanded interest in multilateralism, regionalism, and other negotiated trade regimes. The transfer of environmental effects, both positive and negative, is embodied in most trade patterns, particularly those which reflect technological hierarchy or other stratification by degree of economic modernization. Despite the emotional reaction these issues often arouse, the question of whether and to whom these transfers are beneficial or detrimental is a very complex one. In this paper, we use applied general equilibrium analysis to examine a well-established trade relationship between two diverse economies, Japan and Indonesia. Historically, it appears that their bilateral trade has conferred asymmetric environmental effects on the two countries, effecting a net transfer of some environmental costs from the former to the latter. In the light of this negative ...
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789282105375
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (162 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.90
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La privatisation des chemins de fer ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-dixième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 4-5 février 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The privatisation of the railways is a topical issue. Many countries are launching privatisation programmeswith a view to reducing the operating deficits of the railways, notably by making them more competitive. However, at a time of high-speed trains, traffic congestion and concern over the environment, not everybody agrees on the merits of privatisation. This Round Table clarifies the issues, analyses a number of examples, and defines the potential obstacles to privatisation. It shows the difficulties inherent in such projects, and the scope for implementing them.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789282105368
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (138 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.89
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Short Sea Shipping; Report of the Eighty-Ninth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 26-27 September 1991
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Face à la congestion croissante des infrastructures de transport terrestre (routier et ferroviaire), la navigation maritime à courte distance mérite clairement d’être considérée comme une alternative intéressante. En fait, c’est une branche de l’activité de transport qui n’a jamais beaucoup retenu l'attention. En conséquence, son potentiel doit encore être évalué. La quatre-vingt-neuvième Table ronde fournit certaines informations factuelles et des analyses sur ce sujet, permettant ainsi de se faire une idée plus claire de cette activité à l'heure actuelle et des principaux obstacles à son développement, tels que le coût des opérations portuaires et les problèmes juridiques.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.85
    Keywords: Development ; Algeria
    Abstract: Ce document technique présente les résultats d'une enquête sur l'impact des réglementations juridiques et fiscales sur les micro-entreprises en Algérie. Le cas algérien se distingue de ceux des autres pays du programme de recherche (Niger, Swaziland, Tunisie, Thaïlande, Equateur, Jamaïque) car, en dépit de la stratégie d'ouverture adoptée par le gouvernement algérien dans les années 80, l'économie reste très réglementée. Trois secteurs ont été retenus, pour un échantillon d'environ 300 entreprises : la mécanique, le textile et la restauration. Leur étude permet de comparer le comportement d'entreprises opérant sur des marchés différents. L'enquête révèle que, dans l'ensemble, les obligations juridiques et fiscales sont respectées par une majorité de micro-entreprises ; les taux de respect les plus élevés sont ceux du secteur textile. Elle montre surtout que, quel que soit le secteur, le dynamisme des petits entrepreneurs interrogés est entravé par les lourdeurs de l'économie ...
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.89
    Keywords: Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: China is emerging as a leading Pacific economy in the 1990s. This paper examines the implications of China's entry into the world market for the OECD countries as well as for the regional economies of Asia and the Pacific. It argues that the shares of Asian countries in the OECD countries' market cannot increase without bound, as China and its neighbouring developing economies have basically similar export profiles, competing with each other for market shares for similar products. China's coastal strategy has led to the emergence of a "greater China", encompassing China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Growing trade and investment flows between China and Taiwan via Hong Kong since the mid-1980s can be understood as components of "catching-up" processes, described by some trade economists as the "flying-geese" pattern of trade development. In short, China's entry into the world market is a "positive sum" game, as it provides new market opportunities for both OECD countries and Asian NIEs. In ...
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789282105429
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Series Statement: ; no.92
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.92
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Confronté à des déficits croissants, les transports publics sont en quête d’une nouvelle image. La qualité de service doit surtout être adaptée aux besoins des usagers. Il existe un large éventail de possibilités pour rendre les transports publics plus attrayants : un service plus régulier et plus ponctuel, de meilleurs équipements, une relation client améliorée, des dispositifs de paiement électronique et des correspondances plus pratiques, etc. La quatre-vingt-douzième Table ronde fait le bilan de la situation des transports publics européens. En comparant ces évolutions intéressantes, une nouvelle image des transports publics se dessine peu à peu.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789282105412
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (193 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.92
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Faced with mounting deficits, public transport is in search of a new image. Above all, service quality must beadapted to customer needs. A whole range of possibilities exist to make public transport more appealing: more frequent and punctual service, better equipment, improved customer relations, electronic payment facilities and more convenient connections are just a few of these. Round Table 92 takes stock of what is happening throughout Europe in this area. By comparing the interesting developments, a new image of public transport is slowly taking shape.
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.84
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Electronics has become critically important in every country's attempt to restructure or build its competitiveness. The developments in electronics have given rise to an industry with an unprecedented growth record in terms of sales and exports, innovative capacity, and spin-off potential for related services. But electronics has also infiltrated into many other industries through the pervasiveness of its application potential. Instead of competing solely on cost, competitive advantage is now often obtained by those who have the (temporary) benefit of having mastered cutting-edge technology. To the fore has come a type of innovation that builds on relations with users, on interaction with suppliers, subcontractors, universities, industry associations, government institutes, and even potential competitors through various kinds of cooperative agreements. Thus, the competitiveness of a firm depends not only on its own strength, but also on the support it receives from the external environment ...
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  • 34
    ISBN: 9789282105399
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.91
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Possibilités et limites des transports combinés ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-onzième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 24-25 octobre 1991
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: One priority of European transport policy is to develop combined transport, a mode that is seen as providing a solution to the problem of road congestion while at the same time protecting the environment. Such transport is not developing as swiftly as might be hoped, however, and obstacles are arising in terms of, among others, productivity in multimodal terminals, terminal hauls, saturation of rail infrastructure, standardization of equipment, and the cost of transhipment facilities. Round Table 91 deals with these issues and also draws attention to the positive aspects of the growth ofcombined transport. The analysis is based on factual data and conducted from the broader perspective of thecontribution that combined transport can make to sustainable economic development.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9789282105351
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.89
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les transports maritimes à courte distance ; Rapport de la quatre-vingt-neuvième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 26-27 septembre 1991
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: In view of the growing congestion of inland transport infrastructure, both road and rail, short sea shipping clearly warrants consideration as a valuable alternative. It is, in fact, a branch of transport activity that has attracted little attention, so its potential is still to be assessed. Round Table 89 provides some factual information and analyses in this respect, thus giving a clearer picture of the activity at present and of the main obstacles to its development, such as the cost of port operations and legal problems.
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789282105382
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (175 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.90
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Privatisation of Railways; Report of the Ninetieth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 4-5 February 1993
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: La privatisation des chemins de fer est un sujet d'actualité. De nombreux pays lancent actuellement des programmes de privatisation afin de réduire les déficits d'exploitation des chemins de fer, notamment en les rendant plus compétitifs. Cependant, à une période marquée par les trains à grande vitesse, la congestion de la circulation et les préoccupations environnementales, les mérites de la privatisation ne font pas l’unanimité. Cette Table ronde clarifie ces enjeux, analyse un certain nombre d’exemples et définit les obstacles potentiels à la privatisation des chemins de fer. Elle montre les difficultés inhérentes à de tels projets et examine les moyens pour les mettre en œuvre.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789282105405
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.91
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Possibilities and Limitations of Combined Transport; Report of the Ninety-First Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 24-25 October 1991
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Une des priorités de la politique européenne des transports est de développer le transport combiné, un mode de transport perçu comme étant à la fois une solution au problème de surcharge du réseau et un moyen de protéger l’environnement. Cependant, le transport combiné ne se développe pas aussi rapidement qu'escompté et des obstacles surviennent en termes de productivité des terminaux multimodaux, parcours terminaux, saturation des infrastructures ferroviaires standardisation des équipements et coût des installations de transbordement. La quatre-vingt-onzième Table ronde aborde ces questions et souligne les aspects positifs de la croissance du transport combiné. Cette analyse est fondée sur des données factuelles et de manière plus générale, elle étudie comment le transport combiné peut contribuer au développement économique durable.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789282107430
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (700 p.)
    Series Statement: ; no.12
    Series Statement: Symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports no.12
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce livre présente les rapports introductifs et une synthèse du Douzième symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports, Lisbonne, 1992. Cette conférence était consacrée à la croissance du transport.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.90
    Keywords: Development ; Morocco
    Abstract: This paper reports on the construction of an Input-Output table for the economy of Morocco. The table is calibrated to the year 1990 and details the interactions between 133 primary, manufacturing, and service sectors, relying on a combination of a more aggregate table estimated by the Moroccan government and detailed data from official sources. This table will form the core of a detailed social accounting matrix (SAM) currently under construction as part of the same work programme. Ultimately, the SAM will be incorporated into a general equilibrium model, to be used cooperatively by the Development Centre, the Moroccan government, and the World Bank for trade and resource policy analysis. This report describes in detail the construction of the Input-Output table, presents the table in its entirety, and provides some preliminary multiplier estimates elucidating the links between Moroccan agriculture and the rest of the economy ...
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour un développement durable de l'Afrique rurale
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . A growing recognition of the need to delimit the role of the government, to promote the market framework, and to rely on the private sector as the engine of growth, offers the prospect of a new beginning in rural development in Africa. . Rural people must take a more dominant role, both in shaping their economic prospects and in assuming the responsibility for a high quality of stewardship of natural resources. . To help to bring about such an empowerment of the people, governments and the donors will need to undertake some drastic reforms in the old systems and habits of governance.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Création d'emploi et stratégie de développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Developing countries will account for almost all the increase in the world's labour force over the next 25 years; most countries, especially in Africa, will experience very rapid labour force growth. . Labour-intensive development has been spectacularly successful in some countries and others have begun to emulate them. Nevertheless, many countries still need to rethink policies and programmes in the light of the increasing urgency of employment creation. .The poor and the unemployed have much to gain from labour-intensive development, but fears about the short-term impact of reforms may cause them to oppose change. . Carefully targeted programmes of public works and food security measures implemented early in the reform process, plus improved incentives for farmers, may be essential for the popular support of reform.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.86
    Keywords: Development ; Ecuador ; Jamaica
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of a survey of micro-enterprises undertaken in Ecuador and Jamaica. The purpose was to understand the relationships between these countries' institutional and legal regulations, the degree of compliance by firms and the impact of compliance on their performance (particularly growth). This enquiry was complemented with case studies of issues related to compliance with regulations. Initially, the paper sets out to analyse the characteristics of the microenterprises surveyed and their type of insertion into product and factor markets. Afterwards, it describes the differences observed in the regulatory frameworks of the two countries, and explains the differences in the degree of compliance with the law on the part of small firms. The final part of the paper determines statistically the relative importance of the factors that influence firm registration and identifies their effects on the growth of micro-enterprises. The initial process of registration ...
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  • 43
    Language: French
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.88
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Il est désormais admis qu'on ne peut pas mettre au point un programme d'ajustement sans tenir compte des réactions politiques qu'il peut susciter. Les expériences malheureuses de pays où les troubles provoqués par des mesures de stabilisation ont entraîné des dizaines, voire des centaines de morts, en ont convaincu tous les responsables politiques. Ceci a conduit à construire un modèle politico-économique adapté aux pays en développement. On a ensuite appliqué ce modèle à 23 pays africains sur la période 1980-1990. Les résultats des estimations s'avèrent satisfaisantes : l'ensemble des variables endogènes, qu'elles soient économiques ou politiques, peuvent être expliquées de façon précise et les coefficients obtenus prouvent qu'il existe des interactions importantes entre la sphère politique et la sphère économique. Il est assuré par exemple que les troubles résultent en partie des mesures de stabilisation. A partir d'une simulation de référence, on a ensuite estimé les ...
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.87
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: A number of Asian countries have been able to follow the example of Japan and develop sophisticated industrial economies in a relatively short time. Specifically, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan have become known as the "Four Tigers" of Asia due to their strength and importance in international markets. It is not only the pace of industrialisation but the relative equity which has accompanied growth in these countries that has fascinated economists. This paper analyses alternative structural models which represent different theoretical frameworks for development in East Asia. A structural vectorautoregressive technique is used with panel data comprising Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, for the period 1969-89. This technique has been chosen because it can discriminate between structural hypotheses. The first model tested is a model of export-led output growth. In this exercise exports are allowed to have a direct stimulating effect on the economy. In ...
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Employment Creation and Development Strategy
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Les 25 prochaines années verront une augmentation de la population active des pays en développement, particulièrement en Afrique, qui connaîtront une croissance rapide de la main-d'oeuvre. . Pour certains pays, le développement à forte intensité de main-d'oeuvre a été une réussite spectaculaire et on commence à les imiter. Cependant, de nombreux pays doivent redéfinir leurs politiques et programmes, face à l'urgence de la création d'emploi. . Les pauvres et les chômeurs ont tout à gagner d'un développement à forte intensité de main d'oeuvre, mais ils peuvent s'y opposer par crainte des conséquences, à court terme, des réformes. . Des programmes de travaux publics soigneusement ciblés, la mise en place, dès la première phase de la réforme, de mesures relatives à la sécurité alimentaire, ainsi que de meilleures incitations pour les agriculteurs, seront indispensables pour que la réforme soit assurée d'un soutien populaire.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789282107423
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (654 p.)
    Series Statement: International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics no.12
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This book presents the proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium on theory and practice in transport economics held in Lisbon in 1992. The conference focused on transport growth.
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.64
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: European multinationals show a growing divergence in their response to the formation of regional trade blocs, according to evidence from seven industries. European firms that are strong competitors at the world level are able to adjust aggressively to changes within Europe without disturbing their global strategies. Weaker firms are prone to becoming more inward-looking in Europe, and to risk further loss of global competitive position. The contrast is particularly marked in industries like chemicals and consumer products, which emphasize exports as a means to serve international markets, and the weaker firms are especially prone to call for protectionist help from Brussels in trade-intensive industries, like apparel. While the lobbying pressures on national and European institutions differ according to the global competitive strength of the leading European firms in a particular industry, the effect is one-sided: the pressure for protection or support is strong in industries where the ...
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.65
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Economic integration in the Pacific region — which includes the United States, Canada and Mexico — is rapidly occurring, primarily as a result of intra-regional capital flows. Private-sector business opportunities between the west and east coasts and the northern and southern rims of the Pacific region are stimulating ever-larger flows of goods, services, capital, technology, and people among these economies. Seven trends in the world economy are likely to strengthen these regional business relationships. They are: (1) the evolution of US-Soviet relations from conflict to co-operation, (2) the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe, (3) the reversal of the "locomotive" role of the United States, (4) the ascendancy of Japan as the world's banker, (5) the econornic integration of Europe, (6) the economic integration of North America, and (7) the declining relevance of the GATT. However, a regional trend, the growing friction between Japan and the United ...
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers la liberté des mouvements de capitaux
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Advanced developing countries are increasingly encouraged to remove existing capital controls, but mixed experiences with capital account opening caution that reform must be carefully designed to increase efficiency and growth without compromising stability • A gradual dismantling of capital controls is recommended, based on progress made in tax reform, exchange rate management, enforcement of bank competition and supervision, and solving domestic banks' bad-loan problems
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.61
    Keywords: Development ; Chinese Taipei
    Abstract: Many of Taiwan's highly export-oriented enterprises are small and medium-sized, and many are in a relatively good position to cope with, even to take advantage of, globalisation. Because they generally do not have strong in-house R&D, and often do not have their own global marketing channels and internationally recognised brand names, however, many also see globalisation as a serious threat. To cope with the challenges of globalisation, Taiwanese firms are adopting various strategies to strengthen their technological capabilities; these strategies include joint R&D efforts in Taiwan, and technology alliances with foreign partners. Faced with challenges at home — including labour shortages, major appreciation of the NT dollar and an environmental protection movement — as well as the pressures of globalisation, many firms are also striving to internationalise their operations, both in Asia and outside the region (especially in North America, more recently in Europe). Direct overseas ...
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 73 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.59
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This report investigates the endogenous effects of the implementation of stabilization programmes (credits and different variants of conditionalities) in developing countries. A model is outlined, which at the same time builds on Modern Political Economy and New Institutional Economy and incorporates cognitive (psychological) aspects in decision making. Emphasizing the demand and supply of support for the government by the various interest groups and the population, this model helps to explain not only the programmes' effects on the standard of living, but also on the use of instruments by the groups involved. Especially, effects on the politicians' own consumption, the extent of corruption by bribery and the suppression of the population and particular groups are analysed. Conditions under which the economic and/or the political situations improve for the population are identified and corresponding testable propositions are formulated ...
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.78
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The last decade has exemplified a retrenchment of bank lending in developing countries. International banks strive to boost capital ratios, thereby raising equity, reducing their less profitable assets and rebalancing portfolios towards less risky claims. In that context of underfinanced adjustment and growth programmes in the LDCs, international financial institutions (IFIs) have attempted to mobilize additional financing from commercial banks through co-financing and guarantee operations. The World Bank has been at the forefront of such a role since 1983. The B-loan programme, however, has fallen short of reviving private lending in the LDCs. In 1989, the World Bank introduced an enhanced co-financing operation programme (ECO) geared toward creditworthy borrowers. Risk-sharing arrangements with private banks involve the guarantee of late maturities as well as direct participation in bank loans and partial guarantee of bond issues. Despite more flexible guidelines for the World ...
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.54
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The paper begins with a brief description of the relationship between Yugoslavia and its creditors throughout the 1980s, providing a background for the introduction of debt conversions in Yugoslav practice. The main features of the legal environment for debt conversions, especially of the debt conversion programme initiated in March 1989, are then reviewed. The paper then focuses on the main patterns of debt conversions executed in Yugoslavia with respect to their volume, structure of transactions, sources of funds and debt reduction effects. It appears in particular that the Yugoslav debt conversion programme presents many original features when compared with similar programmes implemented in several developing countries. Finally, the paper provides a review of the micro and macroeconomic implications of debt conversions, including the cost and benefits of these transactions, and concludes that this programme has been quite successful for Yugoslavia ...
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Adjustment and Equity
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • L'ajustement n'est pas synonyme 'aggravation de la pauvreté • Ajuster avant la crise permet d'en réduire les coûts sociaux • Le refus d'ajuster et la réduction forcée des importations conduisent à un sousdéveloppement autocentré beaucoup plus coûteux socialement que l'ajustement • Le choix de mesures macroéconomiques pour stabiliser n'est pas neutre : on peut obtenir le même résultat à des coûts sociaux plus ou moins élevés • Plusieurs mesures d'ajustement structurel ont des effets sociaux favorables, mais d'autres, comme la remise en ordre des entreprises publiques, sont coûteuses • L'intervention des pays donneurs est indispensable pour compenser l'aggravation de la pauvreté liée aux mesures de stabilisation et aux licenciements dans les entreprises publiques
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 83 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.77
    Keywords: Development ; Eswatini ; Niger
    Abstract: This Technical Paper presents the results of research on the impact of taxation and other regulations on micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in two countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The fiscal and other regulations of the countries studied — Niger and Swaziland — and their administrative systems are quite different. Based on approximately similar samples of enterprises from the two countries, this study estimated and compared the level of compliance with these different legal requirements, and also ascertained their consequences for the functioning and growth of these enterprises. The research revealed that the MSEs of the two countries do not comply with all the applicable regulations. The level of compliance itself depended more on the type of regulation and characteristics of the MSEs studied than on the country. It appears that the proportion of MSEs that are registered was nearly identical in the two countries, while differences depend primarily on location (rural versus urban) ...
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789282105344
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.88
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les changements structurels de la population et leurs impacts sur les transports de voyageurs ; Rapport de la 88ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 13 et 14 juin 1991
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Current changes in the structure of population, whether they relate to ageing or the radical modification of social practices, are of the utmost importance. Without dynamic new measures in the sphere of public transport, the private car will continue to be used more and more and what already seem to be insurmountable problems will be aggravated. Round Table 88 seeks to determine the scale of these changes before analysing the various ways in which public transport can respond.
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.52
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper displays and discusses historical data on sovereign debt prices for two Latin American countries and provides a signalling framework to account for the following phenomena: (a) prices for old (defaulted) and newly-issued debts were the same, but such prices diverge and rise sharply once the countries stopped issuing new foreign debt, and, (b) the price of defaulted and newly issued debts both tend to rise as the latter approaches maturity and the country starts redeeming all its outstanding obligations. The analysis sheds some light on the valuation of different debt instruments in today's secondary market for LDC debt ...
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 83 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.68
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: During the last decade, the seed sector has been included in economic reform programmes in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa but it is not clear whether these initiatives have helped or hindered the process of improving small farmers' access to improved seed. This study explores this issue using the contrasting experiences of the seed sector in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Against a broadly common economic heritage and farming system, the pace of reform and the way it has been implemented in the seed sector have varied considerably between the three countries. Nonetheless the available data on seed production, costs of seed production and seed sales suggest that, at least in the short- to medium-term, reform-type policies adversely affect the ability of seed companies to produce improved seed cheaply and the ability of small farmers to make effective use of it. This is largely because general macro-economic and agricultural sector reforms fail to tackle the more ...
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.72
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This study examines the potential impact of changes in the public/private sector balance for biotechnology development and diffusion in developing country agriculture. It focuses on biotechnology related to two important developing country crops: rice and cocoa. The study highlights the differences in the ways in which research on the two crops is organised, at both national and international level, in the financial and scientific resources devoted to research and in the public and private actors involved. It stresses the need for government intervention in setting national research priorities and for innovative institutional arrangements — including public/private sector collaboration — in situations where public research funding has been reduced or is increasingly scarce ...
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ajustement et équité
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Adjustment does not necessarily increase poverty • Adjusting before a crisis reduces social costs • Refusal to adjust and the suspension of imports leads to self-centred underdevelopment, which is socially much more costly • The choice of macroeconomic stabilisation measures is important: the same result can be obtained with higher or lower social costs • Some structural adjustment measures have beneficial social effects but others, like the reorganisation of public enterprises, involve high costs • Action by donor countries is indispensable to offset the increase in poverty linked to stabilisation measures and to the reduction of employment in public enterprises
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  • 61
    Language: French
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.80
    Keywords: Development ; Tunisia
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of a survey of the impact of regulations and taxes on micro enterprises, considered here as part of the informal sector, in Tunisia. Its purpose is to determine the extent to which small entrepreneurs comply with current regulations, and the consequences of these regulations on the functioning and growth of their enterprises. The survey was carried out among a representative sample of enterprises in four sectors, with different degrees of compliance with institutional obligations: machinery repair, garment manufacturing, restaurant stalls and carpet manufacturing. The study of the four sectors permits a comparison of the behaviour of enterprises active in different markets. The study reveals that among small entrepreneurs there is nearly total distrust of the state and its regulations, which they consider a constraint on the development of their activities. However, certain legal obligations, such as those concerning insurance on the premises or the minimum ...
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.83
    Keywords: Development ; Indonesia
    Abstract: Like most petroleum producing countries, Indonesia experienced a sharp deterioration in its export conditions during the early 1980s. Given the country's heavy reliance on oil taxation and relatively low per capita income, this exogenous shock seriously disrupted development plans and induced extensive structural adjustments in the economy. Indonesia has taken greater initiative than some to stabilize its economy and reduce the distortionary threat of expansionist policies inherited from the oil boom. Its success in this regard was due to an eventual willingness to implement voluntary stabilization and relatively favorable credit rating. In this study, a calibrated intertemporal general equilibrium model is used to evaluate the Indonesian adjustment policy of the period 1980-86 with particular attention to the growth and distributional implications of adjustment. The findings of this report indicate that more efficacious policies could have been implemented. These policies would ...
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  • 63
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing the Environment in Developing Countries
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • La politique de l'environnement devrait être fondée sur le principe selon lequel l'environnement est l'affaire de chacun ; tous les acteurs sociaux doivent prendre part à la gestion de l'environnement • Les politiques qui encouragent mplicitement, par des subventions, une exploitation des ressources naturelles abusive et préjudiciable à l'environnement sont fréquentes : les réformes devraient donner aussi bien la priorité aux questions économiques qu'à celles concernant l'environnement • Les instruments de marché sont moins employés que la réglementation mais ils peuvent être plus efficaces ; ils peuvent également constituer une source de revenus pour le financement de la protection de l'environnement • Il est possible d'améliorer l'efficacité des réglementations en mettant l'accent sur les mesures préventives, notamment les études d'impact sur l'environnement, en identifiant les gros pollueurs, en renforçant la mise en oeuvre des mesures adoptées et en encourageant la médiation aux dépens du recours à la poursuite judiciaire
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.74
    Keywords: Development ; Zambia ; Zimbabwe
    Abstract: The paper examines the effect of differing policies in the post-independence period on the agricultural and overall economic performance of Zambia and Zimbabwe. It focuses on the interaction between macroeconomic and agricultural policy reforms. It shows that macro and micro reforms need to be closely linked and that both are critical to sectoral performance. The paper identifies a number of reform options and examines their sequencing at the national and agricultural level. Such reform will greatly improve the performance of the Zambian and Zimbabwean agricultural sectors, enhancing food security, employment and economic growth ...
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.57
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Managers of US multinational corporations generally respond with a "big yawn" to warnings that the world trading system might evolve into a set of protectionist regional blocs. Their lack of fear is justified, since both their past strategies and their more recent, supposedly global strategies have resulted principally in regional systems of production facilities. The gains from manufacturing and trading among more widely dispersed facilities seem lower than the costs of managing such a complex system. As a result, US multinationals' trade in manufactures stays mostly within the region of production, and would be little affected by the emergence of powerful trading blocs. The strategies of most US multinationals would be threatened only if regional blocs restricted foreign investment. This seems unlikely, given the history of regional trade groups, and restrictions on new investment would probably harm Japanese competitors more than US multinationals, which have already established ...
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789282105320
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (143 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.85
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport et distribution spatiale des activités ; Rapport de la 85ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 5 et 6 avril 1990
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Experience has shown that there is a very close relationship between the geographical distribution of activities and the location of transport infrastructures, a relationship that is becoming evident again today as high-speed railway lines are built or enter the planning stage. This report seeks to determine what influence these lines will have on the regions served, particularly in the light of experience with the TGV Sud-Est in France.
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789282104750
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.86
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Evaluating Investment in Transport Infrastructure; Report of the Eighty-Sixth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 7-8 June 1990
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Dans la situation actuelle, les investissements prévus dans les infrastructures de transport ne peuvent répondre à la croissance de la demande qui résultera de l’augmentation des flux de circulation. En outre, de tels investissements ont plusieurs effets sur le développement régional, la répartition des richesses et le bien-être de la population. La nécessité de protéger l’environnement indique aussi que la construction de plus d’infrastructures sera freinée et que toute augmentation des capacités sera optimisée. Ces facteurs ont abouti à une estimation de la fiabilité des méthodes d’évaluation des choix d’investissement pertinents. Ce rapport décrit les techniques utilisées pour évaluer les investissements dans les infrastructures de transport d’un certain nombre de pays de la CEMT. Il examine l’efficacité de ces méthodes et leurs conditions d'utilisation.
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9789282104774
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.88
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Structural Changes in Population and Impact on Passenger Transport; Report of the Eighty-Eighth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 13-14 June 1991
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les changements actuels dans la structure de la population, qu’ils soient liés au vieillissement démographique ou à la modification radicale des pratiques sociales, sont de la plus haute importance. Sans de nouvelles mesures dynamiques dans la sphère des transports publics la voiture particulière continuera à être de plus en plus utilisée et les problèmes déjà considérés comme étant insurmontables seront aggravés. La 88ème Table ronde cherche à déterminer l'ampleur de ces évolutions avant d’analyser comment les transports publics peuvent s’y adapter.
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  • 69
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.82
    Keywords: Development ; Niger
    Abstract: This document presents the different debt-reduction measures from which Niger has benefited since 1983. The country had a sizeable debt with commercial banks, resulting from the development of the uranium mining. Thus, to reschedule its public debt, Niger regularly resorted to both the London Club and the Paris Club. Besides these traditional measures, Niger was the first country to benefit from the IDA Debt-reduction Fund to allow it to use grants to buy back its debt at a discount. Despite the reduction produced by this process and from the application of the Toronto terms by the Paris Club which in 1991 together accounted for the maximum reduction possible by the usual procedures, the Niger government can still not meet its obligations. The adjustment policy and in particular the attempt to clean up public finances, have not resulted in rebalancing the budget in a country where the level of direct taxation is the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa and where tax receipts have continued ...
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.79
    Keywords: Development ; Mexico
    Abstract: This paper presents a dynamic model simulating the Mexican economy, concentrating on the effects of public indebtedness. Three main variables are at the heart of the economic dynamic which is described here: the real domestic interest rate, the price of the debt on the secondary market, and the real exchange rate. The real domestic interest rate, which includes a risk premium on investments in Mexico, associated to a risk of illiquidity in the public sector, in turn influences the behaviour of private-sector investment. The price on the secondary market, which also includes a risk-bonus factor, in addition influences long-term expectations of the financial reliability of Mexico and therefore affects investment behaviour. The real exchange rate, which depends on the macroeconomic balance between goods and services, in turn affects public finances through the valuation of the contractual service of the external debt. This model is used to simulate the effects of the Brady plan, the ...
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.69
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: All the world’s cocoa is grown in developing countries — more than half in West Africa — essentially for export. Except in Brazil, Malaysia and Indonesia, it is grown by smallholders. In the international cocoa market, prices rose steeply in 1977 but have been in almost constant decline since and production surpluses have persisted. For producers, the impact of the structural adjustment and liberalisation process has been mixed. While prices have remained low on the international market, producers have generally received a higher share of the international market price. On the other hand, input prices have increased and subsidies for fertiliser or improved planting material have either been reduced or eliminated. Under these conditions, poor producers then use even fewer purchased inputs. Structural adjustment has had a negative impact on cocoa research, particularly in public research institutions in Brazil and in Africa. In Malaysia the situation is different as the ...
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.73
    Keywords: Development ; Namibia
    Abstract: The study examines agricultural development in Namibia in the context of the economic environment, with a view to providing policy perspectives which may assist in the process of reform towards a more equitable and dynamic economy. It shows that the improvement of smallholder incomes provides the only means of improving the position of the majority of poor Namibians, and examines how best to raise agricultural output without endangering the large-scale farmers who are vital to the economy. The significance for agricultural development of the customs and monetary agreements between Namibia and South Africa, and other external policies, is examined. The reform of pricing and marketing structures in Namibia is constrained by these external arrangements, but they also provide some benefits. The assessment of these and other issues provides the basis for an analysis of the reform options facing Namibian agriculture and the links between agricultural and economywide policies ...
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  • 73
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.75
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This study develops a conceptual framework for analysing the ways in which changes in the economic environment modify factor productivity. It focuses on the technology actually used in production — implemented technology — rather than the generation of technology. Implementation reflects the pattern of incentives and constraints deriving from the underlying economic conditions with which producers are faced in making technology choices. The study provides an original, formal theoretical underpinning to the popular but essentially unsubstantiated proposition that productivity and the rate of growth of productivity depend on the policy framework ...
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789282104767
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.87
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. High-Speed Trains; Report of the Eighty-Seventh Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 16-17 May 1991
    Keywords: Transport
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9789282105337
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.86
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Évaluer les investissements en infrastructures de transport ; Rapport de la 86ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 7 et 8 juin 1990
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: As matters now stand, the planned investment in transport infrastructure cannot accomodate the growth in demand that will result from increased flows of traffic. Moreover, such investment has a whole range of effects on regional development, wealth distribution, and public well-being. The need to protect the environment also suggests that the construction of more infrastructure will be curbed and that any increases in capacity will be optimized. These factors have led to an appraisal of the reliability of methods of evaluating the relevant investment choices. This publication describes the techniques used for evaluation in a number of ECMT countries and the effectiveness of such methods, and examines conditions governing their use.
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  • 76
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade Liberalisation: What's at Stake?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Les barrières commerciales faussent la structure des échanges internationaux ; elles altèrent l'affectation des ressources productives et freinent la croissance économique. Leur coût économique total est estimé à plus de 475 milliards de dollars par an. . Une réforme partielle, comme celle envisagée lors de l'Uruguay Round, rapporterait 195 milliards de dollars par an, dont plus de 90 milliards profiteraient aux pays en développement et aux anciennes économies centralement planifiées. . La CEE, le Japon et l'AELE seront sans doute les grands bénéficiaires de cette libéralisation. . Mais celle-ci aboutira également à une augmentation des revenus ruraux dans les pays en développement.
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.53
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The present paper examines the trade development of Pacific-Asian economies during the past decade from the perspective of regional integration. Its main focus is on the development of intra-regional and intra-industry trade. It provides some statistical evidence for the often-heard argument that the remarkable development of Pacific-Asian trade in the 1980s should be seen as a case for the "flying-geese" pattern of trade development, which is basically of inter-industry type. It argues, however, that developments since the mid-1980s have provided a new dimension to the regional division of labour — increasing the opportunities for intra-industry trade (IIT) among the Pacific-Asian economies. The empirical analysis based on the Grubel-Lloyd index of IIT in manufactures suggests that large increases in the level of IIT in the developing economies of the region is a consequence of "globalisation" of corporate activities in the United States and, more recently, in Japan and the ...
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  • 78
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Privatisation in Developing Countries: Reflections on a Panacea
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: •La dérive des secteurs publics nationaux dans les pays en développement légitime la privatisation ; •La privatisation n'a pas connu au cours des années 80 l'essor escompté ; •Les difficultés à privatiser dans les pays en développement révèlent l'inadaptation de leurs structures économiques et financières à ce changement ; •Toutes stratégie nationale de privatisation doit être cohérente avec l'orientation globale des réformes économiques.
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.81
    Keywords: Development ; Thailand
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of a survey of the impact of regulations and taxes on small and micro enterprises, considered here as part of the informal sector, in Thailand. The survey covered a large sample of enterprises (more than 500) in Bangkok and ten other provinces. Three sectors were studied: restaurant stalls, garment manufacturing, metal goods manufacturing. In fact, these are activities in which there are the greatest number of "manufacturing" enterprises in Thailand's urban informal sector. Their study permits a comparison of the behaviour of enterprises active in different markets. The study shows that small enterprises in Thailand are well integrated in the economic development process, especially through subcontracting, and their growth is not particularly hindered by institutional constraints. Moreover, even though small entrepreneurs complain about the attitude of official inspectors, they often accepted the reasons for regulations, for they served to ...
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  • 80
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.58
    Keywords: Development ; Japan
    Abstract: Japan is in the process of developing much closer economic ties with its Asian neighbours, at both the government and private-sector levels. While there is little official support in Japan for the creation of any formal regional integration scheme, there is evidence of Japanese behaviour leading to what can be termed soft regionalisation with Japan as the dominant actor. A major increase in direct investment, supported by large amounts of foreign aid helping to create the necessary infrastructure for that investment, is the principal vehicle for the increasing Japanese involvement in Asia. Regional trade flows have shown less of a shift toward Japan, but that could change in the 1990s. The developing nations of Asia have been quite receptive to this rapid increase in the Japanese economic presence, and would be quite foolish to restrict the inflow of foreign aid and direct investment. Recipient countries should recognize however that the co-ordination between ...
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.70
    Keywords: Development ; Morocco
    Abstract: This paper reviews the process of agricultural policy reforms in Morocco in the 1980's, with particular emphasis on the cereals and sugar sub-sectors. Agricultural policy is reviewed in historical perspective, to show that the liberalisation process which was proposed in the framework of structural adjustment reforms ran contrary to the agricultural development strategy followed by Morocco since Independence. The macro-economic performance of Morocco is examined. It shows that the origin of the economic policy reforms can be found in the necessity to seek balance of payment ssupport. This led from a series of orthodox stabilisation measures to a process of liberalisation and structural adjustment which has affected a certain number of sectors including agriculture. The history of proposals for agricultural reforms is outlined and the extent of actual implementation is discussed. The adequacy of policy instruments and the impact of reforms are reviewed in a more detailed form for the ...
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789282105863
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (102 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.87
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trains à grande vitesse ; Rapport de la 87ème table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 16 et 17 mai 1991
    Keywords: Transport
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.62
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper starts out reviewing and comparing the World Population Plan of Action and the UNESCO-UNEP Global Strategy for Environmental Education: the objectives, tactics, actors and institutions. Subsequently, the examination of numerous materials from the family planning field provides some examples to be emulated by community-based environmental activities in developing countries. Population, cultural and gender variables are also sought in some existing environmental education and protection efforts. It is hoped that such information will increase the ability to integrate these concerns into environmental education and public awareness programmes. The analysis builds on the author's previous research on gender issues ...
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  • 84
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.67
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper presents an assessment of the results of Brady plans for debtor countries which have implemented such agreements (Costa Rica, Mexico, the Philippines, Uruguay and Venezuela). First, we show that the relatively successful Mexican case cannot be generalized, due to the great diversity of the agreements signed. Hence a case-by-case analysis is essential. Second, we attempt to measure the distribution of wealth gains and losses among Brady plan participants. An original feature of this attempt is that we explicitly take account of the role of multilateral creditors in the burden sharing. In a simplified framework, Brady plans are interpreted as a "gift" from official creditors, which is, with one exception, fairly equally shared between banks and debtors. On completion of this analysis, the assessment is modified on a case-by-case basis in order to take account of efficiency gains specifically linked to the Brady deals. This does not lead to very optimistic conclusions about ...
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  • 85
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.56
    Keywords: Development ; Mali
    Abstract: This paper presents the variety of debt relief measures from which Mali has benefited in recent years. Particular emphasis is placed on the 1988 measures accorded by the Paris Club under the Toronto terms, of which the country was the first beneficiary. This relief, and the adjustment policy which Mali formed with it, were relatively successful. Indeed, they led to a cleansing of public finances marked, before the political events of Spring 1991, by the total removal of both domestic and international arrears. The size of the improvement in the situation thus obtained, however, was reduced by the existence of debts with Paris Club members excluded from the Toronto terms and above all by heavy debts with non-Paris Club members (the ex-USSR, China and Arab countries). Debt held by multilateral institutions which was not eligible for rescheduling also represented a large financial burden. As a result, in a short time ...
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.76
    Keywords: Development ; Brazil
    Abstract: Structural adjustment, liberalisation and the pressures of technological change are having major impact on the institutional organisation of the agro-industrial sector. In industrialised countries, the private sector is positioned to play the vanguard role in the next generation of agricultural technologies. Thus, the ability to promote and sustain new patterns of co-operation in research and development between the private and the public sectors will be a key determinant of future patterns of competitiveness. This study of Brazil attempts to identify the main lines of technological and organisational innovation at present under way in important sectors of the Brazilian agricultural research system. It focuses on three crops -- soybeans, wheat and sugar -- which are strategic from the point of view of structural adjustment and liberalisation and at the same time involve both export and domestic markets ...
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  • 87
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.66
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Latin America's insertion in the world trade system is entering a period of historical change. Driving that change will be the outcome, or failure, of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations; the increasing regionalisation of trade relations; and the profound liberalisation in Latin America of national trade regimes, which is also leading to a strong revival in the region of sub-regional integration schemes. The interaction between changes in the region's trade regimes and changes in the global determinants of foreign direct investment in manufacturing are affecting the locational advantages of Latin America as a recipient of direct investment flows as well. The effects on Latin America of regionalisation in Europe and in the Western Hemisphere are, overall, benign. "EC 1992" is likely to have a positive net impact on Latin America's exports unless dramatic, and unlikely, discriminatory measures against third parties are introduced in conjunction with the creation of the ...
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  • 88
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Libéralisation des échanges : Quel enjeu ?
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Trade barriers seriously distort patterns of international trade, allocation of resources, and economic growth. The total economic costs of the barriers are estimated to exceed $475 billion per annum • Partial reform, such as envisaged in the Uruguay Round, would yield benefits of $195 billion per annum, of which over $90 billion would accrue to developing and formerly centrally planned countries • The EC, Japan, and EFTA, stand to gain most from liberalisation • Trade liberalisation will raise rural incomes in developing countries
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  • 89
    Online Resource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.60
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Both the process of formation of the Single European Market, which implies major economic and legal changes in Europe, and the results, which imply greater efficiency and growth, affect the Community's trading partners. Initial calculations have suggested that, in aggregate, the benefits for the rest of the world roughly balance the costs. But many developing countries are directly affected by individual sectoral changes. Because of the relatively high degree of specialisation of their economies and trading patterns, the effects on individual developing economies are therefore potentially large. The changes which are likely to be most important for developing countries include: the removal of all barriers to intra-EC trade, which improves the competitiveness of EC relative to non-EC suppliers; the harmonisation of excise duties, which is helpful to coffee, tea and cocoa producers, and harmful to tobacco producers; the harmonisation of textile and clothing quotas, whose effects will ...
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion de l'environnement dans les pays en développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Environmental policy should be inspired by the recognition that the environment is everyone’s business; all social actors must be involved in environmental management • Policies that implicitly subsidize a wasteful and environmentally destructive use of resources are pervasive: reforms should command a high priority on economic as well as environmental grounds • Compared to regulation, market-based instruments are little used but they can be more efficient; they can also produce revenues to finance environmental improvements • Regulatory effectiveness can be improved by: relying more on preventive measures, including environmental impact assessment; targeting large polluters; strengthening enforcement; and favouring mediation over litigation
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  • 91
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La privatisation dans les pays en développement : Réflexions sur une panacée
    Keywords: Development
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Towards Capital Account Convertibility
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: . Les pays en développement les plus avancés sont incités de façon toujours pressante à supprimer les contrôles des mouvements de capitaux ; mais les expériences diverses de libéralisation montrent que les réformes doivent être élaborées avec soin pour améliorer l'efficacité économique et la croissance sans compromettre la stabilité. . Il est recommandé de procéder à une suppression graduelle de ces contrôles en prenant appui sur le progrès des réformes fiscales, la gestion du taux de change, le renforcement de la concurrence, et de la surveillance du système bancaire et la résolution des problèmes internes posés par les créances bancaires douteuses.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.55
    Keywords: Development ; Nigeria
    Abstract: Buoyant oil revenues in the 1970s provided Nigeria with the basis for large but unsustainable increases in incomes and public expenditure. Agriculture was neglected and the economy became heavily dependent on crude oil and more vulnerable to external shocks. These led to fundamental changes in the structure of the Nigerian economy. When the oil revenues collapsed following the glut in international oil market in the early 1980s, the country faced an acute economic crisis. Unable to shift gears in the face of changing economic fortunes the country resorted to external borrowing. Instead of adjusting, the government adopted a policy of deficit financing. The deficits were financed by borrowing from international capital markets (ICM), a drawn-down of external reserves, and by accumulation of arrears on external trade payments. The debt stock grew rapidly from $3.4 billion in 1980 to $17.3 billion in 1985 and $32.9 billion in 1990. In 1986, the government adopted a structural ...
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  • 94
    Language: French
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.71
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: What does the Paris Club do for debtor countries, and more particularly for the poorest of them? Set up to ease the liquidity constraints of a country experiencing payment problems, by rescheduling its debt with the creditor governments, the Paris Club has frequently had to intervene since the beginning of the debt crisis. Since the Toronto Summit of June 1988 it has also been playing the role of aid provider for the poorest debtor countries. After describing the functioning of the Paris Club in part one, the study goes on to evaluate the extent and role of the liquidity provided by the Club throughout the 1980s in part two. An initial finding is that the sums rescheduled through its action were very much greater than those lent over the same period by the creditor governments comprising the Club. Through focusing on selected African countries, the paper then shows that the main role of the liquidity created has been to avoid these countries' accumulating massive arrears and being cut ...
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.63
    Keywords: Development ; Mexico
    Abstract: Should Mexican agriculture be liberalized? If so, how fast should this be done, and what policies should accompany the transition? We use Mexican agriculture as a case study to analyze the transition problems that arise in most major economic reforms. We focus on the implications for policy design of the absence of efficient capital markets; on the welfare costs of reforming only gradually; on incentive problems created by trade adjustment policies; and on the redistributive aspects of policy reform in the presence of realistic limits on available policy instruments. Our key point is that adjustment should focus on increasing the value of the assets owned by the groups affected, and not on direct income transfers or programs targeted on output or other characteristics controlled by the beneficiaries. We target adjustment on what people have, as opposed to what people do ...
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.35
    Keywords: Development ; Thailand
    Abstract: Two key developments affected Thai agriculture in the last decade: the precipitous decline (until 1988) in world prices for the major agricultural items exported by Thailand, and the decline in the amount of cultivable land available for each agricultural worker. During this same period the Thai economy has experienced a slowdown in the rate of growth of real GDP and an increase in the extent of poverty, the first time this has happened since statistics on poverty became available in 1963. As these economy-wide developments and the adverse changes specific to agriculture coincided, it came to be widely believed that the one is the cause of the other. This paper sets out to examine the validity of this belief, using an applied general equilibrium model (the THAM-2). The simulations indicate that the effect of the agriculture-associated changes on the Thai economy can be quite substantial. Liberalization of rice alone will increase real GDP by 2 to 3 per cent. Had the world ...
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.43
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The problems associated with structural stagnation, the debt crisis, and policy mismanagement have proved resistant to the procedures of balance-of-payments stabilization and structural adjustment of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. This paper considers the challenges encountered in merging policies of adjustment and development planning. We consider some guiding principles and weigh some alternative policies. The paper suggests that a new approach may be useful for the countries that have been least successful at making adjustments, face massive structural problems, and need additional donor aid. Development Agreements would call, on the part of the recipient countries, for policies based on a "development strategy" and, on the part of the donor countries, for assurances of long-term financial assistance. It is suggested that such agreements be organised and overseen by joint Development Commissions made up of representatives of the donors, the recipient ...
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.47
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Four scenarios for the global trading system in the 1990s are outlined and their implications for developing countries considered: (i) further development of a GATT-based trading regime; (ii) development of a world of trading blocs -- where the critical issue is not whether they will emerge (they will) but whether they become "building blocks" for a more integrated global system or "stumbling blocks" that cause the system to fragment; (iii) development of a system of managed trade, where political forces would dominate outcomes and which could evolve out of the friction between Japan and the United States or Europe; and (iv) movement beyond GATT and dealing with international problems "at the borders" toward a system of deeper global harmonisation in such areas as competition policy, standards, regulatory practices and technology policies. The answer to the question of which of these scenarios will predominate is of growing importance for developing countries, both because of ...
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.49
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In the 1960s, the principle of subsidies for agricultural inputs was unquestioned. The advent of Structural Adjustment Plans led however to a re-examination of this principle, as preference moved towards liberalisation of the agricultural sector. Given the very low consumption of fertilizers in sub-Saharan Africa — a consumption level which is currently the lowest for all world regions — its agricultural development calls imperatively for an increase in the use of fertilizers. Widespread diffusion of the most modern agricultural practices is therefore a sine quo non for agricultural policies in this region. Hitherto, the cessation of subsidies has always resulted in reduced use of fertilizers. This is due to the specific nature of private demand for agricultural inputs, which is particularly sensitive to the risk factor associated with the use of fertilizers. Users must accordingly be protected against the economic hazards consequent upon the introduction of modern ...
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.46
    Keywords: Development ; Brazil
    Abstract: On average, the role of export-credit operations (ECOs) in the Brazilian economy has been modest: during the 1985-89 period they involved only 2.57 per cent of total Brazilian imports, highly concentrated in "equipment" (excluding transport, but including government services), "cereals" and "coal", with the United States, Canada and France being the most important partners (covering on average 88.5 per cent of the total). The subsidy, in principle, corresponds to the value of the difference between repayments according to market and "soft" conditions, that is, the difference between interest payments without and with soft terms. However, problems arise because (i) soft loans are not always made available as soon as they are agreed upon, (ii) such loans usually benefit from a grace period, (iii) the interest rate on the loan and the discount factor can change over time, and, last but not least, (iv) ex-anteevaluations of the benefit are hard to capture by looking at ...
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