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  • 2015-2019  (176)
  • 1995-1999  (30)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (206)
  • Bielefeld : transcript
  • Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell
  • Wiesbaden : Springer VS
  • Transport
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Years
Year
Subjects(RVK)
  • 101
    ISBN: 9789264286948
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (408 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Gaps and Governance Standards of Public Infrastructure in Chile: Infrastructure Governance Review
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport ; Chile
    Abstract: La planificación y el marco de gobernanza de Chile permitieron en las últimas dos décadas el despliegue de infraestructura eficiente y de alta calidad, un elemento clave en el rápido desarrollo del país en ese período. Sin embargo, las circunstancias emergentes tales como el cambio climático, la descentralización y un enfoque mayor en la equidad social y territorial, requieren un cambio en la manera en la cual las necesidades de infraestructura son identificadas y abordadas. Esta revisión examina la infraestructura actual y los estándares de gobernanza en Chile, a la luz de los objetivos de la agenda de crecimiento del país al año 2030 y estudios comparativos de la OCDE, además de establecer cómo es posible lograr ese cambio, con un enfoque especial en infraestructura de transporte y agua.
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  • 102
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2017/09
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper provides an introduction to the current state of vehicle automation and shared mobility. The paper discusses current shared mobility business models to foster a better understanding of these systems at present and to set the stage for possible future shared automated vehicle (SAV) business models. The discussion covers current SAV pilot projects around the world and then explores potential SAV business and service models considering high or full automation (Level 4 and higher). The paper ends with a discussion of the literature regarding projected SAV impacts. Although the future of SAVs is uncertain, this briefing paper begins the dialogue around SAV business models that may develop, which are informed by current shared mobility services.
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  • 103
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2017/16
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This discussion paper presents an introduction to safety management systems (SMS) as they apply to transportation organisations across modes and industries, and provides a broad overview of SMS and its processes, activities and tools. The discussion is grounded on conceptual foundations, but does not neglect the practical aspects of SMS implementation. The Discussion Paper draws to an extent – but not exclusively – on the experience of international civil aviation and the urban transit industry in the United States. The contents, however, are generic and presented in a fashion commensurate to the nature of SMS as a management system, the principles, processes and activities of which cut across inter-mode and inter-industry boundaries.
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  • 104
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.28
    Keywords: Transport ; Ireland
    Abstract: This report analyses Dublin’s attractiveness as a cruise port and assesses the impacts of cruise shipping on the city. It evaluates policies in place and provides recommendations to increase the positive impacts of cruise shipping for the city of Dublin. Over the last decade, Dublin has grown as an important port of call for cruises in Northern Europe. Cruise tourism generates significant economic benefits for the city of Dublin. The value cruise tourism brings could be further increased by developing Dublin into a cruise home port, that is a port from which cruises start and where they end. Under which conditions could this be achieved? Which policy measures would be needed? Which stakeholders would need to be involved? This report is part of the International Transport Forum’s Case-Specific Policy Analysis series. These are topical studies on specific issues carried out by the ITF in agreement with local institutions.
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  • 105
    ISBN: 9789264278875
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (364 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Brechas y estándares de gobernanza de la infraestructura pública en Chile : Análisis de Gobernanza de Infraestructura
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gaps and governance standards of public infrastructure in Chile
    Keywords: Infrastruktur ; Infrastrukturversorgung ; Infrastrukturpolitik ; Governance-Ansatz ; Chile ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport ; Chile ; Chile ; Infrastrukturpolitik ; Infrastrukturplanung ; Governance ; Wasserversorgung ; Personenbeförderung
    Abstract: Chile’s planning and governance framework has supported the roll-out of high quality and efficient infrastructure that has been a key enabler of the country’s rapid development over the past two decades. However, changing circumstances such as climate change, decentralisation and a greater focus on social and territorial equity now require a change in how infrastructure needs are identified and addressed. This review examines Chile’s infrastructure stock and governance standards in light of the country’s 2030 growth agenda and OECD benchmarks, and sets out how such change can be achieved, with a special focus on transport and water infrastructure.
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  • 106
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Observer
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (3 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Observer
    Keywords: Governance ; Transport ; Economics ; Ireland
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  • 107
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282108055
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Transport
    Abstract: This report describes a paradigm shift in road safety policy, being led by a handful of countries, according to the principles of a Safe System. A Safe System is based on the premise that road crashes are both predictable and preventable, and that it is possible to move towards zero road deaths and serious injuries. This, however, requires a fundamental rethink of the governance and implementation of road safety policy. To stem the road death epidemic, the United Nations have set the target of halving traffic fatalities by 2020. Every year, 1.25 million people are killed in road crashes and up to 50 million are seriously injured. Road crashes kill more people than malaria or tuberculosis and are among the ten leading causes of death. Their economic cost is estimated at 2-5% of GDP in many countries. Written by a group of international road safety experts, this report provides leaders in government, administrations, business and academia with emerging best practices and the starting point to chart their own journeys towards a Safe System.
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  • 108
    ISBN: 9789282108024
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.159
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Decisions on expanding airport capacity are often controversial. Environmental impacts mean airport planning decisions are subjected to thorough public scrutiny even when financed by private investors. Where public funds are to be invested, issues of competition between airports and between the regions they serve can be as important as efficient use of public funds. Demand forecasts are central to the case for investment. Air passenger markets are highly dynamic and strongly influenced by the regulatory environment. Markets that have been de-regulated have seen rapid growth as prices fell and new, low-cost business models emerged. Liberalisation also stimulated re-organisation of network services with concentration of demand on a few hub airports. Demand for air services increases rapidly as incomes rise, but the market is not homogenous and understanding the drivers of each market is critical. Runway assets are relatively long lived and planning for the long term has to account for the risks entailed by these dynamics. This report reviews the state of the art in forecasting airport demand. It focuses particularly on addressing demand risk, passenger behavior and uncertainty and discusses how to make more effective use of such analysis in planning decisions.
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  • 109
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264257474
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (116 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Les conséquences économiques de la pollution de l'air extérieur
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The economic consequences of outdoor air pollution
    Keywords: Luftverschmutzung ; Soziale Kosten ; Wirtschaftlicher Schaden ; Welt ; Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport ; Luftverschmutzung ; Einfluss ; Ernteertrag ; Sterblichkeit ; Krankheit ; Soziale Kosten ; Prognose 2016-2060
    Abstract: This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the economic consequences of outdoor air pollution in the coming decades, focusing on the impacts on mortality, morbidity, and changes in crop yields as caused by high concentrations of pollutants. Unless more stringent policies are adopted, findings point to a significant increase in global emissions and concentrations of air pollutants, with severe impacts on human health and the environment. The market impacts of outdoor air pollution are projected to lead to significant economic costs, which are illustrated at the regional and sectoral levels, and to substantial annual global welfare costs.
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  • 110
    ISBN: 9789282108079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ITF Research Reports
    Keywords: Environment ; Transport ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report addresses the fundamental challenges that climate change poses to infrastructure owners, who face two major challenges. First, they must ensure continued asset performance under sometimes significantly modified climate conditions that may decrease the present value of their networks or increase maintenance and refurbishment costs. Second, they must build new assets in the context of changing and uncertain climate variables. This creates a risk of over- or under-specification of infrastructure design standards, potentially resulting in non-productive investments or network service degradation. This report investigates strategies that can help transport authorities contain network performance risks inherent in changing patterns of extreme weather.
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  • 111
    ISBN: 9789264561977
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (143 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Roundtable Reports no.158
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Logistics performance is a strong determinant of national income and policy-makers are interested in logistics performance indicators because of the potential for improved transport services to promote economic development. The World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index, for example, is regularly cited by Ministers. Key performance indicators are nevertheless open to misunderstanding and misuse in this sector as much as any other. The Roundtable meeting was convened to improve understanding of logistics performance and measurement and exchange experience in developing comparable methods of assessment internationally. It examined how careful use of indicators can drive improvement, making recommendations for public sector organisations developing logistics performance indicators. Discussions also addressed issues particularly relevant to the establishment of a dedicated logistics observatory in Mexico.
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  • 112
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.19
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This report examines the consequences of increased global trade on the world’s transport infrastructure. More complex international freight flows as a result of diversified global trade patterns will change capacity requirements and increasingly reshape global transport networks over the coming decades. Policy makers need to understand now how these forces are likely to play out in order to ensure adequate and timely investment into transport infrastructure that will continue to provide the backbone of global trade and economic development.
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  • 113
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/10
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper explores the experience of developed countries that have introduced greater private sector involvement to traditionally government owned and run urban public transport industries. Such reforms have generally been driven by a desire to reduce taxpayer costs and to improve services for travellers. Reform options of full open competition, alternative tendering models and negotiated performance based contracting are considered. Just as the possible models for reform are diverse, so too have been the outcomes from reforms across different contexts. Case studies from bus reforms in the UK and rail and tram reforms in Melbourne, Australia provide several lessons for other jurisdictions considering reforms in urban public transport. In particular, the evidence suggests that cost savings and service improvements are achievable through corporatisation of public agencies and the introduction of service tendering, though savings tend to be once-off and are subject to excessive optimism. Caution is also urged in the introduction of open competition in markets that are not commercially viable. Performance based contracts that involve arm’s length cooperation between the government and operator, when combined with the threat of competition, can achieve a good balance between the desire for quality and network flexibility from government with the commercial imperatives of the operator.
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  • 114
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.22
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: For-hire passenger transport services are an essential component of well-functioning metropolitan areas. But the markets for taxis and other for-hire vehicles have historically been subject to imperfections that regulators have tried to correct or at least attenuate. The current regulatory frameworks surrounding for hire transport reflects this history. But the arrival of innovative app-based ride services, generically referred to as Commercial Transport Apps (CTAs), in this report, challenges established rules. The growing popularity of these services has caught authorities off-guard, as CTAs typically do not fall under established regulatory structures. Moreover, the uptake of similar technologies amongst traditional for-hire operators blurs the line between existing regulatory categories, and in some cases obviates it.
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  • 115
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/08
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: There is a drive towards delivering and operating public infrastructure through public-private partnerships as opposed to traditional approaches. The assessment of the value for money achieved by the two alternative approaches rests on both the cost of financing, and the efficiency in delivery and operation. This paper focuses on the cost of financing, and in particular the cost associated with transferring risk from the public to private sphere. If capital markets are efficient and complete, the cost of private and public financing should be the same, with the relative delivery and operational efficiency remaining as the primary determinant of value for money. However, evidence suggests the risk transfer to a public-private partnership entails an inefficient risk pricing premium. We argue that a high price for public-private partnerships results from large risk transfers, risk treatment within the private sector, and uncertainty around the past and future performance of PPP consortiums. The corollary of the finding is that the efficiency gains from a PPP need to be much higher than previously understood to deliver better value for money than under a traditional approach.
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  • 116
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/17
    Keywords: Transport ; India
    Abstract: This paper highlights the urban development in India and implications for low income households living in informal settlements or slums. The paper is divided into four sections. Section 1 describes urban development pattern in India. Section 2 presents a summary of policies since 1950 which have been implemented to address the housing needs of low income households in cities. Section 3 presents impacts of various housing and resettlement policies in selected cities in India. Section 4 summarizes key insights from self-planned low income settlements in cities-the slums, and expert planned low income settlements as part of resettlement policies.
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  • 117
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.21
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Building on our 2015 report Urban Mobility System Upgrade: How Shared Self-driving Cars Could Change City Traffic, this study models the impact of replacing all car and bus trips in a city with mobility provided through fleets of shared vehicles. The simulation is, again, based on real mobility and network data from a mid-size European city, namely Lisbon, Portugal.
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  • 118
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/09
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The current focus of transportation policy around disruptive events is to adopt an engineering resilience-oriented approach, which focuses on returning assets to good workable order as soon as possible. This will remain critically important in the future to reduce the scale and severity of disruptive events which are likely to become more commonplace in many locations due to climate change. It is, however, only one part of ensuring that such events have more limited impacts on society and the economy. A broader consideration of societal resilience and responses outside the transport sector is needed. People travel in order to take part in activities (work, education, caring and so on), and a smarter resilience response requires us to better understand these activity patterns and intervene accordingly. There is significant adaptive capacity within society that could be better harnessed to reduce the impacts of disruptive events. The work also shows that many of our assumptions about the short and long run impacts of disruptive events need re-examining to get a fuller picture of the true economic effects of disruptive events on society and the economy. Without this it will be difficult to make the case for many types of resilience investment. This briefing paper presents evidence collected from new studies of behavioural adaptation during disruptive events and uses this to identify four areas for action to improve how we plan for resilience and how we assess the worth of different types of investment strategy: 1. The development of Smart Resilience Strategies – which are a combination of transport and non-transport responses which work together to minimize the impacts of temporary infrastructure loss; 2. Measures to improve the usefulness, impact and co-ordination of communications with the public and businesses during disruptions, enabling social adaptation and reducing time wasted in unnecessarily perilous and extended journeys; 3. A continued programme of developing the capacity of travellers and businesses to adapt to different events through greater multi-modality and an increase in smart and flexible working practices; and 4. A reassessment of the approach to understanding the economic impacts of disruptive events which extends well beyond the apparent reductions in flows and increases in journey times observed on the networks and captures the societal and economic impacts in a more holistic way.
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  • 119
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/05
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper analyses three main mechanisms through which transport improvements have impacts that deliver real income gain over and above user-benefits. One is economic density and productivity, a second is induced private investment and associated land-use change, and a third is employment effects. There are relatively well-established methodologies for incorporating the first and third of these in cost-benefit appraisal, and these methodologies are reviewed in the paper. For the second, the paper outlines how transport induced investments can create consumer surplus, and describes a method for quantifying this in cost-benefit appraisal. Data issues encountered in implementing these methods are discussed.
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  • 120
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/06
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Socio-economic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is a powerful framework that can be very useful to governments making investment decisions. However the standard application of transport CBA has room for improvement. This paper describes efforts to improve the quality of transport CBA and its applicability to decision making. Three areas are addressed in detail: strategies for making the most of CBA, valuing and forecasting reliability benefits, and capturing wider economic impacts. The report is based on the papers and discussions at a Roundtable meeting of 30 experts held in Paris in November 2015. Roundtable participants took the view that a multi-faceted approach is needed to address the shortfalls; CBA theory and practice need to be gradually expanded to incorporate more impacts in the rigorous valuation and forecasting framework; and CBA results need to be more effectively linked to other criteria in the broader decision-making framework, including by bringing in a more diverse evidence base.
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  • 121
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.17
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Estableciendo la Agencia Reguladora del Transporte Ferroviario de México
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Mexico’s highly efficient freight railways are operated by privately owned concessions. The system adopted for the concessions by the 1995 Railway Law provides exclusive rights to manage vertically integrated track and train companies over specified sections of the network and was designed to create competition between the companies in key markets. Competition is provided for in several ways; through parallel tracks, through alternate routes and through rights to use each other’s tracks on specific sections of the network. In this report, preparations for the establishment of the new rail regulatory agency are reviewed and compared to comparable regulatory arrangements in other OECD countries to ensure effective implementation of the new institutional arrangements.
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  • 122
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/01
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Governments world-wide have sought value for money by augmenting the traditional approach to public infrastructure delivery and management by introducing private capital. Two well established platforms for private capital participation are the Regulatory Asset Base (RAB) Model and the Project Finance Model (broadly termed PPPs). This paper reviews available evidence on the efficiency in delivery and operation of major infrastructure of each platform relative to the traditional approach. Overall the basic concern with the RAB model is that its application might lead to excessive capital expenditures, to strategically inflate the base on which the return is being calculated. By contrast, given the complexity of PPP projects and the inherent uncertainty associated with such long-lived contractual commitments, it is questionable whether competition leads to efficient outcomes. Both approaches have some potential advantages and this paper investigates, whether it is meaningful to merge them.
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  • 123
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/14
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This technical paper provides an overview of the Center for Neighborhood Technology’s (CNT) H+T affordability index and its potential application outside of the United States (US), where it has played a prominent role in documenting the relationship between housing and transportation and in influencing local and national housing policies. After describing the index and its policy use, we detail some of the challenges and opportunities of applying the index in Mexico, apply a modified H+T index to the Mexico City metropolitan area, and examine the effect of accounting for transportation costs on maps and measures of housing affordability. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of some of the opportunities and challenges of applying the H+T index in other OECD nations. The objective is to develop a better understanding of how an H+T index or similar tool could lead to improved public policy throughout the OECD.
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  • 124
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/15
    Keywords: Transport ; Chile
    Abstract: Cities face the daily challenge of providing people with access to different activities through their public transport systems. Despite its importance, there is little research on accessibility that focuses on the use of this mode and even less accounting for the impact of level of service (i.e. travel time, waiting time, reliability, comfort and transfers). Thus, the aim of this paper is to propose a methodology to determine how access to opportunities and basic services through public transport systems is distributed in cities, and how the perceived level of service decreases or accentuates the existing gaps. Three indicators are calculated for Santiago based on data from public transport operations, smart card validations and georeferenced information: walking accessibility to public transport stops considering the quality of urban furniture, safety and environment; connectivity provided by the system in each area to the rest of the city considering the level of service through a measure of generalised time (in-vehicle time); and a measure of attractiveness of the destinations, based on number of trips attracted by purpose. The methodology is applied to a case study in Santiago, a highly unequal and segregated city. The results show that the accessibility gap between disadvantaged areas and more wealthy neighborhoods of the city increases if the user's perception of level of service for public transport is considered. We show that the three proposed indicators provide different dimensions of accessibility suggesting how and where to intervene to effectively improve equity. Thus, the indicators could be used to assist the prioritisation and focus of investment plans, the design process of urban policies or transport infrastructure and become a key input for planners and decision-makers.
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  • 125
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/07
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: On-track competition in passenger services has traditionally been limited in European railways, with private operators offering marginal services in selected corridors in the UK, Sweden and Germany only. In recent years, a larger scale and more stable wave of open access market entry has occurred in Austria, the Czech Republic and Italy, where open access operators have gained market shares of 20-30% in long-distance corridors. Economic theory suggests that competition can result in productive efficiencies, although theories of competition are potentially outweighed by market characteristics which make monopoly a more efficient market structure when applied to the rail sector. The contestability of rail markets is further hampered by the presence of several barriers to entry as well as expansion. The literature on the efficiency effect of rail policy changes is vast, but the focus to date has been on industry structure and competitive tendering, with non-conclusive results highlighting the importance of tailoring rail policies to the specific characteristics of each network. Studies have not yet attempted to measure the industry efficiency impact of passenger open access operations, neither specifically nor systematically – which is the goal of this paper. Using a difference-in-difference estimator, we find that on-track competition has not, to date, led to major efficiency improvements across the rail systems affected – despite claims that new entrants have lower unit costs compared to incumbents. In the early days of market opening when guarantees of non-discriminatory access have not yet been fully established, on-track competition may be resulting in higher costs than in countries with monopoly passenger services. These results are based on a short timeframe and will need to be tested over a longer period, recognising that competition is a process with no instantaneous effects. An early assessment of market opening policies is crucial to inform future regulatory decisions, at a time of budgetary constraints, forthcoming European reforms under the Fourth Railway Package and growing interest in market entry by new operators.
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  • 126
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/11
    Keywords: Transport ; Italy
    Abstract: The European railway industry continues to undergo reform and liberalization due to European law incentives. Recent events in Italy give the country a special place in this process: a new competitor has commenced operations in the high-speed rail (HSR) market based on a private initiative. This paper aims to investigate this rail transport innovation looking for the driving forces and obstacles and to identify the main impacts for the Italian consumers. We also try to provide some interesting results helpful for other countries regarding passenger rail reforms. Based on the Italian case, it seems that open access competition in the HSR market is able to produce significant improvements in favour of passengers and also a ‘win-win’ game between all railway actors.
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  • 127
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.16
    Keywords: Transport ; Chile
    Abstract: High quality logistics is a key for the economic performance of any country. Well-functioning logistics both domestically and internationally is a necessary precondition of national competitiveness. As an open economy, Chile relies heavily on trade for its economic growth. Lower transport and logistics costs as well as effective coordination between operators and public and private sector would improve Chile’s competitiveness, boost exports and diversify production and trade patterns.
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  • 128
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.26
    Keywords: Transport ; Italy
    Abstract: This report assesses ports policies in Chile. Highly dependent on maritime trade, the quality of Chile’s ports has a direct impact on the country’s economy. The report offers a series of recommendations intended to help further develop Chile’s ports policies. It is based on a thorough assessment of current port performance, an analysis of the bottlenecks that would need to be resolved to increase performance, and takes into account good international practices. This report is part of the International Transport Forum’s Case-Specific Policy Analysis series. These are topical studies on specific issues carried out by the ITF in agreement with local institutions. The city of Venice (Italy) is a major cruise destination. Cruise shipping brings in passengers and their money, but also air pollution, visual impacts and concerns about the lagoon. So does the city ultimately benefit from this form of maritime tourism, and is the cruise shipping boom Venice has experienced sustainable? This report aims to bring more clarity to these controversial issues by assessing the various impacts cruise shipping has had in Venice. It analyses policies in place and provides recommendations on how to increase the net benefits from cruise shipping to Venice. This report is part of the International Transport Forum’s Case-Specific Policy Analysis series. These are topical studies on specific issues carried out by the ITF in agreement with local institutions.
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  • 129
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.24
    Keywords: Transport ; Portugal
    Abstract: App-based for-hire transport services make mobility more efficient by better matching supply and demand. They offer passengers a high degree of predictability and ease of use, and drivers with highly flexible work opportunities. Yet the popularity of app-based services has eroded the market share of traditional taxi operators, causing significant friction that is manifesting itself in court cases and even physical violence. How to regulate these new services is therefore high on the agenda of governments around the world. This study, commissioned by the Portuguese Institute for Mobility and Transport, reviews legislation and regulatory frameworks for taxi and for-hire transport services in Portugal and six other countries in order to foster an evidence-based discussion of the issue. This report is part of the International Transport Forum’s Case-Specific Policy Analysis series. These are topical studies on specific issues carried out by the ITF in agreement with local institutions.
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  • 130
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.20
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Building on our 2015 study Big Data and Transport: Understanding and Assessing Options, this report presents the findings of an extensive exploration of these two broad themes at a workshop on "21st Century Public Interest Data Sharing" in Paris in November 2015, which involved a wide range of experts and stakeholders brought together under the auspices of the International Transport Forum’s Corporate Partnership Board.
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  • 131
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.18
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This study assesses the impact of international sulphur emission reduction regulations on global shipping. Ships emit a large amount of sulphur oxides that have significant health impacts. To mitigate these, international regulations cap the sulphur content of ship fuel. In certain parts of the world, emission control areas (ECAs) with even stricter standards have been established. In the emission control areas, new requirements introduced in 2015 limit the sulphur content of ship fuel to 0.10%. A new, lower global sulphur cap of 0.50% is planned for 2020. This report examines the 2015 cap effects on shipping and the potential effects of the new requirements foreseen for 2020. It assesses the cost increase for maritime transport associated with the sulphur caps, impacts on shipping operations as well as on other transport modes, and on the environment. The report also highlights policy gaps and challenges for the enforcement of sulphur emissions regulation for shipping.
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  • 132
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/03
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Transport project prioritisation and selection processes require consideration of many aspects of costs, intended benefits and other impacts. Economic analysis methods can measure many of those factors, though the analysis methods must be specified in ways that meet the information needs of decision-makers. This paper examines how benefit-cost analysis, economic impact analysis and multi-criteria analysis approaches have evolved and been applied to address the specific form of governmental decision processes that exist in the U.S. and some other countries. It discusses how “ex-post” case studies and associated statistical studies of have been promoted and utilised to both inform and refine “ex-ante” evaluation methods. It concludes by discussing the advantages, limitations and trade-offs involved in the use of this approach for transport project decision-making.
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  • 133
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (198 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.23
    Keywords: Transport ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: This report presents the findings and conclusions of a short peer review of road safety policy in Korea. This was centred on a meeting of road safety experts from Korea and from OECD countries held in Seoul in December 2014. The objective was to address the challenge of how to move Korea from its current position as one of the worst performers among the OECD countries in the annual number of road fatalities to being one of the best, in line with the targets set under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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  • 134
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/04
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of some alternative conceptual definitions of travel time variability, discusses their implications about behaviour, and puts them into a broader context, including deviations from the underlying assumptions regarding rational behaviour. The paper then discusses the empirical basis for assigning a value to travel time variability. This discussion leads to the conclusion that a fair amount of scepticism is appropriate regarding stated preference data and that attention should turn to the possibilities that are emerging for using large revealed preference datasets. The bottom line is that travel time variability is quantitatively important and cost-benefit analysis should account for it, using the best values we can get, in order not to imply a bias towards project that do not reduce travel time variability. Omitting the cost of travel time variability is not the neutral option.
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  • 135
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.25
    Keywords: Transport ; Chile
    Abstract: This report assesses ports policies in Chile. Highly dependent on maritime trade, the quality of Chile’s ports has a direct impact on the country’s economy. The report offers a series of recommendations intended to help further develop Chile’s ports policies. It is based on a thorough assessment of current port performance, an analysis of the bottlenecks that would need to be resolved to increase performance, and takes into account good international practices. This report is part of the International Transport Forum’s Case-Specific Policy Analysis series. These are topical studies on specific issues carried out by the ITF in agreement with local institutions.
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  • 136
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/12
    Keywords: Transport ; Netherlands
    Abstract: This paper reviews evidence on the performance of urban public transport governance regimes in place in the Netherlands over the past 15 years. The national government decided to move from a system of ad hoc subsidy payments to one with more decentralised government control and tendering, though approaches varied across Jurisdictions. In each jurisdiction, the government agency determines the services required; in major urban areas, services are delivered by the public operators, while elsewhere services are delivered by private operators selected through competitive tendering. The available evidence suggests that the reformed system has delivered good customer satisfaction and cost effectiveness – even in jurisdictions without tendering – though no positive influence of the reform on ridership could be established.
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  • 137
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/02
    Keywords: Transport ; Netherlands
    Abstract: In this paper we describe how we included travel time variability in the national Dutch transport forecasting model and what the policy impacts of this new forecasting tool are. Until now, travel time reliability improvements for road projects were included in Dutch cost-benefit analysis (CBA) by multiplying the travel time benefits from reduced congestion by a factor 1.25. This proportionality is based on the linkage between congestion reduction and reliability improvements. However, this treatment of reliability is not useful to evaluate policies that especially affect travel time variability. From the start, this method was provisional and meant to be replaced by a better method capturing travel time variability. For this, we derived an empirical relation between the standard deviation of travel time, mean delay of travel time and length of route. This has been implemented in the national Dutch model as a post processing module. The new travel time reliability forecasting model will be incorporated in the Dutch guidelines for CBA.
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  • 138
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/13
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper discusses and analyses whether congestion charges can be considered to be “fair” in different senses to the word. Two different perspectives are distinguished: the consumer perspective and the citizen perspective. The consumer perspective is the traditional one in equity analyses, and includes changes in travel costs, travel times and so on. Using data from four European cities, the analysis shows that high-income groups pay more than low-income groups, but low-income groups pay a higher share of their income. This paper argues that which distributional measure is most appropriate depends on the purpose(s) of the charging system. The citizen perspective is about individuals’ view of social issues such as equity, procedural fairness and environmental issues. This paper argues that an individual can be viewed as a “winner” from a citizen perspective if a reform (such as congestion pricing) is aligned with her views of what is socially desirable. Using the same data set, this paper analyses to what extent different income groups “win” or “lose” from a citizen perspective – i.e., to what extent congestion pricing is aligned with the societal preferences of high- and low-income groups.
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  • 139
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/16
    Keywords: Transport ; Colombia
    Abstract: In order to meet the challenges of providing affordable public transit services for the urban poor and at a cost that doesn’t impinge on the system’s financial sustainability, cities can consider setting fares at “cost recovery” levels for the majority of the population and targeting subsidies to those who need them most. Bogotá is a case in point—the new public transport system was designed so fares are set close to “cost recovery” levels to aim for greater financial sustainability. To provide affordable services, the city leveraged the adoption of smartcards in its new public transit system and the country’s poverty targeting instruments to implement a pro-poor public transit subsidy. This paper presents a critical analysis of Bogotá’s experience with trying to balance financial sustainability and affordability. The paper describes some of the features of Bogota’s tariff policy, namely, the concept of tariff set at “cost recovery” levels and lessons learnt in trying to achieve financial sustainability. The paper also lays out the rationale, design and implementation of Bogota’s pro-poor public transit subsidy, and the subsidy’s impact on its beneficiaries.
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  • 140
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264262294
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (128 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The Economic Consequences of Outdoor Air Pollution
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport
    Abstract: Ce rapport fournit une évaluation approfondie des conséquences économiques de la pollution de l'air extérieur pour les décennies à venir. Il met l’accent sur l'impact en termes de mortalité et de morbidité ainsi que sur les changements dans les rendements des cultures qui ont été causés par des concentrations trop élevées de polluants. L'analyse s’appuie sur des simulations d’un modèle d’équilibre général multisectoriel, multirégional, et dynamique, pour évaluer les coûts marchands de la pollution atmosphérique. L'analyse aborde également les impacts sanitaires non marchands en utilisant des techniques d’évaluation de types « disposition à payer ». Le rapport constate que l'augmentation de l'activité économique entraînera une augmentation significative des émissions et des concentrations de polluants atmosphériques au niveau mondial, à moins que des politiques plus strictes ne soient adoptées. En conséquence, de graves répercussions sur la santé humaine et l'environnement sont à prévoir. Le rapport montre des projections de décès prématurés causés par la pollution de l'air extérieur au niveau mondial et régional pour 2015-2060, ainsi que les conséquences sur l'augmentation des maladies et la diminution des rendements agricoles. Les impacts marchands de la pollution de l'air extérieur devraient conduire à d'importants coûts économiques illustrés au niveau régional et sectoriel. Enfin, le rapport prévoit d'énormes coûts sociaux par an au niveau mondial si les gouvernements ne mettent pas en œuvre des politiques plus strictes.
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  • 141
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/18
    Keywords: Transport ; United States
    Abstract: This assessment of the present context for evolving socio-economic patterns and trends in the United States is intended to support consideration of prospects for gains in income shares among the lower income population, recognising that the United States is: a very large heterogeneous population; highly dispersed over a large geographic area; highly technologically developed; and with relatively high incomes by world standards. All of these factors conduce to the need to recognize the characteristics of individual nations as they move toward improved incomes for their populations. The key factor for the future in the US will be better utilisation of the underemployed population to abet the need for skilled workers to support a large aging dependent population, including better education, and greater mobility providing access to employment and to other social and economic opportunities. It is hoped that this assessment adds further dimension to the important challenges addressed here.
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  • 142
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264255517
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (148 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Road infrastructure, inclusive development and traffic safety in Korea
    Keywords: Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Soziale Integration ; Südkorea ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport ; Korea, Republic of ; Südkorea ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Straßennetz
    Abstract: Transport infrastructure opens new routes and creates connections. It increases prosperity by generating economic opportunities, reducing transport costs and supporting agglomeration economies. However, the increased traffic flows also generate environmental and social costs. In Korea, the amount of paved roads increased dramatically between 1951 and 2014, from 580 kilometres to over 87 000 kilometres. This expansion of Korea’s expressway, highway and major road network has created benefits for cities and rural areas across the country, contributing to both economic growth and inclusiveness. This rapid development of road infrastructure and motorisation has also resulted in relatively high traffic fatality rates. This report combines empirical research on the relationship between road infrastructure, inclusive economic development and traffic safety with an assessment of policies and governance structures to help governments find ways to create effective, safe and inclusive transport infrastructures.
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  • 143
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282107898
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.157
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Port Investment and Container Shipping Markets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Port Investment and Container Shipping Markets
    DDC: 387.1
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les projets portuaires à grande échelle ont des effets irréversibles en termes d’affectation des sols et des impacts multiples sur les économies et les communautés locales. Ils agissent sur la façon dont les économies régionales et nationales opèrent ensemble, avec des impacts majeurs sur les systèmes de transports régionaux. La planification des ports est mieux conduite lorsque ces impacts conséquents sont examinés dans le cadre d’une stratégie nationale de développement du transport de marchandises et de la logistique. L’investissement privé dans les terminaux portuaires est également facilité par le degré de certitude engendré par une telle stratégie. Ce rapport examine les questions qui doivent être prises en considération avant toute décision d’extension coûteuse, à long terme et à influences structurelles sur les économies locales et nationales. Ce rapport bénéficie d’une étude de cas du Chili où les projets d’une extension majeure de la capacité portuaire dans la partie centrale du pays sont bien avancés. Le Chili fournit précisément les informations transposables en matière d’examen des facteurs critiques d’une décision en faveur d’investissements portuaires pour les conteneurs : prévisions de la demande, changements dans les lignes de transport maritimes, capacités de transports terrestres, concurrence entre terminaux à conteneurs et cadre pour le financement des investissements.
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  • 144
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282107737
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables rondes FIT no.154
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Major Transport Infrastructure Projects and Economic Development
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce rapport aborde l’état des connaissances sur les effets économiques des grands projets d’infrastructures de transport. Les limites de l’analyse socio-économique coûts-bénéfices sont présentées et les approches complémentaires et alternatives pour évaluer les bénéfices d’investissements dans de grands projets, porteurs de transformations, sont examinées. Dans cette perspective, ce rapport se penche sur les instruments d’évaluation développés pour l’évaluation des projets de super-métro du Grand Paris et de Crossrail à Londres.
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  • 145
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282105979
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (268 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Les rapports de recherche du FIT
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Cycling, Health and Safety
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Cycling, Health and Safety
    DDC: 614.8
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce rapport du groupe de travail du Forum International des Transports sur la sécurité des cyclistes examine les tendances internationales en matière de cyclisme, de sécurité et de politiques et explore les options qui peuvent aider les décideurs politiques à concevoir des environnements sûrs pour les cyclistes. Les messages-clés s’ordonnent autour de la fixation d’objectifs stratégiques pour les politiues relatives à l’usage de la bicyclette, et de gestion des risques d’accidents dans un contexte de bénéfices accrus pour la santé. Le rapport se penche également sur la façon de mieux appréhender statistiquement les risques d’accident et l’usage du vélo. Les impacts en termes de sécurité d’un vaste ensemble de mesures en faveur du vélo sont examinés en détail.
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  • 146
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264233294
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Aligning policies for a low-carbon economy
    DDC: 333.7914
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Klimapolitik ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; OECD-Staaten ; Klimaänderung ; Treibhausgas ; Klimaschutz ; Anpassung ; Strategie ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Energy ; Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Transport ; Trade ; Erde ; Klimaschutz
    Abstract: This report produced in co-operation with the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Transport Forum (ITF) and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) identifies the misalignments between climate change objectives and policy and regulatory frameworks across a range of policy domains (investment, taxation, innovation and skills, trade, and adaptation) and activities at the heart of climate policy (electricity, urban mobility and rural land use). Outside of countries’ core climate policies, many of the regulatory features of today’s economies have been built around the availability of fossil fuels and without any regard for the greenhouse gas emissions stemming from human activities. This report makes a diagnosis of these contradictions and points to means of solving them to support a more effective transition of all countries to a low-carbon economy.
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  • 147
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282107942
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Research Reports
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Transport
    Abstract: The global fleet of powered two-wheelers (PTWs) is constantly increasing. In many countries, motorcycles, scooters and mopeds play a significant role in mobility, particularly in many of the world’s large cities. As such, PTWs are becoming an important component of the transport system. However, they represent an important challenge for road safety. PTW riders are at far more risk than car drivers per kilometre ridden in terms of fatalities and severe injuries entailing long-term disability. Moreover, they have not benefited from safety improvements at the same pace as car occupants over recent decades. Addressing the issue of PTW safety is thus an essential contribution to the success of the United Nations’ Decade of Action for Road Safety, which aims at halving the expected number of road deaths worldwide by 2020. This report reviews recent trends in powered two-wheeler crashes, the factors contributing to these crashes and their severity. It describes a set of countermeasures targeting user behaviours, the use of protective equipment, the vehicles and the infrastructure. Finally, it discusses motorcycle safety strategies in the context of a safe system.
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  • 148
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282107850
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.157
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement dans les ports et les marchés du transport maritime conteneurisé
    DDC: 380.524
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Large-scale port projects have irreversible effects on land use and multiple impacts on the local economy and local community. They affect the way that the regional and national economy operates as a whole, with major impacts on regional transport systems. Port planners make better decisions when these broad impacts are examined as part of the development of a national freight transport and logistics strategy. Private investment in port terminals is also facilitated by the certainty engendered by development of a national freight transport and logistics strategy. This report examines the issues that need to be considered before the decision to proceed to costly expansions with long-life spans and a structural influence on the local and national economy. The report benefits from a case study of Chile, where plans for a major expansion of port capacity in the central part of the country are well advanced. Chile provides the detail for an examination of factors critical to decisions on container port investments anywhere: demand forecasts, change in liner shipping markets, hinterland transport capacity, competition between container terminals, and the framework for financing of investment.
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  • 149
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282107928
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Research Reports
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Transport accounts for nearly a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion. The price attached to these emissions is critical to climate policies and emissions mitigation efforts in the sector. As the impact of emissions on climate does not depend on where CO2 is released, the price of carbon should be uniform. In reality, however, it varies immensely, reflecting the complexity of assessing climate impacts. This report reviews the three key challenges in considering the effects of carbon dioxide emissions in economic appraisal: the valuation of carbon dioxide emissions, the treatment of uncertainty in climate change and the approach used to discounting future costs and benefits. The report reviews current approaches in selected countries (France, Germany, Japan, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States) and provides examples of good practice and recommendations for national and international policy making.
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  • 150
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/02
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: In February 2014, transport officials from the European Union (E.U.) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) met on the sidelines of the Singapore Airshow to discuss a possible comprehensive air transport agreement between both sides. At the meeting’s conclusion, the ASEAN states invited the European Commission to launch the internal processes necessary to secure a mandate to commence negotiations on an agreement. In particular, ASEAN welcomed Vice President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Transport Siim Kallas’ statement that he would propose to the Commission to seek authorization from the Council of the European Union to start negotiations (E.U.-ASEAN Joint Declaration, 2014).
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  • 151
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/09
    Keywords: Transport ; France
    Abstract: Improving mobility is a major issue in sparsely populated areas. The low population density in these localities often means that longer journeys are required to access services, carry out everyday activities or maintain social links. Whole sections of the population – in particular older people, young people, stay-at-home parents in single-car households, and seasonal workers – are effectively handicapped in mobility terms by inadequate public transport provision and an overdependence on people who have cars.
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  • 152
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (126 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.15
    Keywords: Transport ; Slovenia
    Abstract: The Port of Koper is the single national port of Slovenia and has been growing fast in recent years. It is expected that the existing rail link to and from the port will reach capacity in a few years. A new additional track, involving a tunnel on a separate alignment, has been proposed as a solution. The ITF was asked to perform a broad risk analysis of the project and investigate options for the delivery of the project through a PPP. Within this broad scope the ITF addressed several questions: would the potential for growing traffic at the port justify added capacity; what are the options for increasing capacity on the existing track to buy time; is the cost of the new rail link adequately estimated; what would be the best way to enable private participation in the project?
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  • 153
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.12
    Keywords: Transport ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: This report expands the quantitative assessment of airline responses to expansion at Gatwick and Heathrow. For this assessment the same methodology was used as in the second study and again the results are been broken down into impacts on scarcity rents, competition and connectivity.
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  • 154
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/12
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The ITF has produced a series of reports and discussion papers addressing the interrelated issues of railway structure and performance; see for example Beck et al. (2013), Thompson (2013), ECMT (2007) and, Thompson (2007). The academic literature on this subject is also significant, with good examples in Mizutani et al (2014), Nash et al. (2013), Van de Velde et al. (2012) and Kirchner (2002, 2004, 2007 and 2011). All of these studies have confronted the question of how to measure the performance, or efficiency, of railways both in the sense of how one railway compares with others (cross-section) and how railways have changed as a result of policy interventions (time-series). The purpose of the roundtable discussions was to revisit the issue of how to define and measure efficiency at the proper level of detail and with reasonably available data so that policy makers can benchmark the performance of their railways, evaluate the impact of past changes in railway structure, ownership or regulation and assess the likely outcome of future initiatives. The challenge is inherent in the phrases “proper level of detail” and “reasonably available data”.
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  • 155
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/01
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Italian ports handled approximately 460 million tonnes of cargo in 2012 according to the last statistical report of the Italian Association of Port Authorities1 (Assoporti, 2014). This is more or less the same amount as the port of Rotterdam alone. The cargo handled at the port of Antwerp – the second largest port in Europe – was equivalent to the amount of the biggest five Italian ports. This picture is illustrative of the current Italian port situation in which 24 Port Authorities (PAs), established by the port law (nr. 84/1994), are considered main national gateways even if most of them are only small ports compared to the main international competitors. Only four out of the 24 PAs surpassed the 30 million tonnes in 2012 and only 2 of them (Genoa and Trieste) have frequently handled more than 50 million tonnes in the last years. On the other hand, in 2012 passenger transit accounted for almost 40 million passengers, due to the role of home ports of some harbours in the cruise sector and few ferry terminals – mainly involved in the traffic to/from the islands – that make the National passenger statistics comparable with the main European competitors. Figure 1 shows the location of the Italian Port Authorities.
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  • 156
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.9
    Keywords: Transport ; Turkey
    Abstract: Good logistics performance is an essential component of stimulating economic development. This report explores the drivers of, and barriers to, logistics performance through a case study of Turkey’s trade and transport sector. Firstly, it explains the importance of logistics performance. Next, it reviews the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) used to assess trade and transportation facilitation friendliness of countries. It then discusses Turkey’s performance against each dimension of the LPI, highlighting the country’s challenges and achievements. Lastly, the report uses this understanding to propose and catagorise a series of general policy actions available for improving logistics performance.
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  • 157
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.8
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This report examines issues relating to the arrival of massive, often real-time, data sets whose exploitation and amalgamation can lead to new policy-relevant insights and operational improvements for transport services and activity. It is comprised of three parts. The first section gives an overview of the issues examined. The second broadly characterises Big Data, and describes its production, sourcing and key elements in Big Data analysis. The third section describes regulatory frameworks that govern data collection and use, and focuses on issues related to data privacy for location data.
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  • 158
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/13
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The competitiveness of a seaport depends on the extent the cargo handled in the port can reach its hinterland destination (e.g. Acciaro & McKinnon, 2013). The importance of hinterland connections has been recognised as one of the most critical issues in port competitiveness and development in most ports around the world. Upgrading of facilities and equipment, privatization of port operations and increased sophistication of berth planning have resulted in drastic reduction of ship turnaround times over the last decade. The smoothness of port-hinterland connections has not followed at the same pace. Increasing ship vessel size – and the related emergence of maritime hubs and spokes – will only exacerbate the bottlenecks related to port hinterland connectivity. One of the main issues related to the development of adequate hinterland connections in ports is the need to coordinate multiple actors often with conflicting mandates that constitute the mêlée of private and public institutions governing port hinterland infrastructure development.
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  • 159
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/05
    Keywords: Transport
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  • 160
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.13
    Keywords: Transport ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The Airports Commission requires an external view on whether its forecasts yield plausible results, taking into account the ways in which the future of the aviation market may develop, prompted by comments received during stakeholder consultations on the forecasts and scenarios developed. This report summarises a review of the forecasts prepared by the International Transport Forum together with independent experts. The report provide views on the appropriateness of the outputs produced, on the most robust central scenarios and on any scenario results that should be treated with particular caution. it also examines one aspect of the methodology used in developing the baseline forecast, the module allocating traffic between London’s airports.
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  • 161
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/03
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Numerous studies on the aviation industry have confirmed that significant benefits can be brought by liberalizing the international market. After a comprehensive review of the recent studies on this issue, Fu and Oum (2014) concluded that there is strong evidence that liberalisation introduces substantial economic benefits to the countries involved. In the airline industry, liberalisation has led to increased airline competition, decreased average fares, increased frequency, improved load factor and airline productivity, increased traffic volumes and new route services. These changes not only lead to higher employment and economic output in the aviation industry, but also provide better inputs to other related sectors such as tourism, trade and logistics. Yet despite such well recognized benefits, mostly developed countries have liberalised their air service agreements, notably the United States followed by the EU. As of 2003, 57 liberalisation agreements out of 87 involved the U.S. As of October 2012, over 400 liberalized agreements were reached among 145 economies, among which more than 100 were U.S. open-skies agreements (ICAO 2013). In most other markets, air liberalisation has made limited progress over the past decades, even in regions characterized with strong economic and international trade growth.
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  • 162
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/06
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The issue of a “level playing field” has re-emerged as a major issue in international aviation. This issue has been around for decades but has been raised in recent policy debates. One policy forum in which this has been raised is the European Commission’s proposed revision to Regulation 868/2004, which some view as a response to allegations by some legacy carriers to the rapid growth of the Middle East carriers such as Emirates, Etihad Airways and Qatar Airways. Another dimension to the concern over the level playing field is the evolution in foreign ownership rules, such as the type of treaty clauses being negotiated by the European Union. Could broader acceptance of service by carriers owned by third-party nationals create conditions for a flag of convenience regime of the kind that characterises parts of maritime liner shipping? The flag of convenience issue has been discussed in the U.S. media with regard to Norwegian Air Shuttle. Norwegian’s long haul services are operated by subsidiaries Norwegian Long Haul AS and Norwegian International Ltd. The former is registered in Norway while the latter is registered in Ireland and operates flights for its parent. Some long haul flights have operated with contract flight attendant labour based in Thailand.
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  • 163
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/16
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: An increase in the market share of electric vehicles is one possible policy strategy for greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement. Many governments have introduced schemes to increase the market uptake – fiscal incentives, subsidies and various regulatory policies such as support for charging stations, free parking facilities or access to restricted road lanes as well as R&D funding. A number of partial studies do exist, but the comprehensive comparative study on the effect of these different incentives has yet to be done. Based on the experience until today it is, however, possible to explore the policy options.
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  • 164
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/17
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Private motorised vehicles account today for 90% of total surface transport1 CO2 emissions. Car fleets are growing rapidly in many cities in the developing world, where population and income growth will be concentrated in the coming decades. For example, whilst urban agglomerations with more than 500 000 inhabitants in Latin America, India and China currently account for only about 9% of total global CO2 emissions from motorised passenger surface transport, this share is likely to grow to 20% in the next 40 years. This means that 40% of the total global growth in CO2 emissions related to surface passenger transport will be generated in these cities (ITF, 2015).
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  • 165
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/07
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: In drawing lessons from experience in the United Kingdom, it is useful to firstly examine some of the overall differences between the UK and Finland, both in respect of aggregate statistics and structure of the public transport system. The following statistics indicate the main comparisons. In many respects the main indicators are very similar (GDP in PPP terms, overall modal split, car ownership levels), with the very striking difference in population density, that for Finland being less than one tenth of the UK figure. In these circumstances it is not surprising that car ownership per head is somewhat higher (by 18.2%), and likewise total distance travelled per person (by 17.6%). An implication of these contrasts is that even areas regarded as ‘low density’ within the UK might not be classified as ‘low density’ by Finnish standards, and this may affect transferability of results.
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  • 166
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.7
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Many cars sold today are already capable of some level of automated operation, and prototype cars capable of driving autonomously have been - and continue to be - tested on public roads in Europe, Japan and the United States. These technologies have arrived rapidly on the market and their future deployment is expected to accelerate. Autonomous driving promises many benefits: improved safety, reduced congestion and lower stress for car occupants, among others. Authorities will have to adapt existing rules and create new ones in order to ensure the full compatibility of these vehicles with the public’s expectations regarding safety, legal responsibility and privacy. This report explores the strategic issues that will have to be considered by authorities as more fully automated and ultimately autonomous vehicles arrive on our streets and roads.
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  • 167
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.10
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Larger container ships have generated cost savings for carriers, decreased maritime transport costs and as such facilitated global trade in the past. However, larger ships require adaptations of infrastructure, equipment and cause larger peaks in container traffic in ports, with wide-ranging impacts. This report assesses if the benefits of the current mega container ships still outweigh their costs to the whole transport chain.
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  • 168
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.11
    Keywords: Transport ; Mexico
    Abstract: Mexico has an effective transport and logistics sector that has provided the backbone for growth in the economy and a rapid expansion of foreign trade. Development of the sector has been enabled by the deregulation of road haulage and rail services in the 1990s, which saw prices for transport decline substantially and stimulated investment by the private sector in vehicles and in rail infrastructure. This has been accompanied by major public investments in roads and ports and a range of policies that have promoted the development of industrial parks, multimodal infrastructure, and logistics clusters along trade corridors, facilitating inward investment as a motor for regional development.
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  • 169
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.6
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This report examines the changes that might result from the large-scale uptake of a shared and self-driving fleet of vehicles in a mid-sized European city. The study explores two different self-driving vehicle concepts, for which we have coined the terms “TaxiBot” and “AutoVot”. TaxiBots are self-driving cars that can be shared simultaneously by several passengers. AutoVots pick-up and drop-off single passengers sequentially.
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  • 170
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/15
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: With over one billion international tourist arrivals per year, forecast to rise to 1.5 billion per year by 2020, transport is an essential component of the tourism system. Transport connects tourism generating regions (both domestic and international) to destinations, and facilitates the internal movement of visitors between attractions, accommodation, and commercial services. The location, capacity, efficiency and connectivity of transport can therefore play a significant role in how a destination develops, significantly influencing the mobility of visitors and the connectivity of tourist experiences within destinations. At the same time the growing number of travellers creates numerous challenges in terms of transport infrastructure and capacity, border crossing, intermodality, information for travellers and inter-operability of technologies with tourism service providers.
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  • 171
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (110 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Policy Papers no.14
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Demand-responsive transport is seen as one of the key options to meet public transport challenges in rural areas. Demand-responsive transport is considered particularly suitable for rural areas because of its flexibility, and ability to adapt to local needs. While on cost per trip basis it may be more expensive than ‘conventional’ public transport, experiences indicate a willingness for both car users and existing bus users to use these services at a higher fare than existing bus fares. However, demand-responsive services should be part of a broader, multimodal package of solutions, supplementing regular public transport services.
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  • 172
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/14
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cruise shipping has first established as the transportation of pleasure-seeking upper class travellers on seagoing vessels offering one or more ports of call in the United States and the Caribbean. Today this is a highly efficient global business. Modern specialised ships – radically different from cargo vessels – the use of an increasing number of cruise ports of call and turnaround ports so as to provide their customers excellent in-port and destination experiences, and convenient departures from proximal embarkation cities being fundamental tenets of the industry.
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  • 173
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/08
    Keywords: Transport ; Norway
    Abstract: Norway and Finland share several commonalities, being Nordic democracies with a population of 5.1 and 5.5 million and large rural areas. With decreasing population in rural areas, given aging and structural changes in society, both countries face challenges in trying to keep the costs of passenger transport services down while ensuring an adequate standard of service nationwide. Grappling with similar issues, experiences and information about different policies in Norway may provide useful information to the Finnish Government. This contribution therefore provides some insights into public transport provision in rural and depopulated areas in Norway, how the public authorities have attempted to solve efficiency issues while maintaining good quality services and related experiences sparsely populated rural areas. It includes aspects concerning the market of transport providers, user needs and political barriers of reform. In both Finland and Norway there are many different authorities that are responsible for the administration, procurement and planning of various passenger transport services. In both countries there are concerns with increasing costs and certain public authorities are interested in using coordination among different organisations in order to exploit potential savings, while retaining an adequate level of public services, also in rural areas. This working document includes references to Denmark, as certain Danish municipalities have coordinated their special transport services to a larger extent than in for example Norway.
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  • 174
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/10
    Keywords: Transport ; Finland
    Abstract: The share of bus transport of total passenger transport (as a percentage of total inland passenger-kilometres) is slightly above EU average in Finland. Buses account for around 10% of total passenger transport, compared with the EU average of 9% in 2011. The share of rail in total passenger transport, in turn, was 5% in 2011, below the EU average of 7%. Over 590 million passengers used public transport services in Finland in 2011. Buses carried nearly 60% of total number of passengers. However, in passenger-kilometres buses accounted for 41% of the total 11718 million passenger-km, while railways accounted for 34%.
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  • 175
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/11
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This paper explores the impact of demographic trends on the market for tourism and considers how the economic power of older tourists is being – or could be – harnessed to maximise the potential both for visitors and domestic populations. The paper also suggests strategies to capitalise more effectively on this significant and growing market for the benefit, not only of the tourism market but also for domestic populations.
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  • 176
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2015/04
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The stepwise liberalisation of the EU internal aviation market resulted in 1993 in an open internal market that generated a series of supply side responses, which are partly comparable with the changes demonstrated in the deregulated US domestic air transport market. However, the starting point was quite different between these two markets. For example, until the deregulation in 1978, US legacy carriers operated a domestic crisscross network whereas the two flag carriers, Pan Am and TWA operated at various US gateways in stand-alone international networks based on the bilateral air service agreements concluded between the US and other states. After the deregulation, domestic major carriers transformed their crisscross domestic networks into radial hub and spoke networks (except the Delta hub at Atlanta that already existed before the deregulation). The domestic hubs in these networks also became the launching platforms for international operations when these domestic major carriers started to use their domestic feed for international operations. All in all, the former domestic major carriers became the new flag carriers in international markets, whereas the former two flag carriers went bankrupt due to the lack of domestic feed in order to adequately compete with these new internationally operating airlines.
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  • 177
    ISBN: 9789264180031
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.108
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quels marchés pour les transports par voies navigables ?
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Despite the fact that the freight transport market in Europe almost doubled in volume over the period 1970 to 1995, growth in the inland waterway sector has remained stagnant. Until now the waterways have primarily been used to transport goods produced by sectors that have been hard hit by industrial restructuring. However, the past does not necessarily hold the key to the future. Waterways can be readily incorporated into logistics chains in which regular supply streams and low transport costs are more important than speed. The transportation of hazardous materials and container transport also offer promising markets. The Round Table identified a number of policy measures which could help to promote development in the inland waterways sector (discontinuation of scrapping policies, support for the grouping of enterprises and the creation of co-operatives, incentives for private-sector investment). Reading the proceedings of this Round Table offers an opportunity to look at the inland waterways in a wholly new light which shows that there is a genuine future for this mode provided that operators are prepared to become entrepreneurs.
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  • 178
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264180048
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.110
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La congestion routière en Europe
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The problems caused by road congestion are frequently reported in the media and finding a solution to congestion ranks high on the agenda of politicians. Countless studies have been published detailing the number of working hours lost in traffic jams. The figures quoted in these studies are alarming and paint an apocalyptic picture of road congestion. However, besides the everyday congestion faced by motorists, differences of opinion are now starting to appear with regard to the scale of the problem and the ways in which it should be tackled. This Round Table attempted to define congestion and to determine the scale of the problem. It addressed the trends in congestion and the consequences of those trends. The Round Table then considered possible solutions to the congestion problem. Considering the extent of this problem in the European context, the Round Table report sheds light on one of the most visible malfunctions of transport systems.
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  • 179
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264272910
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Recherche en matière de transport routier et intermodal
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Safety Strategies for Rural Roads
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Plus de 75 000 personnes sont tuées chaque année sur les routes de rase campagne des pays de l'OCDE, ce qui représente près de 60 pour cent de l'ensemble des accidents mortels de la circulation. Ces pertes en vie humaine ont un coût économique de l'ordre de 135 milliards de dollars US. La proportion relative du nombre de tués sur les routes de campagne comparée au nombre total de tués dans les accidents de la circulation est passée de moins de 55 % en 1980 à plus de 60 % en 1996. Étant donné que les pays de l'OCDE ont connu une réduction du nombre total d'accidents mortels au cours des vingt dernières années, cela signifie clairement que les mesures de sécurité visant les autoroutes et les zones urbaines ont été bien plus fructueuses que celles visant les routes rurales. Après un examen approfondi des caractéristiques des accidents de la route en rase campagne, cet ouvrage propose une série de mesures de sécurité portant sur la gestion de l’infrastructure, les contrôles de police, les outils innovants, comme les systèmes de transport intelligents, ainsi que sur la gestion des traumatismes. Ce livre s'attache à faire prendre conscience aux usagers de la route, aux décideurs et aux hommes politiques de l'importance de la sécurité sur les routes en zone rurale. Il constitue un manuel très utile pour les autorités locale, régionale ou nationale, qui cherchent à améliorer -- souvent à faible coût -- la sécurité des routes de rase campagne.
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  • 180
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264172913
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Road Transport and Intermodal Linkages Research Programme
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Stratégies de sécurité routière en rase campagne
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: More than 75 000 people are killed each year on rural roads in OECD countries; this represents about 60% of fatal road crashes. This loss of lives has an economic cost of around US$135 billion per year. The relative share of rural road fatalities in total road fatalities has risen from less than 55% in 1980 to more than 60% in 1996. While there has been a reduction in the total number of road fatalities in OECD countries during the past 20 years, it is clear that safety improvements on motorways and urban roads have been more successful than those on rural roads. Following an in-depth review of the characteristics of road crashes in rural areas, the book proposes a series of safety measures, focusing on infrastructure management, enforcement, innovative tools, such as intelligent transport systems, and trauma management. The book strives to raise the awareness of road users, decision makers and politicians of the importance of road safety in rural areas. It is a very useful handbook for local, regional or national authorities seeking to improve -- sometimes at very low cost -- safety on rural roads.
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  • 181
    ISBN: 9789264163744
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.106
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le marché des transports interurbains dans les pays en transition
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Intercity transport markets in countries in transition
    DDC: 380
    RVK:
    Keywords: Transport ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Mitteleuropa ; Verkehrsentwicklung ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Verkehrspolitik ; Osteuropa ; Verkehrsentwicklung ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Verkehrspolitik
    Abstract: After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the previous economic system, the countries of central and eastern Europe went into a deep economic recession, resulting in a decline in Gross Domestic Product that was mirrored by a serious downturn in the transport sector. The transport sector, like the economy in general, changed from a supply-based system to one driven by demand. Decisions were no longer imposed by central planners, but by the market. Round Table 106 set out to assess the state of the transport sector in central and eastern European countries after a period of five to six years of reform. Are the policies currently in place adequate to meet restructuring needs? All of the countries concerned are planning to join the European Union and with that in mind tend to organise their transport sector along the lines of the Community's model of competition. But is this model consistent with the attitudes and realities of former socialist countries? These are some of the issues addressed by the Round Table 106.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Le marché des transports interurbains dans les pays en transition
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  • 182
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264163478
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La restructuration des chemins de fer en Europe
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Rail restructuring in Europe
    DDC: 385/.094
    RVK:
    Keywords: Bahnpolitik ; Deregulierung ; Schienenstrecke ; Europa ; Transport ; Europa ; Eisenbahngesellschaft ; Restrukturierung
    Abstract: Europe's railways are going through a period of radical restructuring in the drive to improve their efficiency and competitiveness. The emphasis is on fostering commercial freedom through a clearer separation of the roles of the State and of rail enterprises and through a progressive opening of access to rail infrastructure. This report examines reforms in over 30 countries from the Atlantic to the Urals, characterizing restructuring in terms of management independence, separation of infrastructure from operations and rights of access to rail infrastructure.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: La restructuration des chemins de fer en Europe
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  • 183
    ISBN: 9789264263741
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.106
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intercity Transport Markets in Countries in Transition
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Après la chute du Mur de Berlin et la fin de l'ancien système économique, les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale ont traversé une crise économique profonde caractérisée par une contraction de leur Produit Intérieur Brut et une réduction corrélative très importante des transports. A l'instar de l'économie en général, les transports sont passés d'un système axé sur l'offre à un système où prime la demande. Les décisions ne sont plus imposées par une volonté planificatrice mais par le marché. Aussi, après cinq ou six ans de réformes, la Table Ronde 106 a cherché à faire le point sur la situation des transports dans les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale. Les politiques qui sont menées présentent-elles les caractéristiques adéquates pour faire face aux besoins de transformation ? Tous les pays étudiés envisagent d'adhérer à l'Union Européenne, aussi tendent-ils à adopter le modèle de concurrence européen en matière de transports. Mais ce modèle est-il adapté aux mentalités et réalités des anciens pays socialistes ? Ces questions figurent, parmi d'autres, au coeur des discussions de la Table Ronde 106.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Intercity transport markets in countries in transition
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  • 184
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264017146
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.107
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les redevances d'usage des infrastructures ferroviaires
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Now that railway infrastructure and train operations have been separated in Europe -- at least for accounting purposes -- user charges for infrastructure are progressively being introduced to cover the costs of running trains. However, because of the lack of experience in this field, it is difficult to set the amount and choose the most appropriate form for these charges. There are in fact major differences between countries, and the objectives are many and sometimes conflicting. Given this situation, the Round Table sought to highlight, through its introductory reports and discussions, some essential economic principles that can help to shed light on what a rational system of user charges for railway infrastructure might be and thereby make it possible to address a crucial aspect of railway reform in Europe. Special attention is paid to the German, French, British and Swedish experience.
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  • 185
    ISBN: 9789264263758
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Report on the Current State of Combined Transport in Europe
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Ce rapport sur la situation actuelle du transport combiné en Europe dresse tout d'abord un panorama de la situation de ce type de transport pour trente pays d'Europe Membres de la CEMT. Les pays étudiés sont aussi bien ceux d'Europe centrale et orientale qui ont récemment adhéré à la Conférence que les Membres de longue date, pour lesquels les développements les plus récents sont mis à jour depuis l'étude réalisée en 1992 sur les améliorations des grandes liaisons internationales par ferroutage. Le champ d'observation couvert par cette étude, au-delà de la route et du rail, s'étend aux voies navigables et à la navigation maritime à courte distance. Ainsi pourront être mieux pressenties les faiblesses actuelles du transport combiné et les améliorations possibles. Sur la base de ce rapport, le Conseil des Ministres de la CEMT a adopté une série de recommandations qui s'adressent aux différents partenaires, tant publics que privés, nationaux ou internationaux, et qui portent sur certains éléments nécessaires pour garantir à la fois une amélioration effective et un développement durable du transport combiné. Ces recommandations figurent également dans cette publication.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Report on the current state of combined transport in Europe
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  • 186
    ISBN: 9789264062245
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This annual publication sets out the main statistical data concerning the transport sector in the Member countries of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT). For the first time, the reader will find data on the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic and Moldova. The Czech and Slovak Republics joined the ECMT in 1993 whereas Moldova has been a Member since 1994. Tables cover such topics as investment, infrastructure, rolling stock, human resources, traffic and energy consumption for the different modes of transport.
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  • 187
    ISBN: 9789264163188
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des transports efficients pour l'Europe ; Politiques pour l'internalisation des coûts externes
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Efficient transport for Europe
    RVK:
    Keywords: Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Internalisierung externer Effekte ; Verkehrspolitik ; Europa ; Transport ; Europa ; Verkehrswirtschaft ; Soziale Kosten ; Internalisierung
    Abstract: Pollution, accidents and congestion all cause unnecessary welfare losses, and while transport services are an essential component of economic and social development, their negative side effects are drawing increasing political attention. Internalisation aims to create incentives to reduce these external costs by factoring them into markets. This report summarises the theoretical and practical dimensions to internalisation; reviews recent estimates of external costs; explores the mix of policies that might be used to promote internalisation successfully; and estimates the size of incentives required in monetary terms.
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  • 188
    ISBN: 9789264163294
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.105
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mobilité induite par les infrastructures
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Infrastructure-induced mobility
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: 07.11.1996 ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Verkehrsaufkommen ; Großbritannien ; Österreich ; Spanien ; Transport ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur ; Mobilität
    Abstract: Do roads induce mobility? This might sound like a strange question, yet it only stands to reason that building new roads -- or other infrastructure -- may actually encourage people to use the new additional capacity to travel more. Induced mobility is a hotly debated issue, but the experts are no longer in any doubt that it is a very real phenomenon. However, measuring it is another matter, since we do not have sufficient data or experience in this area. This Round Table presents the data that is available to date on infrastructure-induced mobility. From the introductory reports and discussions, it is clear that much progress has been made in the last few years. As recently as ten years ago, many experts would have disputed the very existence of the induced mobility phenomenon. Today a consensus is emerging: Round Table 105 gives the full report.
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  • 189
    ISBN: 9789264263475
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (157 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rail Restructuring in Europe
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Les chemins de fer européens traversent une période de profonde restructuration visant à accroître leur efficacité et leur compétitivité. Il s'agit avant tout de développer la liberté commerciale en séparant plus nettement le rôle de l'Etat et celui des entreprises ferroviaires, mais aussi en ouvrant progressivement l'accès aux infrastructures ferroviaires. Ce rapport examine les réformes menées dans plus de 30 pays de l'Atlantique à l'Oural. La restructuration y est étudiée sous l'angle de l'autonomie de gestion, de la séparation infrastructure/exploitation, et des droits d'accès aux infrastructures ferroviaires.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Rail restructuring in Europe
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  • 190
    ISBN: 9789264163751
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport sur la situation actuelle du transport combiné en Europe
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Report on the current state of combined transport in Europe
    DDC: 388/.094
    RVK:
    Keywords: Intermodaler Verkehr ; Europa ; Transport ; Europa ; Kombinierter Verkehr
    Abstract: This report on the current state of combined transport in Europe begins with an overview of combined transport in 30 European countries of the ECMT. It deals with both Central and Eastern European Countries that have recently become Members and the long-standing Member countries for which the most recent developments have been highlighted through the updating of a 1992 study on the improvements of main international piggyback links. The scope of the study, beyond road and rail, has been extended to include inland waterways and short-sea shipping, thus permitting a better evaluation of the current weaknesses of the sector and the possible improvements. On the basis of this report, the Council of Ministers of the ECMT has adopted a series of recommendations directed at all parties concerned in the public and private sectors, at both national and international level, regarding certain elements which are needed to achieve a significant improvement in combined transport and to ensure the sustainable development of the latter. These recommendations are also included in this publication.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Rapport sur la situation actuelle du transport combiné en Europe
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  • 191
    ISBN: 9789282105627
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.103
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Separation of Operations from Infrastructure in the Provision of Railway Services; Report of the One-Hundred and Third Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 13-14 June 1996
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Séparer la gestion des infrastructures et l'exploitation des services est un point essentiel de la réforme ferroviaire en Europe. Mais pourquoi en est-on venu à promouvoir une telle séparation en Europe ? Que peut-on en attendre ? Comment la mettre en pratique ? Quels en sont les avantages, les inconvénients et les risques ? Quelles précautions prendre ? Quel bilan tirent les pays qui ont déjà opéré cette séparation ? La Table Ronde 103 a donné à des experts de tous les pays de la CEMT, mais aussi des États-Unis et du Japon, l'occasion de débattre des expériences ou projets développés dans ce domaine. Cette publication met à la disposition des lecteurs une information complète sur cette question majeure de la restructuration des chemins de fer européens.
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  • 192
    ISBN: 9789282105641
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.104
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. New Trends in Logistics in Europe; Report of the One-Hundred and Fourth Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 3-4 October 1996
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: La logistique est un enjeu stratégique majeur pour les entreprises comme pour les régions ou les États. Des systèmes complexes, pilotés par les technologies d'information les plus évoluées, voient le jour pour servir d'interface entre la formation des flux de transport et l'organisation industrielle qui leur est liée. À l'heure de la mondialisation des échanges, il en résulte une forte individualisation des organisations logistiques et une grande spécification des transports associés. L'environnement devient aussi un facteur-clé des décisions politiques. Dans ces conditions, comment les systèmes logistiques évolueront-ils ? Seront-ils polarisés ou au contraire diffus ? Quelle sera la place des différents modes de transport au sein de ces systèmes ? La Table Ronde 104 a rassemblé l'avis des meilleurs experts européens des transports et de la logistique sur ces questions essentielles. Cette publication analyse les évolutions d'ores et déjà prévisibles des systèmes logistiques.
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  • 193
    ISBN: 9789282105610
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.103
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La séparation infrastructure/exploitation dans les services ferroviaires ; Rapport de la cent-troisième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 13-14 juin 1996
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: The separation of infrastructure management from operations is central to efforts under way to reform European railways. But why does Europe favour such separation? What are the expected consequences? What does it mean in practice? What are the advantages and disadvantages? What risks are involved and what are the necessary safeguards? What conclusions do countries already practising separation draw from their experience? Round Table 103 provided an opportunity for experts from all ECMT Member countries and the United States and Japan to get together to discuss experiences of separation to date or plans for it in the future. This publication provides readers with a comprehensive overview of a subject of major importance for the restructuring of European railways.
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  • 194
    ISBN: 9789282105634
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (175 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.104
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les nouvelles tendances de la logistique en Europe ; Rapport de la cent-quatrième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 3-4 octobre 1996
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Logistics is an issue of major importance not only to companies but also to regions and governments. Complex systems, based on the latest advances in information technology, are now beginning to appear at the interface between transport flow generation and the corresponding aspects of industrial organisation. In response to the globalisation of trade, firms are increasingly tailoring their in-house logistics structures and associated transport operations to meet their own specific needs. The environment is also becoming a key factor in policy decisions. In view of these developments, how will logistics systems evolve in the future? Is the current trend in logistics systems towards greater polarisation or wider dispersion? What role will individual modes of transport play in these systems? Round Table 104 brought together leading European experts on transport and logistics to answer these fundamental questions. This report describes current thinking on anticipated trends in logistics systems.
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  • 195
    ISBN: 9789282105597
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (215 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.102
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réduire ou repenser la mobilité urbaine quotidienne ? ; Rapport de la cent-deuxième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 9-10 mai 1996
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Surveys in a number of European towns reveal that no less than 30 per cent of car journeys could be made by some ecological form of transport. Achieving this shift requires a sea change in our thinking. In some towns, for example, efforts to raise consciousness among car drivers have effectively and enduringly changed their behaviour at little cost. If car drivers simply eliminated two car trips every three months, car use levels would be reduced to those of fifteen years ago. Public transport should target a high quality service for which people are prepared to pay. A systematic transport evaluation made prior to all new construction projects would be a means of officially recognizing the importance of the environment to society. Indeed, many options exist for reversing today's trends. {Round Table 102} brings together the leading European experts on these issues, and identifies the key policies for the immediate future that could reconcile towns and transport.
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  • 196
    ISBN: 9789282105580
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (125 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.101
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Express Delivery Services; Report of the One-Hundred and First Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 16-17 November 1995
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Le transport international express de documents, paquets ou colis, connaît une expansion considérable, soutenue par la mondialisation des échanges. Dans le même temps, le transport express et la messagerie tendent à devenir, en Europe tout au moins, des produits très voisins. Les opérateurs de l'express ou de la messagerie -- qu'il s'agisse des {integrators}, des transitaires, des messagers traditionnels ou d'entreprises publiques comme les Postes entrent de plus en plus fortement en concurrence. Comment évolueront les marchés ? Quelle sera la place des différents intervenants ? Vont-ils conclure des alliances stratégiques ? Ces alliances seront-elles durables ? Les pouvoirs publics doivent-ils intervenir ? Voici quelques-unes des questions auxquelles la Table Ronde s'est attachée à répondre en confrontant l'avis d'experts et le point de vue de professionnels de la messagerie express. Cette Table Ronde montre clairement que la profession du transport express est appelée à connaître d'importants changements en Europe.
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  • 197
    ISBN: 9789282107447
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (724 p.)
    Series Statement: Symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport; New Problems, New Solutions; Thirteenth International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics, Luxembourg, 9-11 May 1995
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Cette publication présente les vingt rapports introductifs rédigés par des spécialistes pour le Symposium ainsi qu'une synthèse complète des débats.
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  • 198
    ISBN: 9789282105573
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (117 p)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.101
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La messagerie express ; Rapport de la cent-unième table ronde d'économie des transports tenue à Paris les 16-17 novembre 1995
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Buoyed by the globalisation of trade, international express delivery of documents, packets and parcels is expanding rapidly. At the same time, express delivery and parcel services are tending to resemble each other greatly, at least in Europe. Express delivery and parcel service operators -- integrators, forwarders, traditional carriers or public undertakings like the Post Office -- compete increasingly. How will markets evolve? What will be the role of the various players? Will they enter into strategic alliances, and will these alliances be lasting? Should the authorities intervene? These and other questions were raised at the Round Table where experts and express delivery service operators compared their opinions. The Round Table showed clearly that the express delivery business in Europe is poised to undergo major changes.
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  • 199
    ISBN: 9789282105603
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (233 p)
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.102
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Changing Daily Urban Mobility; Report of the One-Hundred and Second Round Table on Transport Economics Held in Paris on 9-19 May 1996
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Selon des enquêtes menées dans plusieurs villes européennes, au moins 30 pour cent des déplacements automobiles pourraient être transférés vers un mode de transport écologique. Mais comment parvenir à un tel transfert modal ? L'important est de penser autrement. Dans certaines villes, par exemple, l'information et la sensibilisation ont permis d'infléchir durablement et pour un faible coût les choix des usagers {a priori} tournés vers l'automobile. Si chaque automobiliste renonçait à utiliser sa voiture deux fois par trimestre, on retrouverait le niveau d'usage de la voiture d'il y a 15 ans. En matière de transport public, l'objectif idéal serait d'assurer une haute qualité de service que les usagers seraient alors disposés à payer. Établir systématiquement un "bilan" transport avant toute nouvelle implantation d'activité consacrerait l'importance de l'environnement pour la société... En fait, il existe de nombreuses pistes pour modifier la tendance actuelle. La {Table Ronde 102} a réuni les meilleurs experts européens de ces questions et dégagé les principales actions politiques envisageables dans un futur immédiat pour réconcilier la ville et les transports.
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  • 200
    ISBN: 9789282107607
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (674 p.)
    Series Statement: International Symposium on Theory and Practice in Transport Economics no.13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transports ; A problèmes nouveaux, solutions nouvelles ; Treizième symposium international sur la théorie et la pratique dans l'économie des transports
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This publication comprises the twenty introductory reports written by specialists for the Symposium and a full summary of discussions of the Thirteenth International Symposium on theory and practice in transport economics held in Luxembourg, 9-11 May 1995. The conference focused on new problems and solutions in transport.
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