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  • 1995-1999  (194)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (193)
  • Wrocław : Polskie Tow. Ludoznawcze, Wydawn.
  • Economics  (108)
  • Industry and Services  (43)
  • Transport  (31)
  • United Kingdom  (18)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264172586
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (484 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Environment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Environmental permits have played a major role in improving industry's environmental performance across the last few decades. Because they adopt a precautionary approach during the setting of environmental requirements, permitting strategies have also favoured pollution prevention. However, current permitting systems will have to adapt to address growing pressures on the environment. How are OECD countries currently meeting this challenge? What are the main features of the laws, regulations, policies and practices governing the negotiation and delivery of industrial permits in OECD countries? This publication's three volumes give new insights into these questions. Volume 1 contains a policy study entitled Environmental Requirements for Industrial Permitting: Approaches and Instruments. This report is the first comprehensive review of permitting practices for industry in OECD Member countries. It explores the principles behind environmental permits and identifies major trends in their use. In particular, the report examines how technology-based requirements and environmental quality objectives are used together to develop permit conditions. Results are also presented from four sectoral case studies of the iron and steel, metal finishing, pulp and paper, and oil refining industry . Volume 2 contains the proceedings of an unprecedented OECD workshop on "Environmental Permitting of Industrial Facilities". This international workshop brought together nearly 100 government experts, regulators, permit writers, industry permit holders and other private sector representatives from OECD Member and Observer countries in Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific region. Considering the wide range of policies, practices and viewpoints discussed, the workshop represented a significant step toward a mutual international understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of current environmental permitting systems. Volume 3 provides a valuable reference guide on regulatory approaches to environmental permitting in OECD countries. It presents the main features of the laws, regulations, policies and practices governing the negotiation and delivery of industrial permits in eighteen OECD Member countries, the European Union and other international organisations.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189416
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gérer les systèmes nationaux d'innovation
    RVK:
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Forschung und Entwicklung ; Wirtschaftspolitik
    Abstract: With the emergence of a knowledge-based society, innovation has become an increasingly important factor in the competitiveness of firms, the prosperity of nations and dynamic world growth. Innovation uses scientific progress to meet the changing needs of society and is thus one of the keys to sustainable development. Promoting innovation is now a high priority in most OECD countries. However, the pursuit of this objective is often hampered by an inadequate understanding of the extent to which the mechanisms of innovation are being transformed by globalisation, the development of information and communications technologies and the expanding scientific knowledge base. Drawing on new empirical data, this book analyses the fundamental changes in the linkages between industry and the science system as well as in the nature of the competencies required for firms to innovate. The changes which are transforming the respective roles of competition and co-operation in stimulating innovation and which are enabling enterprise creation and SMIs to play an increasingly active role in innovation are also examined. This book shows that innovation performance depends on the way in which the different components of the "innovation system" -- businesses, universities and other research bodies - interact with one another at the local, national and international levels, and concludes that the public authorities must change their approach to the promotion of innovation. This study defines the aims and tools of this new innovation policy and identifies examples of good policy practice recently implemented in OECD countries.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273788
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Business Incubation; International Case Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Business Incubation: International Case Studies
    Keywords: Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Les pépinières d’entreprises jouissent d'une popularité croissante dans nombre de pays de l'OCDE : elles sont de plus en plus fréquemment utilisées pour stimuler l'économie et l’emploi à l’échelle locale. Les pépinières ont vocation à aider les entreprises à démarrer, mais elles répondent aussi à des objectifs connexes comme la commercialisation des produits de la recherche universitaire, la création d’infrastructures, l’accroissement des capacités technologiques des entreprises locales ou la création d'un environnement sûr pour les entreprises implantées dans des zones à forte criminalité. Ainsi, les pépinières d’entreprises sont loin d'être conformes à un modèle unique, elles sont, comme le montre cette publication, multiples. Leurs caractéristiques et leurs modes de fonctionnement varient, ainsi que les objectifs qu’elles poursuivent. Les pépinières d’entreprises suscitent l'intérêt de nombreux acteurs économiques. Administrations locales et régionales, universités, chambres de commerce, parcs scientifiques, promoteurs immobiliers du secteur privé et organisations à but non lucratif, tous ont participé à la création et à la gestion de programmes dans ce domaine. Cependant, les pépinières constituent, dans bien des pays, une industrie encore jeune, et les examens critiques de leurs performances font souvent défaut. Ce livre fait le point sur les expériences récentes de l'Australie, de l'Allemagne, de l'Italie, du Royaume-Uni et des Etats-Unis en matière de création de pépinières d’entreprises. C'est l'un des premiers ouvrages à avoir une approche internationale de la question.
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264072510
    Language: Multiple languages , English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Employment ; Taxation ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Steuerbelastung
    Abstract: This annual publication provides unique information on direct taxes levied from employees and their employers in all OECD Member countries. In addition, the book specifies family benefits paid as cash transfers. Amounts of taxes and benefits are detailed program by program, for eight household types, which differ by income level and household composition. Results include the tax burden for one- and two- earner families.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.1999/11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Study Support in Extra Time in the United Kingdom
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Le Royaume-Uni a lancé au printemps 1999 un grand projet pour accroître l’utilisation des bâtiments scolaires. Les bonnes écoles des secteurs public et privé ont toujours offert des activités récréatives et scolaires en dehors des heures de classe. Le gouvernement a décidé maintenant d’investir 200 millions de livres sterling provenant de la Loterie nationale pour permettre aux écoles des zones défavorisées dont les élèves ont de faibles résultats scolaires de développer ce type d’initiatives.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.213
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper, we present estimates of the mark-up of product price over marginal costs for the US manufacturing industries over the 1970-1992 period. The paper extends the analysis used in previous studies based on nominal productivity residuals by considering intermediate inputs and cyclical fluctuations of price margins. The estimated steady-state mark-ups are positive but moderate, generally in the range of 10-20 per cent. The results also support the hypothesis of countercyclical price margins in most manufacturing industries, especially in the presence of downward rigidities of labour inputs. This offers an appealing interpretation of the otherwise puzzling procyclicality of real wages and enables to better estimate TFP. We also discuss the role of market structures on the levels and cyclicality of mark-ups. Finally, we compare the results for the United States with those of the other G-5 countries and distinguish between fragmented and segmented industries. The latter ...
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264272606
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (238 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. EMU; Facts, Challenges and Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. EMU: Facts, Challenges and Policies
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: Le lancement de l'euro jette les bases d'une intégration économique sans précédent rassemblant 11 pays, 16 % du PIB mondial et 290 millions d'habitants. Pour la première fois l'OCDE étudie la « zone euro » comme une entité à part entière et analyse la préparation minutieuse qui a mené à la monnaie unique ainsi que les enjeux soulevés par son introduction. La convergence macro-économique déjà réalisée et le cadre institutionnel désormais en place ne doivent pas faire oublier qu'il subsiste nombre d'incertitudes.Une articulation des politiques monétaire et budgétaire qui soit à la hauteur des enjeux reste à définir. La capacité de l'UEM à absorber les chocs économiques doit en outre être revue et renforcée. Plus particulièrement, une flexibilité accrue du marché du travail apparaît primordiale afin de compenser la perte d'autonomie monétaire qu'implique la participation à l'UEM et ainsi éviter que les ajustements ne s'effectuent davantage au détriment de l'emploi. Un chapitre spécial de cet ouvrage aborde les obstacles que constituent encore le manque de mobilité des travailleurs et la trop grande rigidité des modes de fixation des salaires. Les enjeux des années à venir résident dans ces questions, et cet ouvrage les aborde à la lumière des analyses les plus éclairantes que permet la réflexion économique contemporaine. Sa vocation n'est pas de donner des recettes figées, mais plutôt de dégager, sur la base d'analyses et de chiffres inédits, les lignes d'action les plus favorables au succès de l'union monétaire. Une lecture exigeante et sans complaisance, qui s'adresse à tous ceux qui souhaitent comprendre les mécanismes économiques à l'oeuvre.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264274013
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of the Global Economy; Towards a Long Boom?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen; Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global; Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of the Global Economy: Towards a Long Boom?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen: Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global: Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Les puissantes forces de changement qui convergent en cette fin de XXe siècle pourraient jeter les bases d'un essor économique durable pour les décennies à venir. La transition vers une société fondée sur le savoir pourrait générer de prodigieux gains de productivité. L'intégration des marchés mondiaux des biens, des services, du capital et de la technologie s'approfondit constamment. Et l'affirmation croissante d'une véritable conscience environnementale pourrait accélérer le passage à des modes de production et de consommation ménageant davantage les ressources. Il pourrait en résulter plusieurs décennies de croissance économique plus soutenue, des gains substantiels de revenus et de richesse, ainsi qu'une amélioration significative du bien-être à travers le monde.Mais comment libérer toute la dynamique de ces forces ? Toute une série d'initiatives sera nécessaire pour établir les règles et les cadres permettant de passer à une économie du savoir mondiale et durable. Mais par dessus tout les décideurs, que ce soit au niveau des gouvernements, des entreprises ou de la société en général, devront faire des efforts extraordinaires pour encourager l'innovation permanente, la créativité et des niveaux élevés d'investissement, tout en donnant l'impulsion à des approches novatrices qui accroissent la coopération internationale et favorisent la mise en place d'institutions efficaces. Même s'il est inévitable que les bénéfices diffèrent selon les pays, les capacités de création de richesses libérées par ce nouvel essor économique offrent une occasion unique d'inverser la tendance à l'accroissement des inégalités et de l'exclusion qui a marqué les dernières décennies.Ce livre s'appuie sur l'analyse des forces économiques et sociales à l'oeuvre dans le monde d'aujourd'hui, pour évaluer la probabilité d'un nouvel essor économique dans les premières décennies du XXIe siècle et mettre en lumière les politiques stratégiques indispensables pour en faire une réalité.Pour en savoir plus Les technologies du XXIe siècle : Promesses et périls d’un futur dynamique.
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.224
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Problems of unemployment and low pay amongst the low-skilled and those with little work experience are severe in many OECD countries. Employment-conditional schemes are policy instruments designed to increase the employment prospects of the low-skilled as well as to support their living standard. In this paper a simple CGE model is developed to simulate the impact of the introduction of an employmentconditional scheme in four OECD countries. The simulated policy package is graduated on gross earnings with both “phase-in” and “phase-out” regions. The advantage of the CGE approach is to allow assessing the direct and indirect effects of the financing of the policy scheme on both labour demand and supply. The simulations suggest that employment effects on targeted households are significant while the impact on aggregate employment is modest. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of the policy package is found to depend crucially on the earnings distribution, the levels of taxes on ...
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 107 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.202
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the main determinants of the decision to retire from the labour market in OECD countries, and in particular the role of social security systems in driving down the labour-force participation rate of older people in recent decades. It demonstrates that old-age pension systems in virtually all OECD countries in the mid-1990s made it financially unattractive to work after the age of 55, and the implicit tax on continued work has risen strongly since the 1960s in most countries. Financial disincentives to continued work have been amplified by various de facto early-retirement programmes, including unemployment-related and disability schemes. Pooled cross-country time-series regressions show that increased disincentives to work at older ages have contributed significantly to the drop in labour-force participation rates of older males, but also demonstrate that the deterioration of labourmarket conditions in many countries has played a significant role as well ...
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173163
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Énergie ; les cinquante prochaines années
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Énergie : les cinquante prochaines années
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: How long will conventional fossil fuels remain the predominant source of energy? Does nuclear power have a future? What new energy technologies are emerging on the horizon? What are the implications of the growing role played by developing countries as producers and users of energy? What can be done to avoid international energy crises in the future? How will the information society affect the production and use of energy? And what will be the long-term implications of international environmental agreements for a sustainable energy future? Endeavours to set world energy on a sustainable footing are entering a critical phase. By 2050 the energy landscape could be completely transformed. A highly diversified mix of conventional and new fuels will be in use; unprecedented levels of energy efficiency in transport systems, housing and other infrastructures will likely have been attained; and people could at last be reaping the rewards of environmentally responsible lifestyles. But such a shift towards sustainable use of energy will take decades to achieve. This book reviews the options likely to shape the energy picture over the next half-century, and assesses some of the key issues -- economic, social, technological, environmental -- that decision-makers in government and corporations will need to address in the very near future.
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.209
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: In Germany fiscal relations between the various levels of government have come to the fore of the policy debate. In practice the federal fiscal set-up has evolved towards consensus and co-operation, where equalisation of living standards takes precedence over public choice and economic incentives. Shared taxes and the low reliance on own taxes make for a relatively inefficient control over public spending. At the same time, the system may be criticised for not achieving economic convergence among the states. The difference in regional living standards is smaller than in some other economies, but the revenue equalisation system offers no incentives to expand the tax base and may even promote tax avoidance. Greater dynamism could be achieved with a less confiscatory equalisation system and a higher degree of tax autonomy and both of these should form part of any balanced tax and expenditure reform ...
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264074187
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (308 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This publication presents for the first time detailed data on the role played by multinationals in the industrial sectors of the OECD economies. In an era of globalisation, these data highlight the increasing importance of multinationals in the economies of host countries, particularly in production, employment, value added, research and exports. The data also show that multinationals make a positive contribution to the economic development of host countries: productivity levels are well above those of national firms; salaries are generally higher; and numbers of employees are growing faster than those of national firms. The R&D efforts and technology transfers of multinationals strengthen the innovation capacity and competitiveness of host countries.
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.220
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: As it takes time and effort to learn how to fully utilise new technology and realise its maximum potential productivity gain, adoption of new technology tends to reduce productivity temporarily, even though the potential productivity gain in the long run outweighs this short run loss. This paper points to such “learning cost” in technology upgrading as a potential explanation of the following two “productivity puzzles” reported in the Information Technology (IT) literature and in the studies of East Asian economic growth. First, in the 1980s, US companies made enormous IT investments, but little productivity gain was observed. Second, Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth of “Newly Industrialising Countries” (NICs) in East Asia was mediocre in spite of the impressive investment drive in those countries. A simple model of optimal intervals for technology upgrading with learning cost is developed. This model predicts that a company with higher frequency in technology upgrading will tend to have higher market value even with lower current profitability. An empirical study using unbalanced panel data of 1,031 US companies from 1986 to 1995 supports this prediction. Extending the scope from firm-level to industry-level, the paper estimates the magnitude of industry-wide learning-by-doing effects using annual data on 15 sub-industries in the Japanese machinery manufacturing sector from 1955 to 1990. The results show that industry-wide learning-by-doing was strong in low-tech industries where technological change was relatively slow, while it was insignificant in high-tech industries which experienced rapid technological evolution. It is also observed in the US and Japanese manufacturing industries that TFP growth tends to decrease with faster capital accumulation. This negative correlation is reproduced in simulations based on the extended model of learning cost.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9789264273160
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Energy; The Next Fifty Years
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Energy: The Next Fifty Years
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: Les combustibles fossiles vont-ils rester longtemps la source d'énergie prédominante ? L'énergie nucléaire a-t-elle un avenir ? Quelles technologies énergétiques se profilent à l'horizon ? Quelles sont les implications du rôle grandissant joué par les pays en développement en tant que producteurs et consommateurs d'énergie ? Comment évitera-t-on à l’avenir les crises énergétiques internationales ? Quelle influence la société de l'information aura-t-elle sur les modes de production et de consommation d'énergie ? Enfin, quelles conséquences les accords internationaux de protection de l'environnement destinés à assurer un avenir énergétique durable auront-ils à long terme ? Les efforts tendant à assurer des ressources énergétiques durables entrent aujourd’hui dans une phase décisive. A l'horizon 2050, le paysage énergétique pourrait être complètement bouleversé. On disposera d’une palette de sources d'énergie classiques et nouvelles très diversifiée. Les systèmes de transport, le logement et les autres infrastructures atteindront sans doute des niveaux sans précédent d'efficacité énergétique. Et les populations pourront enfin bénéficier de modes de vie respectueux de l'environnement. Des décennies seront toutefois nécessaires pour parvenir à une utilisation durable de l'énergie. Cet ouvrage passe en revue les choix qui façonneront la scène énergétique au cours des cinquante prochaines années et analyse certaines des questions clés -- d'ordre économique, social, technologique ou écologique -- auxquelles les décideurs publics et privés doivent s'attaquer sans tarder.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.212
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study examines the dynamics of poverty for four OECD countries (Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States). It provides information on patterns of poverty, which groups stay in poverty the longest, and household/individual characteristics and life-course events which appear to be most closely associated with transitions into and out of poverty and the length of time individuals stay in poverty. The analysis finds that the number of people touched by poverty over a six year period is significantly larger that the poverty rate might suggest, but the share of those staying poor for a long time is much smaller. The data suggest that longer-term poor are concentrated among women, lone parents and older single individuals. The study finds that employment status is the main factor affecting transitions into and out of poverty and the duration of poverty ...
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.1999/04
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The United Kingdom's School Asset Management Plans
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Des instructions relatives à la mise en œuvre de Plans de gestion des actifs (AMP) concernant les établissements scolaires ont été publiées par le ministère de l’Éducation et de l’Emploi du Royaume-Uni en août 19981. Ces plans aideront les autorités locales de l’enseignement (LEA) à identifier, approuver et traiter les priorités les plus urgentes et les plus importantes de leurs programmes d’équipements scolaires et ils leur seront également utiles dans l’aménagement et la gestion à plus long terme du patrimoine scolaire. Ils contribueront également à appuyer les demandes d’aides financières adressées par les LEA au ministère de l’Éducation et de l’Emploi.
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9789264174016
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale de demain ; vers un essor durable ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen; Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global; Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale de demain : vers un essor durable ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Weltwirtschaft von morgen: Ein neues goldenes Zeitalter ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. O Futuro da Economia Global: Rumo a uma expansao duradoura?
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: As the 20th century draws to a close, powerful forces of change are converging that could set the stage for a long, sustained economic boom in the next few decades -- the transition to a knowledge-based society with its potentially huge productivity gains; the emergence of more deeply integrated, global markets for goods, services, capital and technology; and a fast-growing environmental awareness that could greatly accelerate the shift to new, less resource-intensive production and consumption patterns. The result could be several decades of above-average economic growth, substantial increases in income and wealth, and significant improvements in well-being across the world. But what will it take to unleash these dynamic forces? Not only will it call for a range of initiatives to establish the rules and frameworks for guiding the transition to a sustainable global knowledge economy, but above all, it will require exceptional efforts among decision makers in government, business and society at large to encourage continuous innovation, creativity and high levels of investment, and to promote bold new approaches to closer international co-operation and institution building. Inevitably some countries will benefit more than others, but a long boom with all its wealth creating capacity would offer a unique opportunity to reverse the trends of the last decades towards deepening inequality and exclusion. This book reviews the forces driving economic and social change in today's world. It asesses the likelihood of a long boom materialising in the first decades of the 21st century and explores the strategic policies essential for making it happen.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.222
    Keywords: Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: There have been a number of tax reforms in Switzerland in recent years aimed at enhancing economic efficiency and equity. This paper sets these reforms in the context of the forces shaping tax policy in Switzerland and the main features of the Swiss tax system and suggests areas where further reforms could be beneficial. These include applying more equal tax treatment to different forms of savings, moving to a flat-rate tax on corporate profits in all cantons and making greater use of environmental taxes. It is recognised that Switzerland’s highly decentralised federal structure and system of direct democracy can slow reforms, although these features also increase the legitimacy of reforms, reducing the risk of policy reversals ...
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264272088
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Economic and Social Impact of Electronic Commerce; Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Economic and Social Impact of Electronic Commerce: Preliminary Findings and Research Agenda
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Le commerce électronique sur Internet est apparu il y a seulement trois ans, mais il est porteur de transformations radicales de l'espace marchand. Il va modifier la façon dont l'activité économique est conduite. Les fonctions traditionnelles des intermédiaires vont être remplacées, des produits et marchés nouveaux vont se développer, et des relations nouvelles vont se nouer entre les entreprises et les consommateurs. L'organisation du travail s'en trouvera modifiée et de nouveaux canaux de diffusion du savoir et des échanges interpersonnels sur le lieu de travail vont se créer. Les fonctions et les qualifications des travailleurs se redéfinissant, ces derniers devront faire preuve de plus de flexibilité et d'adaptabilité. Les changements induits par le commerce électronique ont une portée considérable. Ils exigent de nouveaux cadres pour la conduite des transactions commerciales ainsi qu'un réexamen des politiques gouvernementales à l'égard du commerce et des qualifications. Qu'est-ce que le commerce électronique ? Quelle est la situation actuelle du commerce électronique et comment devrait-elle évoluer à l'avenir ? Quels sont les facteurs qui stimulent son développement et quels sont ceux qui le freinent ? Quelle est son incidence sur les coûts, les prix et, au bout du compte, l'efficience économique ? Dans quelle mesure affecte-t-il les intermédiaires ? A quelle concurrence les entreprises se livrent-elles dans l'environnement électronique ? Quelle structure de marché devrait voir le jour ? Quelles sont les répercussions sur l'emploi ? Quels types de qualifications seront nécessaires ? Quelles transformations sociales de fond le commerce électronique va-t-il entraîner ? L'impact réel du commerce électronique reste à élucider. Ce livre fait oeuvre de pionnier en s'appuyant sur les données qualitatives et quantitatives existantes pour offrir la première évaluation des répercussions du commerce électronique et de ses effets sur l'emploi. Cette analyse précoce d'une activité extrêmement dynamique révèle les domaines auxquels il est urgent de consacrer des travaux de recherche et permet d'éclairer le débat sur les mesures à prendre.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.221
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Widening imbalances in current account positions across some of the major OECD economic areas have raised concerns about related increases in protectionist sentiments. This paper reviews recent trends in market openness indicators and assesses whether barriers to international trade and investment have risen. It finds that tariffs, the most transparent form of protection, have fallen steadily over a long period. Usage of non-tariff barriers also declined up to 1996. But despite these developments most OECD countries continue to highly protect certain sectors such as agriculture. The paper reviews in some depth the incidence, geographical distribution and product composition of anti-dumping initiations, since their use as disguised protection is feared. Against the background of a general decline in direct trade restrictions the paper shows, using a variety of indicators the steady - albeit uneven across sectors and countries - improvement in market openness. The study also examines ...
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173316
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Issues in International Taxation no.6
    Series Statement: Issues in international taxation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'Application du Modèle de Convention fiscale de l'OCDE aux sociétés de personnes
    DDC: 343.068
    RVK:
    Keywords: Taxation ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Internationales Steuerrecht
    Abstract: The application of tax treaties to cases involving partnerships raises a number of complex issues. When is a partnership entitled to the benefits of a tax convention? What happens when the residence and source States apply different articles of the Convention on the basis of differences in their domestic law? How can the problems arising from conflicts of income allocation be solved? This report addresses these issues in detail and focuses on specific factual examples. For each example, the facts and, where applicable, relevant aspects of domestic tax laws are described. Comprehensive recommendations for dealing with the international taxation of partnerships in practice are also presented.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273313
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Questions de fiscalité internationale no.6
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Application of the OECD Model Tax Convention to Partnerships
    Keywords: Taxation ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: L'application des conventions fiscales aux cas impliquant des sociétés de personnes soulève un certain nombre de questions complexes. Dans quelles circonstances une société de personnes a-t-elle le droit de bénéficier des dispositions d'une convention fiscale ? Que se passe-t-il lorsque l'Etat de la résidence et l'Etat de la source appliquent des articles différents de la convention en vertu des spécificités de leurs droits internes ? Comment résoudre les problèmes d'imputation de revenu ? Ce rapport explore ces questions en s'appuyant sur des exemples précis. Chaque exemple comporte une description des faits et, le cas échéant, des dispositions applicables de la législation fiscale interne. On trouvera également dans cet ouvrage des recommandations précises sur la façon de régler les problèmes pratiques de fiscalité internationale liés aux sociétés de personnes.
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264172609
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. UEM ; Faits, défis et politiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. UEM : Faits, défis et politiques
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: The launch of the euro reinforces the foundations for unprecedented economic integration encompassing 11 countries, 16 per cent of world GDP and 290 million people. For the first time, the OECD has studied the euro-area as a fully-fledged economic entity and has analysed the intensive preparations that led to the single currency, as well as the economic issues raised by its introduction. Despite the macroeconomic convergence already achieved and the institutional framework that has been established, the fact is that many uncertainties remain. An approach to co-ordinating monetary and budgetary policies that is up to the issues at stake has still to be fully defined. And the euro area's ability to absorb economic shocks must be assessed and strengthened. In this respect it is vital for labour markets to become more flexible and adaptable if they are to compensate for the loss of national monetary autonomy which EMU implies and if adjustment is not to be at the expense of jobs. A special chapter discusses the obstacles to geographic labour mobility and the rigidity of wage setting mechanisms. These are some of the challenges that must be faced in the years to come, and this study discusses them in the light of the most penetrating and informative analysis today’s economists can provide. It does not prescribe set remedies, but drawing on analyses and figures never published before, attempts to identify the best policies for ensuring the success of the monetary union. This is a complex study that takes a hard look at the issues and will be of great interest to anyone wishing to understand the economic mechanisms at work.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.1999/15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le point sur les projets de gestion des actifs au Royaume-Uni
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Government, because of its commitment to education, is making significant additional capital funding available to the schools sector. Over the next three years, through various policy initiatives, about GBP 6 billion will be available to clear the maintenance backlog and improve school buildings. It is important that this money is used efficiently and as effectively as possible. Local Education Authorities (LEAs) will be responsible for preparing the Asset Management Plans, which will cover all types of state-funded schools in their boundaries. An AMP will provide an agreed basis for local decisions on spending priorities.
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.216
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper, a structural VAR model is estimated for 11 EU countries in order to assess the effect on the government deficit ratio of four independent economic disturbances: supply, fiscal, real private demand and monetary shocks. Based on the estimated distribution of these shocks, stochastic simulations are performed to derive estimates of cyclically-adjusted budget balances that would have to be maintained to avoid breaching the Stability and Growth Pact’s 3 per cent of GDP deficit limit over different time horizons and with varying degrees of confidence. In order to capture the movement in the deficit stemming from automatic stabilisation, fiscal policy shocks are turned off during the simulations. The results suggest that, for the majority of countries, if governments were to aim for a cyclically-adjusted budget deficit between 1.0 and 1.5 per cent of GDP, the actual deficit would, with a 90 per cent likelihood, remain within the 3 per cent limit over a three-year horizon ...
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.210
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Different categories of foreign portfolio investors in Korea have differences as well as similarities in their trading behavior before and during the currency crisis. First, non-resident institutional investors are always positive feedback traders, whereas resident investors were negative feedback (contrarian) traders before the crisis but switch to be positive feedback traders during the crisis. Second, individual investors herd significantly more than institutional investors. Non-resident (institutional as well individual) investors herd significantly more than their resident counterparts. Third, differences in the Western and Korean news coverage are correlated with differences in net selling by non-resident investors relative to resident investors ...
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264173491
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p)
    Keywords: Economics ; Schloss La Muette
    Abstract: La Muette, home of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, has a long and rich history. This book tells its story from its inception as a royal hunting lodge to its present-day use as the headquarters of the OECD. The reader may find it amusing, and sometimes instructive, to meet some of the colourful characters who once roamed its galleries. The place itself has played a significant role in French history; the Château and its extensive park were once the theatre of many a strong sentiment and the locale is impregnated with memories, comic, tragic, venal, lofty, solemn and ludic. These traces of the past are the real substance of La Muette’s charm; they are also the voices that echo through this text and linger in the halls of the Château.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.1999/15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. An Update on Asset Management Plans in the United Kingdom
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Soucieux de sa mission éducative, le gouvernement augmente en ce moment considérablement les subventions d’équipements allouées au secteur scolaire. À travers divers dispositifs, près de six milliards de livres britanniques seront débloqués au cours des trois prochaines années pour financer des travaux d’entretien en retard et pour rénover des bâtiments scolaires. Il est important que ces fonds soient utilisés avec le maximum d’efficience et d’efficacité. Les autorités scolaires locales (LEA) auront pour tâche d’établir les Projets de gestion des actifs, qui couvriront les écoles publiques, toutes catégories confondues, situées sur leur circonscription. Un AMP offrira une base concertée à partir de laquelle pourront être déterminées, au niveau local, les priorités en matière de dépenses.
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.218
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: This document examines Norwegian policy on managing natural and environmental resources. These issues, and more generally the challenges of sustainable development, are primary concerns of the authorities in Norway, a country richly endowed with natural resources. Substantial action has been taken, as can be seen in the development of an integrated institutional framework and in the major efforts undertaken to co-ordinate government policies in this area. The investment of a large share of the rent from oil and gas in foreign financial assets should help ensure the inter-generational balance. Norway’s leading role in fostering international co-operation on fisheries and environmental management — where problems often extend beyond national boundaries — also reflects an engagement mindful of the needs of present and future generations. Within the country, the government has succeeded in reducing the emissions of a large number of pollutants. But measures still need to become more ...
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264474222
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Grundsätze der Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: En la última década el mundo ha sido testigo de transformaciones significantes del papel que juega el sector privado en el desarrollo de la economía y en la creación de empleos. Debido a que cada vez más países adoptan enfoques basados en mercado a la política económica, ha aumentado la conciencia de la importancia de corporaciones privadas para el bienestar de los individuos.Un buen régimen de gobierno corporativo ayuda a afirmar que las corporaciones utilizan su capital de manera eficaz. El buen gobierno corporativo ayuda además a asegurar que las corporaciones toman en cuenta los intereses de un amplio rango de componentes, al igual que para comunidades con las que operan, y que sus Juntas de Administración son responsables con la compañía y los accionistas. Ello ayuda a asegurar que las corporaciones operen para el beneficio de la comunidad. Ayuda a mantener la confianza de los inversionistas -trátese de nacionales o extranjeros - y a atraer capitales estables y a largo plazo.Los "Principios de la OCDE para el gobierno de las sociedades" fueron aprobados por los Ministros en la reunión del Consejo de la OCDE a nivel ministerial del 26-27 de mayo de 1999. Estos Principios responden al mandato dado a la Organización por el Consejo de la OCDE reunido a nivel ministerial del año 1998 a fin de definir normas y directrices de un sistema de gobierno de empresas de calidad.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273702
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance: (Russian version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Depuis une dizaine d’années, le rôle du secteur privé dans le développement économique et la création d’emplois s'est profondément transformé. Les entreprises privées apportent une contribution importante au bien-être des individus, et ce rôle est de plus en plus reconnu à mesure que davantage de pays axent leur politique économique sur le libre jeu des mécanismes du marché. Un bon système de gouvernement d’entreprise est essentiel pour que les entreprises emploient au mieux leurs ressources en capital. Il permet également de s’assurer qu'elles tiennent compte des intérêts d’une multitude de parties prenantes, ainsi que ceux de la communauté au sein de laquelle elles exercent leur activité, et que le conseil d’administration rend compte de ses actes à la société et aux actionnaires. Grâce à un tel système, on peut ainsi s'assurer que les activités des entreprises servent les intérêts de la société dans son ensemble, on entretient la confiance des investisseurs, tant étrangers que nationaux, et on attire des capitaux à long terme. Les Principes de gouvernement d’entreprise de l’OCDE ont été approuvés par les ministres à la réunion du Conseil de l'OCDE au niveau ministériel des 26-27 mai 1999. Ils sont le fruit du mandat donné à l’Organisation par le Conseil de l'OCDE réuni au niveau des ministres en 1998 afin de définir les normes et lignes directrices d’un système de gouvernement d’entreprise de qualité.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173781
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pépinières d'entreprises à travers le monde ; Études de cas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pépinières d'entreprises à travers le monde : Études de cas
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Abstract: In many countries of the OECD business incubators have become an increasingly popular policy instrument for local economic and employment development. Business incubators aim to assist entrepreneurs with enterprise start-ups. Incubators are also being widely used to pursue related objectives such as the commercialisation of university research, providing infrastructure, upgrading the technological capabilities of local firms, and even affording a safe haven for legitimate entrepreneurship where crime is a constraint on business. As this publication makes clear, there is no unique business incubation model. Rather, there is considerable diversity in the types of business incubator, their modes of operation and the objectives they pursue.Interest in business incubation comes from a variety of sources. Local and regional governments, universities, chambers of commerce, science parks, private real-estate developers and non-profit organisations have all participated in establishing and running incubation programmes. However, this is still a young industry in many countries, and evaluation material is scarce. This publication reviews current experience in business incubation in Australia, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States. Indeed, this volume is one of the first to treat the international experience of business incubation.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264273597
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Strategic Business Services
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Les services stratégiques aux entreprises, que cet ouvrage étudie dans 21 pays de l'OCDE, englobent les services de logiciels et de traitement de l'information, les services de recherche-développement (R-D) et techniques, les services de marketing, d'organisation de l'entreprise (services de conseil en gestion et de recrutement du personnel), et de mise en valeur des ressources humaines. Ces services se sont développés à un rythme d’environ 10 % par an, leur chiffre d’affaires cumulé devant avoisiner 1 500 milliards de dollars des États-Unis en 1999. Ces services, qui sont créateurs d’emplois, représentent au moins 11 millions d’emplois directs dans les pays de l’OCDE. Au milieu des années 90, les services d’organisation de l’entreprise étaient le principal employeur avec 3,6 millions d’emplois dans les services de recrutement de personnel et 1,5 million dans le conseil en gestion. L’excellente performance de ce secteur tient à de nombreux facteurs : l'évolution générale de l’économie vers les services, la montée des économies fondées sur le savoir, le besoin d'une plus grande flexibilité au sein des entreprises, la spécialisation et la division accrue du travail dans de nombreux secteurs, le recours des entreprises bien établies à la sous-traitance et la tendance à privilégier les petites unités de production et entreprises. Les pouvoirs publics peuvent influencer la demande de services aux entreprises en favorisant les investissements incorporels du secteur privé dans la R-D, dans la formation et l'éducation et dans l'organisation de l'entreprise, et en soutenant l’offre de ces services à travers toute une série d’organismes intermédiaires. La fourniture de services stratégiques aux entreprises est considérée comme essentielle pour améliorer la performance et la compétitivité des PME. Pays couverts Allemagne Australie Autriche Canada Danemark Espagne États-Unis Finlande France Irlande Italie Japon Mexique Norvège Nouvelle-Zélande Pays-Bas Portugal Royaume-Uni Suède Suisse Turquie
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264289413
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing National Innovation Systems
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Avec l’émergence d’une économie fondée sur le savoir, l’innovation détermine plus que jamais la capacité concurrentielle des entreprises, la prospérité des nations et le dynamisme de la croissance mondiale. Elle mobilise le progrès scientifique au service des besoins évolutifs de la société et constitue ainsi l’une des clés d’un développement durable. La promotion de l’innovation s’affiche aujourd’hui comme une haute priorité dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE. Cet objectif se heurte toutefois souvent à une compréhension insuffisante de la portée des transformations du processus d’innovation, que celles-ci soient produites par la mondialisation, le développement des technologies de l’information et des communications, ou l’élargissement de la base de connaissances scientifiques. A partir de données empiriques nouvelles, cet ouvrage montre combien les liens qui existent entre l’industrie et le système scientifique se trouvent transformés et analyse la nature des compétences nécessaires pour innover. Il rend également compte des mutations qui modifient les rôles respectifs de la concurrence et de la coopération en matière d'innovation et prend toute la mesure de l'impulsion croissante que la création d’entreprises et les PME donnent à la dynamique d’innovation. A la lumière de cette publication, il apparaît que la performance en matière d’innovation dépend de manière cruciale de la façon dont interagissent, aux niveaux local, national et mondial, les différents éléments constitutifs du « système d’innovation » que sont les entreprises, les universités et les autres organismes de recherche. D'où la nécessité pour les pouvoirs publics de modifier leur approche de la promotion de l’innovation. Cette étude énonce les objectifs et définit les instruments de cette nouvelle politique de l’innovation tout en identifiant certaines mesures exemplaires prises récemment dans les pays de l'OCDE.
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264272910
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Recherche en matière de transport routier et intermodal
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Safety Strategies for Rural Roads
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Plus de 75 000 personnes sont tuées chaque année sur les routes de rase campagne des pays de l'OCDE, ce qui représente près de 60 pour cent de l'ensemble des accidents mortels de la circulation. Ces pertes en vie humaine ont un coût économique de l'ordre de 135 milliards de dollars US. La proportion relative du nombre de tués sur les routes de campagne comparée au nombre total de tués dans les accidents de la circulation est passée de moins de 55 % en 1980 à plus de 60 % en 1996. Étant donné que les pays de l'OCDE ont connu une réduction du nombre total d'accidents mortels au cours des vingt dernières années, cela signifie clairement que les mesures de sécurité visant les autoroutes et les zones urbaines ont été bien plus fructueuses que celles visant les routes rurales. Après un examen approfondi des caractéristiques des accidents de la route en rase campagne, cet ouvrage propose une série de mesures de sécurité portant sur la gestion de l’infrastructure, les contrôles de police, les outils innovants, comme les systèmes de transport intelligents, ainsi que sur la gestion des traumatismes. Ce livre s'attache à faire prendre conscience aux usagers de la route, aux décideurs et aux hommes politiques de l'importance de la sécurité sur les routes en zone rurale. Il constitue un manuel très utile pour les autorités locale, régionale ou nationale, qui cherchent à améliorer -- souvent à faible coût -- la sécurité des routes de rase campagne.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789264273658
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Environmental Goods and Services Industry; Manual for Data Collection and Analysis
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Environmental Goods and Services Industry: Manual for Data Collection and Analysis
    Keywords: Environment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: L'industrie des biens et services environnementaux connaît une croissance rapide à travers le monde. Cette croissance résulte de la nécessité de préserver l'environnement et de l'adoption par les gouvernements et les entreprises de stratégies durables sur le long terme. Pourtant, alors que cette industrie fournit aux entreprises et aux nations les produits et services indispensables pour relever les défis environnementaux, elle reste mal définie, mal classifiée et mal comprise.Ce manuel est le fruit des travaux conjoints de l'OCDE et d'Eurostat ; il vise à fournir une base solide pour établir des statistiques de l'industrie environnementale qui soient comparables. Il s'appuie sur l'expérience récemment acquise par les pays de l'OCDE dans l'élaboration de statistiques propres à rendre compte d'une industrie si diverse qu'elle échappe souvent aux systèmes de classification traditionnels.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789264172081
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les incidences économiques et sociales du commerce électronique ; Résultats préliminaires et programme de recherche
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les incidences économiques et sociales du commerce électronique : Résultats préliminaires et programme de recherche
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Though only three years old, electronic commerce over the Internet has the potential to transform the marketplace. E-commerce will change the way business is conducted. Traditional intermediary functions will be replaced, new products and markets will be developed, and new relationships will be created between business and consumers. It will alter the way work is organised and open new channels of knowledge diffusion and human interactivity in the workplace. Workers will need to be more flexible as their functions and skills are redefined. The changes e-commerce will bring are far-reaching. They require new frameworks for doing business and a re-examination of government policies relating to commerce and skills. What is electronic commerce? What is the current state and likely future direction of e-commerce? What are the drivers and what are the inhibitors? What is its impact on costs, prices, and ultimately on economic efficiency? How is it affecting intermediaries? How do firms compete in the electronic environment? What market structure is likely to emerge? What is the impact on jobs? What types of skills will be needed? What major societal transformations will it entail? The full impact of e-commerce remains to be seen. This book begins to address these questions and provides a ground-breaking assessment of the economic and social impacts of electronic commerce and its effects on jobs by drawing on existing qualitative and quantitative evidence. This early analysis of an extremely dynamic activity identifies a number of areas where research is urgently needed and serves as the basis for an informed policy debate.
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9789264174467
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This publication provides a detailed description of the Sources and Methods which were used in the compilation of the quantitative indicators published in the now discontinued quarterly Indicators of Industrial Activity, which was a unique source of short-term industrial statistics broken down by industrial sectors in OECD member countries. The indicators selected are indices of output, deliveries, new orders, unfilled orders, producer prices and employment. The statistics are classified according to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789264074194
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This quarterly publication complements the OECD Main Economic Indicators. It presents a wide range of monthly, quarterly and annual economic indicators covering such topics as industrial production, business surveys, construction, employment, earnings, prices, domestic and foreign finance, interest rates and domestic and foreign trade for the following 18 transition countries: Bulgaria Slovak Republic Kazakstan Tajikistan Estonia Slovenia Kyrgyz Republic Turkmenistan Latvia Armenia Moldova Ukraine Lithuania Azerbaijan Russian Federation Uzbekistan Romania Belarus Included in this issue: Annex on Labour Market Indicators Available on Diskette This supplement is the final edition of the series Short-term Economic Indicators: Transition Economies in the current format. The OECD plans to release a new publication containing a more restricted number of short-term economic indicators for key non-OECD countries on a monthly basis. The new publication is scheduled for release in the first half of 1998.
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789264467286
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Mexico 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Mexique 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Mexique 1999
    Keywords: Economics ; Mexico
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.225
    Keywords: Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: The Swedish universal welfare model relies on a high tax level to finance a variety of transfers to the workingage population both in the form of income replacements and income supplements and as services for health-, child- and elderly care. The available evidence, reviewed in this Working Paper, indicates that the system has powerful redistributive properties. However, the efficiency costs of the system are substantial. Taxes and benefits combine to face income earners with high effective tax rates and the unemployed with little reward from moving into employment, resulting in a declining intensity in the utilisation of labour. A complex tax code arising out of a significant difference in tax rates for labour and capital income impedes the establishment and expansion of enterprises. An internationally-high taxation of capital income acts as an impediment to savings and the development of the domestic market for risk capital. To these domestic distortions has to be added the ...
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.219
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reports estimates of a reduced form relationship explaining inflation in terms of the output gap and import price inflation for most OECD countries. Results are reported both for single equation estimation on a country-by-country basis and using a system estimation technique in order to impose common parameters across countries where such restrictions are consistent with the data. A striking feature of the results is that most of the countries accept a common sacrifice ratio ...
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.214
    Keywords: Economics ; Greece
    Abstract: A successful reform of public enterprises would improve productivity in key sectors of the Greek economy, and thus provide essential inputs at lower cost to the economy as a whole. Reforms would need to address the factors that are responsible for the poor performance of Greek public enterprises. First, labour costs are high and productivity low in international comparisons. Second, there are wide technology gaps between Greece and other OECD countries. Third, Greece’s public enterprises fulfil heavy public service commitments without matching compensation. As a result, prices are often out of line with prices elsewhere. In recognition of the large drag on the economy, as well as the burden on the budget, the Government has embarked on a programme to revitalise inefficient public enterprises. The objective of this paper is to analyse the main issues concerning the public enterprise sector and assess the current policy framework, as well as planned changes to it. First, the key ...
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173590
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les services stratégiques aux entreprises
    RVK:
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Unternehmensberatung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; OECD ; Dienstleistung ; Industriebetrieb
    Abstract: Strategic business services, examined in twenty-one OECD country case studies in this book, comprise services in computer software and information processing, research and development and technical testing, marketing, business organisation (management consultancy and labour recruitment) and human resource development. This sector has been growing at around 10% per year, and overall turnover for 1999 is likely to be close to USD 1.5 trillion. These services create jobs in OECD countries, directly employing at least 11 million persons. Business organisation services were the major employer, with 3.6 million people in personnel recruitment services and 1.5 million in management consultancy in the mid-1990s. This sector’s strong performance is driven by the general shift towards services, the rise of the knowledge-based economy, the need for greater flexibility within firms, specialisation and increased division of labour in many areas, outsourcing by established firms, and the trend towards smaller production units and firms.Governments influence the demand for business services by promoting private sector investment in intangibles such as R&D, training and education and business organisation, and by supporting the supply of these services through a range of intermediary agencies. The provision of strategic business services is seen as key to improving the performance and competitiveness of small and medium-sized firms.Countries covered Australia Austria Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands Norway New Zealand Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789264173651
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'industrie des biens et services environnementaux ; Manuel de collecte et d'analyse des données
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'industrie des biens et services environnementaux : Manuel de collecte et d'analyse des données
    RVK:
    Keywords: Environment ; Industry and Services ; Beispielsammlung ; Umwelttechnik ; Klassifikation
    Abstract: Globally, the environmental goods and services industry is growing rapidly in response to environmental pressures and the shift towards business and government strategies that are more sustainable over the long term. However, the industry which supplies the goods and services that enable businesses and nations to meet environmental challenges is poorly identified, measured and understood. This manual, which has been jointly developed by the OECD and Eurostat, aims to provide a firm basis for constructing comparable statistics of the environmental industry. It is based on recent experience in OECD countries in building up a quantitative statistical picture of this crosscutting industry that is not well identified in traditional statistical systems.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173705
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance: (Russian version)
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services ; Aktiengesellschaft ; Eigentümer ; Recht ; Corporate Governance ; OECD
    Abstract: Over the past decade, the world has witnessed a significant transformation in the role of the private sector in economic development and job creation. As more and more countries have adopted market-based approaches to economic policy, there has been an increasing awareness of the importance of private corporations for the welfare of individuals. A good corporate governance regime is central to the efficient use of corporate capital. Good corporate governance also helps to ensure that corporations take into account the interests of a wide rage of constituencies, as well as of the communities within which they operate, and that their boards are accountable to the company and the shareholders. This, in turn, helps to assure that corporations operate for the benefit of society as a whole. It helps to maintain the confidence of investors - both foreign and domestic - and to attract more long-term capital. The OECD Principles of Corporate Governance were endorsed by ministers at the OECD Council meeting at ministerial level on 26-27 May 1999. They were developed in response to a mandate given to the Organisation by the OECD Council meeting at ministerial level in 1998 to develop a set of standards and guidelines on good corporate governance.
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9789264180031
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.108
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quels marchés pour les transports par voies navigables ?
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Despite the fact that the freight transport market in Europe almost doubled in volume over the period 1970 to 1995, growth in the inland waterway sector has remained stagnant. Until now the waterways have primarily been used to transport goods produced by sectors that have been hard hit by industrial restructuring. However, the past does not necessarily hold the key to the future. Waterways can be readily incorporated into logistics chains in which regular supply streams and low transport costs are more important than speed. The transportation of hazardous materials and container transport also offer promising markets. The Round Table identified a number of policy measures which could help to promote development in the inland waterways sector (discontinuation of scrapping policies, support for the grouping of enterprises and the creation of co-operatives, incentives for private-sector investment). Reading the proceedings of this Round Table offers an opportunity to look at the inland waterways in a wholly new light which shows that there is a genuine future for this mode provided that operators are prepared to become entrepreneurs.
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.215
    Keywords: Economics ; Greece
    Abstract: Without further reforms, pay-as-you-go pension systems throughout most of continental Europe face unsustainable financial imbalances as their population ages. Though this paper describes the Greek pension system, which will face especially severe financial strains, it sheds light on the pension problems of other continental European countries, as these countries’ systems share many common features. The main focus of the paper is on the factors of the Greek pay-as-you-go system which result in its future unsustainability. Exacerbating the deteriorating demographics, the system is characterised by very generous pensions relative to contributions for the pre-1993 generation of workers, as well as other incentives/provisions to retire early. To highlight these facets, the study provides simulations of the generosity of different categories of individual pensions under different scenarios as well as projections of aggregate pension expenditures and revenues. It concludes with options ...
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264180048
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.110
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La congestion routière en Europe
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The problems caused by road congestion are frequently reported in the media and finding a solution to congestion ranks high on the agenda of politicians. Countless studies have been published detailing the number of working hours lost in traffic jams. The figures quoted in these studies are alarming and paint an apocalyptic picture of road congestion. However, besides the everyday congestion faced by motorists, differences of opinion are now starting to appear with regard to the scale of the problem and the ways in which it should be tackled. This Round Table attempted to define congestion and to determine the scale of the problem. It addressed the trends in congestion and the consequences of those trends. The Round Table then considered possible solutions to the congestion problem. Considering the extent of this problem in the European context, the Round Table report sheds light on one of the most visible malfunctions of transport systems.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.217
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia
    Abstract: As in other OECD countries Australia’s population is ageing progressively. On unchanged policies, this will increase government outlays for public pensions and health care, causing a deterioration in budget balances, and reduce economic growth (mainly by lowering growth in the labour force). Nevertheless, the prospective deterioration in Australia’s budget finances is much less than in most other OECD countries because the government only provides the first pillar of retirement income arrangements and means tests this age pension. Moreover, superannuation (private pension fund) benefits are growing, reducing entitlements to the age pension. Even so, the budget costs of population ageing could be lowered by reducing the scope for early retirees to draw on superannuation savings and by requiring individuals to prefund part of the costs of long-term aged care. But the greatest challenge facing Australia policy makers in reducing the costs of population ageing is to roll back the trend ...
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.211
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper summarises key points of the recent extensive discussion of the factors behind the volatility of cross-border capital flows in emerging market countries and possible corrective measures. The root cause of the recent volatility of capital flows seems to have been excessive credit and currency risk-taking by banks, which in turn was related to moral hazard problems, failure of prudential regulations and bank supervision, and weak effective standards of financial disclosure. Macroeconomic factors also played a role, with a widening deficit on the balance of payments and fixed (or predictable) exchange rates gradually undermining confidence of creditors and investors. Liquidity problems may have amplified the reaction to adverse news, and herd behaviour and contagion may also have exaggerated reaction to changing fundamentals and transmitted crises from one country to another. Capital controls, which have been extensively used in emerging market countries, may not be very ...
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.223
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In a new and changing environment for monetary policy, an interesting issue to examine is the use of financial market indicators by monetary policy authorities. With this in mind, the OECD canvassed a number of major central banks to get their views. This paper presents a synthesis of the responses and respects the confidentiality of individual central banks. Its main conclusions are as follows. In principle, financial market variables can provide additional information regarding the shocks that strike the economy, such as their perceived size and source as well as the process of feeding through the economy. A complementary function is to gauge market anticipations and reactions to policy changes, including the credibility of policy objectives. Regarding policy setting, monetary authorities are clearly aware of the dangers of mechanically targeting this information, which could lead to circularities. However, in some cases, they seem to find financial market indicators useful in ...
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.1999/04
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Plans de gestion des actifs scolaires au Royaume-Uni
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Provisional Guidance on Asset Management Plans (AMPs) for schools was published by the Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) in August 1998. These plans will help English Local Education Authorities (LEAs) to identify, agree and address the most urgent and important priorities in their school capital programmes, and to help in their longer term planning and management of the school estate. They will also help to underpin LEA applications to DfEE for capital support.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.1999/11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les activités extra-scolaires au Royaume-Uni
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: In spring 1999, the United Kingdom launched a major initiative that will extend the use of school buildings. Good schools in both public and private sectors have always engaged in recreational and learning activities outside normal school hours. The government has now decided to invest 200 million pounds of National Lottery money to enable schools in deprived and underachieving areas to develop or expand such initiatives.
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264574229
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principios de la OCDE para el gobierno de las sociedades
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance; (Russian version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Ein gutes Corporate Governance-System ist für den effizienten Einsatz des Unternehmenskapitals von entscheidender Bedeutung. Es trägt ferner dazu bei, dass die Unternehmen die Interessen möglichst breiter Kreise ebenso wie die der Gemeinwesen berücksichtigen, in denen sie tätig sind, und die Aufsichtsräte den Unternehmen und den Aktionären gegenüber rechenschaftspflichtig sind. Das wiederum ist eine der Voraussetzungen dafür, dass die Tätigkeit des Unternehmens der Gesellschaft insgesamt zugute kommt, das Vertrauen der in- und ausländischen Investoren gewahrt bleibt und mehr langfristiges Kapital mobilisiert wird.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264172913
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Road Transport and Intermodal Linkages Research Programme
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Stratégies de sécurité routière en rase campagne
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: More than 75 000 people are killed each year on rural roads in OECD countries; this represents about 60% of fatal road crashes. This loss of lives has an economic cost of around US$135 billion per year. The relative share of rural road fatalities in total road fatalities has risen from less than 55% in 1980 to more than 60% in 1996. While there has been a reduction in the total number of road fatalities in OECD countries during the past 20 years, it is clear that safety improvements on motorways and urban roads have been more successful than those on rural roads. Following an in-depth review of the characteristics of road crashes in rural areas, the book proposes a series of safety measures, focusing on infrastructure management, enforcement, innovative tools, such as intelligent transport systems, and trauma management. The book strives to raise the awareness of road users, decision makers and politicians of the importance of road safety in rural areas. It is a very useful handbook for local, regional or national authorities seeking to improve -- sometimes at very low cost -- safety on rural roads.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264173620
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: It was a financial crisis, or was it? Did a band of speculators and money-changers pull the rug out from under the Thai, Malaysian, Philippine, Indonesian and Korean economies, thereby trashing the Asian Miracle? Or were more profound, longer-term pressures building in these economies which finally boiled over in 1997? In this book, the OECD explodes the myth of conspiracy and evil design, showing that well-intentioned and previously successful economic policies put the Asian economies at risk. Generous support for heavy and high-tech industries created "turnkey" companies with an excessive reliance on imported technology and inputs. In many cases, the success of these industries came at the expense of small and medium-sized enterprises, and more generally of the ability to foresee and respond to the need for adjustment. There were also detrimental effects as traditionally strong parts of these economies lost their competitive edge due to limitations in technological linkages coupled with upward pressures on wage costs and appreciating exchange rates. The book shows that the Asian breakdown had far-reaching structural global implications extending beyond the financial sphere. In examining the policy implications, the OECD argues that far-reaching industrial reforms are needed to accompany the measures being taken to address the financial aspects of the crisis. Learning the lessons from these reforms will reduce the risk of similar crashes in the future.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264174047
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.)
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: To further benefit from trade liberalisation, developed and developing countries must get their policies right, in trade and other spheres, such as the web of domestic regulations that affect commerce within and between countries. In the run-up to the November 1999 WTO Ministerial in Seattle, Washington, and a possible new round of multilateral trade negotiations, a Conference on trade and competition was held on 29-30 June 1999 at the OECD to explore the various options towards better coherence between trade and competition policies. This Conference provided OECD countries and 30 non-member countries, academics and representatives of business, trade unions and advocacy groups a unique opportunity to discuss ways to strengthen trade and competition policies in the interests of more open global markets. They examined the effects of trade measures on competition. They also debated whether private anticompetitive practices, and certain domestic regulations, point to the need for multilateral trade and competition rules. This publication summarises those discussions and includes keynote addresses by Sir Leon Brittan and U.S. Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust Joel Klein, as well as an issues paper drafted by the OECD Secretariat to serve as a background note for the Conference.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264162778
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Co-operation Reviews no.25
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement ; Royaume-Uni 1998
    DDC: 338.9469
    RVK:
    Keywords: Development ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The OECD Development Assistance Committee's 1998 review of the UK's development aid programs and policies. It finds that the United Kingdom is changing its approach to international development policy. The new British Government, elected in May 1997, has created a Department for International Development (DFID), headed by a Secretary of State within the Cabinet. This body has a much wider range of responsibilities than its predecessors, notably in ensuring the coherence of all British policies affecting development. For the first time in two decades, the government issued a White Paper on International Development. This document commits the government to the goal of halving the proportion of people living in extreme poverty by 2015, along with other key international development goals. In its triennial review of British aid policies and programmes, the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) welcomed the United Kingdom's new policies. It viewed the creation of DFID, with its broader responsibilities covering the whole range of bilateral and multilateral aid, the emphasis on strengthened international co-ordination, and the new role in securing consistency across all British policies affecting development as promising steps. The DAC also noted that in focusing its efforts on the eradication of extreme poverty, DFID, like its DAC partners, will need to emphasize the shaping of its programmes and the testing of their outputs with respect to their impact on the poor.
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264162921
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Investment Guides
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services ; Latvia
    Abstract: Since 1991, the Latvian Government has conscientiously instituted a number of reforms which led to an increase in the level of foreign investment. Over 1996, foreign investment rose by 60 per cent, and foreign direct investment stocks amounted to US$ 269 per capita at the start of 1997. This places Latvia among the region's leaders in terms of its ability to attract foreign investment. The Government must, however, continue to improve the business environment. The Investment Guide for Latvia has been prepared with three objectives in mind : firstly, to identify those areas of economic activity which present opportunities for foreign investors; secondly, to provide the investor with comprehensive information relating to the historical, political, economic, financial and legal framework, essential for sound and secured foreign investment; thirdly, to draw on the experiences of the foreign investors in Latvia, and to conclude with an assessment of the business, investment and regulatory environment. This assessment will focus on areas within the legal framework and structure which need greater transparency, predictability and efficiency.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789264062245
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This annual publication sets out the main statistical data concerning the transport sector in the Member countries of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT). For the first time, the reader will find data on the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic and Moldova. The Czech and Slovak Republics joined the ECMT in 1993 whereas Moldova has been a Member since 1994. Tables cover such topics as investment, infrastructure, rolling stock, human resources, traffic and energy consumption for the different modes of transport.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163683
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Investment Guides
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services ; Lithuania
    Abstract: Since 1991, the Lithuanian Government has instituted a number of reforms which led to an increase in the level of foreign investment. The Investment Guide for Lithuania has been prepared with three objectives in mind : firstly, to identify those areas of economic activity which present opportunities for foreign investors; secondly, to provide the investor with comprehensive information relating to the historical, political, economic, financial and legal framework, essential for sound and secured foreign investment; thirdly, to draw on the experiences of the foreign investors in Lithuania, and to assess the business, investment and regulatory environment.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263413
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364 p.) , ill.
    Edition: Edition 1998
    Series Statement: La stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Technology, Productivity and Job Creation; Best Policy Practices 1998 Edition
    Keywords: Employment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Le développement de connaissances nouvelles prend une importance grandissante avec l'émergence de l'économie fondée sur le savoir. L'impact de la technologie sur la croissance, l'emploi et le bien-être dépend largement de la manière dont elle est diffusée, assimilée et utilisée à travers l'ensemble de l'économie. Pour que le progrès technologique apporte non seulement des gains de productivité mais aussi davantage de croissance économique et des emplois nouveaux, il doit se produire dans des conditions permettant à la fois une restructuration du secteur industriel, la création et l'essor des petites entreprises, la croissance de nouveaux secteurs, le lancement de nouveaux produits et la mise en place de mécanismes assurant une amélioration effective des qualifications des travailleurs.Ce rapport met en évidence le recul du soutien public à la recherche-développement (R-D), qui touche surtout la recherche fondamentale à long terme, et analyse le plafonnement de la R-D dans le secteur privé, dû au recul de la recherche fondamentale de caractère exploratoire et au recentrage des efforts privés sur des activités d'innovation davantage axées sur le marché et sur le court terme. Il cherche à déterminer comment les caractéristiques particulières des systèmes nationaux d'innovation influent sur les mécanismes d'innovation et de diffusion de la technologie et analyse les raisons d'être des politiques suivies dans ce domaine. L'un des défis majeurs posés aux responsables politiques est de coordonner les mesures prises de manière à donner des incitations cohérentes et crédibles aux entreprises et aux individus. En distinguant les politiques qui donnent de bons résultats de celles qui sont inefficaces, ce rapport identifie les « politiques exemplaires » adoptées dans un certain nombre de domaines : la gestion de la base scientifique ; le soutien financier aux efforts de R-D dans l'industrie ; les politiques visant les entreprises fondées sur des technologies nouvelles ; les politiques favorisant l'expansion d'une nouvelle demande ; les politiques concernant les entreprises à hautes performances et l'investissement immatériel.En dépit de nombreuses initiatives, les pays de l'OCDE n'ont pas encore pleinement réussi à s'adapter aux caractéristiques et aux défis des économies fondées sur le savoir. Les politiques technologiques restent trop fragmentaires et prêtent trop peu d'attention aux liens existant au sein des systèmes nationaux d'innovation et aux réformes structurelles de portée plus large. Elles se focalisent trop sur l'étroit segment de haute technologie de l'économie et pas assez sur la nécessité de favoriser l'innovation et la diffusion de la technologie dans l'ensemble de l'économie. Il est possible d'accroître l'efficacité des politiques, notamment en ayant davantage recours à des instruments fondés sur le jeu du marché et en améliorant la qualité des évaluations. Ce rapport formule des recommandations sur les mesures que devraient prendre les différents pays de l'OCDE.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264262775
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.25
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; United Kingdom 1998
    Keywords: Development ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: La politique britannique en matière de développement international est en pleine mutation. Le nouveau gouvernement élu en mai 1997 a créé un ministère du développement international (le DFID - Department for International Development), avec, à sa tête, un secrétaire d'Etat qui fait partie du Cabinet. Ce ministère a un mandat beaucoup plus large que ses prédécesseurs ; il est notamment chargé d'assurer la cohérence de toutes les politiques du Royaume-Uni touchant au développement. Pour la première fois en vingt ans, le gouvernement a publié un Livre blanc sur le développement international. Ce document met l'accent sur certains objectifs clés du développement international et affirme la volonté du gouvernement de respecter l'objectif visant à réduire de moitié d'ici l'an 2015 la proportion de la population des pays en développement vivant dans l'extrême pauvreté. Lors de son examen triennal des politiques et programmes d'aide britanniques, le Comité d'aide au développement de l'OCDE (CAD) s'est félicité de la nouvelle politique du Royaume-Uni. La création du DFID, doté d'un mandat élargi qui couvre la totalité de l'aide bilatérale et multilatérale, l'accent mis sur le renforcement de la coordination internationale, et le rôle confié à ce ministère d'assurer la cohérence de toutes les politiques touchant au développement, lui ont paru de bon augure. Le CAD a par ailleurs souligné qu'en focalisant ses efforts sur l'éradication de l'extrême pauvreté, le DFID, comme ses partenaires du CAD, devra s'attacher à concevoir ses programmes et à en mesurer les résultats en fonction de leurs retombées pour les pauvres. Les prochains examens des politiques de coopération pour le développement prévus en 1998 porteront sur : le Canada, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, l'Allemagne, la Communauté européenne, la Finlande et le Luxembourg.
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163379
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Investment Guides
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services ; Kyrgyzstan
    Abstract: Since 1991, the Kyrgyz Republic has made significant progress in offering an attractive environment to foreign investors. It has a stable political environment, low inflation, recent and projected growth rates of at least 6 per cent per annum, and has made significant improvements in the legal regime regulating foreign investment. The Republic had initially no foreign investments in 1991 but by the end of 1997 these approached $250 million. Substantial further investment is expected in mining, energy production, agri-business, light industry and tourism in the future. The Investment Guide for the Kyrgyz Republic has been prepared with three objectives: firstly, to identify the opportunities which are likely to interest foreign investors; secondly, to provide the investor with relevant information on the historical, political, economic, financial and legal framework, and thirdly to draw attention to areas of policy and legislation where additional measures will further increase its comparative advantages as an investment location.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163546
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Investment Guides
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services ; Kazakhstan ; Kasachstan ; Wirtschaft ; Kasachstan ; Auslandsinvestition ; Recht
    Abstract: Since 1991, Kazakhstan, which is one of the two largest Central Asian republics, had attracted foreign direct investment worth US$4 billion by 1998. Whilst most of this investment has been in the energy and mineral sectors, there are also significant opportunities in other sectors of the economy. The Investment Guide for Kazakhstan has been prepared with three objectives in mind: firstly, to identify areas of opportunity for foreign investors; secondly to provide information about the historical, political, economic, financial and legal framework; and thirdly to help foreign direct investors from OECD Member countries draw balanced conclusions about the investment climate. The overview chapter contains constructive policy suggestions on the future attraction of foreign investment for the attention of the Government of Kazakhstan.
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9789264162709
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le gouvernement d'entreprise; améliorer la compétitivité des entreprises et faciliter leur accès aux marchés financiers mondiaux ; Rapport à l'OCDE du Groupe consultatif du secteur privé sur le gouvernement d'entreprise
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Corporate governance
    RVK:
    Keywords: Corporate Governance ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Internationaler Finanzmarkt ; Globalisierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Industry and Services ; Corporate Governance ; Wettbewerbsfähigkeit ; Kapitalbeschaffung
    Abstract: Through its impact on corporate competitiveness and access to global capital markets, corporate governance plays an increasingly important role for entrepreneurship, economic growth and employment. In its report to the OECD, the Business Sector Advisory Group on Corporate Governance emphasizes that while corporate governance should remain primarily a private sector prerogative, governments have a distinct and important responsibility in providing a regulatory framework that allows investors and enterprises to adapt corporate governance practices to rapidly changing circumstances. There is no static or final structure in corporate governance that every country or corporation should emulate: experimentation and variety should be expected and encouraged within the limits of credible regulations emphasizing fairness, transparency, accountability and responsibility. Within this framework, the Advisory Group presents the perspectives that it believes should guide public policies related to corporate governance, suggests areas for private sector voluntary action and recommends further actions by the OECD to help articulate a set of common principles guiding national policy reviews and reforms.
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9789264263406
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biotechnology for Clean Industrial Products and Processes; Towards Industrial Sustainability
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Biotechnology for Clean Industrial Products and Processes: Towards Industrial Sustainability
    Keywords: Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Si les applications de la biotechnologie ont plusieurs décennies durant surtout concerné la santé et l'agro-alimentaire, la biotechnologie industrielle prend aujourd'hui de l'importance à l'heure où le développement industriel durable est devenu une préoccupation à l'échelle mondiale. En effet, pour assurer un développement durable et la mise en oeuvre de procédés industriels « propres », il faudra toute une série d'innovations scientifiques et technologiques, parmi lesquelles la biotechnologie aura un rôle important à jouer. Ce rapport montre le rôle croissant des procédés biotechnologiques modernes dans les processus industriels. Il met en relief leurs avantages économiques et environnementaux par rapport à d'autres technologies, attire l'attention sur des goulets d'étranglement techniques ou autres, et souligne la nécessité d'une action concertée de l'industrie et des gouvernements pour relever le défi du développement industriel durable.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Biotechnology for clean industrial products and processes
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789264262256
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion; Social Assistance in Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion: Social Assistance in Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Finland ; Sweden ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Les institutions ayant pour mission d'aider les personnes démunies sont un élément caractéristique de la vie sociale depuis des siècles. Aujourd'hui, les institutions d'aide sociale ont pour objectif d'intégrer et d'encourager ces personnes afin d'éliminer exclusion et stigmatisation. La pauvreté peut fortement éprouver le tissu social. Pourtant, éviter la misère aux personnes sans ressource tout en réduisant l'exclusion et la marginalisation n'est pas chose facile. Comment l'aide sociale peut-elle concilier au mieux ces objectifs et réduire au minimum les effets dissuasifs sur la recherche d'emploi rémunéré ? Que peut-on faire pour promouvoir autonomie et responsabilité individuelle ? Cet ouvrage examine l'efficacité des politiques d'aide sociale dans quatre pays aux niveaux de revenus par habitant comparables : l'Australie, la Finlande, le Royaume-Uni et la Suède. Il compare ces systèmes -- très différents -- de protection sociale et jette un jour nouveau sur des questions telles que l'assurance et l'aide sociales, les systèmes de sécurité sociale nationaux et locaux, les mesures actives et passives. Les interactions souvent complexes qui sont en jeu font l'objet d'analyses, et des enseignements sont tirés des diverses expériences menées dans ces pays. Une attention particulière est accordée aux jeunes, aux chômeurs de longue durée, aux familles monoparentales, aux immigrants et aux demandeurs d'asile. Les conclusions par pays et par thème font une large place aux moyens de supprimer les obstacles à l'activité professionnelle et, en particulier, les effets dissuasifs sur la recherche d'emploi. Ce sont autant d'armes indispensables dans le combat contre l'exclusion.
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789264062375
    Language: Multiple languages , English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (408 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Employment ; Taxation ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This annual publication provides unique information on direct taxes levied from employees and their employers in all OECD countries. In addition, the book specifies family benefits paid as cash transfers. Amounts of taxes and benefits are detailed program by program, for eight households types, which differ by income level and household composition. Results include the tax burden for one- and two- earner families.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264163409
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La biotechnologie au service de produits et de procédés industriels propres ; Vers un développement industriel durable
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Biotechnology for clean industrial products and processes
    DDC: 600
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Biotechnologie ; Umweltmanagement ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Biotechnologische Industrie ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Industrial biotechnology has come of age: after decades spent in the shadow of two better-known fields, health and agro-food biotechnology, it has emerged into a world where environmental sustainability has become a global concern. However, sustainability and "clean" industrial processes will not be achieved without a stream of innovations based on science and technology, among which biotechnology will play an important role.This report illustrates how modern process biotechnology is penetrating industrial operations, and highlights its environmental and economic advantages over other technologies. It identifies technical and other bottlenecks, but also emphasizes that industry and governments must act together to address the challenges of industrial sustainability.
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263710
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: La stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fostering Entrepreneurship
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Qu'entend-on au juste par esprit d'entreprise ? Affronter la concurrence et prendre le risque de créer sa propre entreprise ? Certes, mais cela va beaucoup plus loin. Les entreprises créent emplois et richesse. Elles insufflent aussi à l'économie un dynamisme essentiel pour relever les défis de la mondialisation et du changement structurel. Stimuler l’esprit d’entreprise revient à mobiliser l’énergie entreprenariale pour en faire un processus dynamique utilisant toutes les opportunités qu’offre l’économie. Cet ouvrage analyse les facteurs qui facilitent l'entreprenariat et les obstacles qui le freinent. Il offre, et c'est une première, une synthèse globale des politiques de l’entreprenariat menées dans des pays aussi divers que l'Australie, l'Espagne, les Etats-Unis, les Pays-Bas ou la Suède. Si les situations varient sensiblement d'un pays à l'autre, les comparaisons internationales montrent que l’esprit d’entreprise repose toujours sur la conjonction d'un environnement institutionnel favorable, de programmes publics bien conçus et de facteurs culturels propices. Pour se développer, il doit pouvoir s’appuyer sur des marchés financiers efficaces, un marché du travail souple, une fiscalité des entreprises plus simple et plus transparente, et une réglementation des faillites mieux adaptée à la réalité des entreprises. Cet ouvrage analyse les politiques menées dans ces domaines, tout en s’intéressant au rôle de plus en plus important joué par les autorités locales et régionales, à la contribution que l’esprit d’entreprise peut apporter au secteur à but non lucratif, ainsi qu’à l’émergence de l’esprit d’entreprise dans les économies en transition. Une alchimie à l'évidence délicate à réaliser, mais d'autant plus essentielle que stimuler l'esprit d'entreprise n'est pas seulement une ambition économique majeure : c'est aussi un défi impérieux à relever pour réconcilier croissance économique et cohésion sociale. Cet ouvrage est le dernier titre en date de la Stratégie de l’OCDE pour l’emploi. Il répond à la mission plus large de l’OCDE de concevoir des politiques publiques aidant nos économies à s’adapter à la mondialisation et au changement structurel. Cet ouvrage a été réalisé sous la direction du Service du développement territorial de l’OCDE.
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789264263758
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Report on the Current State of Combined Transport in Europe
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce rapport sur la situation actuelle du transport combiné en Europe dresse tout d'abord un panorama de la situation de ce type de transport pour trente pays d'Europe Membres de la CEMT. Les pays étudiés sont aussi bien ceux d'Europe centrale et orientale qui ont récemment adhéré à la Conférence que les Membres de longue date, pour lesquels les développements les plus récents sont mis à jour depuis l'étude réalisée en 1992 sur les améliorations des grandes liaisons internationales par ferroutage. Le champ d'observation couvert par cette étude, au-delà de la route et du rail, s'étend aux voies navigables et à la navigation maritime à courte distance. Ainsi pourront être mieux pressenties les faiblesses actuelles du transport combiné et les améliorations possibles. Sur la base de ce rapport, le Conseil des Ministres de la CEMT a adopté une série de recommandations qui s'adressent aux différents partenaires, tant publics que privés, nationaux ou internationaux, et qui portent sur certains éléments nécessaires pour garantir à la fois une amélioration effective et un développement durable du transport combiné. Ces recommandations figurent également dans cette publication.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Report on the current state of combined transport in Europe
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263789
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (114 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationalisation of Industrial R&D; Patterns and Trends
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationalisation of Industrial R&D: Patterns and Trends
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: A l'ère de la mondialisation de la production, l'internationalisation de la R-D industrielle est un phénomène de plus en plus marqué dans les pays de l'OCDE. Mais quelle est au juste son ampleur ? Quelle part de la recherche nationale est sous contrôle étranger et dans quels secteurs ? Quel est le poids de la R-D effectuée par les firmes multinationales en dehors de leur pays d'origine ? Ce rapport analyse également les liens entre les activités de production et de R-D des filiales étrangères dans les pays de l'OCDE et des filiales des firmes nationales à l'étranger au niveau sectoriel. Il met en évidence la nécessité de réévaluer le potentiel de R-D et d'innovation de chaque pays en tenant compte des activités à l'intérieur comme à l'extérieur de ses frontières.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Internationalisation of industrial R & D
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.206
    Keywords: Retirement Great Britain ; Pensions Great Britain ; Economics ; United Kingdom ; Großbritannien ; Rentenalter
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the retirement decision in the United Kingdom. We distinguish four retirement routes: retirement, unemployment, long-term sickness and other states. The focus of the paper is the impact of pension benefits on retirement transitions. We estimate multinomial logits and Cox proportional hazard rate models, separately for men and women. We conclude that participation in an occupational pension scheme increases the retirement hazard rate for men. The results for women are less clear-cut given the relatively small number of women entitled to an occupational pension scheme ...
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9789264162341
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Information technology, especially the electronic network known as the World Wide Web, is changing the way that businesses and consumers interact. This expansive electronic network allows both businesses and consumers to transcend global barriers, gaining access to products and information in ways that were once unimaginable. However, travelling outside the realm of the terrestrial marketplace with its commercial and geographic restraints can also mean moving in an unpredictable environment without the security that traditional marketplace practices and consumer protection laws provide. In March 1997, the OECD Committee on Consumer Policy, along with the OECD Committee on Information, Computer and Communications Policy convened an international gathering of information technology policy experts, consumer advocates, business and government representatives. This report, based on this diverse gathering, examines ways to protect and empower consumers to make informed choices in this expanding global online marketplace.
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264163386
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: International trade has played a key role in the transition process. Exports were essential for the recovery from the transition shock and sustainable growth depends on the capacity of each country to reap the benefits of the openness to international trade and foreign investment. This book offers a comprehensive and a comparative approach on the different interactions between trade, FDI and the process of economic transformation. One of its original points is the quantification of both price and non-price aspects of product market competition. Based on this analysis, each country is ranked according to the type and strength of its competitive position and conclusions are drawn concerning further economic restructuring.
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.205
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: This paper exploits an Italian microeconomic data set to study retirement behaviour of women and men using survival analysis techniques. After a brief introduction to the Italian pension system and to the Bank of Italy survey, different specifications of a Cox proportional hazard model are estimated. These show clearly that younger generations retire earlier, more educated and self-employed workers retire later, and women tend to postpone exit from the labour force beyond the standard entitlement age. The timing of retirement is inelastic to replacement rates: a 20% reduction of the replacement rate would cause a delay of 2-6 months ...
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263550
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de Développement
    Series Statement: Études du Centre de développement
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
    Abstract: L'originalité de cet ouvrage réside dans la profondeur de champ de l'analyse. Utilisant une approche comparative, l'auteur explique pour quelles raisons le rôle de la Chine dans l'économie mondiale a considérablement fluctué au cours du dernier millénaire. D'ici 2015, la Chine devrait retrouver la place de première puissance économique mondiale qui lui revient naturellement et fut la sienne jusqu'à la fin du XIXe siècle. Cette étude réévalue l'ampleur et le sens du renouveau de l'économie chinoise depuis une cinquantaine d'années en recourant à des techniques quantitatives couramment utilisées dans les pays de l'OCDE mais qui, jusqu'ici, n'avaient pu être appliquées à la Chine. Rédigé par l'auteur de nombreux travaux d'histoire économique comparée, dont deux best-sellers du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE, cet ouvrage est indispensable pour tous ceux qui souhaitent comprendre le rôle passé, présent et futur de la Chine dans l'économie mondiale.
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9789264262003
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of Food; Long-term Prospects for the Agro-food Sector
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of Food: Long-term Prospects for the Agro-food Sector
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Economics
    Abstract: Le secteur agro-alimentaire des pays de l'OCDE se dirige vers une période de turbulence et de transition. D'ici vingt ans, la physionomie des marchés alimentaires dans l'OCDE aura radicalement changé sous l'effet de la demande croissante dans les pays en développement, de la réduction des barrières au commerce et à l'investissemnt, et de la diversification rapide des goûts et des préférences des consommateurs. Doit-on craindre des pénuries alimentaires ? Comment réagiront les prix ? Quels changements attendre en matière de transformation alimentaire et de commerce de détail ? Y aura-t-il davantage de coopération entre les différents acteurs de l'industrie agro-alimentaire, davantage de concentration, davantage de concurrence ? Pour mieux saisir ces défis, ce rapport explore les perspectives du secteur agro-alimentaire à l'horizon 2010-2020 et examine l'ensemble de nouvelles questions de fond qui attendent gouvernements, industriels, exploitants agricoles et consommateurs.
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.197
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past decade, globalisation has been a pervasive trend in almost all economies. The world economy is becoming increasingly interdependent, deepening and intensifying international linkages, most notably in trade. As trade expands among nations throughout the world, integration of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) economies with non-OECD economies has become a salient feature of the global economy. This study identified the possible long-term effect of APEC’s trade liberalisation commitments on real GDP and trade across regions, both inside and outside the APEC area, and on employment by production sector in each region, using a multiregion, multisector, computational general equilibrium (CGE) model. One of the key findings from our empirical work is the impacts of trade liberalisation and facilitation measures in the APEC region have turned out to be significant at least in direction if not in magnitude, throughout OECD as well as non-OECD ...
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 117 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.194
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: This paper retraces the Communities external liberalisation efforts, and discusses, where relevant, the repercussions of internal liberalisation on foreign competitors. The aim of the paper is to clarify, and when feasible, to quantify the economic effects of the EU’s trade policies. To this end, it provides an overview of past liberalisation efforts, reviews trade indicators in international comparison and lays out the future trade agenda of the Community. The empirical evidence provided in the paper points to little evidence for trade diversion due to integration in Europe, while trade is likely to have boosted area-wide income significantly. It is openness in general, rather than regional integration, that has favoured growth in Europe ...
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789264666993
    Language: Italian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Italy 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Italie 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 1999
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Italie 1999
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264162327
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (94 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This publication provides a detailed description of the sources and methods used by OECD member countries in calculating the monetary aggregates, credit and other measures of domestic finance presented in Main Economic Indicators.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.196
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi : Rapport sur l'état d'avancement de la mise en oeuvre des recommandations par pays
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: As more countries experience falling structural unemployment, the evidence is mounting that, implemented comprehensively, the OECD Jobs Strategy represents an effective response to countries’ labour market problems. That is the key conclusion to emerge now that the Economic and Development Review Committee (EDRC) has examined progress made by OECD countries over the last year or so in implementing the Jobs Strategy. As reported to the 1997 Ministerial Meeting, the EDRC has fleshed out country-specific recommendations for implementing the Jobs Strategy, a process extended more recently to the new Member countries. Subsequently, the Committee has used these recommendations as a benchmark for assessing the progress made by individual countries. The large majority of countries have been subject to such a follow-up review. Following the request made at last year’s Ministerial Meeting, this report pulls together the lessons learned through the EDRC reviews and, thus, presents an update ...
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163553
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie chinoise ; Une perspective historique
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie chinoise : Une perspective historique
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
    Abstract: This book is unique in its depth of perspective. It uses a comparative approach to explain why China’s role in the world economy has changed so dramatically in the last thousand years. It concludes that China is likely to resume its natural role as the world’s largest economy by the year 2015, thus regaining the position it had held until the end of the nineteenth century. The study provides a major reassessment of the scale and scope of China’s resurgence over the past half century, employing quantitative measurement techniques which are standard practice in OECD countries, but which have not hitherto been available for China. Written by the author of many studies on comparative economic history, including two best sellers for the OECD Development Centre, this book is essential reading for all those who seek to understand the role of China in the world economy, in the past, as well as in the present and the future.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163577
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les aides publiques à l'industrie au grand jour
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Pretschker, Udo Spotlight on public support to industry
    DDC: 338.94/02/09049 21
    RVK:
    Keywords: Subvention ; Industrieforschung ; Industriepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; EU-Staaten ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Industriepolitik ; Wirtschaftsförderung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Geschichte 1989-1995
    Abstract: Every year, up to US$45 billion are transferred from public budgets to manufacturing industry through support programmes in OECD countries. It is essential to perceive the significance of such support if we are to understand the role it plays in structural adjustment strategies and the side-effects it can have on trade, competitiveness and investment. In a globalising economy characterised by greater international competitiveness, the need for transparency is becoming increasingly apparent.This study provides the first comprehensive review of public support to industry. It makes use of a unique set of data covering 25 countries to monitor, analyse and evaluate support policies at both the international and the national level. A more in-depth analysis of support programmes is provided through 17 case studies focusing on individual countries. Special attention is also given to support for industrial R&D and for physical and intangible investment. This study shows that, in nearly all OECD countries, efforts must be made to limit the trade distortions that subsidies can produce and to contain public spending on industry support programmes, given the need for fiscal consolidation. This unique study is an invaluable analytical tool that will help us to meet these challenges.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Les aides publiques a l'industrie au grand jour
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264263475
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (157 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rail Restructuring in Europe
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les chemins de fer européens traversent une période de profonde restructuration visant à accroître leur efficacité et leur compétitivité. Il s'agit avant tout de développer la liberté commerciale en séparant plus nettement le rôle de l'Etat et celui des entreprises ferroviaires, mais aussi en ouvrant progressivement l'accès aux infrastructures ferroviaires. Ce rapport examine les réformes menées dans plus de 30 pays de l'Atlantique à l'Oural. La restructuration y est étudiée sous l'angle de l'autonomie de gestion, de la séparation infrastructure/exploitation, et des droits d'accès aux infrastructures ferroviaires.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Rail restructuring in Europe
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789264163751
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport sur la situation actuelle du transport combiné en Europe
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Report on the current state of combined transport in Europe
    DDC: 388/.094
    RVK:
    Keywords: Intermodaler Verkehr ; Europa ; Transport ; Europa ; Kombinierter Verkehr
    Abstract: This report on the current state of combined transport in Europe begins with an overview of combined transport in 30 European countries of the ECMT. It deals with both Central and Eastern European Countries that have recently become Members and the long-standing Member countries for which the most recent developments have been highlighted through the updating of a 1992 study on the improvements of main international piggyback links. The scope of the study, beyond road and rail, has been extended to include inland waterways and short-sea shipping, thus permitting a better evaluation of the current weaknesses of the sector and the possible improvements. On the basis of this report, the Council of Ministers of the ECMT has adopted a series of recommendations directed at all parties concerned in the public and private sectors, at both national and international level, regarding certain elements which are needed to achieve a significant improvement in combined transport and to ensure the sustainable development of the latter. These recommendations are also included in this publication.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Rapport sur la situation actuelle du transport combiné en Europe
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789264163188
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des transports efficients pour l'Europe ; Politiques pour l'internalisation des coûts externes
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Efficient transport for Europe
    RVK:
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Internalisierung externer Effekte ; Verkehrspolitik ; Europa ; Transport ; Europa ; Verkehrswirtschaft ; Soziale Kosten ; Internalisierung
    Abstract: Pollution, accidents and congestion all cause unnecessary welfare losses, and while transport services are an essential component of economic and social development, their negative side effects are drawing increasing political attention. Internalisation aims to create incentives to reduce these external costs by factoring them into markets. This report summarises the theoretical and practical dimensions to internalisation; reviews recent estimates of external costs; explores the mix of policies that might be used to promote internalisation successfully; and estimates the size of incentives required in monetary terms.
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789264262874
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Corporate Governance; Improving Competitiveness and Access to Capital in Global Markets; A Report to the OECD by the Business Sector Advisory Group on Corporate Governance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Corporate Governance: Improving Competitiveness and Access to Capital in Global Markets: A Report to the OECD by the Business Sector Advisory Group on Corporate Governance
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: Du fait de son incidence sur la compétitivité des entreprises et sur leur capacité à accéder aux marchés financiers mondiaux, le gouvernement d'entreprise apporte une contribution de plus en plus importante au développement de l'entreprenariat, à la croissance économique et à l'emploi. Dans le rapport qu'il présente à l'OCDE, le Groupe consultatif du secteur privé sur le gouvernement d'entreprise insiste sur les rôles que les secteurs public et privé sont appelés à jouer. L'organisation du pouvoir dans l'entreprise doit avant tout rester le domaine réservé du secteur privé. Les pouvoirs publics0 ont néanmoins une responsabilité particulière et déterminante à exercer dans la mesure où il leur incombe de mettre en place un cadre réglementaire permettant aux investisseurs et aux entreprises d'adapter leurs pratiques en matière de gouvernement d'entreprise à un environnement qui évolue rapidement. Il n'existe pas, en matière de gouvernement d'entreprise, une structure idéale fixée une fois pour toutes qui puisse servir de modèle à tous les pays et à toutes les entreprises : il faut au contraire encourager et favoriser l'expérimentation et la diversité dans le cadre de réglementations mettant l'accent sur les notions de loyauté, de transparence, de contrôle et de responsabilité. Dans cette optique, le Groupe consultatif présente des orientations qui selon lui devraient inspirer les stratégies mises en oeuvre par les pouvoirs publics, propose des domaines dans lesquels le secteur privé pourrait entreprendre spontanément des actions, et enfin énonce des recommandations relatives aux travaux que l'OCDE pourrait mener à l'avenir afin de contribuer à l'élaboration d'un ensemble de principes communs destinés à guider les examens et les réformes des politiques nationales dans le domaine du gouvernement d'entreprise.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264263574
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Spotlight on Public Support to Industry
    Keywords: Industry and Services
    Abstract: A travers les programmes d'aide, ce sont jusqu'à 45 milliards de dollars qui sont transférés chaque année des budgets publics vers l'industrie manufacturière des pays de l'OCDE. Mieux appréhender l'importance de ces aides est indispensable pour comprendre leur rôle au sein des stratégies d'ajustement structurel ainsi que les effets secondaires qu'elles peuvent avoir sur les échanges, la compétitivité et l'investissement. Cette exigence de transparence prend tout son sens dans une économie en voie de mondialisation soumise à une compétitivité internationale accrue. Cet ouvrage propose la première synthèse globale sur les aides publiques à l'industrie. Elle s'appuie sur un ensemble de données unique couvrant plus de 25 pays, pour retracer, analyser et évaluer les politiques d'aide tant à l'échelle internationale qu'au niveau national. Les programmes d'aide sont examinés de façon plus approfondie à travers 17 études de cas par pays. Le soutien à la R-D industrielle et les aides en faveur des investissements physiques et immatériels font également l'objet d'une attention particulière. L'analyse montre qu'il convient, dans presque tous les pays de l'OCDE, de limiter les effets de distortion que les subventions peuvent produire sur les échanges et de contenir les dépenses publiques dans le cadre des programmes d'aide à l'industrie compte tenu du besoin d'assainissement budgétaire. Cet ouvrage sans équivalent constitue un outil d'analyse précieux pour relever ces défis.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Spotlight on public support to industry
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163478
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La restructuration des chemins de fer en Europe
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Rail restructuring in Europe
    DDC: 385/.094
    RVK:
    Keywords: Bahnpolitik ; Deregulierung ; Schienenstrecke ; Europa ; Transport ; Europa ; Eisenbahngesellschaft ; Restrukturierung
    Abstract: Europe's railways are going through a period of radical restructuring in the drive to improve their efficiency and competitiveness. The emphasis is on fostering commercial freedom through a clearer separation of the roles of the State and of rail enterprises and through a progressive opening of access to rail infrastructure. This report examines reforms in over 30 countries from the Atlantic to the Urals, characterizing restructuring in terms of management independence, separation of infrastructure from operations and rights of access to rail infrastructure.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: La restructuration des chemins de fer en Europe
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789264263741
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.106
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intercity Transport Markets in Countries in Transition
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Après la chute du Mur de Berlin et la fin de l'ancien système économique, les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale ont traversé une crise économique profonde caractérisée par une contraction de leur Produit Intérieur Brut et une réduction corrélative très importante des transports. A l'instar de l'économie en général, les transports sont passés d'un système axé sur l'offre à un système où prime la demande. Les décisions ne sont plus imposées par une volonté planificatrice mais par le marché. Aussi, après cinq ou six ans de réformes, la Table Ronde 106 a cherché à faire le point sur la situation des transports dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale. Les politiques qui sont menées présentent-elles les caractéristiques adéquates pour faire face aux besoins de transformation ? Tous les pays étudiés envisagent d'adhérer à l'Union Européenne, aussi tendent-ils à adopter le modèle de concurrence européen en matière de transports. Mais ce modèle est-il adapté aux mentalités et réalités des anciens pays socialistes ? Ces questions figurent, parmi d'autres, au coeur des discussions de la Table Ronde 106.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Intercity transport markets in countries in transition
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.207
    Keywords: Economics ; Netherlands
    Abstract: It has been suggested that much of the dramatic decline in the participation rate of Dutch elderly has been caused by features of the Dutch retirement income support system. The Dutch system consists of several alternative schemes that can be used to retire early and these schemes are characterised by relatively weak eligibility conditions and generous replacement rates. This report assesses empirically the impact of the incentives embedded in these schemes on the retirement behaviour of older workers using micro data. The econometric model is estimated on a rich panel survey, specifically designed for ageing research. The results indicate strong incentive effects from Early Retirement schemes on the probability to retire. We also find that Disability Insurance replacement rates have a negative effect on the transition rate to Early Retirement. Early retirement replacement rates also affect the transition rates of the other exit routes. This indicates that income streams of ...
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  • 97
    ISBN: 9789264263130
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Maintaining Prosperity in an Ageing Society
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Le vieillissement des populations menace-t-il la prospérité de nos sociétés ? Comment les ressources devraient-elles être réparties entre la génération des actifs et les personnes âgées qui en dépendent ? Comment réformer au mieux les systèmes de retraite, de santé et de soins de longue durée ? Comment mettre en valeur la contribution des personnes âgées à la société et à la prospérité économique ? D'ici dix ans, le nombre des retraités commencera de croître beaucoup plus vite que celui des personnes d'âge actif dans les pays de l'OCDE. Si des changements fondamentaux n'interviennent pas dans les systèmes de retraite et dans la répartition du temps entre formation, travail et temps libre, des tensions budgétaires et sociales risquent de se faire jour. Certains groupes pourraient être injustement soumis à une lourde fiscalité alors que d'autres constateraient une dégradation inattendue de leur niveau de vie. Pour qu'elle soit pertinente, la réponse des pouvoirs publics doit être diversifiée, et faire intervenir les politiques budgétaires et sociales, mais aussi les politiques du marché du travail, de la santé et de l'éducation. Encourager les gens à travailler plus longtemps, en rendant financièrement plus intéressante la poursuite d'une activité, est au coeur de la stratégie à mettre en oeuvre pour préserver la prospérité dans une société vieillissante. Sans doute faudra-t-il aussi réformer les systèmes publics de retraite traditionnels et les autres politiques sociales et encourager le développement de formules destinées à remplacer les systèmes de retraite publics et donnant aux individus plus de souplesse pour planifier leur départ en retraite. L'infrastructure des marchés financiers devra par conséquent être renforcée pour absorber la forte augmentation des avoirs détenus par les fonds de pension privés. A travers cette étude pluridisciplinaire, l'OCDE souligne la nécessité d'agir dès à présent en mettant en place un train de politiques cohérent et complet.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.198
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: This paper examines the Norwegian health care system from an economic perspective. While acknowledging the excellent quality of services delivered by the Norwegian health care system, it identifies a number of problem areas, in particular: i) the long waiting lists for hospital admission and lack of medical staff; ii) the marked regional variation in per capita health care expenditure (which cannot be fully explained by demographic factors); and iii) the risks to cost control associated with soft budget constraints and collective wage bargaining of doctors. A series of recent reforms, most importantly a move from block grant to activity-based funding of hospitals, should provide incentives for raising efficiency in health care provision but also risk leading to “treatment inflation” ...
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.195
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The large exchange rate depreciations registered in a number of Asian countries since mid-1997 have raised the issue of whether this could lead to major shifts in the relative costs and prices of production across countries, and hence in the relative competitive positions of OECD and non-OECD countries. To take account of the growing importance of Asian emerging economies in world markets, they have been added, together with a number of other non-OECD emerging market economies, to the group of countries covered in the calculation of the OECD Secretariat competitiveness indicators. The main findings that emerge from the analysis presented in this Working Paper are the following: first, the United States is by far the most competitive economy among major OECD countries, both in terms of higher productivity performance and lower absolute cost levels in the manufacturing sector. However, emerging market economies for which data are available display significantly lower levels of unit ...
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.190
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: OECD countries as a whole have experienced modest annual output growth of some 2 1/2 per cent over the past four years. But unemployment remains unacceptably high -- having fallen only slightly from its peak of 38 million in 1993 to the current 35 million or 7 per cent of the workforce -- and wage and income disparities have widened in many countries, posing potential risks to social cohesion. These trends have prompted much debate on their causes, consequences and remedies. These are among the issues that the OECD has analyzed and discussed with Member countries since 1992 in the context of its Jobs Strategy work. OECD Ministers have endorsed the Jobs Strategy recommendations and called last May for greater reform efforts. More recently the meeting of OECD Labour Ministers last October emphasised the need for policies for low-paid and unskilled job seekers, enhancing the effectiveness of active labour market policies and lifelong learning to maintain employability, issues which were ...
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