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  • 1995-1999  (84)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (84)
  • Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press
  • Social Issues/Migration/Health  (54)
  • Employment  (37)
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Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Combattre l'exclusion : L'aide sociale en Belgique, en Norvège, aux Pays-Bas et en République tchèque (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264266773
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion; Social Assistance in Belgium, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Norway
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion: Social Assistance in Belgium, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Norway
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium ; Czech Republic ; Netherlands ; Norway
    Abstract: Les institutions ayant pour mission d'aider les personnes démunies sont un élément caractéristique de la vie sociale depuis des siècles. Aujourd'hui, les institutions d'aide sociale ont pour objectif d'intégrer et d'encourager ces personnes afin d'éliminer exclusion et stigmatisation. La pauvreté peut fortement éprouver le tissu social. Pourtant, éviter la misère aux personnes sans ressources tout en réduisant l'exclusion et la marginalisation n'est pas chose facile. Comment l'aide sociale peut-elle concilier au mieux ces objectifs et réduire au minimum les effets dissuasifs sur la recherche d'emploi rémunéré ? Que peut-on faire pour promouvoir autonomie et responsabilité individuelle ? Cet ouvrage compare les politiques d'aide sociale de quatre pays : la Belgique, la Norvège, les Pays-Bas et la République tchèque. Bien qu'à première vue ces pays semblent très différents, ils sont en fait confrontés aux mêmes dilemmes. Certes, l'action au niveau local est indispensable pour identifier et aider les exclus, mais le souci de l'équilibre entre deux exigences -- veiller à ce que des ressources suffisantes soient disponibles au niveau local tout en limitant les budgets de façon à assurer une utilisation efficiente des ressources -- est une préoccupation constante. Les gouvernements sont déterminés à lutter contre la pauvreté, mais des prestations trop élevées pourraient avoir un effet démobilisateur à l'égard du travail. La question de savoir si les bénéficiaires de prestations sont « prêts à occuper un emploi » ou s'il convient d'accroître l'aide sociale reste parfois sujette à controverse chez les divers organismes concernés. Aucun des quatre pays n'a encore trouvé de système qui permette d'éviter l'exclusion, mais tous sont parvenus à en limiter l'étendue grâce à des politiques novatrices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264266773-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pour un monde solidaire : Le nouvel agenda social (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264272590
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A Caring World; The New Social Policy Agenda
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A Caring World: The New Social Policy Agenda
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Il faut repenser les politiques sociales. Les plus pessimistes estiment que les pouvoirs publics disposent de budgets toujours plus limités pour faire face à des problèmes sans cesse plus complexes et plus nombreux. A l'évidence, des phénomènes remarquables travaillent nos sociétés en profondeur. Le vieillissement démographique accroît les pressions pesant sur les actifs. Les mutations du marché du travail touchent de plein fouet les travailleurs peu qualifiés. « L'exclusion sociale » est entrée dans le vocabulaire politique. Et la structure familiale traditionnelle ne peut plus servir de base aux politiques. Mais on ne devrait pas présenter la politique sociale comme colmatant les brèches d'une société confrontée à des défis à la fois économiques et démographiques. Le savoir jouant un rôle croissant dans la création de richesse, permettre aux individus de développer tout leur potentiel est une dimension clé de la politique économique. Les politiques économiques et sociales sont donc plus étroitement liées que jamais. Cet ouvrage dresse un tableau à la fois complet et accessible de la situation actuelle et met le doigt sur les réformes à entreprendre. La politique sociale devrait ainsi promouvoir l'emploi et une vie saine et non se contenter de guérir les maux -- chômage, problèmes de santé -- après coup. De même, l'investissement consacré aux enfants et aux familles les aide à apporter leur pleine contribution à la société. Dans les pays de l'OCDE, les nouvelles politiques sociales foisonnent en expériences et innovations visant à offrir aux individus et aux familles le soutien dont ils ont besoin pour s'adapter au changement. Les ministres des pays de l'OCDE se sont justement engagés à mener à bien cette tâche ambitieuse : créer un monde solidaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264272590-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ageing and Care for Frail Elderly Persons : An Overview of International Perspectives (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.38
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper examines the various constraints which OECD Member countries must now deal with, faced with the prospects of rapid growth in the number of frail elderly persons. It pays particular attention to recent trends in disability. Most of the available cross-country evidence shows trends towards better functional health in older populations, although the magnitude of the gains and their significance need further assessment. In this context, this paper advocates an “active ageing” approach to long-term care policies. It provides some rough estimates of the macroeconomic costs of long-term care. It also presents some indicators of public/private financing and institutionalisation rates. The public costs of providing long-term care are estimated to be relatively modest as a proportion of GDP (of the order of 1 or 2 per cent or less). However, much care for the frail elderly is provided through informal care-giving arrangements which are not reflected in official figures.
    DOI: 10.1787/313777154147
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Decentralising Employment Policy: New Trends and Challenges : The Venice Conference (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172876
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (252 p)
    Keywords: Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Why decentralise the public employment service? What are the reasons for the increasing reliance on local management approaches in designing and implementing employment policies? These trends are not merely institutional changes, rather they reflect a change in strategy. To enhance the effectiveness of employment policy, governments attempt to provide greater flexibility in implementation, adapt national policies to local conditions, and stimulate involvement from all stakeholders. The impact of these reforms is widespread. They effect the role of the state, the division of power between government layers, and, most of all, employment itself. This book provides the most comprehensive set of employment practices and experiences currently implemented in 26 countries available to date. A wide range of area-based approaches illustrates the need for flexible and specific answers to adapt to local conditions. To complete the picture, summary chapters outline new trends and common challenges governments face in designing and optimising employment policy decentralisation. It brings together papers from a Conference held in Venice in April 1998. [Decentralising Employment Policy: New Trends and Challenges] is essential reading for policy-makers, practitioners and all local actors involved in employment policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172876-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Preparing Youth for the 21st Century: The Transition from Education to the Labour Market : Proceedings of the Washington D.C. Conference -- 23-24 February 1999 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173422
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (460 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Education ; Employment
    Abstract: Young people's situation and future prospects are of vital concern to us all. Many of them face high unemployment or joblessness and serious difficulties in getting a firm foothold into the labour market. Many leave school without the requisite skills or competences needed in today’s economy and society. Many are also experiencing falling relative (and sometimes real) wages and considerable uncertainty as to whether or not they will be able to settle into good careers. But at the same time, our ageing societies need, more than ever before, to harness the potential of all of our young people. This publication points the way to future initiatives to improve youth labour market and educational outcomes as identified by policy-makers and experts of OECD countries brought together at the Washington Conference "Preparing Youth for the 21st Century: The Policy Lessons from the Past Two Decades", held on 23-24 February 1999. To give the most comprehensive picture to date, it first puts today's challenges into a historical perspective by taking stock of two decades of policies for youth employment. But more substantially, this book provides insight into experiences and policy issues in the United States, as well as in Europe and Japan, with a stress on the special needs of disadvantaged youth. All of us interested in making sure we give youth a good start in education and in establishing rewarding labour market careers will find this compendium a milestone in youth employment debate.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173422-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Local Dimension of Welfare-to-Work : An International Survey (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264174122
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (348 p.)
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Traditional welfare and employment policies have been unable to tackle the problems of high unemployment and exclusion in OECD countries and recently a wave of new approaches has emerged together with new political notions of welfare-to-work. This book describes these new approaches in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, France and the Netherlands. All these countries are relying increasingly on local agencies to design and manage policy to try and ensure that policy solutions meet local needs and to bring to bear local energies, skills and resources. What is the role that local agencies can play? How can they be integrated in effective partnerships? And what policy tools can best be applied? This book gives valuable answers to these questions and shows that governments and practitioners have much to learn from each other on the practicalities of implementing effective welfare-to-work policies. These Proceedings of the Sheffield Conference, held in November 1998 in collaboration with the Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) in the United Kingdom, were prepared by the Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme of the OECD's Territorial Development Service.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264174122-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi : Evaluation des performances et des politiques (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273689
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: La stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Implementing the OECD Jobs Strategy; Assessing Performance and Policy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Implementing the OECD Jobs Strategy: Assessing Performance and Policy
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: L'ampleur et la persistance du chômage demeurent un problème économique et social majeur pour bon nombre de pays de l'OCDE. A l'heure actuelle, quelque 35 millions de personnes sont sans emploi dans l'ensemble de la zone, et nombreux sont ceux qui n'ont même plus le courage de se lancer à la recherche d'un emploi. La précarité de l'emploi et la pauvreté dans laquelle vivent certains travailleurs sont aussi une source de préoccupation croissante dans certains pays. C'est pour apporter une réponse à ces problèmes que la Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi a été lancée voici cinq ans. Or il s'avère que cette stratégie « marche » ; tous les résultats disponibles à ce jour le montrent : appliquée de façon suivie dans tous les domaines visés, la stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi permet de réduire durablement le chômage et d'accroître le taux d'activité. Les taux de chômage varient fortement et connaissent des évolutions contrastées au sein de l'OCDE. Comment peut-on expliquer ces disparités ? Pourquoi certains pays ont-ils mieux réussi que d'autres à endiguer le chômage ? Pourquoi certains groupes sociaux -- les jeunes, les travailleurs âgés, les travailleurs peu qualifiés -- ont-ils, dans de nombreux pays, tant de mal à trouver et à conserver un emploi qui les satisfasse pleinement ? La progression des emplois temporaires ou à temps partiel est-elle un bien ou un mal ? Cet ouvrage examine ces questions à la lumière de l'expérience acquise par les pays qui appliquent la Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi. Il acccorde une place particulière aux groupes défavorisés qui sont aux marges du marché du travail et identifie les mesures requises pour mieux les intégrer à l'activité productive.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273689-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Battle against Exclusion : Social Assistance in Canada and Switzerland (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173972
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combattre l'exclusion ; L'aide sociale au Canada et en Suisse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combattre l'exclusion : L'aide sociale au Canada et en Suisse
    RVK:
    QX 000
    RVK:
    QX 900
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Canada ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Preventing hardship among those with few or no resources is no easy task. Today, institutions whose goal is to help those at the margins seek to integrate and encourage them in order to avoid social exclusion. How can social assistance best balance the adequacy of benefits with financial incentives to work? What policy measures are essential to promote independence and reduce (intergenerational) welfare dependence? What can be done to promote individual responsibility in societies where taxpayers and voters are explicitly regarded as major stakeholders in social policy? These are some of the most pressing social issues this book addresses by comparing social assistance policies in four Canadian provinces -- Alberta, New Brunswick, Ontario and Saskatchewan -- and four Swiss cantons -- Graubünden, Ticino, Vaud and Zürich. In Switzerland, few people were forced to rely on social assistance until unemployment rose sharply at the beginning of the 1990s. The authorities are now struggling with how to promote social inclusion by keeping benefit levels high whilst at the same time improving measures designed to get benefit recipients back into work. In Canada, all provinces have stressed the role of work as the best way of avoiding benefit dependency, and some provinces have also cut benefit levels and restricted access to benefits. The success of Canada in reducing social assistance benefit dependency stands out in an area of social protection where across the developed world there are remarkably few such successes. Further reading This book is part of "The Battle against Exclusion" series, consisting of comparative studies of social assistance policies. To get a more comprehensive picture of social policies in OECD countries, please consult the first two volumes of the series, both published in 1998: the first volume covers Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom, and the second volume, Belgium, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Norway.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173972-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Combattre l'exclusion : L'aide sociale au Canada et en Suisse (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273979
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (202 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion; Social Assistance in Canada and Switzerland
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion: Social Assistance in Canada and Switzerland
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Canada ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Améliorer le sort de ceux qui sont sans ressources ou qui ont peu de ressources n’est pas chose facile. Aujourd’hui, les institutions qui cherchent à aider les personnes en marge de la société s’efforcent de les intégrer et de les motiver, afin d’éviter l’exclusion sociale. Comment l’aide sociale peut-elle à la fois assurer des prestations suffisantes et conserver l'intérêt financier du travail ? Quelles mesures les pouvoirs publics doivent-ils prendre pour favoriser l’autonomie et réduire la dépendance (reproduite d'une génération à l'autre) à l’égard des mécanismes de solidarité ? Comment encourager la responsabilité individuelle dans des sociétés où les contribuables et les électeurs sont clairement considérés comme des partenaires importants de la politique sociale ? Ce sont là quelques-unes des principales questions que soulève cette étude comparative des politiques d’aide sociale dans quatre provinces canadiennes -- Alberta, Nouveau-Brunswick, Ontario et Saskatchewan -- et quatre cantons suisses -- Grisons, Tessin, Vaud et Zurich. En Suisse, les personnes qui étaient contraintes de recourir à l’aide sociale étaient peu nombreuses jusqu’à ce que le chômage augmente fortement, au début des années 1990. Aujourd’hui, les autorités s’efforcent de favoriser l’insertion sociale en maintenant les prestations à un haut niveau tout en renforçant les mesures destinées à réinsérer les bénéficiaires de prestations dans la vie active. Au Canada, toutes les provinces insistent sur le rôle déterminant du travail, considéré comme le meilleur moyen d’éviter la dépendance à l’égard des prestations sociales, et certaines provinces ont abaissé le niveau de l’aide et restreint l’accès aux prestations. Le succès rencontré par le Canada pour réduire la dépendance à l’égard des prestations est d'autant plus remarquable qu'il a très peu d'équivalents dans les pays développés. Pour en savoir plus Cette étude s’inscrit dans la série « Combattre l’exclusion » composée d'études comparatives des politiques d’aide sociale. Pour avoir une vue plus complète des politiques sociales dans les pays de l’OCDE, on pourra se reporter aux deux premiers volumes de la série, publiés en 1998 : le premier traite des politiques d’aide sociale en Australie, en Finlande, au Royaume-Uni et en Suède ; le deuxième des politiques sociales en Belgique, en Norvège, aux Pays-Bas et en République tchèque.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273979-fr
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Tax/Benefit Position of Employees : 1997 1998 Edition = La situation des salariés au regard de l'impôt et des transferts sociaux : 1997 Edition 1998 (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264072510
    Language: Multiple languages , English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Employment ; Taxation ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Steuerbelastung
    Abstract: This annual publication provides unique information on direct taxes levied from employees and their employers in all OECD Member countries. In addition, the book specifies family benefits paid as cash transfers. Amounts of taxes and benefits are detailed program by program, for eight household types, which differ by income level and household composition. Results include the tax burden for one- and two- earner families.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264072510-en-fr
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Les services stratégiques aux entreprises (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273597
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Strategic Business Services
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Les services stratégiques aux entreprises, que cet ouvrage étudie dans 21 pays de l'OCDE, englobent les services de logiciels et de traitement de l'information, les services de recherche-développement (R-D) et techniques, les services de marketing, d'organisation de l'entreprise (services de conseil en gestion et de recrutement du personnel), et de mise en valeur des ressources humaines. Ces services se sont développés à un rythme d’environ 10 % par an, leur chiffre d’affaires cumulé devant avoisiner 1 500 milliards de dollars des États-Unis en 1999. Ces services, qui sont créateurs d’emplois, représentent au moins 11 millions d’emplois directs dans les pays de l’OCDE. Au milieu des années 90, les services d’organisation de l’entreprise étaient le principal employeur avec 3,6 millions d’emplois dans les services de recrutement de personnel et 1,5 million dans le conseil en gestion. L’excellente performance de ce secteur tient à de nombreux facteurs : l'évolution générale de l’économie vers les services, la montée des économies fondées sur le savoir, le besoin d'une plus grande flexibilité au sein des entreprises, la spécialisation et la division accrue du travail dans de nombreux secteurs, le recours des entreprises bien établies à la sous-traitance et la tendance à privilégier les petites unités de production et entreprises. Les pouvoirs publics peuvent influencer la demande de services aux entreprises en favorisant les investissements incorporels du secteur privé dans la R-D, dans la formation et l'éducation et dans l'organisation de l'entreprise, et en soutenant l’offre de ces services à travers toute une série d’organismes intermédiaires. La fourniture de services stratégiques aux entreprises est considérée comme essentielle pour améliorer la performance et la compétitivité des PME. Pays couverts Allemagne Australie Autriche Canada Danemark Espagne États-Unis Finlande France Irlande Italie Japon Mexique Norvège Nouvelle-Zélande Pays-Bas Portugal Royaume-Uni Suède Suisse Turquie
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273597-fr
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  • 12
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    Online Resource
    Strategic Business Services (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173590
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les services stratégiques aux entreprises
    RVK:
    QQ 200
    Keywords: Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Unternehmensberatung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; OECD ; Dienstleistung ; Industriebetrieb
    Abstract: Strategic business services, examined in twenty-one OECD country case studies in this book, comprise services in computer software and information processing, research and development and technical testing, marketing, business organisation (management consultancy and labour recruitment) and human resource development. This sector has been growing at around 10% per year, and overall turnover for 1999 is likely to be close to USD 1.5 trillion. These services create jobs in OECD countries, directly employing at least 11 million persons. Business organisation services were the major employer, with 3.6 million people in personnel recruitment services and 1.5 million in management consultancy in the mid-1990s. This sector’s strong performance is driven by the general shift towards services, the rise of the knowledge-based economy, the need for greater flexibility within firms, specialisation and increased division of labour in many areas, outsourcing by established firms, and the trend towards smaller production units and firms.Governments influence the demand for business services by promoting private sector investment in intangibles such as R&D, training and education and business organisation, and by supporting the supply of these services through a range of intermediary agencies. The provision of strategic business services is seen as key to improving the performance and competitiveness of small and medium-sized firms.Countries covered Australia Austria Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands Norway New Zealand Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173590-en
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  • 13
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    Online Resource
    Business Incubation : International Case Studies (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173781
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pépinières d'entreprises à travers le monde ; Études de cas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les pépinières d'entreprises à travers le monde : Études de cas
    RVK:
    QP 200
    RVK:
    QB 200
    Keywords: Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Abstract: In many countries of the OECD business incubators have become an increasingly popular policy instrument for local economic and employment development. Business incubators aim to assist entrepreneurs with enterprise start-ups. Incubators are also being widely used to pursue related objectives such as the commercialisation of university research, providing infrastructure, upgrading the technological capabilities of local firms, and even affording a safe haven for legitimate entrepreneurship where crime is a constraint on business. As this publication makes clear, there is no unique business incubation model. Rather, there is considerable diversity in the types of business incubator, their modes of operation and the objectives they pursue.Interest in business incubation comes from a variety of sources. Local and regional governments, universities, chambers of commerce, science parks, private real-estate developers and non-profit organisations have all participated in establishing and running incubation programmes. However, this is still a young industry in many countries, and evaluation material is scarce. This publication reviews current experience in business incubation in Australia, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States. Indeed, this volume is one of the first to treat the international experience of business incubation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173781-en
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  • 14
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    Online Resource
    Les pépinières d'entreprises à travers le monde : Etudes de cas (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273788
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Business Incubation; International Case Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Business Incubation: International Case Studies
    Keywords: Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Les pépinières d’entreprises jouissent d'une popularité croissante dans nombre de pays de l'OCDE : elles sont de plus en plus fréquemment utilisées pour stimuler l'économie et l’emploi à l’échelle locale. Les pépinières ont vocation à aider les entreprises à démarrer, mais elles répondent aussi à des objectifs connexes comme la commercialisation des produits de la recherche universitaire, la création d’infrastructures, l’accroissement des capacités technologiques des entreprises locales ou la création d'un environnement sûr pour les entreprises implantées dans des zones à forte criminalité. Ainsi, les pépinières d’entreprises sont loin d'être conformes à un modèle unique, elles sont, comme le montre cette publication, multiples. Leurs caractéristiques et leurs modes de fonctionnement varient, ainsi que les objectifs qu’elles poursuivent. Les pépinières d’entreprises suscitent l'intérêt de nombreux acteurs économiques. Administrations locales et régionales, universités, chambres de commerce, parcs scientifiques, promoteurs immobiliers du secteur privé et organisations à but non lucratif, tous ont participé à la création et à la gestion de programmes dans ce domaine. Cependant, les pépinières constituent, dans bien des pays, une industrie encore jeune, et les examens critiques de leurs performances font souvent défaut. Ce livre fait le point sur les expériences récentes de l'Australie, de l'Allemagne, de l'Italie, du Royaume-Uni et des Etats-Unis en matière de création de pépinières d’entreprises. C'est l'un des premiers ouvrages à avoir une approche internationale de la question.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273788-fr
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  • 15
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    Children and Families at Risk : New Issues in Integrating Services (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264164093
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Fears of the prospect of growing social exclusion have become important concerns in recent years for many countries. Improving the quality of education and the standards attained by students to improve employability is one of the tools being used to prevent exclusion. However, changing social realities are leaving young children and students more exposed than ever to failure at school and unemployment. It is becoming increasingly clear that communities, education systems, schools and teachers are not equipped to deal with the many problems which arise and when social or health services become involved conflicts of interest can arise leading to actions which are not always in the clients' best interests. The necessity to provide greater co-ordination among these services, to improve their efficiency and effectiveness and to provide a seamless support to meet the holistic needs of students and their families is now becoming more accepted. Such an approach, inter alia, is community-based, emphasises prevention rather than being crisis-oriented, is customer-driven rather than being focused on an agency, and is accountable through outcomes rather than inputs. For many, better co-ordination of services is seen as the only solution available which is commensurate with our present democratic societies. All of the papers in this book were presented at a conference held in Toronto, Canada. They are original and have been written by policy-makers from different ministries, researchers from different disciplines and clients who come variously from Canada, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, and the USA.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264164093-en
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  • 16
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    Net Social Expenditure (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.39
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper contains an overview of net total (public and private) social expenditure indicators. These indicators have been developed to supplement available historical information on gross social expenditure trends by accounting for the varying impact of the tax system across countries. Tax systems can affect social spending in three ways: Governments levy direct taxes and social security contributions on cash transfers. Governments levy indirect taxes on goods and services bought by benefit recipients. And, Governments may award tax advantages similar to cash benefits and/or grant tax concessions aiming to stimulate purchase of insurance coverage by private agents. The paper summarises the methodological framework as previously developed, but extends coverage to thirteen countries for which information for 1993 and/or 1995 is now available: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom ...
    DOI: 10.1787/446511258155
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  • 17
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    The Health of Older Persons in OECD Countries : Is it Improving Fast Enough to Compensate for Population Ageing? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.37
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This study extends research on the impact of age-specific disability trends internationally, with a specific emphasis on long-term care needs. It focuses on changing patterns of disability in populations over 65 for a set of OECD countries for which cross-sectional evidence is available for at least two points in time five years or more apart (Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States). It analyses the policy implications of trends in health outcomes among older populations, both in terms of financing and with respect to the balance of care between home and institutions. Information related to severe disability, as measured by the ability to carry out activities of daily living, was obtained for the population aged 65 and over, and cross-classified into four age groups and by gender. Two projections were made: one assumes stable rates of disability, and the other reflects the rate of change based on ...
    DOI: 10.1787/066187831020
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  • 18
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    A Caring World : The New Social Policy Agenda (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172593
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour un monde solidaire ; Le nouvel agenda social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour un monde solidaire : Le nouvel agenda social
    DDC: 361.6/1 21
    RVK:
    QX 000
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; OECD ; Sozialpolitik
    Abstract: A new vision of the purpose of social policy is needed. Scaremongers present decision-makers as facing an overwhelming number of complex problems with more and more limited budgets. Society is indeed undergoing profound upheaval. Ageing populations are increasing pressure on the workforce. Changes in the labour market have hit low-skilled workers hard; the term "social exclusion" has entered the political lexicon, and policies can no longer be based on "traditional" family life. But social policy should not be presented as "papering over the cracks" in society caused by economic and demographic change. As knowledge plays an increasing role in generating wealth, empowering individuals to develop their potential is a central and essential part of economic policy. Indeed, economic and social policies are more intertwined than ever. This book paints a complete and accessible picture of the current situation and pinpoints how policies can be reformed. Social policy should aim to promote employment and healthy living, rather than just coping with joblessness and ill-health. Investing in children and families helps ensure that all can contribute fully to society. Innovations and experiments in new social policies to better equip individuals and families with the support they need in responding to change abound in OECD countries. Ministers from OECD countries have committed themselves to the ambitious task of creating just such a caring world.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172593-en
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  • 19
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    Implementing the OECD Jobs Strategy : Assessing Performance and Policy (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173682
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The OECD Jobs Strategy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi ; Évaluation des performances et des politiques
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: High and persistent unemployment remains a major economic and social problem for many OECD countries. Currently, some 35 million persons are unemployed across the area and many others are so discouraged that they are not even looking for a job. There is also increasing concern about precarious jobs and in-work poverty in some countries. The OECD Jobs Strategy was launched five years ago in response to these problems. And it works: the available empirical evidence shows that its continued and comprehensive implementation leads to durably lower unemployment and higher employment. What lies behind the disparities in levels and trends of unemployment rates across countries? Why have some countries outperformed others in terms of successfully cutting unemployment? Why do some groups in society - the young, older workers, the low-skilled - have difficulty finding and keeping rewarding jobs in many countries? Should the rise in temporary and part-time jobs be welcomed or resisted? This publication reviews these issues in light of countries’ experience in implementing The OECD Jobs Strategy. It puts the spotlight on groups at the margin of the labour market, and looks at the policies required to better integrate them.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173682-en
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  • 20
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    The Social Sciences at a Turning Point? (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264172920
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: How can the social and behavioural sciences contribute more effectively to solving the problems of society? Authoritative experts and policy makers examine the current state and status of the social sciences and present their views on what needs to be done. The authors, who represent OECD countries with diverse traditions and experience, discuss in particular the need to restructure social sciences, to better link them to policy making, to strengthen related basic research, to take advantage of progress made in information technologies for large-scale surveys and data storage, etc. Illustrative developments concern youth and urban problems, education reforms, immigration and environmental policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264172920-en
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  • 21
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    Towards Lifelong Learning in Hungary (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264173606
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Hungary
    Abstract: Lifelong Learning for All, the report emerging from the meeting of OECD Education Ministers signals their own commitment to advancing further this orientation in national education systems. Subsequent meetings of Labour and Social Affairs Ministers endorsed the relevance of a lifelong learning approach to address important aspects of labour and social policy issues. This report is the first country study organised in the form of an education policy review. It analyses the obstacles and challenges encountered thus far in adapting a lifelong learning approach to policy making in education and training from pre-school to adult education and retraining. Particular attention is given to education and the economy, regional development, new forms of distance education and financing.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264173606-en
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  • 22
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    Health Outcomes in OECD Countries : A Framework of Health Indicators for Outcome-Oriented Policymaking (1999)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 86 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.36
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: OECD health-care systems confront the dual challenge of containing costs and maximising the health of their populations. The effectiveness of health-care provision in fostering longer and healthier lives is therefore of fundamental importance. In order to respond to these challenges, policy makers are demanding more and better information on health outcomes. Therefore, this paper presents a summary of the current state-of-the-art in health outcome indicators for monitoring population health status and for evaluating the performance and effectiveness of various health policies and medical-care interventions. The paper begins by developing a framework for classifying the range of indicators that have been put forward to measure health outcomes. It then illustrates the potential value of different indicators for policy making within this framework and describes some recent trends in health status in OECD countries ...
    DOI: 10.1787/513803511413
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  • 23
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    Technologie, productivité et création d'emplois : Politiques exemplaires Edition 1998 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263413
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (364 p.) , ill.
    Edition: Edition 1998
    Series Statement: La stratégie de l'OCDE pour l'emploi
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Technology, Productivity and Job Creation; Best Policy Practices 1998 Edition
    Keywords: Employment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Le développement de connaissances nouvelles prend une importance grandissante avec l'émergence de l'économie fondée sur le savoir. L'impact de la technologie sur la croissance, l'emploi et le bien-être dépend largement de la manière dont elle est diffusée, assimilée et utilisée à travers l'ensemble de l'économie. Pour que le progrès technologique apporte non seulement des gains de productivité mais aussi davantage de croissance économique et des emplois nouveaux, il doit se produire dans des conditions permettant à la fois une restructuration du secteur industriel, la création et l'essor des petites entreprises, la croissance de nouveaux secteurs, le lancement de nouveaux produits et la mise en place de mécanismes assurant une amélioration effective des qualifications des travailleurs.Ce rapport met en évidence le recul du soutien public à la recherche-développement (R-D), qui touche surtout la recherche fondamentale à long terme, et analyse le plafonnement de la R-D dans le secteur privé, dû au recul de la recherche fondamentale de caractère exploratoire et au recentrage des efforts privés sur des activités d'innovation davantage axées sur le marché et sur le court terme. Il cherche à déterminer comment les caractéristiques particulières des systèmes nationaux d'innovation influent sur les mécanismes d'innovation et de diffusion de la technologie et analyse les raisons d'être des politiques suivies dans ce domaine. L'un des défis majeurs posés aux responsables politiques est de coordonner les mesures prises de manière à donner des incitations cohérentes et crédibles aux entreprises et aux individus. En distinguant les politiques qui donnent de bons résultats de celles qui sont inefficaces, ce rapport identifie les « politiques exemplaires » adoptées dans un certain nombre de domaines : la gestion de la base scientifique ; le soutien financier aux efforts de R-D dans l'industrie ; les politiques visant les entreprises fondées sur des technologies nouvelles ; les politiques favorisant l'expansion d'une nouvelle demande ; les politiques concernant les entreprises à hautes performances et l'investissement immatériel.En dépit de nombreuses initiatives, les pays de l'OCDE n'ont pas encore pleinement réussi à s'adapter aux caractéristiques et aux défis des économies fondées sur le savoir. Les politiques technologiques restent trop fragmentaires et prêtent trop peu d'attention aux liens existant au sein des systèmes nationaux d'innovation et aux réformes structurelles de portée plus large. Elles se focalisent trop sur l'étroit segment de haute technologie de l'économie et pas assez sur la nécessité de favoriser l'innovation et la diffusion de la technologie dans l'ensemble de l'économie. Il est possible d'accroître l'efficacité des politiques, notamment en ayant davantage recours à des instruments fondés sur le jeu du marché et en améliorant la qualité des évaluations. Ce rapport formule des recommandations sur les mesures que devraient prendre les différents pays de l'OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263413-fr
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  • 24
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    Human Capital Investment : An international Comparison (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162891
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement dans le capital humain ; Une comparaison internationale
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement dans le capital humain : Une comparaison internationale
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Investment in human capital is to the fore of debate and analysis in OECD countries about how to promote economic prosperity, fuller employment, and social cohesion. Individuals, organisations and nations increasingly recognise that high levels of knowledge, skills and competencies are essential to their future security and success. Investment in skills and competencies takes place in a variety of settings ranging from early childhood education to informal learning in the workplace, and involves a wide range of actors from individuals to enterprises and governments. This report aims to clarify what is now known about human capital and how it can be measured. It responds to a request by governments represented in the OECD Council "to develop an initial set of indicators of human capital investment based on existing data, analyse areas where significant gaps remain in internationally comparable data, identify the cost of development of data collection for new measures and performance indicators, and report to Ministers in 1998".
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162891-en
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  • 25
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    Migration, Free Trade and Regional Integration in North America (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163812
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (316 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Trade liberalisation is necessary but not sufficient to provide the conditions under which migration flows are significantly reduced. Co-ordinated measures must therefore be undertaken to promote technological catch-up, the development of physical infrastructure and investment in human capital. Against a background of sustained development accompanied by significant employment creation, the incentive to emigrate could decline. This publication explores the links between trade liberalisation and migration movements in North America and discusses the issue of whether the free circulation of persons accompany the successive stages of regional economic integration or whether it is an important objective to be achieved only once economic convergence has reached a sufficiently high level. The authors conclude that restrictions on movement are likely to continue into the future and that the lack of free movement does not constitute an obstacle to regional economic integration. Within this context, the need for balanced migration policies which take account of concerns about the economic consequences and social welfare of both sending and receiving countries will remain on the agenda for the foreseeable future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163812-en
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  • 26
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    Pathways and Participation in Vocational and Technical Education and Training (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162273
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (396 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Itinéraires et participation dans l'enseignement technique et la formation professionnelle
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Pathways and participation in vocational and technical education and training
    DDC: 370.11/3
    RVK:
    QV 240
    RVK:
    DV 3000
    RVK:
    DP 5400
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Technische Berufe ; Junge Arbeitskräfte ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Europäische Union ; Berufsbildung
    Abstract: The OECD countries have widely differing traditions regarding basic vocational training. This publication, prepared as part of the VOTEC project on "The Changing Role of Vocational and Technical Education and Training", is designed to help towards a better understanding of the internal logic and workings of these different systems. Education and training systems propose differentiated and interconnected pathways, each of which can be broken down into a series of programmes. But what are the factors that explain participation of young people in VOTEC and the way it has developed over time? A number of answers have been formulated and are examined here in the light of ten national reports.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Itinéraires et participation dans l'enseignement technique et la formation professionnelle
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162273-en
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  • 27
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    Le service public de l'emploi : Grèce, Irlande, Portugal (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263765
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Public Employment Service; Greece, Ireland, Portugal
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Public Employment Service: Greece, Ireland, Portugal
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Greece ; Ireland ; Portugal
    Abstract: Situés à la périphérie de l'Europe, la Grèce, l'Irlande et le Portugal se ressentent encore aujourd'hui des effets de l'exode rural vers les zones urbaines et à l'étranger et ils ont tous bénéficié d'aides considérables des Fonds structurels de l'Union européenne. Les stratégies adoptées par ces pays en matière de prestations de chômage, de subventions à l'emploi et de création d'emplois sont souvent novatrices. Mais quelles sont celles qui s'avèrent les plus efficaces ? Les services de l'emploi jouent un rôle important en matière de formation. Cela leur permet-il également d'aider les chômeurs de longue durée ? Et comment améliorer les résulats des services de placement face à des actifs plus âgés qui ont quitté l'école très tôt, ou encore face à un pourcentage de travailleurs indépendants qui reste élevé ? Cette publication étudie les moyens utilisés par le Service public de l'emploi pour faciliter l'insertion sur le marché du travail, que ce soit directement ou par le biais de programmes spécialisés.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: The public employment service
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263765-fr
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  • 28
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    L' avenir des professions à prédominance féminine (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263697
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Future of Female-dominated Occupations
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Dans tous les pays de l'OCDE, on observe une très forte ségrégation de l'emploi selon le sexe et une très grande concentration de l'emploi féminin sur les mêmes professions : secrétaire, institutrice, infirmière, aide à domicile. Ces professions, dont l'image reste souvent stéréotypée et traditionnelle, sont au coeur des sociétés de l'information et des services : aussi subissent-elles des bouleversements profonds dus aux technologies de l'information, au développement de l'économie du savoir, et au vieillissement de la population. C'est à travers ces transformations que se dessine un enjeu majeur pour l'emploi féminin et l'égalité des sexes sur le marché du travail.Au-delà des forts indices de ségrégation et de concentration qui sont une constante de l'emploi féminin dans tous les pays, les comparaisons internationales révèlent certaines différences dans le statut d'une même profession d'un pays à l'autre. Celles-ci peuvent tenir à la manière dont les professions sont définies ou à l'organisation même des activités et du travail. Comprendre ces différences, c'est se donner les moyens d'identifier les orientations à prendre afin d'ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives de carrière dans les professions à prédominance féminine.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: The future of female-dominated occupations
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263697-fr
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  • 29
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    The Public Employment Service : Greece, Ireland, Portugal (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163768
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le service public de l'emploi ; Grèce, Irlande, Portugal
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development The public employment service
    DDC: 350
    RVK:
    QV 200
    Keywords: Arbeitsverwaltung ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Griechenland ; Irland ; Portugal ; Employment ; Governance ; Greece ; Ireland ; Portugal ; Griechenland ; Arbeitsverwaltung ; Irland ; Arbeitsverwaltung ; Portugal ; Arbeitsverwaltung
    Abstract: Greece, Ireland and Portugal, on the periphery of Europe, are still influenced by a history of migration from agriculture to urban areas and to other countries, and have all received extensive assistance from the European Union's Structural Funds.Which of these countries' varied, often innovative, strategies in relation to unemployment benefits, hiring subsidies and job creation measures, have been most effective? Employment services have taken on particular responsibility for training, but does this help the long-term unemployed? With a legacy of older workers who left school early, and continuing high levels of self-employment, how can placement performance be improved? This publication examines how the Public Employment Service can actively promote and manage transitions out of unemployment into market work, both directly and via labour market programmes.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Le service public de l'emploi
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163768-en
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  • 30
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    The Tax/Benefit Position of Employees : 1995/1996 1997 Edition = La situation des salariés au regard de l'impôt et des transferts sociaux : 1995/1996 Edition 1997 (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062375
    Language: Multiple languages , English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (408 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    QL 550
    Keywords: Employment ; Taxation ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This annual publication provides unique information on direct taxes levied from employees and their employers in all OECD countries. In addition, the book specifies family benefits paid as cash transfers. Amounts of taxes and benefits are detailed program by program, for eight households types, which differ by income level and household composition. Results include the tax burden for one- and two- earner families.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062375-en-fr
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  • 31
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    Under One Roof : The Integration of Schools and Community Services in OECD Countries (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163423
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Programme on Educational Building - PEB Papers
    DDC: 370
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Recent years have seen a number of initiatives which seek to provide a range of community services on school sites, including adult education and other social and welfare services. These developments aim at co-ordinating more effectively services which are usually provided separately while optimizing the use of increasingly sophisticated and expensive educational buildings and equipment. However, providing integrated services "under one roof" poses a number of practical problems. What is the rationale for integrated service provision? What are the implications for the local authorities, planners and architects in charge of designing school sites that meet new requirements? This report presents the main lessons learned from a conference held in Stockholm, drawing on case studies from Finland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Quebec, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The case studies provide a wealth of examples of solutions to the challenge of optimizing the use of existing schools by better integrating them into local communities and by promoting new synergies with other services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163423-en
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  • 32
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    What Works Among Active Labour Market Policies : Evidence From OECD Countries' Experiences (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.35
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper seeks to answer the following question: what is the potential contribution which active labour market policies can make a part of a strategy to combat high and persistent unemployment and the problems of low pay and poverty among the working-age population? In order to answer this question, it is vital to know what works among active policies and in what circumstances. The OECD Secretariat has been working intensively on these questions in recent years and the paper summarises the main results of our work to date. The structure of the paper is as follows. Section 2 provides some factual background on public spending on labour market policies in OECD countries over the past decade, drawing on an internationally comparable data set which the OECD has developed to monitor trends in this field of public spending. Then I summarise the main results of on-going OECD research into the effectiveness of active labour market policies. My review mainly exploits two sources: (i) the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/267308158388
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  • 33
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    Les politiques sociales et de santé dans les pays de l'OCDE : Un examen des programmes actuels et des évolutions récentes (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 178 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Social and Health Policies in OECD Countries: A Survey of Current Programmes and Recent Developments
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Les réponses des pays au questionnaire de l’OCDE établi dans le cadre de l'Initiative pour un monde solidaire, avec d'autres informations dont on dispose par ailleurs, constituent une bonne base pour caractériser les grandes tendances de la politique sociale concernant l'étendue de la protection sociale, l'aide aux familles, l'aide aux chômeurs d'âge actif, les revenus des retraités, les soins de santé, une prise en charge à long terme et l'aide au logement. En ce qui concerne l'étendue des dispositifs de sécurité sociale, on est allé vers un resserrement des conditions d'admission au bénéfice des prestations, en particulier pour les nouveaux migrants, et vers un renforcement du rôle de l’aide sociale. Les pays ont réagi à la montée de l'exclusion sociale souvent par des mesures d'ensemble, intégrées, notamment des mesures de garantie de revenu, ainsi que par des mesures destinées à favoriser la réinsertion dans la société. En ce qui concerne l'aide aux familles, certains pays ont ...
    DOI: 10.1787/851234623027
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  • 34
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    The Future of Female-dominated Occupations (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163690
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'avenir des professions à prédominance féminine
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development The future of female-dominated occupations
    DDC: 331.4
    RVK:
    QV 221
    Keywords: Weibliche Arbeitskräfte ; Fraueneinkommen ; Büroberufe ; Lehrkräfte ; Pflegeberufe ; Sozialberufe ; Strukturwandel ; Sozialer Wandel ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Frauenberuf ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Zukunft
    Abstract: In all of the OECD countries, employment is seen to be sharply segregated by gender, with women's employment heavily concentrated in the same occupations: secretaries, primary school teachers, nurses and home helpers. These jobs, whose image has in many cases remained stereotyped and traditional, are at the heart of the information and service economy and have therefore been undergoing far-reaching changes due to information technologies, the development of a knowledge-based economy and population ageing. These transformations represent a major challenge for women's employment and for gender equality in the labour market. Beyond the high segregation and concentration scales which are a constant of women's employment in all countries, international comparisons show that there can be differences in the status of a given occupation from one country to another. These differences can stem from the way in which occupations are defined or from how the relevant activities and work are organised. Understanding these differences is essential to identify ways to promote women's career prospects in female-dominated occupations.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: L'avenir des professions a prédominance féminine
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163690-en
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  • 35
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    Local Management for More Effective Employment Policies (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162723
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour des politiques de l'emploi plus efficaces; la gestion locale
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Giguère, Sylvain Local management
    DDC: 339.5
    RVK:
    QV 200
    Keywords: Städtischer Arbeitsmarkt ; Regionaler Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Kommunalpolitik ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Dezentralisation
    Abstract: To combat persistent unemployment and growing disparities, employment and training policies need re-organising to become more effective. Governments are endeavouring to achieve this by increasing the involvement of local and regional authorities, social partners, the private sector and the community in policy design and implementation.Co-ordinating the efforts of these stakeholders, all involved at different levels, is a major challenge for governments. Local management of employment and training makes for more flexibility and hence better use of all available resources. This publication looks at the decentralisation of active labour market policies in OECD countries and shows how local employment management can lead to the implementation of more effective policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162723-en
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  • 36
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    Integrating Distressed Urban Areas (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162884
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intégrer les quartiers en difficulté
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Davies, Andrew, 1966 - Integrating distressed urban areas
    RVK:
    QY 300
    Keywords: Städtischer Niedergang ; Stadterneuerung ; Wirtschaftsförderung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Stadtviertel ; Unterprivilegierung ; Stadtplanung
    Abstract: Distressed urban areas threaten social cohesion in urban regions, the very centre of our economies. This problem can be traced to no single cause; rather it represents a combination of environmental, economic, social and cultural circumstances that take spatial form in different parts of inner cities and suburbs. Traditional policies have not succeeded in halting the downward spiral that effects these areas because they were unable to address the complex and area-based nature of the problem at the local level. The aim of this study is to describe this phenomenon and analyse policies implemented in OECD countries, so as to come up with multisectoral policies that are better suited to the problems they have to address.Policy objectives include attracting investment, creating jobs, rebuilding sound economic and social foundations and, more generally, combatting the isolation from which distressed urban areas suffer. Different levels of government, civic society and the private sector all have roles to play. There is an urgent need for integrative policies based on reinforcement of the local dimension and on partnerships that bring all the actors together.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162884-en
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  • 37
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    Intégrer les quartiers en difficulté (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262881
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Distressed Urban Areas
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Les quartiers en difficulté lancent au coeur même de nos villes un défi sans précédent à la cohésion de nos sociétés. Ces quartiers n'ont pas une cause unique, ils sont plutôt le résultat d'une combinaison inédite de facteurs à la fois environnementaux, économiques, sociaux et culturels, qui se cristallisent dans une dimension spatiale précise, dans certains centres villes et banlieues. Les politiques traditionnelles n'ont pas réussi à enrayer la spirale descendante qui affecte ces quartiers parce qu'elles étaient incapables d'appréhender la nature à la fois complexe et locale du problème. L'ambition de cette étude est de décrire ce phénomène, à travers l'analyse des politiques menées dans les pays de l'OCDE, afin de proposer des politiques mieux adaptées aux problèmes qu'elles combattent. Comment attirer l'investissement, créer des emplois, reconstruire des bases économiques et sociales saines et,, plus généralement, lutter contre l'exclusion dont sont victimes les quartiers en difficulté ? Les différents niveaux de gouvernement, la société civile et le secteur privé ont leur rôle à jouer. Il est urgent de mettre en place sans attendre des politiques intégrées, fondées sur la réhabiliation de la dimension locale et le partenariat de tous les acteurs concernés.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262881-fr
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  • 38
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    Technology, Productivity and Job Creation : Best Policy Practices 1998 Edition (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163416
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (328 p.) , ill.
    Edition: 1998 Edition
    Series Statement: The OECD Jobs Strategy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Technologie, productivité et création d'emplois ; Politiques exemplaires Edition 1998
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Technologie, productivité et création d'emplois : Politiques exemplaires Edition 1998
    Keywords: Employment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: While the development of new knowledge is becoming increasingly important in the emerging knowledge-based economy, the impact of technology on growth, jobs and welfare is determined largely by the way in which technology is diffused, absorbed and used throughout the economy. For technological progress to bring not only higher productivity but also economic expansion and new jobs it is pivotal with conditions which allow for industrial restructuring, entry and expansion of small firms, growth of new industries, launching of new products, and mechanisms accounting for effective upskilling of the labour force. This report points to a decline in public support for research and development (R&D), mainly affecting basic, long-term research, and examines the levelling-off in private sector R&D along with changes in its direction away from basic, exploratory research towards more market-driven and short-term innovative efforts. It explores how the special characteristics of national innovation systems impact on the mechanisms for innovation and diffusion of technology, and examines the rationale for policy in this area. A key challenge for policy makers is to co-ordinate measures so as to obtain consistent and credible incentives for firms and individuals. Assessing what works and what does not work in policy, the report identifies "best practices" in specific areas: management of the science base; financial support for industrial R&D efforts; technology diffusion policies and initiatives; policies for new technology-based firms; policies for facilitating growth in new demand; and policies for high-performance workplaces and intangible investment. Despite many initiatives, OECD countries have not yet fully adapted to the characteristics and challenges of knowledge-based economies. Technology policies continue to be too piecemeal, paying insufficient attention to linkages within national innovation systems and to broader structural reforms. They focus too much on the small high-tech segment of the economy and too little on fostering innovation and technology diffusion economy-wide. There is also scope for improving the effectiveness of policies, notably through increased use of market-based instruments and better evaluation. Recommendations are put forward of measures to be taken by individual OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163416-en
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  • 39
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    L' investissement dans le capital humain : Une comparaison internationale (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262898
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital Investment; An international Comparison
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Human Capital Investment: An international Comparison
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: L'investissement dans le capital humain se situe au coeur du débat et de l'analyse, en cours dans les pays de l'OCDE, sur les moyens de promouvoir prospérité économique, plein emploi et cohésion sociale. Les individus, les organisations et les pays prennent progressivement conscience que les connaissances, les qualifications et les compétences acquises constituent un atout essentiel pour leur sécurité et leur réussite à venir. L'investissement dans les qualifications et les compétences s'inscrit dans un ensemble diversifié de paramètres allant de l'éducation préscolaire à l'apprentissage informel en entreprise, et fait intervenir une multitude d'acteurs, au nombre desquels les individus, les entreprises et les pouvoirs publics. L'objectif de ce rapport est de mettre en lumière ce que l'on sait aujourd'hui sur le capital humain et sur les moyens de le mesurer. Il répond à la demande des gouvernements représentés au Conseil de l'OCDE de « mettre au point une première série d'indicateurs de l'investissement en capital humain sur la base des données existantes, d'analyser les domaines dans lesquels on manque encore largement de données comparables au niveau international, de déterminer le coût des travaux et de la collecte des données nécessaires à de nouveaux indicateurs de performance et autres mesures et de faire rapport aux ministres en 1998 » .
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262898-fr
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  • 40
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    Measures of Job Satisfaction : What Makes a Good Job? Evidence from OECD Countries (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.34
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les indicateurs de la satisfaction au travail : Quelles sont les caractéristiques d'un bon emploi ? Observations recueillies dans certains pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Most taxonomies of "good jobs" and "bad jobs" are centred around pay and hours of work. This paper uses uses information on 7 000 workers in OECD countries (emanating from the 1989 wave of the International Social Survey Programme) to complement traditional measures of job quality with workersupplied information regarding a wide variety of characteristics of the current job. The responses to twenty different questions are collapsed into six summary variables measuring workers’ evaluations of: Pay; Hours of work; Future Prospects (promotion and job security); How hard or difficult the job is; Job content: interest, prestige and independence; and Interpersonal relationships (with co-workers and with management). An advantage of asking workers about these job attributes is that many of them, such as interpersonal relationships, job interest and job difficulty, are not measurable in the way that income and hours are. Another is that items may not have a linear relationship ...
    DOI: 10.1787/670570634774
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  • 41
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    Maintaining Prosperity in an Ageing Society (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163133
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Préserver la prospérité dans une société vieillissante
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Is ageing a threat to our societies' prosperity? How should resources be shared between the working generation and its dependent older citizens? How should pension, health and long-term care best be reformed? How can older people's contribution to society and economic prosperity be enhanced? Within the next decade, the numbers of retired people in OECD countries will start to grow much faster than those of working age. In the absence of major changes to pension systems and to the way people allocate their time between education, work and leisure, it is likely that fiscal and social strains will start to emerge. Some groups may be unfairly burdened through high taxation and others would face unexpected reductions in their material living standards. The appropriate policy response is multi-faceted, covering fiscal, social, labour market, financial market, health and education policies. An important part of the strategy for maintaining prosperity in an ageing society will involve encouraging people to work longer by making it financially more attractive for them to do so. In turn, this could entail reforms to traditional public pension systems and other social policies, as well as fostering the development of alternatives to public systems that give individuals more flexibility in deciding when to retire. Consequently, financial market infrastructures will need to be strengthened to cope with large increases in private pension fund assets. Through this multi-disciplinary study, the OECD points to the need to take action now by implementing a comprehensive and consistent set of policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163133-en
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  • 42
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    Les indicateurs de la satisfaction au travail : Quelles sont les caractéristiques d'un bon emploi ? Observations recueillies dans certains pays de l'OCDE (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measures of Job Satisfaction: What Makes a Good Job? Evidence from OECD Countries
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: La plupart des taxinomies sur les “bons emplois” et les “mauvais emplois” sont fondées autour du salaire et des heures de travail. Ce document utilise des informations sur 7 000 travailleurs dans les pays de l’OCDE (données provenant du International Social Survey Programme, 1989) afin de compléter les mesures traditionnelles de la qualité de l’emploi par des informations recueillies directement auprès des travailleurs et concernant une large variété de caractéristiques de l’emploi actuel. Les réponses aux vingt questions sont contenues dans six composantes qui donnent une évaluation de la qualité de l’emploi. le salaire ; les heures de travail ; les perspectives d’avenir (promotion et sécurité d’emploi) ; le degré de difficulté du travail ; le contenu du travail : intérêt, prestige et indépendance ; et les relations interpersonnelles L’avantage de poser de telles questions au travailleur sur les caractéristiques de ...
    DOI: 10.1787/135007820512
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  • 43
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    Pour des politiques de l'emploi plus efficaces: la gestion locale (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262720
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Local Management for More Effective Employment Policies
    Keywords: Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Face à la persistance du chômage et aux disparités croissantes, les politiques de l'emploi et de la formation doivent être réorganisées pour gagner en efficacité. Les gouvernements s'y emploient en associant de plus en plus souvent les autorités locales et régionales, les partenaires sociaux, les secteurs privé et associatif à leur élaboration et à leur mise en oeuvre. La coordination des efforts déployés par ces acteurs, qui interviennent à des niveaux différents, constitue un défi de taille pour les gouvernements. Gérer localement l'emploi et la formation permet une plus grande flexibilité, et, partant, une meilleure utilisation de l'ensemble des ressources disponibles. Cette publication fait le point sur la décentralisation de la politique active du marché du travail dans les pays de l'OCDE et montre en quoi la gestion locale de l'emploi peut assurer la mise en oeuvre de politiques plus efficaces.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262720-fr
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  • 44
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    The Battle against Exclusion : Social Assistance in Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162259
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combattre l'exclusion ; L'aide sociale en Australie, en Finlande, au Royaume-Uni et en Suède
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combattre l'exclusion
    RVK:
    QX 040
    RVK:
    QX 900
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Finland ; Sweden ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This book examines the performance of social assistance policies in four countries with similar per capita incomes: Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. It confronts their -- very different -- social protection systems and sheds light on issues such as social insurance and social assistance, central and local social security systems, active and passive policies. The often complex interactions involved are analysed and lessons are drawn from the countries' varied experiences. Particular attention is paid to young people, the long-term unemployed, lone-parent families, immigrants and asylum seekers. Conclusions -- both country-based and thematic -- are presented with a particular emphasis on how barriers and disincentives to employment can be overcome: these are indispensable weapons in the battle against exclusion.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162259-en
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  • 45
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    Itinéraires et participation dans l'enseignement technique et la formation professionnelle (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262270
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pathways and Participation in Vocational and Technical Education and Training
    Keywords: Education ; Employment
    Abstract: Les pays de l'OCDE ont des traditions très diverses en matière de formation professionnelle initiale. Cet ouvrage, préparé dans le cadre du projet VOTEC sur "Le rôle nouveau de l'enseignement technique et de la formation professionnelle", a pour but d'aider à mieux comprendre la logique interne et le fonctionnement de ces différents systèmes. Les systèmes d'éducation et de formation offrent des itinéraires différenciés et interconnectés, chacun pouvant être défini comme une suite de programmes. Mais quels sont les facteurs explicatifs de la participation des jeunes à VOTEC et de son évolution au cours du temps ? Un certain nombre d'hypothèses ont été formulées, qui sont ici étudiées à la lumière de dix rapports nationaux. Toute la richesse des informations fournies par ces rapports est rassemblée, pour la première fois, dans cet ouvrage qui rappelle les concepts de base et évalue les enseignements à retenir des expériences nationales. Cette approche à la fois conceptuelle et pragmatique devrait aider les décideurs nationaux à substituer aux réponses idéologiques toutes faites des solutions novatrices fondées sur l'expérience et adaptées aux traditions de leur pays.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Pathways and participation in vocational and technical education and training
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262270-fr
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  • 46
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    Combattre l'exclusion : L'aide sociale en Australie, en Finlande, au Royaume-Uni et en Suède (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264262256
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion; Social Assistance in Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Battle against Exclusion: Social Assistance in Australia, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Finland ; Sweden ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Les institutions ayant pour mission d'aider les personnes démunies sont un élément caractéristique de la vie sociale depuis des siècles. Aujourd'hui, les institutions d'aide sociale ont pour objectif d'intégrer et d'encourager ces personnes afin d'éliminer exclusion et stigmatisation. La pauvreté peut fortement éprouver le tissu social. Pourtant, éviter la misère aux personnes sans ressource tout en réduisant l'exclusion et la marginalisation n'est pas chose facile. Comment l'aide sociale peut-elle concilier au mieux ces objectifs et réduire au minimum les effets dissuasifs sur la recherche d'emploi rémunéré ? Que peut-on faire pour promouvoir autonomie et responsabilité individuelle ? Cet ouvrage examine l'efficacité des politiques d'aide sociale dans quatre pays aux niveaux de revenus par habitant comparables : l'Australie, la Finlande, le Royaume-Uni et la Suède. Il compare ces systèmes -- très différents -- de protection sociale et jette un jour nouveau sur des questions telles que l'assurance et l'aide sociales, les systèmes de sécurité sociale nationaux et locaux, les mesures actives et passives. Les interactions souvent complexes qui sont en jeu font l'objet d'analyses, et des enseignements sont tirés des diverses expériences menées dans ces pays. Une attention particulière est accordée aux jeunes, aux chômeurs de longue durée, aux familles monoparentales, aux immigrants et aux demandeurs d'asile. Les conclusions par pays et par thème font une large place aux moyens de supprimer les obstacles à l'activité professionnelle et, en particulier, les effets dissuasifs sur la recherche d'emploi. Ce sont autant d'armes indispensables dans le combat contre l'exclusion.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264262256-fr
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  • 47
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    Societal Cohesion and the Globalising Economy : What Does the Future Hold? (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264163874
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: As economic globalisation runs its seemingly relentless course, the demands on OECD economies' flexibility are set to increase still further in the years to come. What kind of society will be able to cope with these pressures? How much and what kinds of adaptability will be required of individuals, institutions and enterprises? What forces will hold OECD societies together in an environment shaped by intense international competition and fast-moving technological change? This publication looks into the prospects for societal cohesion in tomorrow's world. It assesses the long-run implications of continuing with the current set of policies, and examines ideas that may help societies strike a sustainable balance between economic flexibility and a cohesive social fabric.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264163874-en
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  • 48
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    Préserver la prospérité dans une société vieillissante (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264263130
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Maintaining Prosperity in an Ageing Society
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Abstract: Le vieillissement des populations menace-t-il la prospérité de nos sociétés ? Comment les ressources devraient-elles être réparties entre la génération des actifs et les personnes âgées qui en dépendent ? Comment réformer au mieux les systèmes de retraite, de santé et de soins de longue durée ? Comment mettre en valeur la contribution des personnes âgées à la société et à la prospérité économique ? D'ici dix ans, le nombre des retraités commencera de croître beaucoup plus vite que celui des personnes d'âge actif dans les pays de l'OCDE. Si des changements fondamentaux n'interviennent pas dans les systèmes de retraite et dans la répartition du temps entre formation, travail et temps libre, des tensions budgétaires et sociales risquent de se faire jour. Certains groupes pourraient être injustement soumis à une lourde fiscalité alors que d'autres constateraient une dégradation inattendue de leur niveau de vie. Pour qu'elle soit pertinente, la réponse des pouvoirs publics doit être diversifiée, et faire intervenir les politiques budgétaires et sociales, mais aussi les politiques du marché du travail, de la santé et de l'éducation. Encourager les gens à travailler plus longtemps, en rendant financièrement plus intéressante la poursuite d'une activité, est au coeur de la stratégie à mettre en oeuvre pour préserver la prospérité dans une société vieillissante. Sans doute faudra-t-il aussi réformer les systèmes publics de retraite traditionnels et les autres politiques sociales et encourager le développement de formules destinées à remplacer les systèmes de retraite publics et donnant aux individus plus de souplesse pour planifier leur départ en retraite. L'infrastructure des marchés financiers devra par conséquent être renforcée pour absorber la forte augmentation des avoirs détenus par les fonds de pension privés. A travers cette étude pluridisciplinaire, l'OCDE souligne la nécessité d'agir dès à présent en mettant en place un train de politiques cohérent et complet.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264263130-fr
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  • 49
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    Immigrants, Integration and Cities : Exploring the Links (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162952
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Rapid economic and social change in both inner cities and suburbs has created new challenges for the integration of immigrants and their descendants. What is the role of immigration in urban development and neighbourhood change? What are the impacts of urban change on immigrants and their chances of integration? The history of urban development and the characteristics of immigrant populations -- size, origins, the range of groups represented and their history, length of residence and civic status -- vary across countries. The process of integration may thus vary considerably at different times and for different immigrant groups. This publication analyses in detail the nature and content of policies being implemented to promote the integration of immigrants in urban areas. It examines how the changing socio-economic context in cities may affect immigrants and the advantages and disadvantages of urban concentrations of immigrants, drawing on examples from cities in Australia, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States. It also highlights the importance of associating not only immigrants and key local actors, but the concerned wider population as well, in defining and implementing urban development and integration policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162952-en
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  • 50
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    Social and Health Policies in OECD Countries : A Survey of Current Programmes and Recent Developments (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 163 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.33
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les politiques sociales et de santé dans les pays de l'OCDE : Un examen des programmes actuels et des évolutions récentes
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The responses of countries to the OECD Caring World questionnaire, together with other available information, provides a good basis for summarising the main social policy trends with respect to the broad coverage of social protection arrangements, assistance for families, assistance for unemployed people of working age, retirement incomes, health care, long-term care and housing assistance. In terms of the broad coverage of social security measures, the main developments have been some tightening of eligibility, particularly for new migrants, and increased importance of social assistance measures. Countries have responded to concerns about the incidence of social exclusion, often through comprehensive, integrated measures which include income support as well as measures to assist people back into mainstream activities of society. With general family assistance measures, some countries have pursued greater means-testing of benefits, at the same time as some payments have been ...
    DOI: 10.1787/720018345154
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  • 51
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    Key Employment Policy Challenges Faced by OECD Countries (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.31
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: OECD countries as a whole have experienced modest annual output growth of some 2 1/2 per cent over the past four years. But unemployment remains unacceptably high -- having fallen only slightly from its peak of 38 million in 1993 to the current 35 million or 7 per cent of the workforce -- and wage and income disparities have widened in many countries, posing potential risks to social cohesion. These trends have prompted much debate on their causes, consequences and remedies. These are among the issues that the OECD has analyzed and discussed with Member countries since 1992 in the context of its Jobs Strategy work. OECD Ministers have endorsed the Jobs Strategy recommendations and called last May for greater reform efforts. More recently the meeting of OECD Labour Ministers last October emphasised the need for policies for low-paid and unskilled job seekers, enhancing the effectiveness of active labour market policies and lifelong learning to maintain employability, issues ...
    DOI: 10.1787/078213832362
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  • 52
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    The Growing Role of Private Social Benefits (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.32
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper contains a first analysis of trends in private social benefits within a comparative framework. There is growing interest in the role of the private sector in the provision of social support in the light of concerns about the high level of public social spending. However, up to now, methodological and measurement problems have hampered the collection of cross-country data on private social benefits. The paper develops an appropriate methodological framework for treating this issue. It presents data on private social benefits for six countries for which such data are currently available: Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Information on trends in public and private social expenditure is drawn together and the pape discusses in more detail spending patterns in two social policy areas where private provision plays an important role: pensions and health. Finally, the impact of the tax system is analysed, and for one year ...
    DOI: 10.1787/804013113766
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  • 53
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    Les régimes de retraite privés dans les pays de l'OCDE : Le Royaume-Uni (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 109 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Private Pensions in OECD Countries: The United Kingdom
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Ce volume fait partie d’une série de monographies sur les régimes de retraite privés dans les pays de l’OCDE. Les volumes précédents ont été consacrés à la situation du Canada, de l’Irlande, de la Nouvelle-Zélande et des Etats-Unis. Le système de pensions du Royaume-Uni présente un certain nombre de spécificités. La part des pensions du régime public dans les revenus de retraite a régressé. Le vieillissement de la population va entraîner une diminution du nombre d'actifs relativement au nombre de retraités, mais compte tenu des faibles taux des pensions servies par le régime public, il ne sera pas nécessaire de procéder à un relèvement important des taux de cotisation pour faire face aux dépenses de pensions. Les régimes de retraite d’entreprise financés par capitalisation sont très développés et la proportion de leurs actifs par rapport au PIB est parmi la plus élevée des pays de l’OCDE. Le nombre de personnes couvertes par des plans de retraite privés individuels augmente rapidement ...
    DOI: 10.1787/560675708185
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  • 54
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    Private Pensions in OECD Countries : France (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 134 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.30
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les régimes de retraite privés dans les pays de l'OCDE : France
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France
    Abstract: This volume is part of a series of monographs on private pensions in OECD countries. Previous titles have considered the situation of Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Private pensions occupy a central role in the French system of retirement provision. In addition to a high degree of institutional fragmentation, the general structure of the French pension system combines two tiers. The first consists of statutory social security plans, set up to cover the whole of the working population, and “special plans”, exempted from participation in the general schemes and almost exclusively covering the public sector. The second tier is made up of supplementary occupational plans, mainly compulsory plans federated at the national level. The extensive role of these compulsory occupational plans has left little room for the development of other voluntary occupational pension plans. A number of features make the specificity of the second tier in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/664831631060
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  • 55
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    Private Pensions in OECD Countries : The United Kingdom (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 97 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.21
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les régimes de retraite privés dans les pays de l'OCDE : Le Royaume-Uni
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This volume is part of a series of monographs on private pensions in OECD countries. Previous titles have considered the situation in Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United States. The United Kingdom pension system has some distinctive characteristics. Publicly-provided pensions have become less important as a source of retirement income. The ageing of the population will shrink the numbers of those working relative to those receiving old-age pensions, but because of the low rates of public pension payments, contribution rates will not need to rise dramatically to cover pension costs. Funded company-based schemes are extensive, with one of the highest asset to GDP ratios among the OECD countries. Personal private pensions are growing rapidly in coverage. Evidence suggests that these pension funds have boosted saving and increased the supply of long-term funds, so stimulating the development of capital markets. The size and scope of private pensions in the United Kingdom makes the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/114267514347
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  • 56
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    Occupational Classification (ISCO-88) : Concepts, Methods, Reliability, Validity and Cross-National Comparability (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.20
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La classification des professions (CITP-88) : Concepts, méthodes, fiabilité, validité et comparabilité internationale
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper considers a range of topics concerned with the statistical application of an occupational classification, focusing in particular upon the use of the international standard, ISCO-88. Following a brief presentation of the conceptual basis of ISCO-88 and on methods of collecting and coding occupational information, evidence is presented on the reliability and validity of occupationally classified data. The paper reviews progress on the implementation of ISCO-88 on a global basis and presents an assessment of the likely comparability between countries of occupational data based upon ISCO-88. From the evidence available it appears that ISCO-88 has successfully superseded ISCO-68 and, in many countries, has become the model for a new national classification even where a national classification of occupations previously existed. However, occupational classification remains a difficult process, subject to a fairly low level of reliability. In addition to problems of reliability ...
    DOI: 10.1787/304441717388
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  • 57
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    OECD Submission to The UK Low Pay Mission (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.29
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This submission provides a brief factual survey of statutory minimum wage systems in OECD countries (Section B) as well as a summary of recommendations concerning minimum wages which have been presented in the OECD Jobs Study and recent OECD Economic Surveys (Section C). This is followed by a discussion of the factors which should be considered when reviewing the likely effects of statutory minimum wages on employment and unemployment (Section D), and on low pay and poverty (Section E). It is based on recent empirical evidence from OECD countries and, whenever possible, discusses the relevance of the different factors characterising minimum wage for the UK context. The need for further research is discussed in Section F.
    DOI: 10.1787/046632218057
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  • 58
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    The Definition of Part-Time Work for the Purpose of International Comparisons (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.22
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La définition du travail à temps partiel à des fins de comparaison internationale
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: National definitions of part-time work are based either on hours thresholds or on an assessment by the respondent of the nature of the job, or on a combination of both methods. This report compares the results obtained from the application of an hours-based definition to job of wage and salary workers with those based on the respondent’s self-assessment, and examines the international comparability of such estimates. In countries where part-time work (national definitions) is common, jobs of more than 30 usual hours per week that are classified as part-time are significant in number. These countries tend to use a definition based on a 35 usual hours threshold. In countries where part-time work (national definitions) is relatively less common, the incidence of jobs of less than 35 usual hours per week that are classified as full-time is high. Part-time jobs are generally identified on the basis of self-assessment in these countries. As a result of these findings a definition of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/132721856632
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  • 59
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    Making the Public Employment Service More Effective through the Introduction of Market Signals (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.25
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Many OECD countries have taken steps to increase competition in areas that have been typically dominated by public monopolies in the past. The goal is to improve the production and delivery of public goods and services. Among these areas, governments have introduced market signals to make the public employment service (PES) contestable in some of its activities in order to improve its effectiveness. This has involved i) liberalisation of the rules and regulations governing private employment agencies; ii) the use of market-type mechanisms (MTMs) such as contracting-out; and iii) organisational reforms, for example separating purchasers and providers of services to jobseekers. Separating purchasers and providers is an important requirement to make the delivery of public services contestable. For example, if the PES provides training and also purchases it on the open market, it may have the incentive to deal with only one segment of the market, making it difficult to compare its ...
    DOI: 10.1787/031348351683
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  • 60
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    International Movements of the Highly Skilled (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.3
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: In recent years there has been a growing recognition of the importance of international recruitment and movement of the highly skilled. Modern industries and services increasingly rely upon the acquisition, deployment and use of human expertise to add value in their operations. When this expertise is not available locally, employers frequently import it from abroad. This takes place in the context of two fundamental and interrelated processes: the development of internal labour markets by employers, on the one hand, and of the institutional framework by governments to facilitate the global interchange of skills, on the other. The principal flows of highly skilled workers today reflect the global expansion of world trade, the international expansion of trans-national corporations, and the activities of institutions such as governments and recruitment agencies. Although not straightforward, there appears for example to be a positive relationship between flows of skilled labour and ...
    DOI: 10.1787/104411065061
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  • 61
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    Private Pensions in OECD Countries : Australia (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 90 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.23
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia
    Abstract: As most other OECD Member countries had already done, Australia has, since 1991, supplemented an existing flat-rate universal (but means-tested) residence-based old-age pension by a compulsory earnings related second tier for employees known as the “Superannuation Guarantee”. However, it was the first Member country in which the favoured format of participation in the second tier is in the form of pure “money purchase” schemes in which benefits are determined solely by the amount which accumulates in individual accounts. Benefits are predominately paid as lump-sums on retirement, although tax arrangements are being changed to encourage beneficiaries to purchase annuities. This report, compiled by two Australian experts, describes this system and its relation to pre-existing tax-advantaged voluntary provision, which only covered one-third of employees but remains predominant in terms of assets accumulated and benefits payable. The report discusses the sources of retirement ...
    DOI: 10.1787/774368522640
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  • 62
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    La classification des professions (CITP-88) : Concepts, méthodes, fiabilité, validité et comparabilité internationale (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Occupational Classification (ISCO-88): Concepts, Methods, Reliability, Validity and Cross-National Comparability
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Le présent document traite de diverses questions relatives à l’application statistique d’une classification des professions, et plus particulièrement de l’utilisation de la classification internationale type, la CITP-88. Après un bref rappel des concepts sur lesquels repose la CITP-88 et des méthodes de la collecte et de codage des informations sur les professions, des observations sont présentées au sujet de la fiabilité et de la validité des données ventilées par profession. Ce document fait le point des progrès réalisés dans la mise en oeuvre de la CITP-88 à l’échelle mondiale et évalue la comparabilité probable, d’un pays à un autre, des données sur les professions fondées sur la CITP-88. D’après les informations dont on dispose, il semble que la CITP-88 ait réussi à supplanter la CITP-68 et soit devenue, dans de nombreux pays, le modèle d’une nouvelle classification nationale des professions même lorsqu’il en existait déjà une. La classification des professions n’en demeure pas ...
    DOI: 10.1787/554385158062
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  • 63
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    The Concentration of Women's Employment and Relative Occupational Pay : A Statistical Framework for Comparative Analysis (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 94 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.26
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report assesses the relation between women’s employment in those occupations where they are most concentrated and their relative level of pay. The analysis is applied to seven countries - Australia, Canada, Germany, France, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States - over a period covering the past ten to fifteen years. An important feature of the study involves the collection and analysis of national earnings data at a detailed level of occupational classification, enabling us to address instances of vertical and horizontal gender segregation that may be obscured by less detailed categories. As international harmonised earnings data for detailed occupational categories do not exist, it has been necessary to collect data from the different national sources. Given the dangers this presents for an analysis which seeks to make comparisons of occupations across countries, the report details the wide range of different sources of data, as well as the variety of definitions of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/122123571425
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  • 64
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    OECD Submission to the Irish National Minimum Wage Commission (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.28
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Ireland
    Abstract: This submission provides a brief factual survey of statutory minimum wage systems in OECD countries (Section B) as well as a summary of recommendations concerning minimum wages which have been presented in the OECD Jobs Study and recent OECD Economic Surveys (Section C). This is followed by a discussion of the factors which should be considered when reviewing the likely effects of statutory minimum wages on employment and unemployment (Section D), and on low pay and poverty (Section E). It is based on recent empirical evidence from OECD countries and, whenever possible, discusses the relevance of the different factors characterising minimum wages for the Irish context. The need for further research is discussed in Section F.
    DOI: 10.1787/501028262326
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  • 65
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    Les régimes de retraite privés dans les pays de l'OCDE : France (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 147 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Private Pensions in OECD Countries: France
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France
    Abstract: Ce volume fait partie d’une série de monographies sur les régimes de retraite privés dans les pays de l’OCDE. Les volumes précédents ont été consacrés à la situation du Canada, de l’Irlande, de la Nouvelle-Zélande, des Etats-Unis, du Royaume-Uni et de l’Australie. Les régimes de retraite privés occupent un rôle central dans le système français des dispositifs de retraite. Au delà d’un fort éclatement institutionnel, l’architecture générale du système de retraite français se caractérise par une structure à deux étages. Le premier étage correspond aux régimes légaux de sécurité sociale, couvrant l’ensemble de la population active, ainsi qu’aux “régimes spéciaux” dispensés de toute affiliation au régime général et couvrant presque exclusivement le secteur public. Le second étage est constitué des régimes complémentaires relevant du domaine professionnel, principalement des régimes obligatoires fédérés au niveau national. L’importance considérable qu’ont pris ces régimes ...
    DOI: 10.1787/425822661852
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  • 66
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    Trends in Secretarial Occupations in Selected OECD Countries, 1980-95 (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.24
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: In all OECD countries secretarial occupations constitute a substantial part of all women's employment, are heavily female-dominated and subject to rapid and far-reaching technical change. They are also transversal to all sectors and organisations. The report examines how the secretary's role is changing as the 'information society' develops and as organisations seek to organise work in a way that maximises its value-added. It also investigates the routes by which improvements in the occupation can be brought about. The report is based on the results of national studies in 8 countries: Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The report does not purport to be comparative but, instead, attempts to highlight some significant cross-national issues. The labour market for secretaries Secretarial work constitutes between 5 and to 15 per cent of all women's employment according to the definitions in the countries ...
    DOI: 10.1787/650807020330
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  • 67
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    La définition du travail à temps partiel à des fins de comparaison internationale (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Definition of Part-Time Work for the Purpose of International Comparisons
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Les définitions nationales du travail à temps partiel dans les enquêtes sur la population active reposent soit sur des seuils d'heures habituellement travaillées, soit sur l'auto-évaluation des personnes enquêtées sur la nature de leur emploi, ou une combinaison de ces deux critères. Ce rapport examine la comparabilité internationale des estimations du travail à temps partiel obtenues par l’application des définitions-seuils à l’emploi salarié, et celles obtenues à partir de l’autoévaluation des travailleurs. Dans les pays où le travail à temps partiel (définitions nationales) est courant, un nombre important d’emplois de plus de 30 heures habituellement travaillées par semaine est classé comme étant à temps partiel. Ces pays ont tendance à utiliser une définition-seuil de 35 heures. Dans les pays où le travail à temps partiel (définitions nationales) est peu courant, la fréquence des emplois de moins de 35 heures habituellement travaillées par semaine classés comme étant à temps ...
    DOI: 10.1787/585825266248
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  • 68
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    Childcare and Elderly Care : What Occupational Opportunities for Women? (1997)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.27
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: As the population in OECD countries ages and requires longer periods of care and as more children are cared for outside their homes, there is growing recognition of the significance of caring services both economically and socially. Up to now the policy discussion has focussed mainly on two central issues: quality of care and cost of care. These issues are closely inter-linked with how employment in the caring sector is expanding and developing, an issue which has however received relatively little attention. The demand for caring workers has increased dramatically in the past twenty-five years. Caring occupations are major employers of women across OECD countries and their working conditions, career opportunities, and earnings patterns have a significant impact on women’s overall situation in the labour market. This report examines caring occupations in the childcare and the elderly care sectors and the opportunities they offer women as these occupations are changing with respect ...
    DOI: 10.1787/047834852710
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  • 69
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    The Provision of Services and The Movement of Labour in the Countries of the European Union (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.2
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; European Union
    Abstract: Service contracts which involve the movement of workers can result in a certain number of social problems. For example, it is generally difficult to measure labour flows stemming from such contracts and to know their impact on the labour market. In addition, legislation on social matters, in particular that relating to labour and to social security, differs from one country to another. In this context, international labour mobility can give rise to a fraudulent use of service contracts and lead to forms of "social dumping".In her report, the author defines service contracts in the context of Community law and specifies the conditions under which contracted services can be freely supplied in the European Communities. This right has been extended to other non-Community countries and was considered in the GATT negotiations on trade in services. The author then identifies restrictions on the free supply of services and examines their impact on movements of non-EC workers and on fraudulent ...
    DOI: 10.1787/780564881883
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  • 70
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    Mesurer le capital humain : Vers une comptabilité du savoir acquis (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065499
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring What People Know; Human Capital Accounting for the Knowledge Economy
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring What People Know: Human Capital Accounting for the Knowledge Economy
    Keywords: Education ; Employment
    Abstract: Une étude des politiques novatrices menées dans les pays de l'OCDE montre les progrès déjà accomplis par rapport aux maigres informations que constituent les titres ou les diplômes obtenus. Avec l'apparition de l'économie de la connaissance, les dirigeants, les responsables de la gestion des ressources humaines et des comptes financiers s'efforcent de mettre au point des méthodes permettant d'évaluer et de consigner les connaissances acquises par l'expérience, l'éducation et la formation. Cet ouvrage explique pourquoi il est possible, en termes de théorie économique, et faisable du point de vue des pratiques comptables, de mettre en place de nouveaux systèmes d'information et de décision en matière de capital humain.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065499-fr
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  • 71
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    Net Public Social Expenditure (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.19
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The OECD Social Expenditure data base (SOCX) allows the monitoring of trends in aggregate social expenditure and changes in its composition. But aggregate social expenditure may sometimes fail to reflect the true ‘effort’ of a country in providing social support. Account needs to be taken of the effects of tax systems and transfers which, although mandatory, are not paid by government. In order to get from a “gross” to a “net” concept of social expenditure various adjustments to raw data are needed. These adjustments concern: methods of benefit payment (“net” or “gross” of tax); the varying extent with which governments use fiscal instruments rather than cash transfers to pursue social policy goals; and the different degree to which government requires other economic agents to provide social expenditures. The analysis also addresses the automatic budget effects related to the stage of the economic cycle. This analysis is a first attempt to capture in a comprehensive manner the effect ...
    DOI: 10.1787/122001486025
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  • 72
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    Enhancing the Effectiveness of Active Labour Market Policies : Evidence from Programme Evaluations in OECD Countries (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.18
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This publication reviews the recent evidence from programme evaluations on the effectiveness of active labour market policies (ALMPs) in helping unemployed individuals return to work. ALMPs differ widely in their objectives and their impacts, both across countries and within countries over time. Programme evaluations attempt to determine the impact of various ALMPs, both for the individual and on society at large. Individual impacts are usually measured in terms of post-programme earnings and/or employment performance. Societal impacts include an estimation of deadweight, displacement and substitution effects, along with some accounting for possible externalities. Recent evaluations suggest some ALMPs can help most groups of the unemployed. Many unemployed benefit from early intervention through the provision of counselling and job-search assistance. Others benefit through targeted employment subsidies, particularly in the private sector. The picture is more mixed with respect to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/560806166428
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  • 73
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    Measuring What People Know : Human Capital Accounting for the Knowledge Economy (1996)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065482
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer le capital humain ; Vers une comptabilité du savoir acquis
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer le capital humain : Vers une comptabilité du savoir acquis
    Keywords: Education ; Employment
    Abstract: A review of innovative policies in OECD countries shows that progress has already been made in moving beyond the poor information provided by standardised educational certification. Spurred by the emerging "knowledge economy", government policy makers, human resource managers, financial accountants and educators are developing methods for systematically evaluating and recording knowledge assets acquired through experience, education and training. This book explains why it is possible, in terms of economic theory, and feasible, from the perspective of accounting practices, to implement new human capital information and decision-making systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065482-en
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  • 74
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    Reducing Poverty while Increasing Employment : A Primer on Alternative Strategies, and a Blueprint (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Jobs Study Working Papers no.7
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: Policy to reduce poverty has often foundered on the issue of work incentives. The issue is a manifestation of the traditional conflict between equity and efficiency; the redistribution of income from higher to lower income people typically leads to reduced incentives for both groups to supply labor to the market, or to exercise initiative. This conflict is also known as the "poverty trap"--with income transfer (welfare) programs in place, those with low earned income have a reduced incentive to seek and accept employment, and as a result appear trapped in poverty. This paper discusses the primary policy strategies for reducing poverty while maintaining work incentives that have been analyzed in the literature. These strategies have been presented in a context in which a structure of income support policies and labor market constraints already exists. Existing policies typically have two characteristics: they are categorical and piecemeal in their coverage, and they contain serious ...
    DOI: 10.1787/281684483135
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  • 75
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    The Impact of Taxation on Labour Force Participation and Labour Supply (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Jobs Study Working Papers no.8
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: This working paper considers how hours of work and labour force participation are likely to respond to tax reforms. As regards hours of work, the analysis looks at married women and lone parents. Married women constitute a group which responds to incentives, as shown by experimental and sample survey studies. Lone parents, an important fraction of the working age population in some countries, often are subject to special tax and income support provisions and have limited sources of alternative income. A second part of the analysis concerns inflows to and outflows from employment, labour force participation and duration of unemployment as they affect men and women in different age groups and with differing family responsibilities. The analysis is based mainly on the well-documented tax reforms in the United Kingdom. The first part of the paper develops the appropriate methodology for analysing labour supply responses to tax changes and the second part attempts to clarify the magnitude ...
    DOI: 10.1787/576638686128
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  • 76
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    The Impact of Industrial Relations Practices on Employment and Unemployment (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Jobs Study Working Papers no.3
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: This working paper deals with the effects of collective bargaining and other forms of collective employee representation (such as works councils) on employment and unemployment. Collective bargaining is concerned with both substantive issues, such as rates of pay or weeks of notice to be given before lay-off, and procedural matters in which management and employee representatives jointly manage important areas of employee relations thereby contributing to workplace co-operation. Whereas many substantive rules can be said to cause lower levels of employment and enterprise efficiency, procedural rules by reducing transaction costs, improve co-operation and thus, indirectly, help jobs. The paper starts by examining some substantive rules and the evidence for their effects on employment in OECD countries. It then looks at some of the compensating flexibilities which are introduced by procedural rules. These may be dependent on substantive rules: for example, employment security may be a ...
    DOI: 10.1787/855620410587
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  • 77
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    The Impact of Trade and Foreign Direct Investment on Labour Markets : The French Case (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Jobs Study Working Papers no.9
    Keywords: Employment ; France
    Abstract: This paper studies whether the belief is justified that foreign trade and capital outflows have dramatically reduced the number of jobs available to French workers and are leading to a substantial decline in French wages, especially of low-skilled workers.
    DOI: 10.1787/767608658653
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  • 78
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    Real Wage Resistance and Unemployment : Multivariate Analysis of Cointegrating Relations in 10 OECD Countries (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Jobs Study Working Papers no.10
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: Over the past twenty years or so, unemployment has been increasing in most OECD economies. In the same period, there has been a considerable increase in the wedge between the real cost to the employer of hiring a worker and the net real wage received by the worker. The present study examines whether changes in the wedge (including various tax rates) may have generated long-lasting effects on real labour costs. Behaviour which generates this kind of outcome is called "real wage resistance". If there is real wage resistance, a rise in the wedge leads to higher unemployment. If this outcome persists in the long run, the primary problem related to the functioning of the wage setting mechanism is not necessarily the speed of adjustment but rather the equilibrium in which adjustment terminates. The countries examined are the United States, Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Australia, Sweden and Finland. The study covers the private business sector and the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/136050768537
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  • 79
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    Social Protection for Dependent Elderly People : Perspectives from a Review of OECD Countries (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.16
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: There is growing concern about the future provision of care for frail elderly people. Many countries have planned to reform services or the financing of care, but have found that the implementation of these plans has coincided with economic slow-down and fiscal constraints. This has heightened the difficult choices that have to be made in relation to new services for care. All OECD countries are agreed in having as a main objective that elderly people should be able to stay for as long as possible in their own homes, and that they should be able to receive good residential care close to their own community ("ageing in place"). How successful have OECD countries been in pursuit of this goal? What barriers can be identified? Are services as effective as they could be? Most policy debates have been over-shadowed by the question of how to pay for the necessary services. OECD countries currently deploy a range of financing mechanisms for relevant health and social services, involving ...
    DOI: 10.1787/271344236402
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  • 80
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    Job Gains and Job Losses : Recent Literature and Trends (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 85 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Jobs Study Working Papers no.1
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: This paper reviews recent literature on job gains and job losses. Economies exhibit high rates of gross job reallocation - both high levels of job gains and job losses. For the OECD nations for which data are available, total turnover averaged more than twenty per cent during the 1980s. This is a result of differing behaviour of establishments (firms) in the face of similar general economic conditions. Two streams have developed in the literature in attempting to characterize the influence of structural change on job turnover. The first sees structural turnover as continuous, and emphasizes the importance of establishment openings as the primary means through which more significant changes in an economy occur. An alternative view emphasizes the concentration of job losses stemming from structural change in cyclical downturns. The timing and pace of structural change can have an important influence on labour market policies. The behaviour of the four components of job turnover over ...
    DOI: 10.1787/318400180881
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  • 81
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    The Impact of Trade on Labour Markets : An Analysis by Industry (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Jobs Study Working Papers no.6
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: This technical working paper presents the method of analysis used by the Secretariat to shed light on the possible links between foreign trade, employment and relative wages by industrial sector and type of labour. The conclusions drawn from the study indicate, inter alia, that overall the impact of changing trade patterns on labour market conditions appears to be significant but generally small relative to other factors. The most significant relationships between trade competition and relative employment (and wages) are observed in the high-skill industries ...
    DOI: 10.1787/247442101034
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  • 82
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    Management Practices and Unemployment (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Jobs Study Working Papers no.2
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: Enterprise management involves finding solutions for many problems in which information is incomplete and for which co-operative relationships with employees are needed if the firm’s objectives are to be realised. To this end, management may develop practices one of whose side-effects is to aggravate unemployment. This paper focuses on four broad themes: the first concerns the management contribution to some of the labour market rigidities highlighted in recent reviews of the literature on unemployment; the second concerns how management practices may affect access to jobs for certain categories of workers, and hence their ability to leave unemployment; the third concerns the potential impact of some of the new management practices currently transforming firms in some major sectors of employment. Since many of these practices are to be found in varying degrees in all countries, the fourth section takes a comparative look at the experience of some different countries to ask whether ...
    DOI: 10.1787/724414031614
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  • 83
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    The Effects of Trade and Foreign Direct Investment on Employment and Relative Wages (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Jobs Study Working Papers no.4
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: Recent developments in the international economy have given rise to concern about the effects of international trade and foreign direct investment on domestic employment and wages. These concerns include fears that: jobs are being "siphoned out" of many highly industrialised countries by catching up economies; the high share of comparatively low skill-intensive products in the imports from catching up economies may be contributing to the decline of wages of workers in advanced industrialised countries with high school or lower levels of education relative to those who have attended college; and that high rates of foreign direct investment by companies from advanced industrial countries will exacerbate these tendencies. This paper considers the economic evidence that has given rise to these various concerns (Part I); explores the relationships suggested by economic analysis between changes in trade and foreign direct investment and changes in employment and wages (Part II); examines ...
    DOI: 10.1787/888157653682
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  • 84
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    Market Imperfections and Employment (1995)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Jobs Study Working Papers no.5
    Keywords: Employment
    Abstract: This working paper addresses the question whether imperfect competition in product markets contributes substantially to the level and persistence of unemployment in modern industrial economies. In section I, the paper documents the available empirical research of the origin and extent of product market power held by firms due to market imperfections. The implications for employment are then explored through transmission of such power into the labour market through wages (section 2) and output reduction from pricing above marginal cost or wage levels below marginal revenue product (section 3). The role for such product market power in the macroeconomic analysis of unemployment is also explored in section 3, but little evidence of the importance on the macro level is available. The paper thus assesses the extent of product market imperfections and their importance in wage setting. It concludes that product market imperfections are widespread and although large deviations of price ...
    DOI: 10.1787/824728761027
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