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  • 1995-1999  (194)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (194)
  • Governance  (116)
  • Social Issues/Migration/Health  (54)
  • OECD  (26)
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Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Tax/Benefit Position of Employees : 1997 1998 Edition = La situation des salariés au regard de l'impôt et des transferts sociaux : 1997 Edition 1998 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264072510
    Language: Multiple languages , English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Employment ; Taxation ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Steuerbelastung
    Abstract: This annual publication provides unique information on direct taxes levied from employees and their employers in all OECD Member countries. In addition, the book specifies family benefits paid as cash transfers. Amounts of taxes and benefits are detailed program by program, for eight household types, which differ by income level and household composition. Results include the tax burden for one- and two- earner families.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264072510-en-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Net Social Expenditure (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.39
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper contains an overview of net total (public and private) social expenditure indicators. These indicators have been developed to supplement available historical information on gross social expenditure trends by accounting for the varying impact of the tax system across countries. Tax systems can affect social spending in three ways: Governments levy direct taxes and social security contributions on cash transfers. Governments levy indirect taxes on goods and services bought by benefit recipients. And, Governments may award tax advantages similar to cash benefits and/or grant tax concessions aiming to stimulate purchase of insurance coverage by private agents. The paper summarises the methodological framework as previously developed, but extends coverage to thirteen countries for which information for 1993 and/or 1995 is now available: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom ...
    DOI: 10.1787/446511258155
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Latvia (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Public Management Profiles no.8
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lettonie
    Keywords: Governance ; Latvia
    Abstract: Latvia is a parliamentary republic first established on 18 November 1918, whose constitution (Satversme) was adopted on 15 February 1922. Its de facto sovereignty and independence ended with the USSR’s occupation as from 1940 and were restored by the Declaration of the Renewal of the Independence of the Republic of Latvia dated 4 May 1990 and the 21 August 1991 declaration re-establishing de facto independence, both of which proclaimed the authority of the Satversme. The Satversme was fully reinstated on 6 July 1993 when the parliament (Saeima) convened after the first democratic elections since the 1930s. On 17 June 1999, the 100-member Saeima cast 53 votes for Vaira Vike-Freiberga, who became the first woman to be elected president in the former Soviet Union.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk1863p7zt-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lettonie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Latvia
    Keywords: Governance ; Latvia
    Abstract: La Lettonie est une république parlementaire créée le 18 novembre 1918 et dont la constitution (Satversme) a été adoptée le 15 février 1922. Sa souveraineté et son indépendance ont pris fin de facto avec l’occupation par l’URSS à partir de 1940, et elles ont été restaurées par la Déclaration sur le rétablissement de l’indépendance de la République de Lettonie datée du 4 mai 1990 et par la déclaration du 21 août 1991 restaurant de facto l’indépendance, qui ont toutes deux proclamé l’autorité de la constitution. Cette dernière a été pleinement rétablie le 6 juillet 1993 lorsque le parlement (Saeima) s’est réuni après les premières élections démocratiques qui se sont déroulées depuis les années 30. Le 17 juillet 1999 Vaira Vike-Freiberga a été élue avec 53 votes par la Saeima de 100 membres, et est ainsi devenue la première femme élue président d’un pays de l’ancienne Union soviétique.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk185xc96d-fr
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Czech Republic (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Public Management Profiles no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. République tchèque
    Keywords: Governance ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: The period of democratic transition began in November 1989 and was mainly defined by the following events: the ending of the totalitarian rule of the Communist Party on 17 November 1989; the beginning of the reconstruction of state administration and the centralized economic system in January 1990; the first democratic parliamentary elections to the Federal Assembly, the Czech National Council and the Slovak National Council in June 1990; the dissolution of the Federation on 1 January 1993; and the subsequent establishment of a public management system for the newly independent Czech Republic.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk1828j4q0-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Slovenia (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Public Management Profiles no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Slovénie
    Keywords: Governance ; Slovenia
    Abstract: Political Background Until 25 June 1991, Slovenia was a constituent republic of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The first multiparty elections in Slovenia took place in the spring of 1990. On 23 December 1991, a new constitution was adopted. It created a modern democratic constitutional order and established the basis for a parliamentary system of government. The first parliamentary elections following independence took place in December 1992. The most recent presidential elections took place in November 1997. Milan Kucan was re-elected as president in the first round with more than 55 per cent of the vote. The next presidential elections are scheduled for November 2001. The most recent parliamentary elections took place in November 1996. Approximately thirty political parties fielded candidates in the elections. Following the elections, the Liberal Democrats entered into a coalition with the Slovenian People’s Party and the DeSUS Party. The leader of the Liberal Democrats, Janez Drnovšek, was re-elected as prime minister.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml60bwpr9n-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Slovénie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Slovenia
    Keywords: Governance ; Slovenia
    Abstract: Arrière-plan politique Jusqu’au 25 juin 1991 la Slovénie était une république faisant partie de l’ancienne République socialiste fédérative de Yougoslavie. Les premières élections à partis multiples ont eu lieu au printemps 1990. Le 23 décembre 1991 une nouvelle constitution a été adoptée. Elle a instauré un ordre moderne de type démocratique et constitutionnel, et elle a jeté les bases d’un système de gouvernement parlementaire. Les premières élections législatives après l’indépendance se sont déroulées en décembre 1992. Les élections présidentielles les plus récentes ont eu lieu en novembre 1997. Milan Kucan a été réélu président au premier tour avec plus de 55 pour cent des voix. Les prochaines élections présidentielles sont prévues pour novembre 2001. Les élections législatives les plus récentes remontent à novembre 1996. Une trentaine de partis politiques présentèrent des candidats. Après les élections les Libéraux-Démocrates ont formé une coalition avec le Parti du Peuple Slovène et le Parti DeSUS. Le chef des Libéraux-Démocrates, Janez Drnovsek, a été réélu comme premier ministre.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml60bt8gbt-fr
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bulgaria (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Public Management Profiles no.15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bulgarie
    Keywords: Governance ; Bulgaria
    Abstract: The Republic of Bulgaria was restored in January 1990, following amendments to the communist-inspired constitution, which put an end to the single-party rule of the Bulgarian Communist Party, and the conclusion of the round table agreement between the communist government and representatives of the democratic opposition. The new Bulgarian Constitution was adopted by the Grand National Assembly in July 1991. It marked the return to multi-party democracy. Since the beginning of democratic transformation in Bulgaria, four general parliamentary elections have been held, including the elections to what was then called the Grand National Assembly of June 1990, and elections to the national assembly in October 1991, December 1994 and, most recently, April 1997. The next parliamentary elections are scheduled for spring 2001. Presidential elections were held in January 1992 and November 1996. The next elections for the presidency will be held in autumn 2001. Democratic local government elections took place in October 1991 and in November 1995. The next round of local elections will take place in the autumn of 1999.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk181vkgzq-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ageing and Care for Frail Elderly Persons : An Overview of International Perspectives (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.38
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper examines the various constraints which OECD Member countries must now deal with, faced with the prospects of rapid growth in the number of frail elderly persons. It pays particular attention to recent trends in disability. Most of the available cross-country evidence shows trends towards better functional health in older populations, although the magnitude of the gains and their significance need further assessment. In this context, this paper advocates an “active ageing” approach to long-term care policies. It provides some rough estimates of the macroeconomic costs of long-term care. It also presents some indicators of public/private financing and institutionalisation rates. The public costs of providing long-term care are estimated to be relatively modest as a proportion of GDP (of the order of 1 or 2 per cent or less). However, much care for the frail elderly is provided through informal care-giving arrangements which are not reflected in official figures.
    DOI: 10.1787/313777154147
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Towards Lifelong Learning in Hungary (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173606
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Hungary
    Abstract: Lifelong Learning for All, the report emerging from the meeting of OECD Education Ministers signals their own commitment to advancing further this orientation in national education systems. Subsequent meetings of Labour and Social Affairs Ministers endorsed the relevance of a lifelong learning approach to address important aspects of labour and social policy issues. This report is the first country study organised in the form of an education policy review. It analyses the obstacles and challenges encountered thus far in adapting a lifelong learning approach to policy making in education and training from pre-school to adult education and retraining. Particular attention is given to education and the economy, regional development, new forms of distance education and financing.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173606-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Battle against Exclusion : Social Assistance in Canada and Switzerland (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173972
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combattre l'exclusion ; L'aide sociale au Canada et en Suisse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combattre l'exclusion : L'aide sociale au Canada et en Suisse
    RVK:
    QX 000
    RVK:
    QX 900
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Canada ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Preventing hardship among those with few or no resources is no easy task. Today, institutions whose goal is to help those at the margins seek to integrate and encourage them in order to avoid social exclusion. How can social assistance best balance the adequacy of benefits with financial incentives to work? What policy measures are essential to promote independence and reduce (intergenerational) welfare dependence? What can be done to promote individual responsibility in societies where taxpayers and voters are explicitly regarded as major stakeholders in social policy? These are some of the most pressing social issues this book addresses by comparing social assistance policies in four Canadian provinces -- Alberta, New Brunswick, Ontario and Saskatchewan -- and four Swiss cantons -- Graubünden, Ticino, Vaud and Zürich. In Switzerland, few people were forced to rely on social assistance until unemployment rose sharply at the beginning of the 1990s. The authorities are now struggling with how to promote social inclusion by keeping benefit levels high whilst at the same time improving measures designed to get benefit recipients back into work. In Canada, all provinces have stressed the role of work as the best way of avoiding benefit dependency, and some provinces have also cut benefit levels and restricted access to benefits. The success of Canada in reducing social assistance benefit dependency stands out in an area of social protection where across the developed world there are remarkably few such successes. Further reading This book is part of "The Battle against Exclusion" series, consisting of comparative studies of social assistance policies. To get a more comprehensive picture of social policies in OECD countries, please consult the first two volumes of the series, both published in 1998: the first volume covers Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom, and the second volume, Belgium, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Norway.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173972-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Echanges et concurrence : Quelles politiques pour demain ? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264280007
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade and Competition Policies for Tomorrow
    Keywords: Governance ; Trade
    Abstract: Les liens entre politique des échanges et politique de la concurrence suscitent un intérêt croissant depuis quelques années. En effet, avec la baisse des droits de douane, les négociateurs s’intéressent de plus en plus aux politiques intérieures sources de distorsions dans les échanges, ainsi qu'aux obstacles non gouvernementaux au commerce. En outre, la disparition des barrières officielles aux échanges et à l’investissement peut inciter les entreprises à adopter un comportement anticoncurrentiel pour protéger leurs marchés. D'où la nécessité de développer des politiques cohérentes. Parce qu'elles cherchent les unes comme les autres à améliorer l’allocation des ressources, politiques des échanges et politiques de la concurrence se complètent et se renforcent mutuellement. Les travaux rassemblés dans cet ouvrage sont issus du Groupe conjoint sur les échanges et la concurrence de l’OCDE. Ils examinent les relations et les complémentarités qui existent entre ces politiques à travers une approche multidisciplinaire typique de l’OCDE. Ce livre -- dont un chapitre entier est consacré au secteur des télécommunications -- jette sur toutes ces questions un éclairage inédit avant le nouveau cycle de négociations de l'OMC. Mais quelle que soit l'issue du sommet de Seattle, les problèmes soulevés dans cet ouvrage resteront d'actualité.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264280007-fr
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Agriculture in China and OECD Countries : Past Policies and Future Challenges (OECD Proceedings) (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173293
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.1/851
    RVK:
    QS 000
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; China, People’s Republic ; Konferenzschrift ; China ; Agrarpolitik ; OECD ; Agrarpolitik
    Abstract: The pace of growth in China's agricultural sector is remarkable. Over the past 20 years, food production has outpaced population growth, and enhanced the nutritional status of a billion people. But this success has given rise to a number of questions. Most importantly, will China be able to provide food for its population in a sustainable way, while absorbing the 15 million people added to its population each year? What policies should accompany China’s transition to a market-based economy in the agricultural sector which employs the vast majority of China’s working population? What are the implications of economic and agricultural growth for the environment, the rural communities and the social fabric? What are the implications for international agricultural markets and what could be at stake for other food importing countries? Determining how this demand for food will be met requires a complex analytical framework whose parameters are the subject of an intense discussion and debate. The proceedings of this workshop provide a rich repository of material that helps answer many of these questions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173293-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Strategic Business Services (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173590
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les services stratégiques aux entreprises
    RVK:
    QQ 200
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Unternehmensberatung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; OECD ; Dienstleistung ; Industriebetrieb
    Abstract: Strategic business services, examined in twenty-one OECD country case studies in this book, comprise services in computer software and information processing, research and development and technical testing, marketing, business organisation (management consultancy and labour recruitment) and human resource development. This sector has been growing at around 10% per year, and overall turnover for 1999 is likely to be close to USD 1.5 trillion. These services create jobs in OECD countries, directly employing at least 11 million persons. Business organisation services were the major employer, with 3.6 million people in personnel recruitment services and 1.5 million in management consultancy in the mid-1990s. This sector’s strong performance is driven by the general shift towards services, the rise of the knowledge-based economy, the need for greater flexibility within firms, specialisation and increased division of labour in many areas, outsourcing by established firms, and the trend towards smaller production units and firms.Governments influence the demand for business services by promoting private sector investment in intangibles such as R&D, training and education and business organisation, and by supporting the supply of these services through a range of intermediary agencies. The provision of strategic business services is seen as key to improving the performance and competitiveness of small and medium-sized firms.Countries covered Australia Austria Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands Norway New Zealand Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173590-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
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    Children and Families at Risk : New Issues in Integrating Services (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264164093
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Fears of the prospect of growing social exclusion have become important concerns in recent years for many countries. Improving the quality of education and the standards attained by students to improve employability is one of the tools being used to prevent exclusion. However, changing social realities are leaving young children and students more exposed than ever to failure at school and unemployment. It is becoming increasingly clear that communities, education systems, schools and teachers are not equipped to deal with the many problems which arise and when social or health services become involved conflicts of interest can arise leading to actions which are not always in the clients' best interests. The necessity to provide greater co-ordination among these services, to improve their efficiency and effectiveness and to provide a seamless support to meet the holistic needs of students and their families is now becoming more accepted. Such an approach, inter alia, is community-based, emphasises prevention rather than being crisis-oriented, is customer-driven rather than being focused on an agency, and is accountable through outcomes rather than inputs. For many, better co-ordination of services is seen as the only solution available which is commensurate with our present democratic societies. All of the papers in this book were presented at a conference held in Toronto, Canada. They are original and have been written by policy-makers from different ministries, researchers from different disciplines and clients who come variously from Canada, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, and the USA.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264164093-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
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    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in Mexico 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789164180315
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; Mexico
    Abstract: OECD's 1999 review of regulatory reform in Mexico. It finds that regulatory reform has been key to the transformation of the Mexican economy over the past 15 years. Formerly inward-looking and heavily regulated, the Mexican economy today is relatively open and market-based. The rapid pace, broad scope, and depth of regulatory reforms exceed those of most OECD countries. These reforms have already produced major benefits for Mexico, not least by increasing economic flexibility so that Mexico rebounds more quickly from economic crises. But benefits of reforms have been slowed by the macroeconomic crises of the 1990s. Sustained attention is needed now to complete and implement reforms to establish conditions for vigorous market competition and entry, while strengthening the capacity of the Mexican state to use high quality and transparent regulatory instruments in carrying out public policies. A multi-year period of policy stability supportive of market-led growth could produce enduring and broad-based benefits for Mexican consumers and businesses. Mexico was one of the first OECD countries to request a broad review by the OECD of its national regulatory practices and domestic regulatory reforms. This report -- the result of intensive assessment by the OECD and review by its Member countries -- is unique in that it presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the macroeconomic context, the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and integration of market openness principles in regulatory processes, and in sectors such as telecommunications. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer-term based on best international regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789164180315-en
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  • 17
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    The local dimension of welfare to work : an international survey; [proceedings of the Sheffield conference, held in November 1998 ... were prepared by the local economic and employment development (LEED) programme of the OECD's Territorial Development Service] (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264174125
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. The local dimension of welfare to work
    RVK:
    QK 900
    RVK:
    QX 900
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift 1998 ; OECD ; Beschäftigungspolitik ; Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit ; Regionale Beschäftigungspolitik ; OECD ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Regionale Beschäftigungspolitik
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174122-en
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  • 18
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    Implementing the OECD jobs strategy : assessing performance and policy; unemployment in the OECD area, 1950 - 2000 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264173684
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: The OECD Jobs Strategy
    Series Statement: The OECD jobs strategy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Implementing the OECD jobs strategy
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. ;La stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi : Évaluation des performances et des politiques
    Keywords: OECD ; Beschäftigungspolitik
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173682-en
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  • 19
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    Pologne (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Poland
    Keywords: Governance ; Poland
    Abstract: Le 2 avril 1997 l’Assemblée nationale a adopté une nouvelle Constitution. Elle a remplacé la loi constitutionnelle sur les relations mutuelles entre le pouvoir législatif et le pouvoir exécutif et sur les collectivités locales, connue sous le nom de « Petite Constitution ». La nouvelle Constitution a été approuvée par référendum populaire le 26 mai 1997, signée par le Président et publiée le 16 juillet 1997. Elle est finalement entrée en vigueur le 17 octobre 1997. Elle était en discussion depuis 1989, mais plusieurs tentatives antérieures visant à adopter un nouveau texte avaient échoué. En vertu des dispositions de la nouvelle Constitution, des amendements ne peuvent être proposés que par un minimum d’un cinquième du nombre officiel de députés du Sejm, par le Sénat, ou par le Président de la République. Un projet d’amendement de la Constitution doit obligatoirement être adopté par le Sejm à la majorité d’au moins deux tiers des voix et en présence d’au moins la moitié du nombre officiel de députés ; pour le Sénat il faut une approbation à la majorité absolue des voix en présence d’au moins la moitié du nombre officiel de sénateurs. Si des changements doivent être apportés aux chapitres I, II ou XII de la Constitution, leurs promoteurs peuvent demander la tenue d’un référendum populaire de confirmation. La Pologne a traditionnellement fait partie de la tradition juridique continentale. Même du temps du communisme, le pays n’a pas rompu avec cet héritage juridique. Le système juridique polonais repose sur une hiérarchie de normes de droit.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk186mgzmv-fr
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  • 20
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    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in the United States 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173989
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation aux États-Unis 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation aux États-Unis 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; United States
    Abstract: The United States has been a world leader in regulatory reform for a quarter century. Contrary to popular belief, the United States is not less regulated than other countries, but differently regulated due to the pro-competition policy stance of federal regulatory regimes, and the openness and contestability of regulatory processes. Far-reaching economic deregulation combined with efforts to improve the quality of social regulation have supported the construction of one of the most innovative, flexible and open economies in the OECD, while maintaining health, safety and environmental standards at relatively high levels. However, significant regulatory problems still exist. Improving the performance and cost-effectiveness of expensive social regulations and government formalities is a key challenge for regulatory quality. In a word, the challenge of regulatory reform in the United States is not how much regulation, but how good. The United States is one of the first OECD countries to request a broad review by the OECD of its national regulatory practices and domestic regulatory reforms. This report -- the result of intensive assessment by the OECD and review by its Member countries -- is unique in that it presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the macroeconomic context, the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and integration of market openness principles in regulatory processes, and in sectors such as electricity and telecommunications. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer-term based on best international regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173989-en
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  • 21
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    Lithuania (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Public Management Profiles no.7
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lituanie
    Keywords: Governance ; Lithuania
    Abstract: On 11 March 1990, the Supreme Council adopted the Provisional Basic Law of the Republic of Lithuania, which was viewed as the constitution, thereby suspending the former constitution of 12 May 1938. However, the Provisional Basic Law was only a constitutional Act of a transitional character; it did not change the structure of state power, and not all of the institutions characteristic of a democratic state were re-established. The Provisional Basic Law remained in force until the autumn of 1992. On 25 October 1992 citizens voted in a referendum to approve the constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, which re-established all the traditional state institutions, i.e. the Seimas, the presidency, the government, and the judiciary. In addition, the constitution introduced some new institutions to support the democratic functioning of the state, including the constitutional court, the ombudsman, and the state control department. The constitutional court’s status and procedures for executing its powers are established by the Law on the Constitutional Court of Lithuania, which the parliament adopted on 3 February 1993. The constitution also introduced the principle of independence for local governments.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk1869tqg6-en
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  • 22
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    Estonie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estonia
    Keywords: Governance ; Estonia
    Abstract: L’Estonie est une démocratie constitutionnelle disposant d’une constitution écrite. La Constitution de la République de l’Estonie et la loi portant son application ont été adoptées par voie de référendum le 28 juin 1992 et sont entrées en vigueur le lendemain. Depuis son adoption la Constitution n’a fait l’objet d’aucun amendement. Des versions en anglais de la Constitution et de bien d’autres lois et décrets sont disponibles à l’adresse suivante : http://www.legaltext.ee (Centre estonien de traduction et de soutien législatif). La Constitution pose le principe de la continuité juridique de la République de l’Estonie, dont l’indépendance a été proclamée le 24 février 1918, qui fut ensuite occupée par l’Union soviétique le 17 juin 1940 pour être annexée ensuite à cette dernière le 6 août 1940. La Constitution reflète l’idée de restauration juridique, qui a servi de base au retour à l’indépendance et à la libération vis-à-vis de l’Union soviétique le 21 août 1991. Le Riigikogu a récemment entamé l’examen des résultats d’une étude effectuée par la Commission gouvernementale d’experts sur la révision constitutionnelle. Si les propositions de la Commission sont adoptées, elles ne changeraient pas les principes de base de la Constitution mais renforceraient le système de gouvernement parlementaire et constitutionnel. Les propositions les plus importantes concernent la création d’un conseil constitutionnel distinct, le renforcement du contrôle civil exercé sur les forces de défense, et l’attribution des compétences d’un médiateur au Chancelier législatif. Il est en outre possible que des amendements soient nécessaires du fait de l’adhésion de l’Estonie à l’Union européenne ; ces amendements ont trait à un principe de base de la Constitution, le principe de souveraineté.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk1837b1mn-fr
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  • 23
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    Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation au Japon 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273719
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform; Regulatory Reform in Japan 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; Japan
    Abstract: La réforme de la réglementation est au coeur de la stratégie de redressement économique et de croissance à long terme du Japon. Des progrès considérables ont déjà été accomplis pour réaliser cette priorité identifiée dès 1994 par le gouvernement japonais, mais il est aujourd'hui indispensable d'approfondir et d'accélérer la réforme de la réglementation. Cet ouvrage prône une rupture radicale avec les pratiques réglementaires et les doctrines du passé. Des mesures énergiques, relevant à la fois de la réforme sectorielle et de la réforme des conditions cadres, doivent être adoptées rapidement pour parachever le passage d'un modèle de croissance induite par l'Etat, devenu largement inopérant, à un modèle de croissance impulsée par le marché, seul à même de jeter les bases d'une compétitivité et d'une prospérité durables au Japon. Le Japon est l'un des premiers pays à avoir demandé à l'OCDE de procéder à un examen général de ses pratiques réglementaires et des réformes de la réglementation menées à l'échelon national. Cet ouvrage est le fruit de l'évaluation approfondie menée par l'OCDE et d'un examen par ses pays Membres. Il présente une évaluation intégrée sans équivalent de la réforme de la réglementation dans les domaines aussi essentiels que le contexte macro-économique, la qualité du secteur public, la politique de la concurrence et sa mise en oeuvre, ainsi que l'intégration des principes d'ouverture du marché dans les processus réglementaires et dans des secteurs tels que l'électricité et les télécommunications. Les politiques recommandées offrent un plan d'action équilibré à court et à plus long terme fondé sur les meilleures pratiques réglementaires à l'échelon international. Pour en savoir plus A lire dans la même collection : La réforme de la réglementation aux Etats-Unis, La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique et La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas. L'analyse de fond dont découlent ces premiers examens par pays est présentée dans le Rapport de l'OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation : Rapport de synthèse et dans les deux volumes du Rapport de l'OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation : Etudes sectorielles et Etudes thématiques, publiés en 1997.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273719-fr
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  • 24
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    Development Co-operation Reviews: Finland 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172012
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.31
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Finlande 1999
    RVK:
    QC 347
    RVK:
    QM 353
    RVK:
    MK 8500
    Keywords: Development ; Finland ; OECD ; Finnland
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1999 review of Finlands development aid programmes and policies. It finds that following a steep decline in its development co-operation programme in the early 1990s Finland is engaged in redesigning and building up its aid programme. The Cabinet Decision-in-principle of September 1996 is now the main point of reference for Finnish development co-operation. It includes a firm target of 0.4 per cent by the year 2000 for the ratio of Finland's official development assistance to the gross national product (the ODA/GNP ratio), the integration of development co-operation into a coherent foreign policy framework and the reorganisation of the aid administration within the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. At the DAC review of Finland's aid policies and programmes on 16 October 1998 the Committee commended both the partnership orientation of Finland's policies, as set out in the Decision-in-principle, and the growing volume of Finnish aid, a welcome reversal of the situation at the time of the last DAC Peer Review of Finland in 1995, when aid volume was in a deep decline. This Review addresses several other key issues: Finland's long-term partnerships with primary orientation countries; the flexibility concept, included in the Decision-in-principle; the need for clear sectoral and cross-cutting policy guidance; field management and delegation to the field; and the revised screening process for project and policy proposals that is part of the quality control system of Finnish aid.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172012-en
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  • 25
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    Trade and Competition Policies for Tomorrow (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180000
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges et concurrence ; Quelles politiques pour demain ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges et concurrence : Quelles politiques pour demain ?
    RVK:
    QM 200
    Keywords: Governance ; Trade ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Wettbewerbspolitik
    Abstract: The links between trade policy and competition policy have become more important in recent years. With tariff reductions, trade negotiators are looking increasingly at non-border policies that distort trade and at non-governmental barriers to trade. And, as official barriers to trade and investment fall, firms may have a greater incentive to engage in anti-competitive conduct to protect markets. Hence the need for coherent trade and competition policies. Trade and competition policies each seek to improve the allocation of resources; they complement and reinforce each other. These papers from the OECD Joint Group on Trade and competition examine aspects of those complementarities and relationships and in so doing draw on the OECD’s capacity to analyse questions in a multidisciplinary way. This book -- which includes a whole chapter on the telecommunications sector -- throws new light on all these issues in the lead up to the WTO's new round of negotiations. But whatever the outcome of Seattle, the questions raised in this volume will remain relevant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180000-en
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  • 26
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    Trade, Investment and Development: Policy Coherence Matters (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273504
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges, investissement et développement ; Pour la cohérence des politiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Échanges, investissement et développement : Pour la cohérence des politiques
    RVK:
    QC 347
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; OECD ; Entwicklungspolitik
    Abstract: The development process can advance more rapidly than ever before in the new global economy. While opening their economies to trade and investment is a necessary condition for developing countries to achieve sustained high growth and reduce poverty, it is by no means a sufficient condition. Initiating a sustainable dynamic growth requires sound, market-oriented economic policies; appropriate social policy frameworks, including strong investment in human capital and adequate social safety-nets; and good governance. But, as shown by the Asian financial crisis, weaknesses in any of these basic foundations make even successful developing economies vulnerable to crisis. OECD countries have a pivotal role to play in facilitating developing countries' efforts to fully exploit the benefits of open trade and investment. The key objective of this report is to identify how OECD countries can promote policy coherence by improving the framework for international investment and capital flows; addressing environmental concerns; facilitating participation of developing countries in the global information society; and enhancing the coherence of development co-operation policies. To be successful, policy coherence implies the broader agenda of consciously taking account of the needs and interests of developing countries in order for them to be effective rather than vulnerable and marginal players in the global economy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273504-en
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  • 27
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    Public Sector Corruption : An International Survey of Prevention Measures (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173965
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La corruption dans le secteur public ; Panorama international des mesures de prévention
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La corruption dans le secteur public : Panorama international des mesures de prévention
    RVK:
    QR 420
    Keywords: Governance ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Korruption ; Prävention
    Abstract: Integrity is a fundamental pre-condition for governments seeking to provide a trustworthy and effective framework for the economic and social life of their citizens. The cost of corruption to governments is increasingly well known and documented. It is now widely recognised that countering corruption and promoting public integrity are critical for sustained economic development. Corruption, however, is not a cause but a consequence: as much the result of systemic failure as individual dishonesty. Preventing corruption is as complex as the phenomenon of corruption itself and a combination of interrelated mechanisms, including sound ethics management systems, specific prevention techniques and effective law and law enforcement, are needed for success. It is therefore invaluable, in taking action against corruption, to have an understanding of the relevant legal, civil service and management systems employed by a range of countries to counter corruption. This book surveys the measures that 15 OECD countries are currently using to protect their domestic public institutions against corruption. It is a companion to Ethics in the Public Service: Current Issues and Practice, OECD 1996.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173965-en
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  • 28
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    A Caring World : The New Social Policy Agenda (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172593
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour un monde solidaire ; Le nouvel agenda social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour un monde solidaire : Le nouvel agenda social
    DDC: 361.6/1 21
    RVK:
    QX 000
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; OECD ; Sozialpolitik
    Abstract: A new vision of the purpose of social policy is needed. Scaremongers present decision-makers as facing an overwhelming number of complex problems with more and more limited budgets. Society is indeed undergoing profound upheaval. Ageing populations are increasing pressure on the workforce. Changes in the labour market have hit low-skilled workers hard; the term "social exclusion" has entered the political lexicon, and policies can no longer be based on "traditional" family life. But social policy should not be presented as "papering over the cracks" in society caused by economic and demographic change. As knowledge plays an increasing role in generating wealth, empowering individuals to develop their potential is a central and essential part of economic policy. Indeed, economic and social policies are more intertwined than ever. This book paints a complete and accessible picture of the current situation and pinpoints how policies can be reformed. Social policy should aim to promote employment and healthy living, rather than just coping with joblessness and ill-health. Investing in children and families helps ensure that all can contribute fully to society. Innovations and experiments in new social policies to better equip individuals and families with the support they need in responding to change abound in OECD countries. Ministers from OECD countries have committed themselves to the ambitious task of creating just such a caring world.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172593-en
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  • 29
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    The Application of the OECD Model Tax Convention to Partnerships (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173316
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Issues in International Taxation no.6
    Series Statement: Issues in international taxation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'Application du Modèle de Convention fiscale de l'OCDE aux sociétés de personnes
    DDC: 343.068
    RVK:
    QL 530
    Keywords: Taxation ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Internationales Steuerrecht
    Abstract: The application of tax treaties to cases involving partnerships raises a number of complex issues. When is a partnership entitled to the benefits of a tax convention? What happens when the residence and source States apply different articles of the Convention on the basis of differences in their domestic law? How can the problems arising from conflicts of income allocation be solved? This report addresses these issues in detail and focuses on specific factual examples. For each example, the facts and, where applicable, relevant aspects of domestic tax laws are described. Comprehensive recommendations for dealing with the international taxation of partnerships in practice are also presented.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173316-en
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  • 30
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    OECD Principles of Corporate Governance (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173705
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance: (Russian version)
    RVK:
    PS 4220
    RVK:
    QP 341
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services ; Aktiengesellschaft ; Eigentümer ; Recht ; Corporate Governance ; OECD
    Abstract: Over the past decade, the world has witnessed a significant transformation in the role of the private sector in economic development and job creation. As more and more countries have adopted market-based approaches to economic policy, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of private corporations for the welfare of individuals. A good corporate governance regime is central to the efficient use of corporate capital. Good corporate governance also helps to ensure that corporations take into account the interests of a wide rage of constituencies, as well as of the communities within which they operate, and that their boards are accountable to the company and the shareholders. This, in turn, helps to assure that corporations operate for the benefit of society as a whole. It helps to maintain the confidence of investors - both foreign and domestic - and to attract more long-term capital. The OECD Principles of Corporate Governance were endorsed by ministers at the OECD Council meeting at ministerial level on 26-27 May 1999. They were developed in response to a mandate given to the Organisation by the OECD Council meeting at ministerial level in 1998 to develop a set of standards and guidelines on good corporate governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173705-en
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  • 31
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    Combattre l'exclusion : L'aide sociale au Canada et en Suisse (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273979
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (202 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion; Social Assistance in Canada and Switzerland
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion: Social Assistance in Canada and Switzerland
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Canada ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Améliorer le sort de ceux qui sont sans ressources ou qui ont peu de ressources n’est pas chose facile. Aujourd’hui, les institutions qui cherchent à aider les personnes en marge de la société s’efforcent de les intégrer et de les motiver, afin d’éviter l’exclusion sociale. Comment l’aide sociale peut-elle à la fois assurer des prestations suffisantes et conserver l'intérêt financier du travail ? Quelles mesures les pouvoirs publics doivent-ils prendre pour favoriser l’autonomie et réduire la dépendance (reproduite d'une génération à l'autre) à l’égard des mécanismes de solidarité ? Comment encourager la responsabilité individuelle dans des sociétés où les contribuables et les électeurs sont clairement considérés comme des partenaires importants de la politique sociale ? Ce sont là quelques-unes des principales questions que soulève cette étude comparative des politiques d’aide sociale dans quatre provinces canadiennes -- Alberta, Nouveau-Brunswick, Ontario et Saskatchewan -- et quatre cantons suisses -- Grisons, Tessin, Vaud et Zurich. En Suisse, les personnes qui étaient contraintes de recourir à l’aide sociale étaient peu nombreuses jusqu’à ce que le chômage augmente fortement, au début des années 1990. Aujourd’hui, les autorités s’efforcent de favoriser l’insertion sociale en maintenant les prestations à un haut niveau tout en renforçant les mesures destinées à réinsérer les bénéficiaires de prestations dans la vie active. Au Canada, toutes les provinces insistent sur le rôle déterminant du travail, considéré comme le meilleur moyen d’éviter la dépendance à l’égard des prestations sociales, et certaines provinces ont abaissé le niveau de l’aide et restreint l’accès aux prestations. Le succès rencontré par le Canada pour réduire la dépendance à l’égard des prestations est d'autant plus remarquable qu'il a très peu d'équivalents dans les pays développés. Pour en savoir plus Cette étude s’inscrit dans la série « Combattre l’exclusion » composée d'études comparatives des politiques d’aide sociale. Pour avoir une vue plus complète des politiques sociales dans les pays de l’OCDE, on pourra se reporter aux deux premiers volumes de la série, publiés en 1998 : le premier traite des politiques d’aide sociale en Australie, en Finlande, au Royaume-Uni et en Suède ; le deuxième des politiques sociales en Belgique, en Norvège, aux Pays-Bas et en République tchèque.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273979-fr
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  • 32
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    La corruption dans le secteur public : Panorama international des mesures de prévention (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273962
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Public Sector Corruption; An International Survey of Prevention Measures
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Public Sector Corruption: An International Survey of Prevention Measures
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: L’intégrité est un élément indispensable de l’environnement économique et social. Le coût de la corruption pour l’État est de mieux en mieux connu et documenté, et il est largement admis que la lutte contre la corruption et la promotion de l’intégrité publique sont essentielles à un développement économique durable. Cependant, la corruption n’est pas une cause mais une conséquence : elle est le résultat de l’échec des systèmes autant que de la malhonnêteté des individus. La prévention de la corruption est une entreprise aussi complexe que le phénomène lui-même, et elle requiert une combinaison de mécanismes notamment de bons systèmes de gestion de la déontologie, des techniques spécifiques de prévention ainsi que des lois efficaces, et efficacement appliquées. La connaissance des systèmes légaux, de fonction publique et de gestion en place dans un nombre significatif de pays est donc d’une valeur inestimable pour qui veut prendre des mesures contre la corruption. Cet ouvrage passe en revue les mesures prises par 15 pays de l’OCDE pour protéger leurs institutions publiques nationales contre la corruption. Il va de pair avec L’éthique dans le service public : Questions et pratiques actuelles, OCDE, 1996.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273962-fr
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  • 33
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    Environmental requirements for industrial permitting (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264172580
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Bd. 1 - 3
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Environmental requirements for industrial permitting
    Keywords: OECD ; Industrie ; Konzession ; Umwelt
    Note: Erschienen Bd. 1 - 3
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172586-en
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    République tchèque (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Czech Republic
    Keywords: Governance ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: La période de transition vers la démocratie a commencé en novembre 1989 et s’est principalement caractérisée par les événements suivants : fin du pouvoir totalitaire du Parti communiste le 17 novembre 1989 ; début de la reconstruction de l’administration d’État et du système économique centralisé en janvier 1990 ; premières élections législatives démocratiques à l’Assemblée fédérale, au Conseil national tchèque et au Conseil national slovaque en juin 1990 ; dissolution de la Fédération le 1er janvier 1993 ; puis mise en place d’un nouveau système de gestion publique pour la nouvelle République tchèque indépendante.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk1823zjwh-fr
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  • 35
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    The Price of Water : Trends in OECD Countries (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173996
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le prix de l'eau ; Les tendances dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le prix de l'eau : Les tendances dans les pays de l'OCDE
    RVK:
    AR 22700
    Keywords: Environment ; Wasserpreis ; OECD
    Abstract: The price of water is a key determinant of both the economic efficiency and the environmental effectiveness of water services. This book reviews current practices and recent trends in water pricing practices for the household, agriculture, and industrial sectors in OECD countries. It addresses pricing issues related to the full range of water services, including public supplies, sewage treatment and disposal, abstraction and discharge fees, and cost recovery. It also outlines recent developments in institutional arrangements related to water pricing, and briefly considers questions concerning the affordability of water services and the responsiveness of water demands to changes in price levels. Its broad coverage of issues, sectors, and countries makes it a unique overview of trends in the water pricing field.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173996-en
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  • 36
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    Liberalisation of International Insurance Operations : Cross-border Trade and Establishment of Foreign Branches = Libéraliser les opérations internationales d'assurance : Les échanges transfrontières et l'établissement de succursales étrangères (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073074
    Language: Multiple languages , English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    QR 560
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Versicherungswirtschaft ; Internationalisierung
    Abstract: This publication provides a unique overview and analysis of the main measures and practices which affect international insurance operations in OECD countries. The survey focuses in particular on main insurance fields where obstacles to a full liberalisation may still exist, i.e. cross-border trade and establishment of foreign branches. This is the first time since 1983 that such a work is undertaken by the OECD. This study will certainly contribute to further liberalisation of insurance markets in OECD countries and will provide an indispensable reference tool for any person involved in issues related to trade in insurance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073074-en-fr
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  • 37
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    Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273702
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance: (Russian version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Depuis une dizaine d’années, le rôle du secteur privé dans le développement économique et la création d’emplois s'est profondément transformé. Les entreprises privées apportent une contribution importante au bien-être des individus, et ce rôle est de plus en plus reconnu à mesure que davantage de pays axent leur politique économique sur le libre jeu des mécanismes du marché. Un bon système de gouvernement d’entreprise est essentiel pour que les entreprises emploient au mieux leurs ressources en capital. Il permet également de s’assurer qu'elles tiennent compte des intérêts d’une multitude de parties prenantes, ainsi que ceux de la communauté au sein de laquelle elles exercent leur activité, et que le conseil d’administration rend compte de ses actes à la société et aux actionnaires. Grâce à un tel système, on peut ainsi s'assurer que les activités des entreprises servent les intérêts de la société dans son ensemble, on entretient la confiance des investisseurs, tant étrangers que nationaux, et on attire des capitaux à long terme. Les Principes de gouvernement d’entreprise de l’OCDE ont été approuvés par les ministres à la réunion du Conseil de l'OCDE au niveau ministériel des 26-27 mai 1999. Ils sont le fruit du mandat donné à l’Organisation par le Conseil de l'OCDE réuni au niveau des ministres en 1998 afin de définir les normes et lignes directrices d’un système de gouvernement d’entreprise de qualité.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273702-fr
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    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in Japan 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173712
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (360 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation au Japon 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation au Japon 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; Japan
    Abstract: OECD's 1999 review of regulatory reform in Japan. It finds that regulatory reform is at the heart of Japan’s strategy for economic recovery and long-term growth. Identified as a priority by the Japanese Government as early as 1994, considerable progress in regulatory reform has already been made. But today it is essential that regulatory reform be deepened and accelerated. This report calls for a "sharp break" with the regulatory practices and doctrines of the past. Energetic measures, including both sectoral reform and reform of framework conditions, need to be adopted quickly to complete the transition from a state-led growth model, now largely ineffective, to a market-driven growth model, the only model capable of laying the foundation for sustainable competitiveness and prosperity in Japan. Japan was one of the first OECD countries to request a broad review by the OECD of its national regulatory practices and domestic regulatory reforms. This report -- the result of intensive assessment by the OECD and review by its Member countries -- is unique in that it presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the macroeconomic context, the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and integration of market openness principles in regulatory processes, and in sectors such as electricity and telecommunications. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer-term based on best international regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173712-en
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  • 39
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    Slovakia (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Public Management Profiles no.2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Profils de gestion publique dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale : Slovaquie
    Keywords: Governance ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: Slovakia was established as an independent, sovereign state on 1 January 1993. Since the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, Slovakia has focused on the following activities: transforming a centrally controlled economy into a free market economy; the reform of public administration; passing constitutional laws and guarantees of fundamental human rights and freedoms; harmonising the legal system to be consistent with the norms of the European Union; emphasising economic, political, cultural, defensive and humanitarian co-operation with the European Union; and joining the European Union. The first parliamentary elections were held in September 1994.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk189tktzx-en
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  • 40
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    Preparing youth for the 21st century : the transition from education to the labour market; proceedings of the Washington D.C. conference, 23 - 24 February 1999; [Conference "Preparing Youth for the 21st Century: the Policy Lessons from the Past Two Decades] (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264173420
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Preparing youth for the 21st century
    RVK:
    QV 240
    RVK:
    DL 2000
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Berufsbildung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173422-en
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  • 41
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    Principes européens d'administration publique (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.27
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. European Principles for Public Administration
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Le présent document vise à identifier les normes auxquelles les pays candidats à l’adhésion à l’Union européenne (UE) sont censés se conformer en vue d’aligner leurs administrations publiques sur celles des Etats membres de l’UE. S’inspirant des travaux du programme SIGMA qui concernent la réforme de l’administration publique dans les pays d’Europe centrale et orientale, notamment l’aménagement de la fonction publique et le contrôle administratif, ce document rend compte d’éléments essentiels de la méthode utilisée par SIGMA pour évaluer les capacités des pays candidats en matière d’administration publique.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml60zsw8bx-fr
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  • 42
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    The Health of Older Persons in OECD Countries : Is it Improving Fast Enough to Compensate for Population Ageing? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.37
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This study extends research on the impact of age-specific disability trends internationally, with a specific emphasis on long-term care needs. It focuses on changing patterns of disability in populations over 65 for a set of OECD countries for which cross-sectional evidence is available for at least two points in time five years or more apart (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States). It analyses the policy implications of trends in health outcomes among older populations, both in terms of financing and with respect to the balance of care between home and institutions. Information related to severe disability, as measured by the ability to carry out activities of daily living, was obtained for the population aged 65 and over, and cross-classified into four age groups and by gender. Two projections were made: one assumes stable rates of disability, and the other reflects the rate of change based on ...
    DOI: 10.1787/066187831020
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    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Regulatory Reform in the Netherlands 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173774
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (284 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The Dutch experience in regulatory reform has vital lessons about the modernisation of the European welfare state and its integration into the European single market. Regulatory reform is the most recent element in the reshaping of the Dutch model. Following reforms to labour markets and the social welfare system in the 1980s, Dutch governments in the 1990s have sought a "new balance between protection and dynamism" based on competition policy, regulatory reform, and market openness. Today, the Netherlands ranks among the top OECD countries by many measures of economic performance, including employment growth. Though still in its early phases, regulatory reform has already produced major gains for the Netherlands in terms of competitiveness, flexibility, and consumer benefits. Yet major challenges are still to be faced. Some important reforms have been slow, indicating that the balance between domestic consensus-building and policy responsiveness is still being adjusted in the modern Dutch model. Further reforms in many areas will bring important gains in boosting the employment rate, improving sectoral performance, and providing social protection at lower cost. The Netherlands is one of the first OECD countries to request a broad review by the OECD of its national regulatory practices and domestic regulatory reforms. This report -- the result of intensive assessment by the OECD and review by its Member countries -- is unique in that it presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the macroeconomic context, the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and integration of market openness principles in regulatory processes, and in sectors such as electricity and telecommunications. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer-term based on best international regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173774-en
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  • 44
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    Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273771
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform; Regulatory Reform in the Netherlands 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; Netherlands
    Abstract: La réforme de la réglementation menée aux Pays-Bas est riche d'enseignements tant pour la modernisation de l'État-providence en Europe que pour l'intégration au marché unique européen. La réforme de la réglementation est la composante la plus récente de la rénovation du modèle néerlandais. Aux réformes apportées aux marchés du travail et au système de protection sociale dans les années 80 a succédé, dans les années 90, la recherche d'un « nouvel équilibre entre la protection et le dynamisme », fondé sur la politique de la concurrence, la réforme de la réglementation et l'ouverture des marchés. Les Pays-Bas font aujourd'hui partie des pays de l'OCDE les plus performants au regard de nombreux critères économiques, notamment pour la croissance de l'emploi. Bien qu'encore à ses débuts, la réforme de la réglementation a déjà apporté des avantages considérables aux Pays-Bas, en termes de compétitivité, de flexibilité, ou de bénéfices pour les consommateurs. Des défis majeurs restent cependant à relever. La lenteur de certaines réformes importantes indique que le modèle néerlandais est encore en train de chercher l'équilibre entre l'établissement d'un consensus et l'ajustement des politiques. De l'application de la réforme à de nombreux nouveaux domaines découleront des gains aussi importants qu'un net progrès du taux d'emploi, une amélioration des performances sectorielles, et une réduction des coûts de la protection sociale. Les Pays-Bas sont un des premiers pays à avoir demander à l'OCDE de procéder à un examen général de ses pratiques réglementaires et des réformes de la réglementation menées à l'échelon national. Cet ouvrage est le fruit de l'évaluation approfondie menée par l'OCDE et d'un examen par ses pays Membres. Il présente une évaluation intégrée sans équivalent de la réforme de la réglementation dans des domaines aussi essentiels que le contexte macro-économique, la qualité du secteur public, la politique de la concurrence et sa mise en oeuvre, ainsi que l'intégration des principes d'ouverture du marché dans les processus réglementaires et dans des secteurs tels que l'électricité et les télécommunications. Les politiques recommandées offrent un plan d'action équilibré à court et à plus long terme fondé sur les meilleures pratiques réglementaires à l'échelon international. Pour en savoir plus A lire dans la même collection : La réforme de la réglementation au Japon, La réforme de la réglementation aux États-Unis, La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique. L'analyse de fond dont découlent ces premiers examens par pays est présentée dans le Rapport de l'OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation : Rapport de synthèse et dans les deux volumes du Rapport de l'OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation : Études sectorielles et Études thématiques, publiés en 1997.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273771-fr
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    Poland (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Public Management Profiles no.5
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pologne
    Keywords: Governance ; Poland
    Abstract: On 2 April 1997, the National Assembly adopted a new Constitution. It replaced the Constitutional Law on the Relationships between the Legislative and Executive Powers and on Local Self-government, known as the Small Constitution, which had been in force since 1992. The new Constitution was approved in a popular referendum on 26 May 1997, signed by the President and published on 16 July 1997. The Constitution finally entered into force on 17 October 1997. The new Constitution had been under discussion since 1989, but several earlier attempts to adopt a new constitution had failed. According to the new constitutional provisions, constitutional amendments may only be proposed by at least one-fifth of the statutory number of Sejm deputies, by the Senate, or by the President of the Republic. A Bill to amend the Constitution needs to be adopted by the Sejm by a majority of at least two-thirds of the votes and in the presence of at least half of the statutory number of deputies, and by the Senate by an absolute majority of votes in the presence of at least half the statutory number of senators. If changes are to be made to chapters I, II or XII of the Constitution, the initiators of such changes may call for a popular confirmatory referendum. Poland has traditionally been part of the continental law tradition. Even under communism, the country did not break with this legal heritage. The legal system of Poland is based on a hierarchy of legal norms.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk186q0424-en
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  • 46
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    Lituanie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lithuania
    Keywords: Governance ; Lithuania
    Abstract: Le 11 mars 1990, le Conseil suprême a adopté la loi fondamentale provisoire de la République de Lituanie, qui a été considérée comme la constitution et a suspendu de ce fait la constitution antérieure du 12 mai 1938. La loi fondamentale provisoire ne représentait toutefois qu’un Acte constitutionnel à caractère provisoire ; elle ne modifiait point la structure du pouvoir de l’État, et toutes les institutions propres à un État démocratique n’étaient pas rétablies. La loi fondamentale provisoire est restée en vigueur jusqu’à l’automne 1992. Le 25 octobre 1992 les citoyens ont voté dans un référendum pour approuver la constitution de la République de Lituanie, qui a rétabli toutes les institutions traditionnelles de l’État, à savoir le Seimas, le président, le gouvernement et les tribunaux. La constitution a en outre introduit de nouvelles institutions pour aider au fonctionnement démocratique de l’État, notamment la cour constitutionnelle, le médiateur et le contrôle d’État. Le statut de la cour constitutionnelle et les procédures de mise en oeuvre de ses pouvoirs sont fixés par la loi sur la cour constitutionnelle de Lituanie adoptée par le parlement le 3 février 1993. La constitution a également introduit le principe de l’autonomie des collectivités locales.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk1867cqjk-fr
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  • 47
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    Bulgarie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bulgaria
    Keywords: Governance ; Bulgaria
    Abstract: La République de Bulgarie a été rétablie en janvier 1990 après les amendements apportés à la constitution d’inspiration communiste qui ont mis fin au régime de parti unique du Parti communiste bulgare, et la conclusion de l’accord résultant d’une table ronde entre le gouvernement communiste et les représentants de l’opposition démocratique. La nouvelle constitution bulgare a été adoptée par la Grande Assemblée nationale en juillet 1991. Elle a marqué le retour à une démocratie pluripartite. Depuis le commencement de la transformation démocratique en Bulgarie, quatre élections législatives générales ont eu lieu, à savoir les élections à ce que l’on a alors appelé la Grande Assemblée nationale de juin 1990, puis les élections à l’assemblée nationale en octobre 1991, décembre 1994 et dernièrement avril 1997. Les prochaines élections législatives sont prévues pour le printemps 2001. Les élections présidentielles ont eu lieu en janvier 1992 et novembre 1996. Les prochaines élections présidentielles se dérouleront en automne 2001. Les élections démocratiques locales ont eu lieu en octobre 1991 et novembre 1995, et les prochaines élections locales se dérouleront en automne 1999.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk181rr836-fr
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  • 48
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    Profils de gestion publique dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale : Slovaquie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Slovakia
    Keywords: Governance ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: La Slovaquie a été créée comme État souverain indépendant le 1er janvier 1993. Depuis la dissolution de la République fédérative tchèque et slovaque, la Slovaquie s’est principalement attachée à transformer une économie centralisée en économie de marché, à réformer l’administration publique, à adopter des lois constitutionnelles et des textes garantissant les libertés et les droits fondamentaux, à harmoniser son système juridique pour le rendre conforme aux normes de l’Union européenne, à mettre l’accent sur la coopération avec l’Union européenne dans les domaines de l’économie, de la culture, de la défense et de l’action humanitaire, et à devenir membre de l’Union européenne. Les premières élections législatives ont eu lieu en septembre 1994.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk18807whd-fr
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  • 49
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    European Principles for Public Administration (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.27
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes européens d'administration publique
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This paper attempts to identify the standards to which EU candidate countries are expected to conform in order to align their public administrations with those of EU Member States. Originating from SIGMA’s work on public administration reform in central and eastern European countries, in particular civil service development and administrative control, the paper describes an important part of the basis of the SIGMA methodology for assessing candidate countries’ public administration capacities.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml60zwdr7h-en
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  • 50
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    Health Outcomes in OECD Countries : A Framework of Health Indicators for Outcome-Oriented Policymaking (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 86 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.36
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: OECD health-care systems confront the dual challenge of containing costs and maximising the health of their populations. The effectiveness of health-care provision in fostering longer and healthier lives is therefore of fundamental importance. In order to respond to these challenges, policy makers are demanding more and better information on health outcomes. Therefore, this paper presents a summary of the current state-of-the-art in health outcome indicators for monitoring population health status and for evaluating the performance and effectiveness of various health policies and medical-care interventions. The paper begins by developing a framework for classifying the range of indicators that have been put forward to measure health outcomes. It then illustrates the potential value of different indicators for policy making within this framework and describes some recent trends in health status in OECD countries ...
    DOI: 10.1787/513803511413
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  • 51
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    OECD Grundsätze der Corporate Governance (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264574229
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principios de la OCDE para el gobierno de las sociedades
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Ein gutes Corporate Governance-System ist für den effizienten Einsatz des Unternehmenskapitals von entscheidender Bedeutung. Es trägt ferner dazu bei, dass die Unternehmen die Interessen möglichst breiter Kreise ebenso wie die der Gemeinwesen berücksichtigen, in denen sie tätig sind, und die Aufsichtsräte den Unternehmen und den Aktionären gegenüber rechenschaftspflichtig sind. Das wiederum ist eine der Voraussetzungen dafür, dass die Tätigkeit des Unternehmens der Gesellschaft insgesamt zugute kommt, das Vertrauen der in- und ausländischen Investoren gewahrt bleibt und mehr langfristiges Kapital mobilisiert wird.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264574229-de
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    Principios de la OCDE para el gobierno de las sociedades (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264474222
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Grundsätze der Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: En la última década el mundo ha sido testigo de transformaciones significantes del papel que juega el sector privado en el desarrollo de la economía y en la creación de empleos. Debido a que cada vez más países adoptan enfoques basados en mercado a la política económica, ha aumentado la conciencia de la importancia de corporaciones privadas para el bienestar de los individuos.Un buen régimen de gobierno corporativo ayuda a afirmar que las corporaciones utilizan su capital de manera eficaz. El buen gobierno corporativo ayuda además a asegurar que las corporaciones toman en cuenta los intereses de un amplio rango de componentes, al igual que para comunidades con las que operan, y que sus Juntas de Administración son responsables con la compañía y los accionistas. Ello ayuda a asegurar que las corporaciones operen para el beneficio de la comunidad. Ayuda a mantener la confianza de los inversionistas -trátese de nacionales o extranjeros - y a atraer capitales estables y a largo plazo.Los "Principios de la OCDE para el gobierno de las sociedades" fueron aprobados por los Ministros en la reunión del Consejo de la OCDE a nivel ministerial del 26-27 de mayo de 1999. Estos Principios responden al mandato dado a la Organización por el Consejo de la OCDE reunido a nivel ministerial del año 1998 a fin de definir normas y directrices de un sistema de gobierno de empresas de calidad.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264474222-es
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    Romania (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Public Management Profiles no.4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Roumanie
    Keywords: Governance ; Romania
    Abstract: Since the revolution of December 1989, Romania has returned to democratic traditions, a multi-party system and a market economy. Democratic parliamentary and presidential elections were held in 1990, 1992 and 1996. The latest parliamentary elections of November 1996 were won by the Democratic Convention of Romania (CDR), an alliance of the National Peasant Christian Democratic Party, the National Liberal Party, the Romanian Ecologist Party, and organisations and formations of civil society.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk1874g38q-en
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  • 54
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    Estonia (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Public Management Profiles no.12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estonie
    Keywords: Governance ; Estonia
    Abstract: The constitution establishes the principle of legal continuity of the Republic of Estonia, which was proclaimed independent on 24 February 1918, occupied by the Soviet Union on 17 June 1940 and subsequently annexed thereto on 6 August 1940. The constitution reflects the idea of legal restoration, which served as a basis for the return to independence and liberation from the Soviet Union on 21 August 1991. The Riigikogu has recently begun to consider the results of a review carried out by the government expert committee on constitutional revision. The committee’s proposals, if adopted, would not alter the basic principles of the constitution but would reinforce the parliamentary and constitutional system of government. The most important proposals are the establishment of a separate constitutional court, reinforcement of civil control over the defence forces, and attribution of the powers of an ombudsman to the legal chancellor. Moreover, amendments may have to be made in view of the accession of Estonia to the European Union; these amendments touch upon a basic principle of the constitution, the principle of sovereignty.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk183c199q-en
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  • 55
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    Roumanie (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Romania
    Keywords: Governance ; Romania
    Abstract: Depuis la révolution de décembre 1989, la Roumanie est revenue à des traditions démocratiques, à un système de partis multiples et à une économie de marché. Des élections législatives et présidentielles démocratiques ont eu lieu en 1990, 1992 et 1996. Les dernières élections législatives ont été remportées par la Convention démocratique de Roumanie (CDR), alliance du Parti national chrétien paysan et démocrate, du Parti national libéral, du Parti écologiste roumain et de diverses organisations et formations de la société civile.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk1870k8mn-fr
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  • 56
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    Trade and competition policies : exploring the ways forward; [a Conference on Trade and Competition was held 29 - 30 June 1999 at the OECD] (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264174044
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Trade and competition policies
    RVK:
    QM 230
    RVK:
    QR 300
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; Konferenzschrift ; OECD ; Außenhandel ; Internationaler Wettbewerb
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174047-en
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  • 57
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    Taxing Powers of State and Local Government (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174030
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pouvoirs fiscaux des administrations infranationales
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation
    Abstract: In many OECD countries, issues in fiscal federalism feature prominently in the political debate. Policy discussions in this area should preferably be supported by internationally comparable statistical information on fiscal relations between levels of government, both in the areas of taxation and spending. The annual OECD Revenue Statistics publication reports tax revenues by sub-sector of general government. However, it does not indicate the degree of control state and local governments exercise over their tax revenues. Because such data are not available on an internationally comparable level from other sources, the OECD has developed a framework to assess and analyze the degree of control that sub-central governments have over their taxes. Results shown in this book serve to illustrate the great variety in tax autonomy at the level of sub-central government. This volume contains a description of fiscal relations in most of the nineteen countries concerned and it provides a set of detailed tables for each country, with revenues split by 1) level of sub-central government; 2) OECD classification of taxes; and 3) category of tax autonomy, following the framework developed by the Working Party on Tax Policy Analysis and Tax Statistics.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174030-en
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  • 58
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    The Social Sciences at a Turning Point? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172920
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: How can the social and behavioural sciences contribute more effectively to solving the problems of society? Authoritative experts and policy makers examine the current state and status of the social sciences and present their views on what needs to be done. The authors, who represent OECD countries with diverse traditions and experience, discuss in particular the need to restructure social sciences, to better link them to policy making, to strengthen related basic research, to take advantage of progress made in information technologies for large-scale surveys and data storage, etc. Illustrative developments concern youth and urban problems, education reforms, immigration and environmental policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172920-en
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  • 59
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    Trade and Competition Policies : Exploring the Ways Forward (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174047
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: To further benefit from trade liberalisation, developed and developing countries must get their policies right, in trade and other spheres, such as the web of domestic regulations that affect commerce within and between countries. In the run-up to the November 1999 WTO Ministerial in Seattle, Washington, and a possible new round of multilateral trade negotiations, a Conference on trade and competition was held on 29-30 June 1999 at the OECD to explore the various options towards better coherence between trade and competition policies. This Conference provided OECD countries and 30 non-member countries, academics and representatives of business, trade unions and advocacy groups a unique opportunity to discuss ways to strengthen trade and competition policies in the interests of more open global markets. They examined the effects of trade measures on competition. They also debated whether private anticompetitive practices, and certain domestic regulations, point to the need for multilateral trade and competition rules. This publication summarises those discussions and includes keynote addresses by Sir Leon Brittan and U.S. Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust Joel Klein, as well as an issues paper drafted by the OECD Secretariat to serve as a background note for the Conference.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174047-en
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  • 60
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    The Local Dimension of Welfare-to-Work : An International Survey (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174122
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (348 p.)
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Traditional welfare and employment policies have been unable to tackle the problems of high unemployment and exclusion in OECD countries and recently a wave of new approaches has emerged together with new political notions of welfare-to-work. This book describes these new approaches in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, France and the Netherlands. All these countries are relying increasingly on local agencies to design and manage policy to try and ensure that policy solutions meet local needs and to bring to bear local energies, skills and resources. What is the role that local agencies can play? How can they be integrated in effective partnerships? And what policy tools can best be applied? This book gives valuable answers to these questions and shows that governments and practitioners have much to learn from each other on the practicalities of implementing effective welfare-to-work policies. These Proceedings of the Sheffield Conference, held in November 1998 in collaboration with the Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) in the United Kingdom, were prepared by the Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme of the OECD's Territorial Development Service.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174122-en
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    Development Co-operation Reviews: Luxembourg 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172050
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.32
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Luxembourg 1999
    RVK:
    QM 353
    RVK:
    QC 347
    RVK:
    MK 8500
    Keywords: Development ; Luxembourg ; OECD ; Luxemburg
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1999 review of Luxembourg's development aid programmes and policies. It finds that Luxembourg's aid programme has made considerable headway since the first review by the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in 1993. The government has implemented most of the DAC's recommendations following that review. Measures taken by the government include: a new law defining the aims of co-operation; selection of target countries; an increase in the number of staff assigned to the aid programme; an agreement governing relations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Co-operation (MFA) and Lux-Development, the executive agency. Over the last five years the volume of Luxembourg's official development assistance (ODA) has risen by an average of 15 per cent a year in real terms. Luxembourg's development aid reached 0.55 per cent of its gross national product (GNP) in 1997. This advance has been made possible by the unanimous support of political parties and public opinion. The non-governmental organisations occupy a special place in the aid programme since a quarter of bilateral aid is channelled through them. Luxembourg delivers its aid entirely in grant form, and largely untied. The sharp rise in the volume of aid makes it important to control and improve the quality of projects and programmes by means of more stringent selection procedures, closer monitoring of projects and systematic [ex-ante] and [ex-post] evaluations. To that end it is crucial to reduce the number of recipient countries, to strengthen further human resources for the aid programme and to extend training for co-operation staff.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172050-en
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  • 62
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    Combattre l'exclusion : L'aide sociale en Belgique, en Norvège, aux Pays-Bas et en République tchèque (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264266773
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion; Social Assistance in Belgium, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Norway
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion: Social Assistance in Belgium, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Norway
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium ; Czech Republic ; Netherlands ; Norway
    Abstract: Les institutions ayant pour mission d'aider les personnes démunies sont un élément caractéristique de la vie sociale depuis des siècles. Aujourd'hui, les institutions d'aide sociale ont pour objectif d'intégrer et d'encourager ces personnes afin d'éliminer exclusion et stigmatisation. La pauvreté peut fortement éprouver le tissu social. Pourtant, éviter la misère aux personnes sans ressources tout en réduisant l'exclusion et la marginalisation n'est pas chose facile. Comment l'aide sociale peut-elle concilier au mieux ces objectifs et réduire au minimum les effets dissuasifs sur la recherche d'emploi rémunéré ? Que peut-on faire pour promouvoir autonomie et responsabilité individuelle ? Cet ouvrage compare les politiques d'aide sociale de quatre pays : la Belgique, la Norvège, les Pays-Bas et la République tchèque. Bien qu'à première vue ces pays semblent très différents, ils sont en fait confrontés aux mêmes dilemmes. Certes, l'action au niveau local est indispensable pour identifier et aider les exclus, mais le souci de l'équilibre entre deux exigences -- veiller à ce que des ressources suffisantes soient disponibles au niveau local tout en limitant les budgets de façon à assurer une utilisation efficiente des ressources -- est une préoccupation constante. Les gouvernements sont déterminés à lutter contre la pauvreté, mais des prestations trop élevées pourraient avoir un effet démobilisateur à l'égard du travail. La question de savoir si les bénéficiaires de prestations sont « prêts à occuper un emploi » ou s'il convient d'accroître l'aide sociale reste parfois sujette à controverse chez les divers organismes concernés. Aucun des quatre pays n'a encore trouvé de système qui permette d'éviter l'exclusion, mais tous sont parvenus à en limiter l'étendue grâce à des politiques novatrices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264266773-fr
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    Pour un monde solidaire : Le nouvel agenda social (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264272590
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A Caring World; The New Social Policy Agenda
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A Caring World: The New Social Policy Agenda
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Il faut repenser les politiques sociales. Les plus pessimistes estiment que les pouvoirs publics disposent de budgets toujours plus limités pour faire face à des problèmes sans cesse plus complexes et plus nombreux. A l'évidence, des phénomènes remarquables travaillent nos sociétés en profondeur. Le vieillissement démographique accroît les pressions pesant sur les actifs. Les mutations du marché du travail touchent de plein fouet les travailleurs peu qualifiés. « L'exclusion sociale » est entrée dans le vocabulaire politique. Et la structure familiale traditionnelle ne peut plus servir de base aux politiques. Mais on ne devrait pas présenter la politique sociale comme colmatant les brèches d'une société confrontée à des défis à la fois économiques et démographiques. Le savoir jouant un rôle croissant dans la création de richesse, permettre aux individus de développer tout leur potentiel est une dimension clé de la politique économique. Les politiques économiques et sociales sont donc plus étroitement liées que jamais. Cet ouvrage dresse un tableau à la fois complet et accessible de la situation actuelle et met le doigt sur les réformes à entreprendre. La politique sociale devrait ainsi promouvoir l'emploi et une vie saine et non se contenter de guérir les maux -- chômage, problèmes de santé -- après coup. De même, l'investissement consacré aux enfants et aux familles les aide à apporter leur pleine contribution à la société. Dans les pays de l'OCDE, les nouvelles politiques sociales foisonnent en expériences et innovations visant à offrir aux individus et aux familles le soutien dont ils ont besoin pour s'adapter au changement. Les ministres des pays de l'OCDE se sont justement engagés à mener à bien cette tâche ambitieuse : créer un monde solidaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264272590-fr
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    Development Co-operation Reviews: European Community 1998 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264164079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.30
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Communauté Européenne 1998
    RVK:
    QC 347
    RVK:
    QM 353
    RVK:
    MK 8500
    Keywords: Development ; OECD
    Abstract: The European Community (EC) is the world's second largest multilateral channel for development assistance (after the World Bank). Its combined programmes are the fifth-largest among the 22 Members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), and EC programmes have grown an average 3.3 per cent annually over the past five years, while the combined effort of DAC countries declined by 4.7 per cent annually. The Community's allocation of resources to lower income countries has not kept pace, however, with the overall growth of the ODA budget over recent years. EC programmes operate within a complex organisation and management structure, and Brussels faces serious challenges of implementation in adapting its operations to achieve agreed development objectives. There have been important steps in the evolution of the European Commission structures: a Common Service has been created to implement co-operation activities for the four Directorates General. But there is still a need to strengthen the capacity of delegations in the field to work fully with partners in advancing local ownership and co-ordination. The EC has a strong role to play in improving the coherence of policies affecting developing countries. The report analyses this question in fields such as agriculture, trade, fisheries agreements and Community fishing fleet subsidies. Co-ordination with other donors also seems to be improving, which bodes well for better overall partnerships between donors and partner countries. In 1998, the development co-operation policy of the following DAC Member countries will be reviewed: Canada, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Spain, and the United States.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264164079-en
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  • 65
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    The Public Employment Service : Greece, Ireland, Portugal (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163768
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le service public de l'emploi ; Grèce, Irlande, Portugal
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development The public employment service
    DDC: 350
    RVK:
    QV 200
    Keywords: Arbeitsverwaltung ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Griechenland ; Irland ; Portugal ; Employment ; Governance ; Greece ; Ireland ; Portugal ; Griechenland ; Arbeitsverwaltung ; Irland ; Arbeitsverwaltung ; Portugal ; Arbeitsverwaltung
    Abstract: Greece, Ireland and Portugal, on the periphery of Europe, are still influenced by a history of migration from agriculture to urban areas and to other countries, and have all received extensive assistance from the European Union's Structural Funds.Which of these countries' varied, often innovative, strategies in relation to unemployment benefits, hiring subsidies and job creation measures, have been most effective? Employment services have taken on particular responsibility for training, but does this help the long-term unemployed? With a legacy of older workers who left school early, and continuing high levels of self-employment, how can placement performance be improved? This publication examines how the Public Employment Service can actively promote and manage transitions out of unemployment into market work, both directly and via labour market programmes.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Le service public de l'emploi
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163768-en
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  • 66
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    Mieux sous-traiter les services publics : Principes directeurs et études de cas n 20 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262171
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Etudes hors série sur la gestion publique 20
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Contracting Out Government Services; Best Practice Guidelines and Case Studies No. 20
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Contracting Out Government Services: Best Practice Guidelines and Case Studies No. 20
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Les "Études hors série sur la gestion publique" sont des rapports spécialisés préparés pour les travaux du Comité de la gestion publique. La sous-traitance est l'un des principaux mécanismes recourant au marché utilisés dans les pays Membres pour assurer une gestion plus efficace des services publics. Cette solution se développe dans pratiquement tous les pays Membres car il est de plus en plus manifeste qu'elle peut se traduire par des gains d'efficience tout en maintenant, voire en accroissant, la qualité des services. Mais comment utiliser au mieux la sous-traitance ? Et quelles leçons peut-on tirer de l'épreuve des faits ? Ce rapport présente les Principes directeurs de l'OCDE pour une meilleure pratique en matière de sous-traitance des services publics ainsi que les études de cas complémentaires.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Contracting out government services
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262171-fr
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  • 67
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    Agricultural Policy Reform and the Rural Economy in OECD Countries (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162532
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme de la politique agricole et l'économie rurale dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Agricultural policy reform and the rural economy in OECD countries
    DDC: 338.1809177
    RVK:
    QS 700
    RVK:
    ZB 56000
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Ländliche Entwicklung ; Agroindustrie ; OECD-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Fallstudiensammlung ; OECD ; Agrarreform
    Abstract: The socio-economic development of rural areas has become an important issue for agricultural policy design in many OECD countries. Yet there is still a lack of comprehensive analysis of the inter-linkages between the agro-food sector and the rural economy. What consequences have on-going structural changes in agriculture for rural areas? What is the role of agricultural policies? The report, comprising a main report and case studies on Canada, France, Greece, Japan, New Zealand, Norway and Switzerland, addresses these important questions. A key conclusion of the report is that traditional agricultural support policies are increasingly ineffective in accomplishing rural development objectives. Agricultural policy reform can enhance agro-food's contribution to the viable development of rural economies, although the benefits are not immediate. A coherent, well co-ordinated and targeted policy approach aimed at diversification, promotion of high-quality regional products, provision of information, direct payments and public goods would improve the competitiveness of rural areas. How to strike the right balance between the need for greater economic efficiency, and social and environmental concerns in rural areas is a key challenge facing policy makers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162532-en
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  • 68
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    Benefit systems and work incentives (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Benefit systems and work incentives
    Keywords: Sozialpolitik ; Beschäftigungspolitik ; Steuerpolitik ; Kausalität ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Sozialer Ertrag ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitskultur ; Arbeitsdisziplin ; Anreiz ; Erde ; OECD ; Beschäftigungspolitik ; Einkommenspolitik ; Sozialleistungen
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  • 69
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    Water Management : Performance and Challenges in OECD Countries (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162600
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion de l'eau ; Performances et défis dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Goldberg, Eduard Water management
    RVK:
    AR 22000
    RVK:
    QT 600
    Keywords: Wasserversorgung ; Gewässerbelastung ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Abwasserwirtschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; OECD ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Management
    Abstract: This report examines the progress made in water management in OECD countries in the light of the objectives of Agenda 21. It presents the experience of the OECD programme of environmental performance reviews and focuses on issues of sustainable use of water resources, pollution control and water economics. Environmental performance reviews of Australia, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States have already been published.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162600-en
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  • 70
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    L' avenir des professions à prédominance féminine (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263697
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of Female-dominated Occupations
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Dans tous les pays de l'OCDE, on observe une très forte ségrégation de l'emploi selon le sexe et une très grande concentration de l'emploi féminin sur les mêmes professions : secrétaire, institutrice, infirmière, aide à domicile. Ces professions, dont l'image reste souvent stéréotypée et traditionnelle, sont au coeur des sociétés de l'information et des services : aussi subissent-elles des bouleversements profonds dus aux technologies de l'information, au développement de l'économie du savoir, et au vieillissement de la population. C'est à travers ces transformations que se dessine un enjeu majeur pour l'emploi féminin et l'égalité des sexes sur le marché du travail.Au-delà des forts indices de ségrégation et de concentration qui sont une constante de l'emploi féminin dans tous les pays, les comparaisons internationales révèlent certaines différences dans le statut d'une même profession d'un pays à l'autre. Celles-ci peuvent tenir à la manière dont les professions sont définies ou à l'organisation même des activités et du travail. Comprendre ces différences, c'est se donner les moyens d'identifier les orientations à prendre afin d'ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives de carrière dans les professions à prédominance féminine.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: The future of female-dominated occupations
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263697-fr
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    URL: Volltext
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  • 71
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    The Environmental Effects of Reforming Agricultural Policies (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162440
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme des politiques agricoles ; Quels effets sur l'environnement ?
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Maier, Leo, 1958 - The environmental effects of reforming agricultural policies
    RVK:
    QS 700
    Keywords: Agrarpolitik ; Landwirtschaft ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltschutz ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; OECD ; Agrarpolitik ; Umweltpolitik ; OECD ; Agrarpolitik ; Reformpolitik ; Umwelt
    Abstract: OECD countries have started to reform their agricultural policies in the last decade. Many countries have also implemented agri-environmental measures that are directly aimed at improving the environment. What are the changes in land use, farming practices and input use resulting from these reforms? What have been the effects on the environment: soils, water, air, biodiversity, wildlife habitat and landscape? How have regional and local conditions influenced the environmental outcomes? To what extent have agri-environmental measures contributed to achieving sustainable agriculture? And how could such measures be made more effective and cost-efficient? Through examining concrete policy experiences from OECD countries, this study concludes that agricultural policy reforms can improve the environment, provided they are accompanied by appropriate environmental measures.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: La réforme des politiques agricoles
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162440-en
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  • 72
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    The Future of Female-dominated Occupations (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163690
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'avenir des professions à prédominance féminine
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development The future of female-dominated occupations
    DDC: 331.4
    RVK:
    QV 221
    Keywords: Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Fraueneinkommen ; Büroberufe ; Lehrkräfte ; Pflegeberufe ; Sozialberufe ; Strukturwandel ; Sozialer Wandel ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Frauenberuf ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Zukunft
    Abstract: In all of the OECD countries, employment is seen to be sharply segregated by gender, with women's employment heavily concentrated in the same occupations: secretaries, primary school teachers, nurses and home helpers. These jobs, whose image has in many cases remained stereotyped and traditional, are at the heart of the information and service economy and have therefore been undergoing far-reaching changes due to information technologies, the development of a knowledge-based economy and population ageing. These transformations represent a major challenge for women's employment and for gender equality in the labour market. Beyond the high segregation and concentration scales which are a constant of women's employment in all countries, international comparisons show that there can be differences in the status of a given occupation from one country to another. These differences can stem from the way in which occupations are defined or from how the relevant activities and work are organised. Understanding these differences is essential to identify ways to promote women's career prospects in female-dominated occupations.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: L'avenir des professions a prédominance féminine
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163690-en
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  • 73
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    Institutional investors in the new financial landscape (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264163069
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD proceedings
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Institutional investors in the new financial landscape
    RVK:
    QK 620
    RVK:
    QK 800
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; OECD ; Institutioneller Anleger ; Internationaler Kreditmarkt
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163065-en
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  • 74
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    Les politiques sociales et de santé dans les pays de l'OCDE : Un examen des programmes actuels et des évolutions récentes (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 178 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Social and Health Policies in OECD Countries: A Survey of Current Programmes and Recent Developments
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Les réponses des pays au questionnaire de l’OCDE établi dans le cadre de l'Initiative pour un monde solidaire, avec d'autres informations dont on dispose par ailleurs, constituent une bonne base pour caractériser les grandes tendances de la politique sociale concernant l'étendue de la protection sociale, l'aide aux familles, l'aide aux chômeurs d'âge actif, les revenus des retraités, les soins de santé, une prise en charge à long terme et l'aide au logement. En ce qui concerne l'étendue des dispositifs de sécurité sociale, on est allé vers un resserrement des conditions d'admission au bénéfice des prestations, en particulier pour les nouveaux migrants, et vers un renforcement du rôle de l’aide sociale. Les pays ont réagi à la montée de l'exclusion sociale souvent par des mesures d'ensemble, intégrées, notamment des mesures de garantie de revenu, ainsi que par des mesures destinées à favoriser la réinsertion dans la société. En ce qui concerne l'aide aux familles, certains pays ont ...
    DOI: 10.1787/851234623027
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  • 75
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    Les indicateurs de la satisfaction au travail : Quelles sont les caractéristiques d'un bon emploi ? Observations recueillies dans certains pays de l'OCDE (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measures of Job Satisfaction: What Makes a Good Job? Evidence from OECD Countries
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: La plupart des taxinomies sur les “bons emplois” et les “mauvais emplois” sont fondées autour du salaire et des heures de travail. Ce document utilise des informations sur 7 000 travailleurs dans les pays de l’OCDE (données provenant du International Social Survey Programme, 1989) afin de compléter les mesures traditionnelles de la qualité de l’emploi par des informations recueillies directement auprès des travailleurs et concernant une large variété de caractéristiques de l’emploi actuel. Les réponses aux vingt questions sont contenues dans six composantes qui donnent une évaluation de la qualité de l’emploi. le salaire ; les heures de travail ; les perspectives d’avenir (promotion et sécurité d’emploi) ; le degré de difficulté du travail ; le contenu du travail : intérêt, prestige et indépendance ; et les relations interpersonnelles L’avantage de poser de telles questions au travailleur sur les caractéristiques de ...
    DOI: 10.1787/135007820512
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  • 76
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    Préparation des administrations publiques à l'espace administratif européen (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 205 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.23
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Preparing Public Administrations for the European Administrative Space
    Keywords: Governance ; European Union
    Abstract: Cette publication rassemble un sommaire du colloque, des contributions techniques — parmi lesquelles un inventaire des manières suivant lesquelles envisagent de gérer l’adhésion européenne — ainsi que dix points qui sont apparus lors des débats en commission avec les négociateurs responsables. Les chapitres sont regroupés autour des trois principaux sujets abordés au cours du colloque : (1) la gestion des affaires de l’UE ; (2) les négociations d’adhésion et la préparation à l’entrée dans l’UE ; et (3) la préparation à l’adhésion au nouvel “Espace administratif européen” qui se dessine. Le fonctionnement sans heurt d’un colloque multi-national en dehors du siège du secrétariat de SIGMA a requis un important travail d’organisation et de logistique. Les installations fournies par les hôtes grecs, ainsi que leur communication relative à ce qu’implique le fait de devenir un État Membre de l’UE, et sur leurs efforts réalisés pour mener à bien leur réforme de l’administration, ont contribué au succès du colloque.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6140lx7l-fr
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  • 77
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    Tax Sparing : A Reconsideration (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162433
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les crédits d'impôt fictif ; Un réexamen de la question
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tax sparing uudelleenarvioitavana
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Tax sparing
    RVK:
    QM 355
    Keywords: Steuervergünstigung ; Investitionspolitik ; Doppelbesteuerung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; OECD ; Direktinvestition ; Steuervergütung ; Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen
    Abstract: Tax sparing provisions have now more than four decades of history in bilateral tax treaties, including treaties between OECD countries. But the world of today is quite different from that when the positions of OECD Member and non-member countries towards tax sparing were developed. These changes in the international setting have led countries to reconsider their attitude towards tax sparing and the design of such provisions. This report examines the practices of Member countries and explains why Member countries have become more reluctant to grant tax sparing in treaties. It also provides a number of suggested "best practices" on the design of tax sparing provisions in tax treaties.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Les crédits d'impôt fictif
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162433-en
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  • 78
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    Spotlight on Public Support to Industry (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les aides publiques à l'industrie au grand jour
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Pretschker, Udo Spotlight on public support to industry
    DDC: 338.94/02/09049 21
    RVK:
    QR 500
    Keywords: Subvention ; Industrieforschung ; Industriepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; EU-Staaten ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Industriepolitik ; Wirtschaftsförderung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Geschichte 1989-1995
    Abstract: Every year, up to US$45 billion are transferred from public budgets to manufacturing industry through support programmes in OECD countries. It is essential to perceive the significance of such support if we are to understand the role it plays in structural adjustment strategies and the side-effects it can have on trade, competitiveness and investment. In a globalising economy characterised by greater international competitiveness, the need for transparency is becoming increasingly apparent.This study provides the first comprehensive review of public support to industry. It makes use of a unique set of data covering 25 countries to monitor, analyse and evaluate support policies at both the international and the national level. A more in-depth analysis of support programmes is provided through 17 case studies focusing on individual countries. Special attention is also given to support for industrial R&D and for physical and intangible investment. This study shows that, in nearly all OECD countries, efforts must be made to limit the trade distortions that subsidies can produce and to contain public spending on industry support programmes, given the need for fiscal consolidation. This unique study is an invaluable analytical tool that will help us to meet these challenges.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Les aides publiques a l'industrie au grand jour
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163577-en
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  • 79
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    Intégrer les quartiers en difficulté (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262881
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Distressed Urban Areas
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Les quartiers en difficulté lancent au coeur même de nos villes un défi sans précédent à la cohésion de nos sociétés. Ces quartiers n'ont pas une cause unique, ils sont plutôt le résultat d'une combinaison inédite de facteurs à la fois environnementaux, économiques, sociaux et culturels, qui se cristallisent dans une dimension spatiale précise, dans certains centres villes et banlieues. Les politiques traditionnelles n'ont pas réussi à enrayer la spirale descendante qui affecte ces quartiers parce qu'elles étaient incapables d'appréhender la nature à la fois complexe et locale du problème. L'ambition de cette étude est de décrire ce phénomène, à travers l'analyse des politiques menées dans les pays de l'OCDE, afin de proposer des politiques mieux adaptées aux problèmes qu'elles combattent. Comment attirer l'investissement, créer des emplois, reconstruire des bases économiques et sociales saines et,, plus généralement, lutter contre l'exclusion dont sont victimes les quartiers en difficulté ? Les différents niveaux de gouvernement, la société civile et le secteur privé ont leur rôle à jouer. Il est urgent de mettre en place sans attendre des politiques intégrées, fondées sur la réhabiliation de la dimension locale et le partenariat de tous les acteurs concernés.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262881-fr
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  • 80
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    Under One Roof : The Integration of Schools and Community Services in OECD Countries (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163423
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Programme on Educational Building - PEB Papers
    DDC: 370
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Recent years have seen a number of initiatives which seek to provide a range of community services on school sites, including adult education and other social and welfare services. These developments aim at co-ordinating more effectively services which are usually provided separately while optimizing the use of increasingly sophisticated and expensive educational buildings and equipment. However, providing integrated services "under one roof" poses a number of practical problems. What is the rationale for integrated service provision? What are the implications for the local authorities, planners and architects in charge of designing school sites that meet new requirements? This report presents the main lessons learned from a conference held in Stockholm, drawing on case studies from Finland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Quebec, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The case studies provide a wealth of examples of solutions to the challenge of optimizing the use of existing schools by better integrating them into local communities and by promoting new synergies with other services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163423-en
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  • 81
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    Putting Markets to Work : The Design and Use of Marketable Permits and Obligations No. 19 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189379
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: One of the alternatives to traditional command-and-control regulation is the use of marketable permits and obligations. Based on the growing record of actual performance of these instruments, this paper provides practical insights into difficult design, implementation, and management issues. It presents a checklist to aid practitioners in assessing when these instruments are preferable to traditional regulatory practices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189379-en
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  • 82
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    Sustainable Institutions for European Union Membership (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.26
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des institutions durables pour l'intégration à l'Union européenne
    Keywords: Governance ; European Union
    Abstract: Countries that are candidates for European Union (EU) accession face the complex and urgent task of building administrative institutions so that they can fulfil the “Copenhagen criteria”. Such institutions must be able to implement the acquis communautaire within tight budget constraints and ensure favourable conditions for a competitive private sector. They must also provide candidate countries with the institutional capacity to participate effectively in future policy-making within the European Union upon accession. This paper lays out basic principles, tools and issues for building institutions. The target audience includes all those involved in Institution Building within candidate countries, EU Member States, the European Commission and the aid community. The paper highlights the issues associated with building effective institutions while providing concrete examples of how Member States and candidate countries have responded to such challenges. The definition of a number of key terms (in bold type) are provided in the Annex together with links to additional sources of information (SIGMA and PUMA publications as well as relevant web sites).
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml611h8s30-en
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  • 83
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    What Works Among Active Labour Market Policies : Evidence From OECD Countries' Experiences (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.35
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper seeks to answer the following question: what is the potential contribution which active labour market policies can make a part of a strategy to combat high and persistent unemployment and the problems of low pay and poverty among the working-age population? In order to answer this question, it is vital to know what works among active policies and in what circumstances. The OECD Secretariat has been working intensively on these questions in recent years and the paper summarises the main results of our work to date. The structure of the paper is as follows. Section 2 provides some factual background on public spending on labour market policies in OECD countries over the past decade, drawing on an internationally comparable data set which the OECD has developed to monitor trends in this field of public spending. Then I summarise the main results of on-going OECD research into the effectiveness of active labour market policies. My review mainly exploits two sources: (i) the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/267308158388
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  • 84
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    Human Capital Investment : An international Comparison (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162891
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement dans le capital humain ; Une comparaison internationale
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement dans le capital humain : Une comparaison internationale
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Investment in human capital is to the fore of debate and analysis in OECD countries about how to promote economic prosperity, fuller employment, and social cohesion. Individuals, organisations and nations increasingly recognise that high levels of knowledge, skills and competencies are essential to their future security and success. Investment in skills and competencies takes place in a variety of settings ranging from early childhood education to informal learning in the workplace, and involves a wide range of actors from individuals to enterprises and governments. This report aims to clarify what is now known about human capital and how it can be measured. It responds to a request by governments represented in the OECD Council "to develop an initial set of indicators of human capital investment based on existing data, analyse areas where significant gaps remain in internationally comparable data, identify the cost of development of data collection for new measures and performance indicators, and report to Ministers in 1998".
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162891-en
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  • 85
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    The Export Credit Arrangement : Achievements and Challenges 1978/1998 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163867
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'Arrangement sur les crédits à l'exportation ; Bilan et objectifs pour l'avenir 1978/1998
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development The export credit arrangement
    DDC: 332.742
    RVK:
    QM 350
    Keywords: 1978-1998 ; Exportkredit ; Exportkreditversicherung ; OECD-Staaten ; Unternehmensethik ; Trade ; OECD ; Welthandel ; Exportkredit
    Abstract: The Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export Credits celebrates its twentieth birthday this year. The 'Arrangement', as the Guidelines are usually known, is a unique form of international co-operation: as a 'gentlemen's agreement', it has no formal status in law – and yet it has brought order to the supply of export credits (government subsidies to exporters), thus saving billions of dollars of taxpayers' money. Thanks to the Arrangement, exporters in OECD countries now compete on the basis of quality and price, not according to the degree of support they receive from the state. Progressive improvements in the Arrangement, moreover, have extended its coverage, preventing trade distortion and subsidy in the form of tied aid and unrealistic premium fees. In this collection of essays, past and present negotiators of the Arrangement's guidelines, Presidents and Chief Executives of export credit agencies, international institutions, private-sector players, economists and others involved with the Arrangement from its earliest days chart its evolution – its inception and progressive expansion, the difficulties encountered and problems solved. They examine the sources of the flexibility that has made the Arrangement so successful in adapting to the changing, globalising world economy. Some of the contributions offer candid insights into the closed world of international negotiations. Others document the response of the Arrangement to the growing sophistication of financial and insurance services. All of them shed light on this increasingly important aspect of international trade.This book will be required reading for anyone interested in the world trading system and the role of export credits in particular, in the relationship between trade and aid, and in international co-operation in general.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: L'arrangement sur les crédits à l'exportation 1978/1998
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163867-en
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  • 86
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    Le service public de l'emploi : Grèce, Irlande, Portugal (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263765
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Public Employment Service; Greece, Ireland, Portugal
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Public Employment Service: Greece, Ireland, Portugal
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Greece ; Ireland ; Portugal
    Abstract: Situés à la périphérie de l'Europe, la Grèce, l'Irlande et le Portugal se ressentent encore aujourd'hui des effets de l'exode rural vers les zones urbaines et à l'étranger et ils ont tous bénéficié d'aides considérables des Fonds structurels de l'Union européenne. Les stratégies adoptées par ces pays en matière de prestations de chômage, de subventions à l'emploi et de création d'emplois sont souvent novatrices. Mais quelles sont celles qui s'avèrent les plus efficaces ? Les services de l'emploi jouent un rôle important en matière de formation. Cela leur permet-il également d'aider les chômeurs de longue durée ? Et comment améliorer les résulats des services de placement face à des actifs plus âgés qui ont quitté l'école très tôt, ou encore face à un pourcentage de travailleurs indépendants qui reste élevé ? Cette publication étudie les moyens utilisés par le Service public de l'emploi pour faciliter l'insertion sur le marché du travail, que ce soit directement ou par le biais de programmes spécialisés.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: The public employment service
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263765-fr
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  • 87
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    Combattre l'exclusion : L'aide sociale en Australie, en Finlande, au Royaume-Uni et en Suède (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262256
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion; Social Assistance in Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion: Social Assistance in Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Finland ; Sweden ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Les institutions ayant pour mission d'aider les personnes démunies sont un élément caractéristique de la vie sociale depuis des siècles. Aujourd'hui, les institutions d'aide sociale ont pour objectif d'intégrer et d'encourager ces personnes afin d'éliminer exclusion et stigmatisation. La pauvreté peut fortement éprouver le tissu social. Pourtant, éviter la misère aux personnes sans ressource tout en réduisant l'exclusion et la marginalisation n'est pas chose facile. Comment l'aide sociale peut-elle concilier au mieux ces objectifs et réduire au minimum les effets dissuasifs sur la recherche d'emploi rémunéré ? Que peut-on faire pour promouvoir autonomie et responsabilité individuelle ? Cet ouvrage examine l'efficacité des politiques d'aide sociale dans quatre pays aux niveaux de revenus par habitant comparables : l'Australie, la Finlande, le Royaume-Uni et la Suède. Il compare ces systèmes -- très différents -- de protection sociale et jette un jour nouveau sur des questions telles que l'assurance et l'aide sociales, les systèmes de sécurité sociale nationaux et locaux, les mesures actives et passives. Les interactions souvent complexes qui sont en jeu font l'objet d'analyses, et des enseignements sont tirés des diverses expériences menées dans ces pays. Une attention particulière est accordée aux jeunes, aux chômeurs de longue durée, aux familles monoparentales, aux immigrants et aux demandeurs d'asile. Les conclusions par pays et par thème font une large place aux moyens de supprimer les obstacles à l'activité professionnelle et, en particulier, les effets dissuasifs sur la recherche d'emploi. Ce sont autant d'armes indispensables dans le combat contre l'exclusion.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262256-fr
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  • 88
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    The Battle against Exclusion : Social Assistance in Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162259
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combattre l'exclusion ; L'aide sociale en Australie, en Finlande, au Royaume-Uni et en Suède
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combattre l'exclusion
    RVK:
    QX 040
    RVK:
    QX 900
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Finland ; Sweden ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This book examines the performance of social assistance policies in four countries with similar per capita incomes: Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. It confronts their -- very different -- social protection systems and sheds light on issues such as social insurance and social assistance, central and local social security systems, active and passive policies. The often complex interactions involved are analysed and lessons are drawn from the countries' varied experiences. Particular attention is paid to young people, the long-term unemployed, lone-parent families, immigrants and asylum seekers. Conclusions -- both country-based and thematic -- are presented with a particular emphasis on how barriers and disincentives to employment can be overcome: these are indispensable weapons in the battle against exclusion.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162259-en
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  • 89
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    L' investissement dans le capital humain : Une comparaison internationale (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262898
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital Investment; An international Comparison
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital Investment: An international Comparison
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: L'investissement dans le capital humain se situe au coeur du débat et de l'analyse, en cours dans les pays de l'OCDE, sur les moyens de promouvoir prospérité économique, plein emploi et cohésion sociale. Les individus, les organisations et les pays prennent progressivement conscience que les connaissances, les qualifications et les compétences acquises constituent un atout essentiel pour leur sécurité et leur réussite à venir. L'investissement dans les qualifications et les compétences s'inscrit dans un ensemble diversifié de paramètres allant de l'éducation préscolaire à l'apprentissage informel en entreprise, et fait intervenir une multitude d'acteurs, au nombre desquels les individus, les entreprises et les pouvoirs publics. L'objectif de ce rapport est de mettre en lumière ce que l'on sait aujourd'hui sur le capital humain et sur les moyens de le mesurer. Il répond à la demande des gouvernements représentés au Conseil de l'OCDE de « mettre au point une première série d'indicateurs de l'investissement en capital humain sur la base des données existantes, d'analyser les domaines dans lesquels on manque encore largement de données comparables au niveau international, de déterminer le coût des travaux et de la collecte des données nécessaires à de nouveaux indicateurs de performance et autres mesures et de faire rapport aux ministres en 1998 » .
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262898-fr
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  • 90
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    Preparing Public Administrations for the European Administrative Space (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 193 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.23
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Préparation des administrations publiques à l'espace administratif européen
    Keywords: Governance ; European Union
    Abstract: This publication contains an overview of the seminar, background papers — including an inventory of how candidate countries plan to manage European integration — as well as ten points which emerged during the panel discussions of senior negotiators. Chapters have been grouped around the three main topics which the seminar addressed: (1) managing EU affairs; (2) membership negotiations and preparation for accession; and (3) preparing to join the emerging “European Administrative Space”. Ensuring the smooth running of a multi-country seminar away from the SIGMA Secretariat required intense organisational and logistical work. The conference facilities provided by the Greek hosts, together with their sharing of information on what is involved in becoming an EU Member State, and on their efforts in administrative reform, contributed to the seminar’s success. SIGMA wishes to thank Nelli Sakellariadou from the Greek Ministry of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralisation for co-ordinating the event. SIGMA staff Linda Duboscq, Winnie Marshall and Joanne Stoddart provided logistical support, and Michal Ben-Gera, Jacques Fournier and Tony Verheijen developed the programme, wrote background papers and co-chaired the sessions with the Greek hosts. Other background papers and presentations were provided by experts in the field.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6143zd8p-en
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  • 91
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    Concurrence fiscale dommageable : Un problème mondial (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262942
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Harmful Tax Competition; An Emerging Global Issue
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Haitallinen verokilpailu; Esille nouseva globaali kysymys
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Harmful Tax Competition: An Emerging Global Issue
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Haitallinen verokilpailu: Esille nouseva globaali kysymys
    Keywords: Governance ; Taxation
    Abstract: La mondialisation a eu des effets positifs sur le développement des systèmes fiscaux et a encouragé les pays à engager des réformes fiscales destinées à élargir leurs bases d'imposition et réduire leurs taux d'imposition. Cependant, elle a aussi créé un environnement dans lequel les paradis fiscaux se multiplient et des gouvernements peuvent être incités à adopter des régimes fiscaux préférentiels dommageables afin d'attirer les activités mobiles. Lorsqu'elle prend cette forme, la concurrence fiscale risque d'entraîner des distorsions dans les échanges et les investissements, de saper les bases d'imposition nationales et de déplacer une partie de la charge fiscale vers des bases d'imposition moins mobiles telles que le travail ou la consommation, au détriment de l'emploi et de l'équité des structures fiscales. Le rapport met en évidence que les gouvernements doivent intensifier leur coopération pour réduire les pratiques fiscales dommageables. A cette fin, les gouvernements des pays de l'OCDE ont mis au point des "Principes directeurs sur les régimes fiscaux préférentiels dommageables". Ces Principes directeurs décourageront la prolifération des régimes fiscaux préférentiels dommageables et encourageront les pays dotés de tels régimes à les éliminer. Pour lutter à la fois contre les paradis fiscaux et les régimes fiscaux préférentiels dommageables, les gouvernements membres conviennent également de poursuivre activement la mise en oeuvre des autres Recommandations formulées dans le Rapport, notamment en nouant un dialogue avec les pays non membres.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262942-fr
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  • 92
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    Integrating Distressed Urban Areas (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162884
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intégrer les quartiers en difficulté
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Davies, Andrew, 1966 - Integrating distressed urban areas
    RVK:
    QY 300
    Keywords: Städtischer Niedergang ; Stadterneuerung ; Wirtschaftsförderung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Stadtviertel ; Unterprivilegierung ; Stadtplanung
    Abstract: Distressed urban areas threaten social cohesion in urban regions, the very centre of our economies. This problem can be traced to no single cause; rather it represents a combination of environmental, economic, social and cultural circumstances that take spatial form in different parts of inner cities and suburbs. Traditional policies have not succeeded in halting the downward spiral that effects these areas because they were unable to address the complex and area-based nature of the problem at the local level. The aim of this study is to describe this phenomenon and analyse policies implemented in OECD countries, so as to come up with multisectoral policies that are better suited to the problems they have to address.Policy objectives include attracting investment, creating jobs, rebuilding sound economic and social foundations and, more generally, combatting the isolation from which distressed urban areas suffer. Different levels of government, civic society and the private sector all have roles to play. There is an urgent need for integrative policies based on reinforcement of the local dimension and on partnerships that bring all the actors together.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162884-en
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  • 93
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    Contracting Out Government Services : Best Practice Guidelines and Case Studies No. 20 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162174
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Public Management Occasional Papers
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mieux sous-traiter les services publics ; Principes directeurs et études de cas n 20
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mieux sous-traiter les services publics : Principes directeurs et études de cas n 20
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Contracting out government services is one of the principal market-type mechanisms applied in OECD Member countries. Its use is increasing in virtually all Member countries as the evidence mounts that contracting out can lead to efficiency gains while maintaining or increasing service quality levels. How can governments make the most of contracting out ? What lessons can be learned from past experiences ? This report presents the OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Contracting Out Government Services and accompanying case studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162174-en
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  • 94
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    Fostering entrepreneurship (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264163719
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: The OECD Jobs Strategy
    Series Statement: The OECD jobs strategy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Fostering entrepreneurship
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. Stimuler l'esprit d'enterprise
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Stimuler l'esprit d'entreprise
    RVK:
    RL 60660
    RVK:
    RQ 10660
    RVK:
    QP 230
    RVK:
    QP 380
    Keywords: Intrapreneuring ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Osteuropa ; Unternehmensgründung ; OECD ; Unternehmensgründung ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Unternehmensgründung ; Öffentliche Förderung
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163713-en
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  • 95
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    Measures of Job Satisfaction : What Makes a Good Job? Evidence from OECD Countries (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.34
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les indicateurs de la satisfaction au travail : Quelles sont les caractéristiques d'un bon emploi ? Observations recueillies dans certains pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Most taxonomies of "good jobs" and "bad jobs" are centred around pay and hours of work. This paper uses uses information on 7 000 workers in OECD countries (emanating from the 1989 wave of the International Social Survey Programme) to complement traditional measures of job quality with workersupplied information regarding a wide variety of characteristics of the current job. The responses to twenty different questions are collapsed into six summary variables measuring workers’ evaluations of: Pay; Hours of work; Future Prospects (promotion and job security); How hard or difficult the job is; Job content: interest, prestige and independence; and Interpersonal relationships (with co-workers and with management). An advantage of asking workers about these job attributes is that many of them, such as interpersonal relationships, job interest and job difficulty, are not measurable in the way that income and hours are. Another is that items may not have a linear relationship ...
    DOI: 10.1787/670570634774
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  • 96
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    Des institutions durables pour l'intégration à l'Union européenne (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.26
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Institutions for European Union Membership
    Keywords: Governance ; European Union
    Abstract: Les pays candidats à l’adhésion à l’Union européenne (UE) sont confrontées à la tâche urgente et complexe de se doter d’institutions administratives qui leur permettront de se conformer aux "critères de Copenhague". Ces institutions doivent être en mesure de mettre en oeuvre l’acquis communautaire dans le contexte de contraintes budgétaires rigoureuses et d’assurer des conditions qui soient favorables à l’épanouissement d’un secteur privé concurrentiel. Ces institutions doivent également doter les pays candidats de la capacité institutionnelle de participer de manière efficace, le moment venu, à l’élaboration des politiques de l’UE. Ce document inventorie les grands principes, les outils et les questions qui se posent dans le contexte de la mise en place des institutions. Son groupe-cible inclut tous ceux que concerne la mise en place des institutions dans les pays candidats, les pays Membres de l’UE, la Commission européenne et les institutions de l’aide internationale. Ce document met l’accent sur les questions que soulève la mise en place d’institutions efficaces et il propose des exemples concrets sur la manière qu’ont choisi les États Membres et les pays candidats pour répondre à ces exigences. La définition d’un certain nombre de termes importants (imprimés en caractères gras) est donnée en annexe, avec des indications sur des sources d’information complémentaires (Publications SIGMA et PUMA ou sites Internet pertinents).
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml611cfpjc-fr
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  • 97
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    Public Opinion Surveys as Input to Administrative Reform (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 107 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.25
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les sondages d'opinion au service de la réforme de l'administration publique
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This report examines the use of public opinion surveys as tools to advance administrative reforms in western European countries and central and eastern European countries. The aim is to demonstrate to central and eastern European governments and civil servants the utility of public opinion surveys before, during and after reforms in their countries and to encourage their systematic use. Up to now, public opinion surveys have received a great deal of scientific attention with regard to methodological problems of data gathering, data analysis and interpretation of data. There is also much literature on administrative reforms in both OECD countries and central and eastern European countries. Although this literature is widely used, there is very little information on the use of public opinion surveys in the context of administrative reforms. By providing an overview of surveys in western countries, as well as country studies of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Lithuania, and by using examples from different administrative settings, this publication can contribute to a broad understanding of how surveys can provide useful inputs to administrative reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml611pccxq-en
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  • 98
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    Les pratiques en matière de contrôle des banques centrales (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Documents Sigma no.24
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Central Bank Audit Practices
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La présente étude est issue d'un examen des problèmes importants qui se posent actuellement en matière de contrôle organisé à Luxembourg du 21 au 23 octobre 1996 par la cour des comptes européenne en liaison avec les présidents des institutions supérieures de contrôle (ISC) des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale. Les discussions entre les représentants des ISC et des banques centrales et SIGMA qui ont suivi cette rencontre ont montré qu'une étude comparative bien ciblée pourrait présenter un grand intérêt pour les fonctionnaires chargés de la conception des stratégies et des politiques de contrôle, ainsi que pour les vérificateurs. Il a été décidé, dès l'origine, que l'étude serait concentrée sur le contrôle des activités de la banque centrale et non pas sur les activités bancaires. Autrement dit, les aspects du système bancaire tels que la structure de la réglementation des institutions financières ou la surveillance du secteur financier ont été exclus, en dépit de leur intérêt et de leur pertinence, du champ de la présente étude ou ne feront l'objet que de brèves allusions. L'étude est par ailleurs limitée à quatre États Membres de l'Union européenne (Allemagne, Irlande, Pays-Bas et Suède) qui ne représentent pas toute la panoplie des systèmes existant dans l'Union. Il faut rappeler aussi que les pratiques actuelles pourraient subir d'importantes transformations à la suite de l'institution de l'Union économique et monétaire européenne. L'étude a été effectuée à partir des documents communiqués par des acteurs importants du contrôle des banques centrales et des entretiens avec ces derniers. Il s'agit notamment de dirigeants des banques centrales, de représentants des unités de contrôle interne, des institutions supérieures de contrôle, des ministères des finances et, le cas échéant, de vérificateurs parlementaires et de représentants des organismes de gestion de la dette publique.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml611sv737-fr
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  • 99
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    Maintaining Prosperity in an Ageing Society (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163133
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Préserver la prospérité dans une société vieillissante
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Is ageing a threat to our societies' prosperity? How should resources be shared between the working generation and its dependent older citizens? How should pension, health and long-term care best be reformed? How can older people's contribution to society and economic prosperity be enhanced? Within the next decade, the numbers of retired people in OECD countries will start to grow much faster than those of working age. In the absence of major changes to pension systems and to the way people allocate their time between education, work and leisure, it is likely that fiscal and social strains will start to emerge. Some groups may be unfairly burdened through high taxation and others would face unexpected reductions in their material living standards. The appropriate policy response is multi-faceted, covering fiscal, social, labour market, financial market, health and education policies. An important part of the strategy for maintaining prosperity in an ageing society will involve encouraging people to work longer by making it financially more attractive for them to do so. In turn, this could entail reforms to traditional public pension systems and other social policies, as well as fostering the development of alternatives to public systems that give individuals more flexibility in deciding when to retire. Consequently, financial market infrastructures will need to be strengthened to cope with large increases in private pension fund assets. Through this multi-disciplinary study, the OECD points to the need to take action now by implementing a comprehensive and consistent set of policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163133-en
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  • 100
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    Central Bank Audit Practices (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.24
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pratiques en matière de contrôle des banques centrales
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Central Bank Audit Practices describes common approaches, practices and trends relevant to the audit of central banks, with a view to supporting public administration reform efforts in central and eastern European countries. The study provides a basis for further discussion between decision-makers and practitioners on how the audit regime could be developed to ensure good governance of central banks. This study originates from a discussion on today’s important audit issues which was arranged by the European Court of Auditors together with the presidents of supreme audit institutions (SAIs) of central and eastern European countries and held in Luxembourg on 21-23 October 1996. Follow-up discussions between representatives of SAIs and central banks and SIGMA made it apparent that a focused comparative study could be of high value to officials with responsibilities for the design of audit strategies and policies, as well as to auditors. From the outset it was decided that the study should focus on auditing of central bank activities and not on banking. This meant that aspects of the banking system, such as the regulatory structure of financial institutions or supervision of the financial sector, although very interesting and relevant, have been excluded from the scope of the study or are only briefly mentioned. The study is furthermore limited in that it provides an overview of four European Union Member States (Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Sweden). These countries do not represent the entire variation to be found in the EU. The reader is also asked to keep in mind that current practices might undergo important changes as a result of the introduction of the European Economic and Monetary Union.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml611wf826-en
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